581:, where he forced the Bulgarians to retreat to the city and took it by storm. Sviatoslav appears to have been successful in enlisting Bulgarian support. Bulgarian soldiers joined his army in considerable numbers, tempted partly by the prospects of booty, but also enticed by Sviatoslav's anti-Byzantine designs and probably mollified by a shared Slavic heritage. The Rus' ruler himself was careful not to alienate his new subjects: he forbade his army from looting the countryside or plundering cities that surrendered peacefully. Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria had ended in a victory.
645:
932:
31:
151:
122:
140:
111:
554:
833:
767:
676:, gathering supplies and equipment to cut the Russians off. This caught the Rus' completely by surprise: The passes of the Balkan mountains had been left unguarded, either because the Rus' were busy suppressing Bulgarian revolts or perhaps (as A.D. Stokes suggests) because a peace agreement that had been concluded after the battle of Arcadiopolis made them complacent.
2019:
590:
687:
The
Byzantine army, led by Tzimiskes in person and numbering 30,000–40,000, advanced quickly and reached Preslav unmolested. The Rus' army was defeated in a battle before the city walls, and the Byzantines proceeded to lay siege. The main Rus' force under Sviatoslav withdrew before the imperial army
626:
Nikephoros' plan had backfired: Instead of a weak
Bulgaria, a new and warlike nation had been established at the empire's northern border, and Sviatoslav showed every intention of continuing his advance south into Byzantium. The emperor tried to get the Bulgarians to resume the war against the Rus',
871:
After settling peace with the Poles, Vladimir returned to Kiev. Having successfully conquered the
Cherven Cities, Vladimir provided them with a strong military garrison, then subjugating and annexing them under the Rus'. Vladimir founded a fortified settlement on their border, which he named after
659:
According to the
Russian chronicles, Svyatoslav's army defeated the Greeks and began to ravage the whole of Thrace, and the outskirts of Constantinople. But the Greeks bought him off with a rich tribute. According to Byzantine sources, the Russians suffered a crushing defeat and Svyatoslav later
680:
622:
Peter retired to a monastery, where he died in 970, while Boris was released from
Byzantine custody and recognized as Tsar Boris II. For the moment, it appeared that Nikephoros' plan had worked. Although, this quickly changed as soon as Sviatoslav defeated the Pechenegs and turned his sights
688:
towards
Dorostolon on the Danube. As Sviatoslav feared a Bulgarian uprising, he had 300 Bulgarian nobles executed, and imprisoned many others. The imperial army advanced without hindrance; the Bulgarian garrisons of the various forts and strongholds along the way surrendered peacefully.
660:
retreated to
Bulgaria. Most scholars, including Russian scholars, have agreed with the version of the Byzantine primary sources. Although the Byzantines suffered heavy casualties, the Rus's casualties were also heavy, probably running into several thousands.
1897:. Kurya likely intended this as a compliment to Sviatoslav; sources report that Kurya and his wife drank from the skull and prayed for a son as brave as the deceased Rus' warlord. Christian 344; Pletneva 19; Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor 90.
607:. In contrast to their previous reception, this time the Bulgarian envoys were treated with great honour. Nevertheless, Nikephoros, confident of his position, demanded harsh terms: Tsar Peter was to resign and be replaced by
981:
accepts the content of the entry for 981 as reliable, with the sole reservation that the campaign of
Vladimir did not take place in 981. He indicates two dates when the expedition could have occurred: 992 and 1012.
946:
244:
921:
227:
183:
193:
577:
had been recovered and the remaining Rus' garrisons in the remaining conquered fortresses were repulsed by the
Bulgarian army. He was then attacked by a large Bulgarian army near
2246:"Bolesław Śmiały (Szczodry). Król, który powrócił do mocarstwowej polityki Chrobrego | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne"
1884:
Constantine VII pointed out that, by virtue of their controlling the
Dnieper cataracts, the Pechenegs may easily attack and destroy the Rus' vessels sailing along the river.
1719:. Dumbarton oaks studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection (Reprinted ed.). Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 160.
176:
509:
Sviatoslav agreed to the Byzantine proposal. In August 967 or 968, the Rus' crossed the Danube into Bulgarian territory, defeated a Bulgarian army of 30,000 men in the
989:
the expedition of 981 never happened, the record itself is a later interpolation of references entered in the Tale of the Bygone Years under the years 1018 and 1031.
695:, the Rus' were forced to capitulate. The war ended in a complete Byzantine victory, where Sviatoslav I promised to not organise a new expedition into the Balkans.
1066:
Christian 298: The Primary Chronicle is very succinct about the whole campaign against the Khazars, saying only that Sviatoslav "took their city and Belaya Vezha".
1047:"Włodzimierz I Wielki. Wielki książę kijowski i władca Rusi Kijowskiej | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne"
289:
169:
2352:. Pamphlet / Department of the Army (Research completed July 1996, 1. ed, 1. print ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
389:
309:
2245:
299:
1893:
The use of a defeated enemy's skull as a drinking vessel is reported by numerous authors through history among various steppe peoples, such as the
2446:
1673:"Вторжение Святослава во Фракию и битва под Аркадиополем . Русская земля. Между язычеством и христианством. От князя Игоря до сына его Святослава"
222:
2357:
2332:
1973:
1948:
1916:
1869:
1844:
1819:
1791:
1766:
1724:
1699:
1656:
1628:
1552:
1527:
1502:
1477:
1447:
1407:
1367:
1298:
1273:
1245:
1215:
1151:
1126:
1101:
1021:
2020:"A. Jusupović, "Червень и ины грады" or "гроды червеньскыя"? History of the domain of cherven' in the written record (10th-13th centuries)"
1046:
493:
2042:
829:
and Cherven’ were Polish strongholds but Poland did not have control over this entire area of Sub-Carpathian region, it was the Czechs.
499:
809:. After this, he began a period of conquests, starting with his campaign against Poland. Józef Skrzypek claims that back in 981, the
2229:
319:
264:
884:. Vladimir managed to create an entire system of fortifications that enabled him to protect his borders against Pecheneg raids.
731:, but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near
641:
The Battle of Arcadiopolis was fought in 970 between the Byzanties and the Rus' supported by Bulgarians, Magyars and Pechenegs.
2456:
259:
848:
objected to this campaign, Vladimir went through with it anyway, gathering troops and going against him. Vladimir reached the
344:
284:
269:
977:
It is generally agreed upon that the campaign definitely happened in the 10th century, although the year 981 is debated.
636:
339:
334:
2323:
Długosz, Jan; Kowalczyk, Maria; Kozłowska-Budkowa, Zofia; Mruk, Julia; Pieradzka, Krystyna; Turkowska, Danuta (2009).
925:
384:
354:
254:
239:
249:
2176:
2063:
1318:
965:- pursued an aggressive policy towards Poland and Polish ethnic lands until the destruction of Kievan Rus' by the
644:
2406:
1966:
A history of Russian law: from ancient times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649
935:
399:
359:
1715:
Leo; Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection; Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry; Sullivan, Denis F.; Leo (2007).
2430:
2112:
1016:. The World's most trusted reference books (Paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 167.
719:
1586:
2413:
349:
1943:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. p. 15.
747:
Following Sviatoslav's death tensions among his sons grew. A war broke out between his legitimate sons,
2043:"6. ВЕЛИКИЙ КНЯЗЬ ВЛАДИМИР I И ВЕЛИКИЙ, А ПО КРЕЩЕНИИ I ВАСИЛИЙ ИМЕНОВАН - История Российская. Часть 2"
1672:
1606:
The History of the Byzantine Empire: From the foundation of Constantinople to the collapse of the state
2426:
608:
604:
453:
232:
1938:
1741:
1467:
986:
692:
679:
600:
548:
536:
30:
2131:
798:
780:
756:
752:
510:
506:, a payment of 1,500 pounds of gold, Sviatoslav I was induced to attack Bulgaria from the north.
419:
144:
36:
1623:. Rossiĭskai︠a︡ imperatorskai︠a︡ biblioteka. Podarochnye izdanii︠a︡. Moskva: ĖKSMO. p. 10.
931:
150:
121:
1911:. Cambridge medieval textbooks (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 1–2.
498:
The Byzantines had long maintained close relations with the Rus', with whom they were bound by
2353:
2328:
2225:
1969:
1944:
1912:
1865:
1840:
1815:
1787:
1762:
1720:
1695:
1652:
1624:
1548:
1523:
1498:
1473:
1443:
1403:
1363:
1294:
1269:
1241:
1211:
1188:
1147:
1122:
1097:
1017:
958:
942:
852:
and the Polish troops and commanders were beaten or taken prisoner. Mieszko barely escaped to
394:
364:
294:
763:
and returned in 978. Yaropolk was killed, and Vladimir became the sole ruler of Kievan Rus'.
1180:
978:
748:
616:
569:
In summer 969, Sviatoslav returned to Bulgaria in force, accompanied by allied Pecheneg and
369:
1208:
Bŭlgarskite khanove i t︠s︡are: ot khan Kubrat do t︠s︡ar Boris III: istoricheski spravochnik
723:
of fomenting strife between the Rus' and the Pechenegs. According to the Slavic chronicle,
703:
Fearing that the peace with Sviatoslav would not endure, the Byzantine emperor induced the
2325:
Jana Długosza Roczniki czyli Kroniki sławnego Królestwa Polskiego. Ks. 3, ks. 4: 1039-1139
962:
917:
714:
518:
423:
125:
2411:
The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century.
1743:
ptie.] Jean Tzimiscèn. Les jeunes années de Basile II, le tueur de Bulgares (969-989)
668:
The Byzantine emperor made his move on Easter week of 971 where he moved his troops from
1649:
The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century
1520:
The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century
1469:
The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century
1400:
The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century
785:
Vladimir the Great became the Grand Prince of Kiev on 11 June 978 after first capturing
713:
to kill Sviatoslav before he reached Kiev. This was in line with the policy outlined by
1989:
1940:
The nature and the image of princely power in Kievan Rus', 980-1054: a study of sources
905:
837:
810:
806:
728:
561:
The Siege of Kiev happened in 968. It ultimately ended in the defeat of the Pechenegs.
553:
503:
415:
92:
88:
67:
2440:
990:
966:
873:
652:
574:
570:
525:
2451:
2419:
814:
710:
707:
648:
449:
444:
314:
304:
1717:
The "history" of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine military expansion in the tenth century
1568:
832:
766:
1761:. History of civilisation. New York Washington: Praeger Publishers. p. 129.
619:, were to be married to Bulgarian princesses, which were the daughters of Boris.
2271:
1862:
Byzantium's Balkan frontier: a political study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204
1837:
Byzantium's Balkan frontier: a political study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204
1545:
Byzantium's Balkan frontier: a political study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204
1238:
Byzantium's Balkan frontier: a political study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204
1094:
Byzantium's Balkan frontier: a political study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204
897:
860:
826:
2298:"Bolesław II Szczodry, Encyklopedia PWN: źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy"
760:
732:
115:
2297:
1192:
2172:
1894:
1587:"7 битв князя Святослава Игоревича — Кириллица — энциклопедия русской жизни"
901:
845:
736:
704:
427:
154:
1340:
853:
2084:
1268:. History of civilisation. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 128.
893:
790:
612:
599:
While Sviatopolk was ftocused defending Kiev against the Pechenegs, Tsar
593:
529:
2327:(Wyd. 2 ed.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. pp. 110–137.
589:
859:
Vladimir's campaign involved taking over the Cherven Cities: Przemyśl,
849:
786:
724:
578:
514:
465:
456:
in 945. Under his rule, Kievan Rus' saw numerous military expeditions.
40:
1168:
161:
1864:. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
1184:
881:
673:
481:
469:
1442:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 260, 294–295.
2064:"KWORUM - Polsko-Polonijna Gazeta Internetowa - www.kworum.com.pl"
1522:. Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan press. pp. 183–184.
1472:. Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan press. pp. 182–183.
1402:. Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan press. pp. 185–186.
930:
877:
831:
802:
765:
678:
603:
sent a new embassy to Byzantium, a visit that was recorded by the
588:
552:
535:
The next year, Sviatoslav left with part of his army to counter a
477:
1014:
Dynasties of the world: a chronological and genealogical handbook
856:
and then sent the Rus' ambassadors many gifts, asking for peace.
1169:"OCLC‐To‐Go: The Portable OCLC, Crosstalk, and Other Miscellany"
794:
669:
528:, while the Bulgarians retreated to the fortress of Dorostolon (
473:
2401:
The Byzantine wars: battles and campaigns of the Byzantine era.
1146:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 260, 294.
735:
early in 972. The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was
165:
1839:. Cambridge (GB): Cambridge university press. pp. 51–52.
1812:
The Byzantine wars: battles and campaigns of the Byzantine era
1784:
The Byzantine wars: battles and campaigns of the Byzantine era
1692:
The Byzantine wars: battles and campaigns of the Byzantine era
1497:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 260–261.
1119:
The Byzantine wars: battles and campaigns of the Byzantine era
961:. The Russian princes - first those of Kiev and then those of
908:
in 985, planting numerous fortresses and colonies on his way.
755:, in 976, at the conclusion of which Oleg was killed. In 977,
2114:
Historia rosji od czasów najdawniejszych od początku XX wieku
1968:. Law in Eastern Europe. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff. p. 473.
1651:. Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan press. p. 186.
941:
Forty years later, the Cherven Cities were taken back by the
759:
fled abroad to escape Oleg's fate where he raised an army of
2085:"Jak i kiedy Lwów znalazł się w granicach państwa polskiego"
996:
Other sources mention the years: 985, 992, and 990 or 993.
1547:. Cambridge (GB): Cambridge university press. p. 51.
1240:. Cambridge (GB): Cambridge university press. p. 49.
1096:. Cambridge (GB): Cambridge university press. p. 48.
414:
was a military campaign in the 10th century involving the
1293:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 260.
922:
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
517:, even seizing 80 towns according to Bulgarian historian
924:
in 1018, then taken back by the Rus' in 1031 during the
904:
in 984; and conducting a military campaign against the
892:
He continued his conquests even further, suppressing a
1759:
The Byzantine commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500 - 1453
2348:
Curtis, Glenn E.; Library of Congress, eds. (1998).
1266:
The Byzantine commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453
2136:
Wolni z wolnymi, równi z równymi i zacni z zacnymi.
817:the population of the Cherven’ Towns was Rusi’an.
502:. With promises of rich rewards and, according to
430:. The result of the campaign was a Rus' victory.
1210:. Veliko Tŭrnovo: Izd-vo "Abagar". p. 111.
813:only had a single stronghold, and according to
23:
1362:. Sofii︠a︡: Bŭlgarska istorii︠a︡. p. 76.
177:
16:981 military campaign to annex Cherven Cities
8:
2024:Червень и ины грады” or „гроды червеньскыя”
1990:"Den hellige Vladimir av Kyjiv (~956-1015)"
1964:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (2018).
1746:(in French). E. De Boccard. pp. 50–51.
1619:Egorshina, O. P.; Petrov, A., eds. (2014).
916:The Cherven Cities were taken back by the
727:attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the
184:
170:
162:
29:
20:
947:Bolesław II the Bold's expedition to Kiev
896:rebellion in 982; managing to subdue the
872:himself. He also built fortresses on the
1206:Andreev, Ĭordan; Lalkov, Milcho (1996).
993:and Eugeniusz Kucharski agreed on this.
912:Further conflict over the Cherven Cities
643:
1004:
2192:The Penguin historical atlas of Russia
2190:Channon, John; Hudson, Robert (1995).
2147:
2145:
2107:
2105:
2079:
2077:
2058:
2056:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1805:
1803:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1642:
1640:
1461:
1459:
1334:
1332:
1312:
1310:
1259:
1257:
1231:
1229:
1227:
7:
1087:
1085:
1062:
1060:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
412:Vladimir the Great's Polish Campaign
24:Vladimir the Great's Polish Campaign
2220:Vladimirovich, Dimnik M. Yaroslav.
1740:Schlumberger, Gustave Léon (1925).
664:Byzantine campaign against the Rus'
585:Byzantine campaign against the Rus'
2424:The making of Byzantium, 600-1025.
1786:. Stroud: Tempus. pp. 98–99.
14:
1495:The making of Byzantium, 600-1025
1440:The making of Byzantium, 600-1025
1291:The making of Byzantium, 600-1025
1144:The making of Byzantium, 600-1025
957:This marked the beginning of the
887:
743:Tensions after Sviatoslav's death
524:After this, the Rus' wintered at
494:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
801:by treachery and was proclaimed
627:but his proposals were ignored.
149:
138:
120:
109:
55:
2222:Encyclopedia of Russian History
1647:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983).
1518:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983).
1466:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983).
1398:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983).
1385:История Государства Российского
2152:Щавелева Н.И. Древняя Русь в.
1814:. Stroud: Tempus. p. 99.
1694:. Stroud: Tempus. p. 98.
1121:. Stroud: Tempus. p. 97.
623:southwards to Bulgaria again.
611:, and the two young emperors,
1:
2252:(in Polish). 28 February 2021
2209:(11th ed.). p. 168.
573:contingents. In his absence,
468:, destroying their cities of
2205:Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911).
888:Vladimir's further conquests
637:Battle of Arcadiopolis (970)
2447:10th century in Kievan Rus'
1909:Medieval Russia: 980 - 1584
1757:Obolensky, Dimitri (1971).
1325:(2nd ed.). p. 20.
1319:"Medieval Russia, 980–1584"
1264:Obolensky, Dimitri (1971).
926:Crisis of the Piast dynasty
513:, and occupied most of the
476:, also sacking the city of
460:Victory against the Khazars
2473:
2177:Cambridge University Press
1075:Christian 297–298; Dunlop
1053:(in Polish). 6 March 2022.
778:
634:
557:Sviatoslav I ("the Brave")
546:
491:
442:
2433:. ISBN 978-0-520-20496-6.
2416:. ISBN 978-0-472-10025-5.
1937:Hanak, Walter K. (2014).
1860:Stephenson, Paul (2000).
1835:Stephenson, Paul (2000).
1543:Stephenson, Paul (2000).
1360:Zabravenoto Srednovekovie
1236:Stephenson, Paul (2000).
1092:Stephenson, Paul (2000).
936:Battle of the Kalka River
775:Vladimir the Great's rule
699:The death of Sviatoslav I
203:
131:
102:
46:
28:
2431:University of California
2407:John Van Antwerp Fine Jr
1810:Haldon, John F. (2001).
1782:Haldon, John F. (2001).
1690:Haldon, John F. (2001).
1621:Istorii︠a︡ russkoĭ armii
1117:Haldon, John F. (2001).
720:De Administrando Imperio
464:In 965, he defeated the
2403:ISBN 978-0-7524-1795-0.
2387:According to Presnyakov
2350:Russia: a country study
1677:religion.wikireading.ru
1569:"Повесть временных лет"
1358:Pavlov, Plamen (2024).
1012:Morby, John E. (2002).
900:in 983; conquering the
2457:10th century in Poland
2414:University of Michigan
2272:"Bolesław II Szczodry"
2167:Martin, Janet (1995).
1907:Martin, Janet (2007).
1493:Whittow, Mark (1996).
1438:Whittow, Mark (1996).
1289:Whittow, Mark (1996).
1142:Whittow, Mark (1996).
938:
841:
797:in 978, where he slew
771:
739:by the Pecheneg khan.
684:
656:
631:Battle of Arcadiopolis
596:
558:
132:Commanders and leaders
2179:. pp. 5, 15, 20.
2047:www.e-reading-lib.com
934:
880:, Trubieża, Suła and
835:
769:
742:
682:
647:
592:
556:
774:
609:Boris II of Bulgaria
605:Liutprand of Cremona
565:Invasion of Bulgaria
488:Invasion of Bulgaria
454:Grand Prince of Kiev
438:
285:Muscovite/Lithuanian
2302:encyklopedia.pwn.pl
2018:Jusupović, Adrian.
1383:Karamzin, Nikolay.
987:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
737:made into a chalice
717:Porphyrogenitus in
693:Siege of Dorostolon
601:Peter I of Bulgaria
549:Siege of Kiev (968)
439:Sviatoslav I's rule
195:Polish–Russian Wars
54:981 (Disputed, see
1994:Den katolske kirke
1345:Uitgeverij Vantilt
939:
842:
799:Yaropolk I of Kiev
781:Vladimir the Great
772:
770:Vladimir I of Kiev
685:
657:
597:
559:
511:Battle of Silistra
420:Vladimir the Great
145:Vladimir the Great
37:Vladimir the Great
2399:Paul Stephenson:
2359:978-0-8444-0866-8
2334:978-83-01-16069-2
2068:www.kworum.com.pl
1975:978-90-04-34642-0
1950:978-90-04-25982-9
1918:978-0-521-85916-5
1871:978-0-521-77017-0
1846:978-0-521-77017-0
1821:978-0-7524-1795-0
1793:978-0-7524-1795-0
1768:978-0-297-00343-4
1726:978-0-88402-324-1
1701:978-0-7524-1795-0
1658:978-0-472-10025-5
1630:978-5-699-42397-2
1554:978-0-521-77017-0
1529:978-0-472-10025-5
1504:978-0-520-20496-6
1479:978-0-472-10025-5
1449:978-0-520-20496-6
1409:978-0-472-10025-5
1369:978-619-7688-32-0
1347:. pp. 53–55.
1300:978-0-520-20496-6
1275:978-0-297-00343-4
1247:978-0-521-77017-0
1217:978-954-427-216-6
1153:978-0-520-20496-6
1128:978-0-7524-1795-0
1103:978-0-521-77017-0
1023:978-0-19-860473-0
959:Russo-Polish Wars
943:Kingdom of Poland
408:
407:
278:Tsardom of Russia
160:
159:
98:
97:
2464:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2224:. p. 1702.
2217:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2154:Польской истории
2149:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2028:
2027:
2015:
1998:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:От Руси к России
1420:
1414:
1413:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1233:
1222:
1221:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1185:10.1108/eb055894
1164:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1089:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1043:
1028:
1027:
1009:
979:Stefan Kuczyński
836:Location of the
663:
617:Constantine VIII
539:on his capital.
211:
198:
196:
186:
179:
172:
163:
153:
143:
142:
141:
124:
114:
113:
112:
48:
47:
33:
21:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2437:
2436:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2250:HISTORIA.org.pl
2244:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2169:Medieval Russia
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2089:www.lwow.com.pl
2083:
2082:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2017:
2016:
2001:
1996:(in Norwegian).
1988:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:Norwich, John.
1603:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1341:"Nestorkroniek"
1338:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1051:HISTORIA.org.pl
1045:
1044:
1031:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
975:
955:
918:Duchy of Poland
914:
890:
869:
823:
783:
777:
745:
715:Constantine VII
701:
683:Constantine VII
666:
651:, now known as
639:
633:
587:
567:
551:
545:
537:Pecheneg attack
519:Vasil Zlatarski
496:
490:
462:
447:
441:
436:
424:Duchy of Poland
409:
404:
374:
324:
274:
209:
199:
194:
192:
190:
139:
137:
126:Duchy of Poland
110:
108:
84:
70:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2417:
2404:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2365:
2358:
2340:
2333:
2315:
2289:
2263:
2237:
2230:
2212:
2207:"Vladimir, St"
2197:
2182:
2159:
2156:. p. 230.
2141:
2132:"Ruś Kijowska"
2123:
2101:
2073:
2052:
2029:
1999:
1981:
1974:
1956:
1949:
1924:
1917:
1899:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1852:
1845:
1827:
1820:
1799:
1792:
1774:
1767:
1749:
1732:
1725:
1707:
1700:
1682:
1664:
1657:
1636:
1629:
1611:
1608:. p. 363.
1596:
1578:
1573:www.hrono.info
1560:
1553:
1535:
1528:
1510:
1503:
1485:
1478:
1455:
1448:
1430:
1423:Gumilev, Lev.
1415:
1408:
1390:
1375:
1368:
1350:
1339:Web, Chef du.
1328:
1306:
1299:
1281:
1274:
1253:
1246:
1223:
1216:
1198:
1167:Decker, Leon.
1159:
1152:
1134:
1127:
1109:
1102:
1081:
1068:
1056:
1029:
1022:
1003:
1001:
998:
974:
971:
954:
951:
913:
910:
889:
886:
868:
865:
838:Cherven Cities
822:
819:
811:Cherven Cities
779:Main article:
776:
773:
744:
741:
729:Dnieper rapids
700:
697:
665:
662:
635:Main article:
632:
629:
586:
584:
583:
566:
563:
547:Main article:
544:
541:
504:Leo the Deacon
492:Main article:
489:
486:
461:
458:
443:Main article:
440:
437:
435:
432:
422:, against the
406:
405:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
381:
380:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
331:
330:
328:Russian Empire
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
281:
280:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
236:
235:
225:
220:
214:
213:
204:
201:
200:
191:
189:
188:
181:
174:
166:
158:
157:
147:
134:
133:
129:
128:
118:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
89:Cherven Cities
86:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:Cherven Cities
66:
64:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2469:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2277:
2276:timenote.info
2273:
2267:
2264:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2231:0-02-865907-4
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2194:. p. 23.
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1591:cyrillitsa.ru
1588:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1427:. p. 67.
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1387:. p. 63.
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:Myron Korduba
988:
985:According to
983:
980:
972:
970:
968:
967:Mongol Empire
964:
960:
952:
950:
948:
944:
937:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
911:
909:
907:
906:Volga Bulgars
903:
899:
895:
885:
883:
879:
875:
866:
864:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
839:
834:
830:
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
709:
706:
698:
696:
694:
689:
681:
677:
675:
671:
661:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
628:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
591:
582:
580:
576:
575:Pereyaslavets
572:
564:
562:
555:
550:
543:Siege of Kiev
542:
540:
538:
533:
531:
527:
526:Pereyaslavets
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
457:
455:
451:
446:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
197:
187:
182:
180:
175:
173:
168:
167:
164:
156:
152:
148:
146:
136:
135:
130:
127:
123:
119:
117:
107:
106:
101:
94:
90:
87:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2423:
2420:Mark Whittow
2410:
2400:
2394:Bibliography
2383:
2374:
2368:
2349:
2343:
2324:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2301:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2275:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2249:
2240:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2138:(in Polish).
2135:
2126:
2113:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2067:
2046:
2023:
1993:
1984:
1965:
1959:
1939:
1908:
1902:
1889:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1836:
1830:
1811:
1783:
1777:
1758:
1752:
1742:
1735:
1716:
1710:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1648:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1544:
1538:
1519:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1468:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1322:
1317:eBooks.com.
1290:
1284:
1265:
1237:
1207:
1201:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1143:
1137:
1118:
1112:
1093:
1076:
1071:
1050:
1013:
1007:
995:
984:
976:
956:
940:
915:
891:
870:
863:and others.
858:
844:Even though
843:
840:(modern–day)
824:
815:Boris Grekov
784:
746:
718:
702:
690:
686:
667:
658:
649:Arcadiopolis
640:
625:
621:
598:
568:
560:
534:
523:
508:
497:
463:
450:Sviatoslav I
448:
445:Sviatoslav I
411:
410:
378:Soviet Union
377:
327:
277:
217:
207:
103:Belligerents
78:Rus' victory
18:
2308:10 February
2304:(in Polish)
2282:11 February
2278:(in Polish)
2256:11 February
2094:5 September
973:Controversy
953:Consequence
920:during the
898:Yatvingians
825:Back then,
807:Kievan Rus'
452:became the
416:Kievan Rus'
93:Kievan Rus'
91:annexed by
83:Territorial
56:controversy
2441:Categories
1323:eBooks.com
1179:(3): 553.
1173:OCLC Micro
1000:References
761:Varangians
733:Khortytsia
691:After the
653:Lüleburgaz
208:Kievan Rus
116:Kievan Rus
35:Statue of
2173:Cambridge
1895:Scythians
1193:8756-5196
969:in 1240.
902:Radimichs
867:Aftermath
846:Mieszko I
793:and then
484:as well.
428:Mieszko I
426:, led by
418:, led by
395:1919-1921
390:1918-1919
385:1914-1918
370:1863-1864
365:1830-1831
355:1806-1807
340:1768-1772
335:1733-1735
320:1654–1667
315:1632-1634
310:1605–1618
305:1558-1583
300:1512-1522
290:1487-1494
265:1139-1142
255:1121-1124
245:1069-1071
240:1030-1031
155:Mieszko I
2427:Berkeley
894:Vyatichi
861:Czerwień
827:Przemyśl
821:Campaign
791:Smolensk
757:Vladimir
753:Yaropolk
705:Pecheneg
613:Basil II
594:Basil II
530:Silistra
233:2nd Kiev
63:Location
945:during
850:Vistula
805:of all
787:Polotsk
725:Sveneld
579:Preslav
515:Dobruja
466:Khazars
434:Prelude
85:changes
41:Toronto
2356:
2331:
2228:
1972:
1947:
1915:
1868:
1843:
1818:
1790:
1765:
1723:
1698:
1655:
1627:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1476:
1446:
1406:
1366:
1297:
1272:
1244:
1214:
1191:
1150:
1125:
1100:
1077:passim
1020:
963:Halych
882:Stuhna
854:Kraków
674:Thrace
571:Magyar
500:treaty
482:Crimea
470:Sarkel
75:Result
2373:ПВЛ.
2118:(PDF)
878:Oster
874:Desna
803:knyaz
711:Kurya
478:Kerch
210:'
2354:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2310:2024
2284:2024
2258:2024
2226:ISBN
2096:2024
1970:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1189:ISSN
1148:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1018:ISBN
795:Kiev
789:and
751:and
749:Oleg
708:khan
670:Asia
615:and
474:Atil
472:and
400:1939
360:1812
350:1794
345:1792
295:1508
270:1180
260:1135
250:1092
228:1018
223:1022
51:Date
2452:981
2375:992
1181:doi
672:to
532:).
480:in
218:981
39:in
2443::
2429::
2422::
2409::
2300:.
2274:.
2248:.
2175::
2171:.
2144:^
2134:.
2104:^
2087:.
2076:^
2066:.
2055:^
2045:.
2032:^
2022:.
2002:^
1992:.
1927:^
1802:^
1675:.
1639:^
1589:.
1571:.
1458:^
1343:.
1331:^
1321:.
1309:^
1256:^
1226:^
1187:.
1175:.
1171:.
1084:^
1059:^
1049:.
1032:^
949:.
928:.
876:,
521:.
2377:.
2362:.
2337:.
2312:.
2286:.
2260:.
2234:.
2120:.
2098:.
2070:.
2049:.
2026:.
1978:.
1953:.
1921:.
1874:.
1849:.
1824:.
1796:.
1771:.
1729:.
1704:.
1679:.
1661:.
1633:.
1593:.
1575:.
1557:.
1532:.
1507:.
1482:.
1452:.
1412:.
1372:.
1303:.
1278:.
1250:.
1220:.
1195:.
1183::
1177:4
1156:.
1131:.
1106:.
1079:.
1026:.
655:.
185:e
178:t
171:v
58:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
