291:, 52% of adults in the United States reported taking at least one dietary supplement in the last month and 35% reported regular use of multivitamin-multimineral supplements. Women versus men, older adults versus younger adults, non-Hispanic whites versus non-Hispanic blacks, and those with higher education levels versus lower education levels (among other categories) were more likely to take multivitamins. Individuals who use dietary supplements (including multivitamins) generally report higher dietary nutrient intakes and healthier diets. Additionally, adults with a history of prostate and breast cancers were more likely to use dietary and multivitamin supplements.
393:, which evaluate health differences between groups that take multivitamins and groups that do not. Correlations between multivitamin intake and health found by such studies may not result from multivitamins themselves, but may reflect underlying characteristics of multivitamin-takers. For example, it has been suggested that multivitamin-takers may, overall, have more underlying diseases (making multivitamins appear as less beneficial in prospective cohort studies). On the other hand, it has also been suggested that multivitamin users may, overall, be more health-conscious (making multivitamins appear as more beneficial in prospective cohort studies).
664:. The research was conducted in the previous year and involved using the ‘random effects’ model on 9 independent trials consisting of 231,163 children across 4459 cases. The results of this study indicated that pregnant women using multivitamin supplements during the prenatal period reduced the risk of their children being diagnosed with autism compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, the systematic review and meta-analysis found that women who took multivitamins prior to becoming pregnant saw a further reduced risk. The authors recommend further study.
300:
751:(TGA), and are therefore not assessed for efficacy, unlike most medicines sold in Australia. They require that the product is safe and that claims of efficacy can only be made in regards to minor ailments. No claims can be made about serious conditions. The TGA does not examine the contents of the product and whether it is what the label says it is, but they claim to carry out "targeted and random surveillance of products on the market." They encourage people to report any unsafe products to them.
33:
731:(FDA), most multivitamins sold in the U.S. are not required to undergo the testing procedures typical of pharmaceutical drugs. However, some multivitamins contain very high doses of one or several vitamins or minerals, or are specifically intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease, and therefore require a prescription or medicinal license in the U.S. Since such drugs contain no new substances, they do not require the same testing as would be required by a
684:
369:. However, in contrast to iron tablets, which can be lethal to children, toxicity from overdoses of multivitamins are very rare. There appears to be little risk to supplement users of experiencing acute side effects due to excessive intakes of micronutrients. There also are strict limits on the retinol content for vitamin A during pregnancies that are specifically addressed by prenatal formulas.
406:
279:
diet. Pregnant women and elderly adults have different nutritional needs compared to other adults, and a multivitamin may be indicated by a physician. Generally, medical advice is to avoid multivitamins during pregnancy, particularly those containing vitamin A, unless they are recommended by a health care professional. However, the
671:. The study involved 904,947 children encompassing 8159 cases. The study concluded that while no distinct association was found, there was substantial evidence of reduced risk in high quality studies, multivitamin use during early pregnancy, tested prospective studies and evidence following the removal of a single outlier study.
596:. With the rise of the wellness industry, they became popularized as a convenient way to enhance overall health, even for those with access to sufficient nutrition. However, as marketing strategies evolved, the emphasis shifted from necessity to preventative health and general well-being, often without sound scientific backing.
257:. Multivitamins are typically available in a variety of formulas based on age and sex, or (as in prenatal vitamins) based on more specific nutritional needs; a multivitamin for men might include less iron, while a multivitamin for seniors might include extra vitamin D. Some formulas make a point of including extra
614:
Under the
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), passed in 1994 in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is not responsible for testing the risks and efficacy of dietary supplements. Manufacturers are not required to present data on the effectiveness of multivitamins
306:
The amounts of each vitamin type in multivitamin formulations are generally adapted to correlate with what is believed to result in optimal health effects in large population groups. However, these standard amounts may not correlate with what is optimal in certain subpopulations, such as in children,
549:
in high-risk individuals. A 2017 Cochrane
Systematic Review found that multivitamins including vitamin E or beta carotene will not delay the onset of macular degeneration or prevent the disease, however, some people with macular degeneration may benefit from multivitamin supplementation as there is
436:
A cohort study that received widespread media attention is the
Physicians' Health Study II (PHS-II). PHS-II was a double-blind study of 14,641 male U.S. physicians initially aged 50 years or older (mean age of 64.3) that ran from 1997 to June 1, 2011. The mean time that the men were followed was 11
544:
concluded that "regular supplementation with a single nutrient or a mixture of nutrients for years has no significant benefits in the primary prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataract, age-related macular degeneration or cognitive decline." However, the report noted that multivitamins
278:
For certain people, particularly for older people, supplementing the diet with additional vitamins and minerals can have health impacts; however, the majority will not benefit. People with dietary imbalances may include those on restrictive diets and those who cannot or will not eat a nutritious
565:). However, the Office concluded that "most research shows that healthy people who take an MVM do not have a lower chance of diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, or diabetes. Based on current research, it's not possible to recommend for or against the use of MVMs to stay healthier longer."
514:
Looking at 2012 data, a study published in 2018 presented meta-analyses on cardiovascular disease outcomes and all-cause mortality. It found that "conclusive evidence for the benefit of any supplement across all dietary backgrounds (including deficiency and sufficiency) was not demonstrated;
432:
for stage III colon cancer had no effect on the outcomes of treatment. A very large prospective cohort study published in 2011, including more than 180,000 participants, found no significant association between multivitamin use and mortality from all causes. The study also found no impact of
510:
found that multivitamin supplementation did not increase mortality and might slightly decrease it. A 2014 meta-analysis reported that there was "sufficient evidence to support the role of dietary multivitamin/mineral supplements for the decreasing the risk of age-related cataracts." A 2015
283:
recommends 10μg of
Vitamin D per day throughout the pregnancy and while breastfeeding, and 400μg of folic acid during the first trimester (first 12 weeks of pregnancy). Some women may need to take iron, vitamin C, or calcium supplements during pregnancy, but only on the advice of a doctor.
626:
has investigated possible reasons behind the widespread use of multivitamins in societies where scientific knowledge is dominant, despite the limited empirical evidence supporting new products. The findings reveal various socio-cultural factors contributing to their common use, including:
385:
Provided that precautions are taken (such as adjusting the vitamin amounts to what is believed to be appropriate for children, pregnant women or people with certain medical conditions), multivitamin intake is generally safe, but research is still ongoing with regard to what health effects
357:
Severe vitamin and mineral deficiencies require medical treatment and can be very difficult to treat with common over-the-counter multivitamins. In such situations, special vitamin or mineral forms with much higher potencies are available, either as individual components or as specialized
264:
Some nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium, are rarely included at 100% of the recommended allowance because the pill would become too large in size. Most multivitamins come in capsule form; tablets, powders, liquids, and injectable formulations also exist. In the United States, the
524:, including a total of almost 1,000,000 participants. The study generally concluded that the vast majority of multivitamins had no significant effect on survival or heart attack risk. The study found a significant effect on heart health in a low-salt diet, and a small effect due to
550:
evidence that it may delay the progression of the disease. Including lutein and zeaxanthin supplements in with a multivitamin does not improve progression of macular degeneration. The need for high-quality studies looking at the safety of taking multivitamins has been highlighted.
461:
spanning 0.86–0.998 (P = .04); this implies a benefit of between 14% and .2% over placebo in the confidence interval. No statistically significant effects were found for any specific cancers or for cancer mortality. As pointed out in an editorial in the same issue of the
650:
From anthropological and psychological perspectives, the widespread consumption of multivitamins can be seen as an example of 'magical thinking,' a form of reasoning that seeks to explain phenomena through non-scientific means, distinct from 'irrational thinking’.
345:
supplements may shorten life, and increase the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke (especially those smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day), former smokers, people exposed to asbestos, and those who use alcohol. Many common brand supplements in the
515:
therefore, any benefits seen must be balanced against possible risks." The study dismissed the benefits of routinely taking supplements of vitamins C and D, beta-carotene, calcium, and selenium. Results indicated taking niacin may actually be harmful.
589:. Initially, multivitamins were designed to respond to widespread nutritional deficiencies. These supplements were seen as a practical solution to combat malnutrition, improving public health by providing vital nutrients that were otherwise scarce.
421:
women from the Women's Health
Initiative clinical trials concluded that after eight years of follow-up "multivitamin use has little or no influence on the risk of common cancers, cardiovascular disease, or total mortality". Another 2010 study in the
499:. It noted that one Swedish cohort study has indicated such an effect, but with all studies taken together, the association was not statistically significant. A 2012 meta-analysis of ten randomized, placebo-controlled trials published in the
326:
recommends that adults on a 2,000 calorie diet get between 60 and 90 milligrams of vitamin C per day. This is the middle of the bell curve. The upper limit is 2,000 milligrams per day for adults, which is considered potentially dangerous.
599:
The role of multivitamins has since been increasingly questioned. Some still view them as beneficial, especially in cases of specific deficiencies. A growing body of research suggests that for many people, multivitamins act more as a
2377:
511:
meta-analysis argued that the positive result regarding the effect of vitamins on cancer incidence found in
Physicians' Health Study II (discussed above) should not be overlooked despite the neutral results found in other studies.
545:
have beneficial effects for certain sub-populations, such as people with poor nutritional status, that vitamin D and calcium can help prevent fractures in older people, and that zinc and antioxidants can help prevent age-related
719:
The first person to formulate vitamins in the US was Dr. Forrest C. Shaklee. Shaklee introduced a product he dubbed "Shaklee's
Vitalized Minerals" in 1915, which he sold until adopting the now ubiquitous term "vitamin" in 1929.
269:
requires any product marketed as a "multivitamin" to contain at least three vitamins and minerals; furthermore, the dosages must be below a "tolerable upper limit", and a multivitamin may not include herbs, hormones, or drugs.
1019:
Angelo G, Drake VJ, Frei B (18 June 2014). "Efficacy of
Multivitamin/mineral Supplementation to Reduce Chronic Disease Risk: A Critical Review of the Evidence from Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials".
102:
There is no standardized scientific definition for multivitamin. In the United States, a multivitamin/mineral supplement is defined as a supplement containing three or more vitamins and minerals that does not include
376:
analyzed studies that included data for about 450,000 people. The analysis found no clear evidence that multivitamins prevent cancer or heart disease, helped people live longer, or "made them healthier in any way."
3285:
631:
Harm reduction: The cultural belief that multivitamins can mitigate risks associated with unhealthy lifestyles, conventional medicines, deficient diets, harmful environmental influences, or genetic predispositions.
762:, for allowing more than a thousand types of claim, 86% of which are not supported by scientific evidence, including "softens hardness", "replenishes gate of vitality" and "moistens dryness in the triple burner".
95:, or other ailments, and regular supplementation is not necessary. However, specific groups of people may benefit from multivitamin supplements, for example, people with poor nutrition or those at high risk of
942:
659:
In 2019, a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationship between ‘maternal multivitamin supplementation’ and children being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was published in
557:: "... many people don't eat the healthiest of diets. That's why a multivitamin can help fill in the gaps, and may have added health benefits." The U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements, a branch of the
3098:
Guo BQ, Li HB, Zhai DS, Ding SB (May 2019). "Maternal multivitamin supplementation is associated with a reduced risk of autism spectrum disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2279:
Alexander DD, Weed DL, Chang ET, Miller PE, Mohamed MA, Elkayam L (2013). "A systematic review of multivitamin-multimineral use and cardiovascular disease and cancer incidence and total mortality".
1237:
National
Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Panel. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: multivitamin/mineral supplements and chronic disease prevention"
667:
In 2021, a similar systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationship between prenatal multivitamins and children being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was published in
2768:"Participant experiences from chronic administration of a multivitamin versus placebo on subjective health and wellbeing: a double-blind qualitative analysis of a randomised controlled trial"
115:, where each vitamin and mineral is included at a dose below the tolerable upper intake level as determined by the Food and Drug Board, and does not present a risk of adverse health effects.
2373:
72:, powders, liquids, or injectable formulations. Other than injectable formulations, which are only available and administered under medical supervision, multivitamins are recognized by the
1994:
476:, in that the authors neglected to fully analyze all 28 possible associations in the study—they argue if this had been done, the statistical significance of the results would be lost.
611:
Studies have shown that multivitamins can have positive effects on mood and energy, but there is little evidence to support an increase in general health and life expectancy.
1309:
2817:
Harris E, Kirk J, Rowsell R, Vitetta L, Sali A, Scholey AB, et al. (December 2011). "The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men".
3253:
2408:
3275:
372:
As noted in dietary guidelines from
Harvard School of Public Health in 2008, multivitamins should not replace healthy eating or make up for unhealthy eating. In 2015, the
1650:
468:, the investigators observed no difference in the effect whether the study participants were or were not adherent to the multivitamin intervention, which diminishes the
288:
1259:
759:
950:
608:
of vitamins, where people are generally more aware of them and their properties but there is a gap in their knowledge of the scientific research surrounding them
2901:
Macpherson H, Pipingas A, Pase MP (February 2013). "Multivitamin-multimineral supplementation and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
4028:
373:
464:
541:
495:
published in 2011, including previous cohort and case-control studies, concluded that multivitamin use was not significantly associated with the risk of
2590:
2101:
Bach PB, Lewis RJ (November 2012). "Multiplicities in the assessment of multiple vitamins: is it too soon to tell men that vitamins prevent cancer?".
1543:
Linakis JG, Lacouture PG, Woolf A (December 1992). "Iron absorption from chewable vitamins with iron versus iron tablets: implications for toxicity".
2027:
2185:
Grima NA, Pase MP, Macpherson H, Pipingas A (2012). "The effects of multivitamins on cognitive performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
817:
532:
supplements. This analysis supports the results of two early 2018 studies that found no conclusive benefits from multivitamins for healthy adults.
1508:
Cheney K, Gumbiner C, Benson B, Tenenbein M (1995). "Survival after a severe iron poisoning treated with intermittent infusions of deferoxamine".
1151:
1123:
1984:
1588:"The efficacy and safety of nutritional supplement use in a representative sample of adults in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey"
3972:
3212:
1421:
637:
Social proof: The perception of multivitamins’ effectiveness based on the experiences and behavior of friends, family and community members.
4340:
330:
In particular, pregnant women should consult their doctors before taking any multivitamins. For example, either an excess or deficiency of
1887:"Multivitamin use is not associated with cancer recurrence or survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: findings from CALGB 89803"
1711:
1301:
453:
reduction in their total incidence of cancer. In absolute terms, the difference was just 1.3 cancer diagnoses per 1000 years of life. The
640:
Social belonging: Marketing strategies that promote identity-building by targeting specific age groups, genders, or personal interests.
506:
Another meta-analysis, published in 2013, found that multivitamin-multimineral treatment "has no effect on mortality risk", and a 2013
3346:
1673:"Vitamin/mineral supplementation and cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg)"
736:
3082:
615:
or disclose known side effects to the FDA. Furthermore, manufacturers are not required to test human safety of dietary supplements.
2432:"Association of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3243:
1283:
4021:
3248:
2731:
Cardenas D, Fuchs-Tarlovsky V (June 2018). "Is multi-level marketing of nutrition supplements a legal and an ethical practice?".
2400:
748:
503:
found that a daily multivitamin may improve immediate recall memory, but did not affect any other measure of cognitive function.
3661:
2946:
Dodge T (2016). "Consumers' perceptions of the dietary supplement health and education act: implications and recommendations".
2138:"Multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial"
1486:
916:
554:
1646:
1068:"Effects of Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Umbrella Review and Evidence Map"
469:
4475:
3313:
1630:
1251:
1199:"Multivitamin and multimineral dietary supplements: definitions, characterization, bioavailability, and drug interactions"
912:
558:
437:
years. The study compared total cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) for participants taking a daily multivitamin (
394:
73:
3038:
Nichter M, Thompson JJ (June 2006). "For my wellness, not just my illness: North Americans' use of dietary supplements".
2696:
Nichter M, Thompson JJ (June 2006). "For my wellness, not just my illness: North Americans' use of dietary supplements".
4335:
3318:
728:
479:
Using the same PHS-II study, researchers concluded that taking a daily multivitamin did not have any effect in reducing
473:
424:
323:
4014:
3989:
3670:
3652:
561:, suggests that multivitamin supplements might be helpful for some people with specific health problems (for example,
520:
1387:
1839:
Chan AL, Leung HW, Wang SF (April 2011). "Multivitamin supplement use and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis".
390:
311:
582:
450:
2324:"The effect of multivitamin/mineral supplements on age-related cataracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1787:
Neuhouser ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Thomson C, Aragaki A, Anderson GL, Manson JE, et al. (February 2009).
846:"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases"
299:
3483:
2322:
Zhao LQ, Li LM, Zhu H, The Epidemiological Evidence-Based Eye Disease Study Research Group EY (February 2014).
2051:"Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial"
593:
351:
2535:"Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration"
4051:
3977:
2582:
2022:
280:
92:
3135:"Prenatal Vitamins and the Risk of Offspring Autism Spectrum Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2017:
4455:
3339:
2230:"Multivitamin-multimineral supplementation and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
438:
1789:"Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative cohorts"
4081:
3280:
1180:
1115:
573:
A 2024 study of 390,124 healthy adults found that use of multivitamins did not extend life expectancy.
2612:
Loftfield E, O'Connell CP, Abnet CC, Graubard BI, Liao LM, Beane Freeman LE, et al. (June 2024).
4480:
4470:
4066:
3938:
3718:
3442:
732:
562:
546:
518:
In July 2019, another meta-analysis of 24 interventions in 277 trials was conducted and published in
96:
318:, with the area in the middle being the safe-intake range and the edges representing deficiency and
68:, and other nutritional elements. Such preparations are available in the form of tablets, capsules,
4350:
3832:
3185:
2374:"Save Your Money: Vast Majority Of Dietary Supplements Don't Improve Heart Health or Put Off Death"
1626:
Harvard School of Public Health (2008). Food pyramids: What should you really eat?. Retrieved from
786:
458:
87:
In healthy people, most scientific evidence indicates that multivitamin supplements do not prevent
3276:"'Softens hardness': TGA under fire for health claim list that critics say endorses pseudoscience"
4521:
4435:
4410:
4380:
4237:
4121:
4101:
4076:
4037:
3611:
3506:
2461:
2304:
2210:
1864:
1703:
1568:
1413:
1045:
810:
781:
776:
771:
724:
57:
2136:
Sesso HD, Christen WG, Bubes V, Smith JP, MacFadyen J, Schvartz M, et al. (November 2012).
2049:
Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Christen WG, Bubes V, Smith JP, MacFadyen J, et al. (November 2012).
2661:
Martini SA, Phillips M (September 2009). "Nutrition and food commodities in the 20th century".
1936:"Multivitamin use and the risk of mortality and cancer incidence: the multiethnic cohort study"
1672:
1586:
Kiely M, Flynn A, Harrington KE, Robson PJ, O'Connor N, Hannon EM, et al. (October 2001).
32:
4572:
4425:
4159:
3898:
3873:
3332:
3208:
3166:
3133:
Friel C, Leyland AH, Anderson JJ, Havdahl A, Borge T, Shimonovich M, et al. (July 2021).
3115:
3078:
3055:
3013:
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2963:
2928:
2883:
2834:
2799:
2748:
2713:
2678:
2643:
2564:
2510:
2453:
2401:"Massive meta-study finds most vitamin supplements have no effect on lifespan or heart health"
2355:
2296:
2261:
2202:
2167:
2118:
2080:
1965:
1916:
1856:
1818:
1766:
1695:
1609:
1560:
1525:
1460:
1354:
1220:
1172:
1097:
1037:
998:
885:
791:
507:
315:
2481:"Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration"
646:: The pursuit of productivity and reliability, as framed by capitalist societal expectations.
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3908:
3883:
3803:
3583:
3578:
3573:
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3005:
2955:
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2910:
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2826:
2789:
2779:
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2705:
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2633:
2625:
2554:
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2500:
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2443:
2345:
2335:
2288:
2251:
2241:
2194:
2157:
2149:
2110:
2070:
2062:
1955:
1947:
1906:
1898:
1848:
1808:
1800:
1756:
1748:
1735:
Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, LaMotte FS, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, et al. (May 1994).
1687:
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1517:
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1162:
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988:
875:
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4071:
3913:
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3455:
1885:, Meyerhardt JA, Chan JA, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis DR, Saltz LB, et al. (October 2010).
1634:
1287:
975:
Jenkins DJ, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, Kim YI, Josse R, Vieth R, et al. (June 2018).
65:
45:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
2766:
Sarris J, Cox KH, Camfield DA, Scholey A, Stough C, Fogg E, et al. (December 2012).
2854:"Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality"
2638:
2613:
4505:
4460:
4204:
3983:
3903:
3616:
3429:
3161:
3134:
2878:
2853:
2794:
2767:
2629:
2559:
2534:
2505:
2480:
2350:
2323:
2162:
2137:
2075:
2050:
1989:
1960:
1935:
1911:
1886:
1813:
1788:
1761:
1736:
1280:
1167:
1150:
Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S, Alberg A, Semba R, Schneyer C, et al. (May 2006).
1092:
1067:
880:
845:
418:
366:
77:
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683:
4566:
4541:
4370:
4355:
4090:
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3727:
3447:
3390:
3385:
2923:
2430:
Kim J, Choi J, Kwon SY, McEvoy JW, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS, et al. (July 2018).
2256:
1556:
496:
492:
347:
338:
250:
37:
2465:
2448:
2431:
2308:
2214:
1868:
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1066:
Khan SU, Khan MU, Riaz H, Valavoor S, Zhao D, Vaughan L, et al. (August 2019).
1049:
908:
592:
As the 20th century progressed, the use of multivitamins expanded beyond addressing
4056:
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3837:
3790:
3757:
3737:
3732:
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3501:
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1804:
1707:
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605:
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century when advancements in nutritional science led to the discovery of essential
480:
454:
429:
258:
17:
1737:"The use of vitamin supplements and the risk of cataract among US male physicians"
3111:
2744:
2292:
1033:
4465:
4445:
4440:
4400:
3890:
3747:
3568:
3460:
943:"New study on supplemental vitamins proves they're useless and a waste of money"
755:
643:
623:
181:
993:
976:
4536:
4490:
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4177:
4150:
4136:
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3820:
3813:
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3697:
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3625:
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3516:
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3424:
3321:– Report of the UK Food Standards Agency Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals
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146:
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132:
3017:
2784:
1902:
1349:
1332:
1215:
1198:
449:. Compared with the placebo, men taking a daily multivitamin had a small but
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4282:
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4230:
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2229:
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2066:
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128:
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2932:
2887:
2838:
2803:
2752:
2717:
2682:
2647:
2568:
2514:
2457:
2359:
2300:
2265:
2206:
2171:
2122:
2084:
1969:
1920:
1860:
1822:
1699:
1613:
1464:
1358:
1224:
1176:
1101:
1041:
1002:
889:
634:
Personal agency: The desire to gain control over one’s body and well-being.
405:
1770:
1752:
1564:
1529:
307:
pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions and medication.
4385:
4365:
4302:
4262:
4247:
4141:
3711:
2869:
1951:
1391:
362:
319:
222:
69:
870:
844:
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (March 2012).
472:. The same editorial argued that the study did not properly address the
4531:
4485:
4415:
4395:
4242:
4116:
4106:
3395:
3355:
3244:"Watched Vitamania? Here's how the TGA regulates vitamins in Australia"
3151:
1934:
Park SY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN (April 2011).
1604:
1587:
601:
586:
525:
446:
234:
108:
61:
41:
4006:
2674:
2340:
1852:
483:
and other major cardiovascular events, MI, stroke, and CVD mortality.
4526:
4390:
4312:
4307:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4195:
4186:
3868:
3855:
3785:
2959:
2830:
1083:
977:"Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for CVD Prevention and Treatment"
442:
410:
226:
218:
88:
1152:"Multivitamin/mineral supplements and prevention of chronic disease"
1255:
433:
multivitamin use on the risk of cardiovascular disease or cancer.
404:
31:
3324:
2614:"Multivitamin Use and Mortality Risk in 3 Prospective US Cohorts"
1985:"Daily Multivitamin May Reduce Cancer Risk, Clinical Trial Finds"
1281:
Dietary supplements: Using vitamin and mineral supplements wisely
909:"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Multivitamin/mineral Supplements"
4495:
4317:
4272:
254:
230:
112:
104:
81:
4010:
3328:
3310:
Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Multivitamin/mineral Supplements
3207:(1st ed.). New York City, NY: Harper Collins. p. 22.
389:
Evidence of health effects of multivitamins comes largely from
678:
361:
Multivitamins in large quantities may pose a risk of an acute
266:
310:
The health benefit of vitamins generally follows a biphasic
298:
604:
than a necessary supplement. This indicates a shift in the
2852:
Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E (August 2009).
2994:"Vitamin Practices and Ideologies of Health and the Body"
1374:
The vitamins: Fundamental aspects in nutrition and health
754:
The TGA, however, has been criticized, by people such as
1333:"Multivitamin-multimineral supplements: who uses them?"
695:
1647:"Why You Don't Need A Multivitamin – Consumer Reports"
1485:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 1 November 2017.
1443:
Collins MD, Mao GE (1999). "Teratology of retinoids".
3075:
The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Imagination
811:"Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements"
758:, a regulatory expert and former deputy chair of the
735:, but were allowed on the market as drugs due to the
1782:
1780:
1671:
Li K, Kaaks R, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S (June 2012).
747:
Vitamins are classed as low-risk medications by the
365:
due to the toxicity of some components, principally
4514:
4326:
4115:
4044:
3951:
3924:
3696:
3687:
3602:
3532:
3409:
3376:
3367:
2228:Macpherson H, Pipingas A, Pase MP (February 2013).
1390:. Council for Responsible Nutrition. Archived from
2018:"Multivitamin Cuts Cancer Risk, Large Study Finds"
397:have been encouraged to address this uncertainty.
839:
837:
2436:Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
760:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
413:, which were used in Physicians' Health Study II
289:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
80:' authority on food standards) as a category of
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
417:In February 2009, a study conducted in 161,808
4221:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
2998:International Journal of Business Anthropology
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
1022:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
4022:
3340:
2528:
2526:
2524:
981:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8:
2281:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1445:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
970:
968:
354:/RDA amounts for some vitamins or minerals.
3319:Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals
2539:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2485:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1834:
1832:
1628:http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource
1420:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2010.
850:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
581:The history of multivitamins begins in the
465:Journal of the American Medical Association
4029:
4015:
4007:
3693:
3466:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
3373:
3347:
3333:
3325:
2903:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2663:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2234:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1510:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology
1337:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1203:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
542:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
3160:
3150:
2922:
2877:
2793:
2783:
2637:
2558:
2504:
2447:
2349:
2339:
2255:
2245:
2161:
2074:
1959:
1910:
1812:
1760:
1603:
1348:
1252:"How to Choose a Multivitamin Supplement"
1214:
1166:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1091:
992:
879:
869:
457:for cancer diagnosis was 0.92 with a 95%
936:
934:
56:is a preparation intended to serve as a
2096:
2094:
802:
428:suggested that multivitamin use during
2376:. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2019-07-16.
1061:
1059:
919:from the original on February 18, 2012
27:Dietary supplement containing vitamins
2030:from the original on 22 December 2015
1997:from the original on October 18, 2012
1489:from the original on 26 December 2016
1388:"Vitamin and Mineral Recommendations"
1302:"Vitamins and nutrition in pregnancy"
1159:Evidence Report/Technology Assessment
1014:
1012:
903:
901:
899:
723:Because of their categorization as a
7:
2533:Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (July 2017).
2479:Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (July 2017).
1312:from the original on 10 January 2014
1126:from the original on 20 October 2020
487:Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
1424:from the original on 5 October 2015
374:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
3662:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
2630:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.18729
2593:from the original on 23 March 2018
737:Drug Efficacy Study Implementation
409:Centrum multivitamins produced by
25:
1741:American Journal of Public Health
1457:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.399
1262:from the original on 22 July 2016
911:. Office of Dietary Supplements,
3249:Therapeutic Goods Administration
3186:"Famous Iowans: Forrest Shaklee"
3077:. Oxford Library of Psychology.
3040:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
2992:McCabe M, Fabri A (April 2012).
2858:American Journal of Epidemiology
2698:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
1940:American Journal of Epidemiology
1557:10.1097/00006565-199212000-00003
1376:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
749:Therapeutic Goods Administration
682:
3288:from the original on 2019-01-19
3256:from the original on 2019-01-19
2449:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004224
2411:from the original on 2019-07-25
2380:from the original on 2019-07-25
1717:from the original on 2019-12-17
1653:from the original on 2015-09-10
823:from the original on 2012-04-25
555:Harvard School of Public Health
36:Multivitamins contain multiple
3671:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
3653:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
2551:10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4
2497:10.1002/14651858.CD000253.pub4
2187:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1805:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.540
862:10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2
501:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1:
3314:National Institutes of Health
3184:Longden T (27 January 2008).
2016:Winslow R (18 October 2012).
1983:Rabin RC (October 17, 2012).
1841:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1793:Archives of Internal Medicine
1680:European Journal of Nutrition
1116:"An Untold Truth of Vitamins"
913:National Institutes of Health
559:National Institutes of Health
395:Randomized controlled studies
74:Codex Alimentarius Commission
3112:10.1016/j.nutres.2019.02.003
2745:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.03.118
2293:10.1080/07315724.2013.839909
1891:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1034:10.1080/10408398.2014.912199
729:Food and Drug Administration
474:multiple comparisons problem
425:Journal of Clinical Oncology
324:Food and Drug Administration
1414:"Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)"
1072:Annals of Internal Medicine
521:Annals of Internal Medicine
4589:
4341:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
4231:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
1197:Yetley EA (January 2007).
994:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020
941:Litman RS (June 5, 2018).
816:. 2005. CAC/GL 55 - 2005.
540:A 2006 report by the U.S.
470:dose–response relationship
391:prospective cohort studies
4216:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
3967:
3461:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
3052:10.1007/s11013-006-9016-0
2948:Drug Testing and Analysis
2710:10.1007/s11013-006-9016-0
1692:10.1007/s00394-011-0224-1
1522:10.3109/15563659509020217
1300:National Health Service.
451:statistically significant
350:contain levels above the
334:can cause birth defects.
2819:Human Psychopharmacology
2785:10.1186/1475-2891-11-110
2733:Clinical Nutrition ESPEN
1903:10.1200/JCO.2010.28.0362
1545:Pediatric Emergency Care
1331:Rock CL (January 2007).
314:, taking the shape of a
4052:Bodybuilding supplement
3190:The Des Moines Register
3073:Taylor M (2013-08-01).
3010:10.33423/ijba.v3i1.1170
2915:10.3945/ajcn.112.049304
2399:Haridy R (2019-07-22).
2247:10.3945/ajcn.112.049304
2199:10.3233/JAD-2011-111751
2154:10.1001/jama.2012.14805
2115:10.1001/jama.2012.53273
2067:10.1001/jama.2012.14641
2023:The Wall Street Journal
1592:Public Health Nutrition
1403:. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
119:Products and components
4226:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
3203:Shook RL (July 1982).
1350:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.277S
1216:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.269S
414:
303:
49:
3484:Dihydroergocalciferol
3281:Sydney Morning Herald
2924:10536/DRO/DU:30073126
2589:. 18 September 2012.
2257:10536/DRO/DU:30073126
1753:10.2105/AJPH.84.5.788
624:Ethnographic research
619:Ethnographic research
587:vitamins and minerals
408:
302:
35:
4426:Japanese honeysuckle
3939:Dehydroascorbic acid
3443:7-Dehydrocholesterol
3233:6843 (Apr. 9, 1971).
733:New Drug Application
662:Nutritional Research
563:macular degeneration
547:macular degeneration
386:multivitamins have.
97:macular degeneration
4351:Chondroitin sulfate
4169:Pantothenic acid (B
4132:Retinol (Vitamin A)
4102:Protein supplements
4038:Dietary supplements
3833:Pyridoxal phosphate
787:Megavitamin therapy
459:confidence interval
322:. For example, the
312:dose-response curve
18:Vitamin supplements
4522:Codex Alimentarius
4411:Grape seed extract
4072:Herbal supplements
3994:Never to phase III
3507:Dihydrotachysterol
3152:10.3390/nu13082558
3100:Nutrition Research
2870:10.1093/aje/kwp167
1952:10.1093/aje/kwq447
1633:2011-04-20 at the
1605:10.1079/PHN2001190
1286:2013-10-12 at the
782:Food fortification
777:Essential nutrient
772:Dietary supplement
725:dietary supplement
694:. You can help by
577:History and debate
415:
304:
123:Many multivitamin
58:dietary supplement
50:
4560:
4559:
4205:Cyanocobalamin (B
4122:chemical elements
4004:
4003:
3947:
3946:
3899:Adenosylcobalamin
3874:Dihydrofolic acid
3683:
3682:
3214:978-0-06-015005-1
3205:The Shaklee Story
2772:Nutrition Journal
2675:10.1021/jf9000567
2669:(18): 8130–8135.
2618:JAMA Network Open
2341:10.3390/nu6030931
2148:(17): 1751–1760.
2109:(18): 1916–1917.
2061:(18): 1871–1880.
1897:(28): 4354–4363.
1853:10.1345/aph.1P445
1598:(5A): 1089–1097.
1372:Combs GF (1998).
1028:(14): 1968–1991.
987:(22): 2570–2584.
792:Prenatal vitamins
712:
711:
553:According to the
508:systematic review
341:, vitamin A, and
337:Long-term use of
287:In the 1999–2000
16:(Redirected from
4580:
4515:Related articles
4421:Iron supplements
4361:Copper gluconate
4031:
4024:
4017:
4008:
3909:Hydroxocobalamin
3884:Levomefolic acid
3804:Pantothenic acid
3694:
3617:Phylloquinone (K
3374:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3312:, from the U.S.
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3035:
3022:
3021:
2989:
2972:
2971:
2960:10.1002/dta.1857
2954:(3–4): 407–409.
2943:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2831:10.1002/hup.1245
2814:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2787:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1343:(1): 277S–279S.
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1297:
1291:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1248:
1242:
1241:2007;85:257S-64S
1235:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1209:(1): 269S–276S.
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1179:. Archived from
1170:
1156:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1084:10.7326/M19-0341
1063:
1054:
1053:
1016:
1007:
1006:
996:
972:
963:
962:
960:
958:
949:. Archived from
938:
929:
928:
926:
924:
905:
894:
893:
883:
873:
841:
832:
831:
829:
828:
822:
815:
807:
707:
704:
686:
679:
66:dietary minerals
46:dietary minerals
21:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4510:
4328:
4322:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4123:
4120:
4111:
4096:Bifidobacterium
4040:
4035:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3984:Clinical trials
3963:
3943:
3920:
3914:Methylcobalamin
3894:
3865:
3852:
3824:
3800:
3781:
3767:
3722:
3708:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3626:Menaquinones (K
3620:
3598:
3528:
3494:
3480:
3471:Calcitroic acid
3456:Cholecalciferol
3451:
3439:
3421:
3405:
3369:
3363:
3353:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3037:
3036:
3025:
2991:
2990:
2975:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2624:(6): e2418729.
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2545:(7): CD000254.
2532:
2531:
2522:
2491:(7): CD000253.
2478:
2477:
2473:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1635:Wayback Machine
1625:
1621:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1479:"Beta-Carotene"
1477:
1476:
1472:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1288:Wayback Machine
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1018:
1017:
1010:
974:
973:
966:
956:
954:
953:on July 9, 2018
940:
939:
932:
922:
920:
907:
906:
897:
856:(3): CD007176.
843:
842:
835:
826:
824:
820:
813:
809:
808:
804:
800:
768:
745:
717:
708:
702:
699:
692:needs expansion
677:
657:
621:
579:
571:
569:Life expectancy
538:
489:
403:
383:
297:
276:
207:
200:
185:
178:
171:
164:
157:
150:
143:
136:
121:
38:micro-nutrients
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4586:
4584:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4506:Zinc gluconate
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:St John's wort
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4461:Red yeast rice
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Cyanocobalamin
3901:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3612:Naphthoquinone
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:Ergocalciferol
3427:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3305:
3304:External links
3302:
3300:
3299:
3284:. 2018-02-08.
3267:
3252:. 2018-08-14.
3235:
3220:
3213:
3195:
3176:
3125:
3090:
3083:
3065:
3046:(2): 175–222.
3023:
2973:
2938:
2909:(2): 437–444.
2893:
2864:(4): 472–483.
2844:
2825:(8): 560–567.
2809:
2758:
2723:
2704:(2): 175–222.
2688:
2653:
2604:
2574:
2520:
2471:
2442:(7): e004224.
2422:
2391:
2365:
2334:(3): 931–949.
2314:
2287:(5): 339–354.
2271:
2240:(2): 437–444.
2220:
2193:(3): 561–569.
2177:
2128:
2090:
2041:
2008:
1990:New York Times
1975:
1946:(8): 906–914.
1926:
1874:
1847:(4): 476–484.
1828:
1799:(3): 294–304.
1776:
1747:(5): 788–792.
1727:
1686:(4): 407–413.
1663:
1638:
1619:
1578:
1551:(6): 321–324.
1535:
1500:
1470:
1435:
1405:
1379:
1364:
1323:
1292:
1273:
1243:
1239:Am J Clin Nutr
1230:
1189:
1186:on 2008-09-16.
1161:(139): 1–117.
1137:
1107:
1078:(3): 190–198.
1055:
1008:
964:
930:
895:
833:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
767:
764:
744:
741:
716:
713:
710:
709:
689:
687:
676:
673:
656:
653:
648:
647:
641:
638:
635:
632:
620:
617:
578:
575:
570:
567:
537:
534:
488:
485:
419:postmenopausal
402:
401:Cohort studies
399:
382:
379:
358:formulations.
296:
293:
275:
272:
205:
198:
183:
176:
169:
162:
155:
148:
141:
134:
120:
117:
78:United Nations
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4585:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Nutraceutical
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Dietary fiber
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Cod liver oil
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:Other common
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4196:Folic acid (B
4194:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4178:Pyridoxine (B
4176:
4174:
4167:
4165:
4158:
4156:
4151:Riboflavin (B
4149:
4147:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Lactobacillus
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4009:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3959:Multivitamins
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Ascorbic acid
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Prosultiamine
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:Fursultiamine
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Acefurtiamine
3726:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3084:9780199983032
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1394:on 2012-10-31
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1290:, Mayo Clinic
1289:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
969:
965:
952:
948:
944:
937:
935:
931:
918:
914:
910:
904:
902:
900:
896:
891:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
838:
834:
819:
812:
806:
803:
797:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
761:
757:
752:
750:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
715:United States
714:
706:
697:
693:
690:This section
688:
685:
681:
680:
674:
672:
670:
665:
663:
654:
652:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
618:
616:
612:
609:
607:
603:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
576:
574:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
548:
543:
536:Expert bodies
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:
516:
512:
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:breast cancer
494:
493:meta-analysis
486:
484:
482:
481:heart attacks
477:
475:
471:
467:
466:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
431:
427:
426:
420:
412:
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
387:
380:
378:
375:
370:
368:
364:
359:
355:
353:
349:
348:United States
344:
340:
339:beta-carotene
335:
333:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
301:
294:
292:
290:
285:
282:
273:
271:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
251:beta carotene
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
201:
194:
190:
186:
179:
172:
165:
158:
151:
144:
137:
130:
126:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
100:
98:
94:
93:heart disease
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4547:Multivitamin
4546:
4471:Saw palmetto
4451:Milk thistle
4124:("minerals")
4057:Energy drink
3958:
3952:Combinations
3879:Folinic acid
3838:Pyridoxamine
3809:Dexpanthenol
3758:Sulbutiamine
3738:Benfotiamine
3733:Allithiamine
3635:Menadione (K
3594:Tocofersolan
3522:Paricalcitol
3512:Calcipotriol
3502:Alfacalcidol
3498:D analogues
3448:Previtamin D
3290:. Retrieved
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4466:Royal jelly
4446:Lipoic acid
4441:Linseed oil
4401:Glucosamine
4329:ingredients
4142:Thiamine (B
4067:Fatty acids
3980:from market
3791:Niacinamide
3748:Octotiamine
3569:Tocotrienol
3145:(8): 2558.
2739:: 133–138.
2587:harvard.edu
2034:13 December
2001:October 17,
1483:MedlinePlus
1451:: 399–430.
1418:MedlinePlus
1306:NHS Choices
756:Allan Asher
675:Regulations
644:Biopolitics
445:) versus a
295:Precautions
4537:Herbal tea
4491:Wheatgrass
4391:Folic acid
4293:Phosphorus
4288:Molybdenum
4137:B vitamins
4087:Probiotics
4082:Prebiotics
4062:Energy bar
3869:Folic acid
3829:Pyridoxine
3814:Pantethine
3771:Riboflavin
3644:Various (K
3542:Tocopherol
3517:Tacalcitol
3425:Ergosterol
3391:β-Carotene
3386:α-Carotene
3292:17 January
3260:17 January
2778:(1): 110.
2583:"Vitamins"
1721:2019-07-10
1657:2015-09-10
1398:2017-10-01
1316:10 January
1130:15 October
1120:Healthyfiy
947:Philly.com
827:2019-10-06
798:References
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583:early 20th
530:folic acid
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316:bell curve
247:molybdenum
40:, such as
4552:Nutrition
4501:Yohimbine
4496:Wolfberry
4476:Spirulina
4456:Melatonin
4431:Krill oil
4406:Glutamine
4376:Echinacea
4346:Carnitine
4298:Potassium
4283:Manganese
4278:Magnesium
4187:Biotin (B
4160:Niacin (B
3990:Phase III
3978:Withdrawn
3843:Pyritinol
3723:analogues
3401:Tretinoin
3230:Fed. Reg.
3139:Nutrients
3018:2155-6237
2405:New Atlas
2328:Nutrients
1493:6 October
743:Australia
739:program.
669:Nutrients
343:vitamin E
332:vitamin A
253:, and/or
243:manganese
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215:potassium
129:vitamin C
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4573:Vitamins
4567:Category
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4248:Chromium
4117:Vitamins
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4077:Minerals
3712:Thiamine
3356:Vitamins
3286:Archived
3254:Archived
3171:34444717
3120:30952506
3106:: 4–16.
3060:16841188
2968:27072844
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2597:23 March
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1428:23 March
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1124:Archived
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1042:24941429
1003:29852980
923:March 2,
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42:vitamins
4532:Hadacol
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4436:Lingzhi
4416:Guarana
4396:Ginseng
4381:Ephedra
4243:Choline
4238:Calcium
3690:soluble
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3370:soluble
3227:See 36
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2879:2727181
2795:3545984
2560:6483465
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1961:3105257
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1093:7261374
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881:8407395
727:by the
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526:omega-3
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439:Centrum
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4313:Sulfur
4308:Sodium
4268:Iodine
4258:Copper
4253:Cobalt
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