290:, the cantinières were phased out and replaced by civilian workers who were employed at the regimental depot only and did not wear uniforms. This process began in 1875 with a reduction in the permitted numbers of cantinières, and culminated in 1890 when the War Ministry forbade cantinières to wear uniforms, requiring them instead to wear a simple grey civilian dress and an identifying arm plaque. The new law also forbade cantinières from going on campaign or on maneuvers with their regiments. This effectively ended the role of cantinières as it had been known. In 1905, the War Ministry eliminated cantinières altogether, replacing them with male cantiniers who had to be retired veterans. Women who were still serving were allowed to continue, so that some served up to and even into
184:
207:'s defeat in 1814–15, the returning Bourbon Monarchy eliminated the title of cantinière and restored the word 'vivandière'. The Bourbons also tried to make vivandière appointments contingent on political loyalty to the monarchy. Soldiers continued to use 'cantinière' though to protect their cantinières from being removed. Cantinières accompanied French troops into Spain in 1823, and into Algeria in 1830. Also in Algeria they began to fashion military uniforms for themselves – a practice that rapidly spread throughout the entire army.
195:, gaining fame for battlefield heroism as well as for nursing the sick and wounded. They were present in every French campaign and battle of the era, creating a legend that survived long afterwards. It was common for cantinières to provide food and drink to the troops while under fire (generally at no charge on days of battle), nurse the wounded, and to generally stiffen morale. A few cantinières reportedly carried muskets and fought in the ranks.
320:
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311:, or brandy barrel that the cantinière carried on a strap over her shoulder. A collection of colored prints dated 1859 of Second Empire cantinières by the French artist Hyppolyte Lalaisse, show their uniforms as matching the colors of their respective regiments in nearly all cases (for example green jackets and skirts with red facings, the latter worn over red trousers, for the Dragoons of the Imperial Guard).
38:
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because the logistical system seldom supplied the troops with food, drink, or other items beyond basic rations. If the troops could not get these things in camp, they would forage to get them outside, and the army feared that this would lead to desertions. Allowing vivandières to supplement army rations for a profit kept the troops in camp and thus lessened the chance of desertion.
486:, directed by James R. Temple, is an American independent film looking at the role from the eyes of two young women during the American Civil War. "Two young women from both sides of the Civil War volunteer as battlefield nurses, facing down scornful commanders and murderous war criminals to accomplish their hazardous duty." Starring Robin Black, Mikyla Bordner, Dallan Starks.
408:, under the heading "The vivandière still a factor in modern warfare". In the photograph Senorita Martos wears a female version of the tropical uniform of the soldiers for whom she is pouring wine against a background of military tents, indicating that the classical role of the Spanish cantinière continued to a later date than that of her French counterpart.
159:, agitated for equal rights for women since men had been freed by the Revolution. The male revolutionaries were rarely radical when it came to women's rights – they wanted to make the armies more efficient. And they wanted to repress women's political aspirations and keep French women in subservient roles.
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broke out. Etheridge joined 19 other women in April 1861 who enlisted as vivandières with the Union's 2nd
Michigan Volunteer Regiment. When the 2nd Michigan first saw action at Blackburn's Ford, Etheridge was reported to have nursed the wounded and to have brought water to the dying. She served with
218:
in 1830 brought in a new government that was less hostile to the ideas and terminology of the French
Revolution. While the new government continued to use 'vivandière' in regulations, 'cantinière' again became almost universally used by the troops, and by the cantinières themselves. These women were
143:
of 1789 destroyed the rigid, aristocratic structure of the French army. Many noble officers left the country, and those that remained were politically suspect. Thousands of common soldiers also deserted in the general chaos. When France went to war with the monarchs of Europe in 1792, the army was a
108:
The origins of vivandières are impossible to pin down with precision. Soldiers' wives traveled with armies far back into history, and, in the years before 1700, armies often had more women and children than soldiers. By 1700, there was a clear category of women accompanying the French army, composed
71:
led to the adoption of the name 'cantinière' which came to supplant the original 'vivandière' starting in 1793. The use of both terms was common in French until the mid-19th century, and 'vivandière' remained the term of choice in non-French-speaking countries such as the US, Spain, Italy, and Great
297:
The cantiniers turned out to be highly unpopular, and the army eliminated them in 1940. The popular perception among soldiers was that the male cantiniers were greedy, unhelpful, and unpleasant – in contrast to the female cantinières, whom the soldiers largely perceived as generous, selfless, and
306:
By the time of the French intervention in
Belgium in 1832, cantinières routinely wore a female version of their regiment's uniform. It generally consisted of a tight-fitting uniform jacket, striped trousers, and a knee-length skirt over the wide-cut pants. This was topped off by a brimmed hat and
170:
on April 30, 1793. It banned all women from the armies, including female soldiers. This suited the political agenda of the government, since military service was equated with citizenship. However, the law specifically allowed women to remain with the army if they fell into one of two categories:
125:
As serving soldiers (vivandiers) were often too busy with their military duties to spend much time selling, their colonels granted them permission to marry. Their wives became de facto 'vivandières' (the female version of 'vivandiers'). This private enterprise provisioning operation was needed
174:
The term 'cantinière' came into use around 1793, since vivandières ran a 'cantine' in barracks and garrisons, and in their tents on campaign. The new word quickly replaced the old 'vivandière' among most French combat troops, but the War
Ministry continued to use a mix of the two words (often
438:– the "Daughter of the Regiment". In this case she is a vivandière, though her portrayal in the opera is inaccurate. Even in 1840, popular culture could present a badly distorted, romanticized view of these women. Vivandières also appear in Act 3, Scene 3 of
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One key problem was that discipline and order had broken down. Thousands of women, many of them girlfriends or prostitutes, traveled with the armies, eating rations, consuming supplies, and taking up space. A small number of female soldiers, or
458:
based on
Donizetti's opera. Portrayals of cantinières and vivandières continue today to be popular among re-enactors, and a number of major companies and products continue to use the name or the image of these women in their advertising.
376:. At Chancellorsville, Etheridge was wounded in the hand when a Union officer attempted to hide behind her, and he was ultimately killed and her horse wounded. For her courage under fire, Etheridge was one of only two women awarded the
113:, the legal right to sell food, drink, and sundries like tobacco, wig powder, writing paper and ink to the soldiers in any regiment belonged solely to eight soldiers known as vivandiers. This was typical of Europe in the period of the
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of 1861–1865, many patriotic women on both sides served as vivandières, though exact numbers are unknown, and the practice does not appear to have had the strong and lasting official sanction that it had in
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Cardoza, Thomas, "These
Unfortunate Children: Sons and Daughters of the Regiment in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France," in James Marter, ed.,
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also enlisted in the ranks and fought openly alongside the men. In addition, the usual (and vital) vivandières continued to accompany the army.
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480:: "Don't I wish I could go as a drummer, a vivan – what's its name? Or a nurse, so I could be near him and help him."
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of 1909–1910 a photograph of "Senorita
Asuncion Martos, Cantinera of the Talavera Battalion in Morocco" was published in the
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French vivandières and cantinières frequently appeared in popular entertainment in the 19th century, from
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There is documented evidence of cantinières serving in the civil wars of the 1870s in Spain. During the
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officers to Europe to observe the current art of war there. They brought back the idea of vivandières to
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the cantinière achieved a popular, if romanticised, image as a virtual icon of the French military.
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or canteen keepers. Their actual historic functions of selling wine to the troops and working in
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doubled their numbers in 1854, and they served alongside their units in every campaign of the
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This article is about French military canteen personnel. For other uses, see
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The
Political Work of Northern Women Writers and the Civil War, 1850–1872
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Britain. Vivandières served in the French army up until the beginning of
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The result was a series of laws from April through
October 1793. The
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770:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott"
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of soldiers' legitimate wives who served as vivandières. Until the
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At the same time, women's political groups in Paris, such as the
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Disarming the Nation: Women's
Writing and the American Civil War
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Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,
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the Regiment throughout its battles, including both of those at
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Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,
650:
Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,
637:
Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,
865:
Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army
840:
652:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 237–238, note 1.
504: – Merchant who provisions an army in the field or camp
286:
With the adoption of a short-term conscript army under the
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present in combat in Algeria from 1830–1848 and beyond.
59:
is a French name for women who are attached to military
851:
Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy NCOs
191:
Cantinières expanded their numbers greatly during the
187:
Vivandière (left) with soldiers of the Napoleonic army
690:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010, 120–122.
510: – Female participants in the Mexican Revolution
730:
Grefe, C. Morgan. "Sourcing a Rhode Island Legend."
639:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010, 49–50.
428:. In opera, the most well-known example is Marie in
274:. Cantinières were present on both sides during the
715:"Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy"
594:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010, 15–16.
476:expresses a wish to become a vivandière for the
171:laundresses ("blanchisseuses") and vivandières.
841:Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army
554:"Vivandières and Cantinières in Other Armies"
41:A French cantinière in the Crimea during the
8:
846:History of the Vivandière on vivandière.net
867:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
609:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
579:Children and War: A Historical Anthology,
210:The overthrow of the Bourbon Monarchy of
157:Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
703:: Souvenir de 1859. Paris: Orengo, 1861.
904:Military supporting service occupations
520:
323:Unidentified American woman during the
294:– but they were not allowed in combat.
164:Law to Rid the Armies of Useless Women
734:70, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 2012): p. 32
199:Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy
7:
701:L'Armée française et ses cantinières
388:. Another Civil War vivandiere was
298:friendly mother and sister figures.
498: – Civilians who follow armies
384:. The other recipient was French,
260:Second Italian War of Independence
25:
747:. Cantinieres.com. Archived from
665:. Cantinieres.com. Archived from
556:. Cantinieres.com. Archived from
531:. Cantinieres.com. Archived from
27:French military canteen personnel
789:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
909:Women in the American Civil War
816:. University of Chicago Press.
581:New York: NYU Press, 2002, 205.
238:(1896) of a cantinière of 1853
1:
919:Women in war in South America
894:Women in 19th-century warfare
327:, presumed to be a vivandière
264:French intervention in Mexico
214:and the establishment of the
175:interchangeably) until 1854.
745:"Cantinières in Advertising"
337:United States War Department
783:Sizer, Lyde Cullen (2003).
268:Colonization of Cochinchina
32:Vivandière (disambiguation)
940:
144:shell of its former self.
29:
914:Women in European warfare
826:– via Google Books.
810:Young, Elizabeth (1999).
799:– via Google Books.
380:, named in honor of Gen.
359:One American example was
45:in 1855, photographed by
863:Cardoza, Thomas (2010).
648:Cardoza, Thomas ( 2010).
613:Indiana University Press
529:"Origins of Cantinières"
96:, and various armies in
663:"Cantinières in Combat"
406:Illustrated London News
80:, and in the armies of
899:Women in war 1900–1945
605:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
361:Anna (Annie) Etheridge
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239:
188:
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699:Lalaisse, Hyppolyte,
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889:Obsolete occupations
732:Rhode Island History
441:La forza del destino
435:La fille du régiment
135:Revolutionary period
272:Franco-Prussian War
168:National Convention
412:In popular culture
369:American Civil War
349:American Civil War
341:United States Army
329:
325:American Civil War
315:American Civil War
240:
189:
78:American Civil War
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924:Military catering
873:978-0-253-35451-8
720:. Ncohistory.com.
713:Elder, Daniel K.
686:Cardoza, Thomas.
635:Cardoza, Thomas.
590:Cardoza, Thomas.
464:Louisa May Alcott
347:, and during the
254:, notably in the
141:French Revolution
111:French Revolution
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166:passed the
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622:0253310768
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539:2013-02-03
515:References
508:Soldaderas
484:Vivandière
478:Union Army
386:Marie Tepe
270:, and the
205:Napoleon I
115:Old Regime
57:cantinière
53:Vivandière
18:Vivandiere
456:burlesque
430:Donizetti
426:postcards
367:when the
212:Charles X
61:regiments
607:(1980).
490:See also
474:Jo March
422:musicals
374:Bull Run
309:tonnelet
302:Uniforms
69:canteens
365:Detroit
345:America
104:Origins
65:sutlers
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418:operas
354:France
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718:(PDF)
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396:Spain
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