1279:(STV), with the modification that a minimum number from each subpanel must be elected. The legislation requires the five panels' counts to be held consecutively rather than in parallel, which delays its completion. Campaigns are out of the public eye but hard fought, as candidates travel the country to meet in person with as many as possible of the voters, who as public representatives themselves engage deeply with the process. The processing of nominations and the posting out, receiving back, and counting of ballot papers requires close to the constitutional maximum of 90 days to complete. The redistribution of an elected candidate's surplus is done by transferring a fractional value of all their votes, rather the full value of a (random) fraction of their votes as is done in Dáil elections. The Seanad method is more accurate but considered too cumbersome to implement at Dáil elections, which have much larger electorates.
1618:, and those limited to amendment of statute law within the existing constitutional parameters. Those in the former group typically suggest abolishing the vocational aspect of the Seanad as ineffectual and based on outdated political thinking. Proposals in the latter group typically suggest altering the nomination process and the franchise. The 1958–59 Seanad Electoral Law Commission proposed changing the electorate for the outside subpanel from elected representatives to the nominating bodies. Opponents of such a change have suggested that, rather than replacing party politics with vocationalism in the Seanad, it would instead politicise the nominating bodies. The 2015
1176:, ruling in favour the plaintiffs, stated that it did not matter if they were better qualified for a different panel, and that, as regards the Labour Panel, while merely being in a union was insufficient, a candidate did not require "specialised" knowledge, and the plaintiff's testimony had established their qualifications. The clerk commented that, while an application form with detailed evidence similar to the plaintiffs' testimony might have satisfied him, a form simply making a bare assertion of knowledge and practical experience would not. In 2002,
1575:. The Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1937 was therefore repealed and replaced by the Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947, which is still in force with minor amendments. It increased the size of the electoral college, split the panels into separate ballots, and increased the security procedures around postal voting. Martin O'Donoghue argues that senators before the 1947 act often showed a genuine vocational orientation, but this was undermined by the corruption allegations.
46:
1094:
popular candidates across both panels to avoid falling foul of the minimum-elected-per-subpanel rules. Since the electorate is small and mostly of known party allegiance, larger parties have a good idea of how many quotas they can secure on each panel; they will always nominate at least that many candidates, but typically not many more, for fear of losing out on a seat through "leakage" of transfers. Parties have tight control of the
Oireachtas subpanel nominations;
662:
4497:
1504:
people" while
Article 19 permits senators to be elected by a "functional or vocational group or association or council" instead of by a panel. The Article 18 panel mechanism was envisaged as a temporary measure until such time as Irish society and economic life would be structured on more corporatist lines and Article 19 could be applied instead. With this goal in mind a
1286:; if there are multiple vacancies on the same subpanel, separate parallel by-elections are held instead of a single multiple-seat STV by-election. A by-election must be called within 180 days of a vacancy arising. By-election nominations are from the same subpanel as the departed senator; no body can nominate multiple candidates.
1295:
in the following Dáil election, including ex-TDs and others defeated at the preceding Dáil election. Until the 1980s, candidates from the nominating bodies subpanels won the minimum permitted on each panel; this changed when bodies which had been nominating non-politicians switched to nominating party politicians. In 1980
1211:
go forward on. This creates a list of provisional subpanels. The minimum number of nominees for each subpanel is two plus the maximum number to be elected from the subpanel. If there are too few candidates on a provisional subpanel, the
Taoiseach must nominate extra candidates to complete the panel. In the
1294:
In practice, the vocational element is largely notional. The elaborate nomination and voting process is described as pointlessly complex. Because the electorate is restricted to elected representatives, political parties have a great influence in the nominations. Many panel candidates aspire to stand
1210:
The "completion of panels" occurs in public on a specified date after nominations close, when the clerk of the Seanad, assisted by the judicial referee, excludes invalid nomination papers and unqualified nominees, and allows candidates nominated on multiple panels or subpanels to select which one to
1356:
Seanad standing orders make no distinction between senators elected from a panel and other senators, or among different panels. For example, of the four senators on the
Oireachtas joint committee on Agriculture, Food and the Marine in 2017, only one had been elected from the Agricultural Panel; two
1171:
sought a pre-emptive High Court declaration that they were qualified, being members of a union (the INTO) affiliated to the ICTU. The Seanad clerk argued that as the INTO was itself a nominating body on the
Cultural and Educational Panel, that was the panel on which they would be qualified. Justice
1386:
elected at local and Dáil elections, which in turn has led to some independent senators returned from the panel elections since 2014; some but not all of these have a greater focus on the functional areas of their panel. Prior to this, only a handful of independent vocational senators were elected
1084:
nominees. In
October 2018 separate meetings elected rival officer boards to the Irish Greyhound Owners and Breeders' Federation, a nominating body on the Agricultural Panel. In February 2019 the Seanad clerk updated the register with the newer officers' details. In June 2019 the appeal board ruled
787:
Article 18.7.1° of the
Constitution defines the five panels and specifies that each shall elect between five and eleven senators. The 1947 act defines the numbers of senators to be elected from each of the panels, and also provides for the division of each panel into two subpanels: the nominating
1093:
The closing date for the nominating bodies subpanel is earlier than for the
Oireachtas subpanel; political parties wait to see which of their candidates have secured nomination on an outside panel before deciding who to nominate on the inside panel. Parties generally try to distribute their most
1778:
Typically, some local councillors and members of the old Seanad will have just been elected to the new Dáil, vacating their former seats. In the case of a senator appointed by a
Taoiseach, the outgoing acting Taoiseach will nominate a replacement in time for the panel election. Typically, local
1622:
report recommended that "the concept of vocational representation be retained but modernised", with 13 panel senators still elected on the current limited franchise, and the other 30 popularly elected. The 2018 report of the Seanad Reform
Implementation Group was based on the Manning report but
1503:
De Valera's 1937 Seanad took more from the minority report. Echoing Articles 45 and 56 of the 1922 constitution, Article 15.3.1° of the 1937 constitution permits "the establishment or recognition of functional or vocational councils representing branches of the social and economic life of the
1429:
had made provision for delegating power to "Functional or Vocational Councils representing branches of the social and economic life of the Nation", which was never utilised. The place of the Seanad in the new constitution was first discussed by a 1936 commission, which produced a majority and
1525:
There was a single STV ballot paper listing all candidates for all panels in order of surname. The requirement for specific numbers of winners from each of five panels (and ten subpanels) was preserved, greatly complicating the task for voters filling in the large ballot, and for eliminating
1377:
were each returned from three different panels in their careers. The fact that the electorate is composed mainly of officials elected in party-political elections means the candidates they favour are also party-political rather than vocationally oriented. Since the
1202:, Paul Hayes was excluded from the Agricultural Panel on the basis that, although he had the required "knowledge" of fishing, he lacked "practical experience"; Hayes suggested that with more time he could have supplied sufficient documentation to support his case.
1512:, was established in 1939. Its 1944 report paid little attention to Article 19, suggesting instead more radical constitutional changes, and was practically ignored by the government. Surveys of the constitution have suggested Article 19 is now redundant.
1462:"National Language and Culture, the Arts, Agriculture (in all its forms) and Fisheries, Industry and Commerce, Finance, Health and Social Welfare, Foreign Affairs, Education, Law, Labour, Public Administration (including Town and Country Planning)."
3625:
1067:), their deputies, and a senior judge. In 1987 ICTU tried to have the Irish Conference of Professional and Service Associations (ICPSA) deregistered from the Labour Panel on the grounds that it had no independent existence and its members were
788:
bodies subpanel and the Oireachtas subpanel, with a minimum number from each subpanel. The number of nominations any one body can make depends on both the number of bodies registered for the panel, and the number of senators elected from it.
1197:
on the Oireachtas subpanel of the Cultural and Educational Panel. The IMMA nomination was seen as an attempt to bolster McNulty's tenuous qualifications, and the ensuing controversy impelled him to withdraw his candidacy. In the
755:) of which candidates are required to have "knowledge and practical experience". The panels are nominated partly by Oireachtas members and partly by vocational organisations. From each panel, between five and eleven senators are
1332:
The by-election limit of one nominee per body is most pertinent on the Labour panel, where there are only two nominating bodies: the ICTU, which is allied to the Labour Party, and the ICPSA. In a 1960 by-election, ICTU nominee
1146:
There is no statutory definition of what constitutes a sufficient degree of "knowledge and practical experience" of an interest or service to be eligible for nomination to the relevant panel. The question is decided by the
1184:
properly belonged to the Administrative Panel. Sinnott rejected a suggestion that she chose the Labour Panel because its returning 11 rather than 7 senators increased her chances of winning. In 2014, Fine Gael minister
2369:
1037:
is on the Agricultural Panel but not the Cultural and Educational Panel. A body and an affiliate may not be registered on the same panel, but may be registered on different ones; for example the ICTU-affiliated
1272:, the newly elected Dáil and the outgoing Seanad; as of 2020 these number 949, 160, and 60 respectively, discounting any vacancies. At a by-election the voters are the current members of the Dáil and Seanad.
1219:
was obliged to nominate four candidates across three Oireachtas subpanels, none of whom polled well in the ensuing election. Whereas appointments directly to the Seanad must be by a Taoiseach elected after a
3618:
3658:
1757:, one candidate was nominated on two different panels, and another on both subpanels of one panel. On the other hand, candidates may be nominated by more than one body on the same outside panel, as in the
1052:. Some bodies are very small — the minimum annual subscription of €317.43 has not increased since 1947 — and "it is even alleged that some ... exist for no other purpose than to make Seanad nominations".
1071:
but not labour unions. The appeal board rejected the claim on the ground that one registered body could not object to a different body's registration. Journalist Patrick Nolan commented that the ICPSA's
702:
2363:"Register of Nominating Bodies as revised at the annual revision and signed by the Seanad Returning Officer in pursuance of section 19 of the Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947, as amended"
1920:"Panels of candidates prepared by the Seanad Returning Officer pursuant to Section 43 of the Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947, as amended by the Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1954"
2987:
1779:
councils likewise co-opt replacements in time, but no by-elections are held to replace outgoing panel or university senators. Someone holding multiple seats (before the 2003 abolition of the
1586:
had the power to dissolve local councils. Where a county or county borough's council was dissolved, its members retained the right to vote in Seanad panel elections. This last applied at the
2527:
1919:
898:
interests as may be defined by law". The 1947 act lists two professional interests: "law" and "medicine, including surgery, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmaceutical chemistry"
3032:
4846:
4794:
3433:
1813:
364:
2812:
2362:
1311:
can be applied to the voters; however, analysis of transfers shows a high degree of party cohesion. Candidates typically concentrate on canvassing independent councillors as
3391:
1275:
At a general election each panel is elected separately, the ballot listing nominees from both subpanels collated together in alphabetical order of surname. Voting is by the
2846:
1159:
is permitted. In 2018 clerk Martin Groves said that "legislative guidelines would be of assistance to the returning officer and, I am sure, to candidates also". Before the
1640:
1240:, Oireachtas members only nominated eight candidates to their subpanel of the Labour Panel, so Varadkar nominated one more to bring the total up to the minimum of nine.
695:
2877:
1602:
reflected this demographic shift in the panel electorate with an increase in the number returned from more populous urbanised areas at the expense of more rural areas.
4789:
1624:
1623:
altered these numbers to 15 and 28. In both reports, all citizens over 18 could register either for one of the five nominating bodies subpanels or (if a graduate) for
4284:
3909:
Lee, Joseph J. (1979). "Aspects of Corporatist Thought in Ireland: The Commission on Vocational Organisation, 1939–43.". In Cosgrove, Art; McCartney, Donal (eds.).
3650:
1319:
from the Cultural and Educational Panel, because of the minimum-seats-per-subpanel rule, Fine Gael's Terence Slowey was eliminated despite having more votes than
2702:
602:
4571:
4430:
1567:, there were only 330 voters (24 of the 354 electors boycotted) which in a 43-seat ballot gave a quota of just eight votes to be elected. There were rumours of
3748:
3223:
O'Donoghue, Martin (17 December 2015). "'As nearly subservient' as it could be? Vocationalism and senatorial speaking behaviour in the Irish Senate 1938–45".
4092:
4066:
3097:
1519:
Outgoing senators did not participate in voting or nominating. (Hence the inside panel was called the "Dáil subpanel" rather than the "Oireachtas subpanel".)
688:
480:
475:
470:
4815:
4458:
2425:
2340:
1529:
The number of nominating bodies per panel was limited, and the registration appeals committee was composed entirely of TDs. The Labour Party boycotted the
1269:
760:
508:
1130:
organisations a say in nominations. Since the 1990s, smaller parties have engaged in voting pacts, each having a nominee on a different panel. Likewise,
2226:
1795:
points out that the corporatist idea was already undermined by the separation of "Labour" from "Industry and Commerce" and "Administration", dividing by
2979:
4196:
3186:
2955:
2907:
2314:
3124:
3086:
2400:
1611:
169:
159:
66:
3884:
2288:
4171:
4146:
1552:
1341:. There was speculation before the 1998 by-election that Fianna Fáil's plan to secure the ICPSA nomination would be stymied by the ICPSA-affiliated
1303:
routinely nominated its president for the time being onto the outside panel, despite knowing he would receive few votes, sometimes none at all. The
1039:
164:
1583:
1422:
528:
3769:
Chubb 2014 p.197 "the composition of the panels, with labour separated from management, seemed actually to go contrary to those very principles"
2518:
1102:
and partly by the party leader, whereas the Labour Party's were selected by its General Council, surprisingly omitting high-profile ex-TDs. The
4810:
4588:
1679:
1115:
556:
552:
533:
4347:
3844:
3681:
3024:
1017:
A nominating body for a panel is an organisation whose work or members relates to one or more of the interests on the panel; for example, the
4318:
4259:
4228:
2661:
2177:
2120:
2088:
2055:
2023:
2000:
1636:
3210:
Coakley 2011 p.243 "These three reports acknowledged the impossibility of giving effect to any meaningful form of vocational representation"
587:
1426:
574:
352:
4618:
637:
3811:
2667:
2626:
4324:
36:
3875:. Official publications. Vol. P.2475. Dublin: Stationery Office. Chapter III pp.9–11, §§17, 21–25, Chapter X pp.30–33, §§14–17.
3425:
1540:
For casual vacancies in the nominating bodies subpanel, the bodies formed a committee which elected a shortlist of three candidates by
4758:
240:
2804:
627:
3999:
3805:
2620:
2151:
1522:
Instead of all county councillors voting directly for the panel, each council elected seven of its members to the electoral college.
1509:
1379:
264:
102:
3376:
2259:
2239:
Foilseofar na torthaĂ comhairimh is dĂ©anaĂ do na cĂşig rolla gairm bheatha anseo dĂreach tar Ă©is toradh gach comhairimh a fhĂłgairt.
4565:
3319:
The unique composition and convoluted selection procedures of our present upper chamber are most certainly bizarre and out-dated.
2838:
1595:
1334:
428:
423:
418:
1598:
changed the number of councillors on each city and county council, to be somewhat more aligned with each area's population. The
622:
4539:
4451:
903:
4040:
4836:
4613:
4533:
3918:
2869:
1541:
1365:
noted as a unique event. While outgoing senators seeking re-election keep to the same panel as a rule, there are exceptions;
1018:
873:
645:
374:
1346:
1107:
122:
1505:
4378:
1491:
1329:
commented on the "arcane rules" and Fine Gael's "poor planning and failure to anticipate the strategy of the opposition".
154:
4276:
632:
3986:
3569:
1534:
1366:
675:
592:
521:
369:
251:
4734:
3284:
particularly obvious legal fictions (e.g. ... the Senate as an assembly representing vocational interest groups, etc.)
2695:
1233:
1111:
607:
402:
397:
392:
176:
3306:
4444:
3740:
1190:
454:
449:
444:
97:
4088:
4062:
3094:
1260:
of the count, during which each ballot is given the value of 1,000 to aid the transfer of fractions of votes. The
612:
3982:
3481:
1579:
287:
2421:
2336:
212:
4750:
3536:
3258:
Butler, Andrew; O'Connell, Rory (1998). "A Critical Analysis of Ireland's Constitutional Review Group Report".
2188:
1483:"(1) Farming and Fisheries, (2) Labour, (3) Industry and Commerce, (4) Education and the learned Professions."
1408:
1370:
1350:
1276:
1068:
764:
337:
331:
276:
271:
2222:
1221:
235:
4766:
4742:
4556:
4188:
3459:
3182:
3115:
3056:
2947:
2899:
2773:
2745:
2489:
2461:
2310:
1762:
1675:
1649:
1194:
768:
318:
59:
3710:
3083:
2397:
3935:
Swift, John (1 May 1975). "Report of Commission on Vocational Organisation (and it's Times, 1930-'40's)".
3867:
2284:
2170:
Vocationalism and Social Catholicism in Twentieth-century Ireland: The Search for a Christian Social Order
1383:
1081:
772:
579:
359:
313:
4163:
4138:
4310:
Irish Official Publications: A Guide to Republic of Ireland Papers, with a Breviate of Reports 1922–1972
1953:
1487:
1283:
1103:
597:
564:
324:
115:
1886:
1871:
1856:
4841:
4724:
4641:
4608:
4521:
4486:
1758:
1599:
1342:
1338:
1316:
1237:
1199:
1135:
1127:
1034:
829:
776:
300:
84:
4339:
3836:
3673:
3589:
1556:
1300:
1253:
1173:
1148:
1099:
1043:
1022:
744:
503:
4220:
4527:
3944:
3357:
3275:
3240:
1974:
1708:
At a Seanad general election, eligible nominators are the incoming TDs and the outgoing senators.
1591:
1064:
851:
90:
2042:
1901:
1418:
1001:
920:"Industry and commerce, including banking, finance, accountancy, engineering, and architecture"
727:) is any of five lists of candidates from which are elected a total of 43 of the 60 senators in
280:
203:
2107:
1180:
successfully appealed her rejection from the Labour Panel; the clerk argued that her work as a
1085:
that, in view of continued uncertainty, the older officers' details should have been retained.
4467:
4314:
4255:
3995:
3964:
3924:
3914:
3876:
3801:
3785:
3349:
3267:
2657:
2649:
2616:
2600:
2173:
2147:
2131:
2116:
2084:
2051:
2019:
2011:
1996:
1990:
1548:
1413:
1388:
1325:
1261:
1257:
1186:
1131:
1048:
756:
728:
537:
293:
244:
219:
146:
4308:
3515:
2073:
981:
over the age of 21. Each panel has two subpanels, whose candidates are nominated separately:
3793:
3232:
2608:
2139:
1966:
1840:
544:
306:
1151:
of the Seanad, but may be referred by him, or appealed by the candidate, to a judge of the
4033:"Past Reforms and Present Policy: examining the Seanad Electoral(Panel Members) Act, 1947"
3101:
3090:
2404:
1800:
1644:
1619:
1533:
in protest that the Cottage Tenants and Rural Workers Association, a small group based in
1469:
1156:
1056:
208:
4252:
The Municipal Revolution in Ireland: A Handbook of Urban Government in Ireland Since 1800
1374:
1361:
in 1942 tried unsuccessfully to organise a meeting of Agricultural Panel senators, which
1168:
997:
2252:"Commencement, Amendments, SIs made under the Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947"
1403:
The vocational aspect of the Seanad's constitution was a reflection of the influence of
45:
3790:
Reforming Senates: Upper Legislative Houses in North Atlantic Small Powers 1800–present
2251:
1970:
1687:
1312:
1123:
1073:
891:
720:
666:
569:
228:
1699:
This maximum applies only in a general election; in a by-election, the maximum is one.
4830:
4481:
4005:
3788:. In Bijleveld, Nikolaj; Grittner, Colin; Smith, David E.; Verstegen, Wybren (eds.).
3244:
1978:
1358:
1304:
1249:
1177:
1060:
978:
224:
181:
4417:
Seanad Reform Implementation Group 2018 p.17 Annex 2(ii) & Appendix p.57 §51(1)
4545:
4032:
1796:
1780:
1766:
1744:
His name remained from the ballot paper, but he urged electors not to vote for him.
1465:
A committee (not necessarily TDs) elected by TDs using proportional representation
1296:
1229:
1216:
1164:
925:
846:"Public administration and social services, including voluntary social activities"
135:
3236:
1515:
The original electoral method differed in several ways from that used since 1947:
1114:, agreed not to field candidates in the panel election, in return for some of the
2612:
1046:
of the Seanad maintains the register of nominating bodies, published annually in
1986:
1792:
1754:
1587:
1568:
1551:
at panel elections and registrar of panel nominating bodies were performed by a
1404:
1392:
1362:
1320:
1265:
1212:
1160:
1095:
1005:
996:(the "inside panel") — nominated by four Oireachtas members, either senators or
943:
732:
141:
17:
4370:
4496:
1615:
1572:
1564:
1530:
1308:
1152:
1030:
1026:
895:
748:
740:
736:
196:
3928:
3880:
3797:
3786:"Vocational voices or puppets of the Lower House? Irish senators, 1938–1948."
3353:
3271:
2143:
2016:
Ireland at the Polls, 1981, 1982, and 1987: A Study of Four General Elections
3994:. Stationery Office. Seanad Éireann; Other issues; 8: A redundant article?.
3792:. Routledge Studies in Modern History. London: Routledge. pp. 204–214.
1683:
1571:
after the first three Seanad election and finally two convictions after the
1264:
is the same for all of the vocational panels but varies between general and
1181:
1119:
1077:
775:, principally the Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947, and associated
130:
2113:
Reforming political institutions : Ireland in comparative perspective
3299:"Historical precedents and modern propositions for Ireland's upper house"
3298:
2694:
Groves, Martin (12 June 2018). Seanad Reform Implementation Group (ed.).
752:
3948:
3361:
3279:
2081:
How Ireland Voted 2011: The Full Story of Ireland's Earthquake Election
1357:
were from other panels, while the fourth was a Taoiseach's appointee.
4340:"Seanad Electoral Law Commission: Implementation of Recommendations"
2980:"FG's Mary Seery Kearney added to ticket to contest Seanad election"
2654:
How Ireland Voted 2007: The Full Story of Ireland's General Election
989:(the "outside panel") — nominated by a registered "nominating body".
747:. Each panel corresponds to a grouping of "interests and services" (
4399:
Seanad Reform Implementation Group 2018 p.17 Annex 2 (ii, vi, vii)
4113:
Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) (Bye-Elections) Act 1940, Part II
3057:"Rush to fill vacant seats created by councillors elected to Dáil"
2519:"We've been muzzled for raising dogs' welfare, say whistleblowers"
4436:
2050:. Studies in Irish Politics. Oxford: Westview. pp. 195–214.
1098:, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael nominees were selected mainly by the
1055:
Bodies refused registration can appeal to a board comprising the
3711:"Election of Panel Members — Motion to appoint Select Committee"
2134:. In Gallagher, Michael; Marsh, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (eds.).
4440:
2115:. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration. pp. 90–136.
1434:
1936 Second House of the Oireachtas Commission recommendations
1033:
standards. A body cannot be registered on two panels; thus the
3651:"Agriculture Committee to discuss tillage and malt industries"
1486:
Largely by specified functional organisations; partly by the
1134:
successfully encouraged independents to support independents
4221:"Questions; Oral Answers; Dissolution of Dublin Corporation"
1610:
Seanad reform proposals may be divided into those requiring
1224:, nomination of candidates to complete a panel may be by an
767:. The broad requirements are specified by Article 18 of the
3866:
Second House of the Oireachtas Commission (November 1936).
3674:"Names Of The Members Nominated And Of The Members Elected"
2285:"s.26(2) of the 1947 act as amended by s.7 of the 1954 act"
1872:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) (Bye-Elections) Act 1940"
1544:; from these three a winner was selected by the Taoiseach.
4189:"Local Government Act 2001, s.5(1) and Schedule 3 Part 1"
3390:(4). Institute of Public Administration of Ireland: 450.
1268:. At a Seanad general election the voters are members of
894:] and culture, literature, art, education" and "such
3911:
Studies in Irish History: Presented to R. Dudley Edwards
3913:. Dublin: University College Dublin. pp. 324–46.
3377:"Some Thoughts on the Working of Democracy in Ireland"
1537:, had the same status as the ICTU on the Labour Panel.
1025:
in the Cultural and Educational Panel. Bodies must be
1042:(INTO) is on the Cultural and Educational Panel. The
3426:"'Electrifying' FG fails to light up Seanad contest"
2605:
How Ireland Voted 2016: The Election that Nobody Won
2601:"The Seanad Election: Second Chamber, Second Chance"
2187:
Seanad Reform Implementation Group (December 2018).
1080:
nominees had had more electoral success than ICTU's
4803:
4782:
4733:
4634:
4627:
4601:
4581:
4555:
4511:
4504:
4474:
4089:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1937 s.40(1)"
3183:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947 s.56(1)"
2870:"Hayes disappointed as Seanad nomination bids fail"
805:
463:
437:
411:
385:
3963:
3480:
3458:
3206:
3204:
3114:
3055:
2772:
2744:
2725:
2723:
2517:
2488:
2460:
2106:
2041:
2014:. In Penniman, Howard Rae; Farrell, Brian (eds.).
1952:
868:"Agriculture and allied interests, and fisheries"
4408:Seanad Reform Implementation Group 2018 p.8 §5.10
4371:"A Vocational Upper House?: Lessons from Ireland"
4127:. Institute of Public Administration. p. 28.
3831:
3829:
1783:) would only get one vote in the panel elections.
1193:(IMMA) shortly before Fine Gael nominated him to
1021:(ICTU) can nominate in the Labour Panel, and the
4063:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1937 s.37"
3779:
3777:
3775:
3218:
3216:
3154:Seanad Reform Implementation Group 2018 p.7 §5.4
2948:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947 s.37"
2900:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947 s.36"
2805:"Disability rights campaigner to run for Seanad"
2652:. In Gallagher, Michael; Marsh, Michael (eds.).
2603:. In Gallagher, Michael; Marsh, Michael (eds.).
2422:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947, s.8"
2190:Report of the Seanad Reform Implementation Group
2138:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 197–213.
2079:. In Gallagher, Michael; Marsh, Michael (eds.).
1954:"Vocational Representation and the Irish Senate"
3025:"Former Labour TDs to compete for Seanad seats"
2392:
2390:
2337:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947 s.3"
1769:by five on the Industrial and Commercial Panel.
1345:Representative Association's opposition to the
4281:Irish Elections: Geography, Facts and Analyses
3657:(Press release). Oireachtas. 16 October 2017.
3570:"FF's nominee seems likely to win Seanad seat"
2839:"Why is the John McNulty affair so important?"
4452:
3619:"Standing Orders relative to Public Business"
3482:"Mr. Edward Browne [picture caption]"
3009:
3007:
3005:
2798:
2796:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2567:
2565:
2563:
1674:Of the other 17 senators, 6 are elected from
696:
8:
4847:Local authorities in the Republic of Ireland
4377:(36). London: School of Public Policy, UCL.
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
2832:
2830:
2454:
2452:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2279:
2277:
1430:minority report, with dissenters from both.
1411:of the 1930s, as outlined in the encyclical
1155:appointed as "judicial referee". No further
2018:. Duke University Press. pp. 192–205.
1902:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1954"
1887:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1947"
1857:"Seanad Electoral (Panel Members) Act 1937"
1299:described as "ludicrous" the fact that the
1189:nominated John McNulty to the board of the
4631:
4508:
4459:
4445:
4437:
4277:"Seanad Elections 2016 – A Final Overview"
3970:. London: Sweet & Maxwell. p. 106
3943:(1). Irish Labour History Society: 54–63.
3340:Sutton, Ralph G. (1958). "A Real Seanad".
1641:Economic, Social and Environmental Council
1387:under the 1947 act, the most recent being
1382:there has been an increased proportion of
1282:By-elections to fill a casual vacancy use
790:
703:
689:
31:
2132:"The Subterranean Election of the Seanad"
1765:by seven on the Administrative Panel and
3596:. Houses of the Oireachtas. 23 June 1998
3305:. UCD School of History & Archives.
2607:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 227–253.
2398:s.58A(1)(b) inserted by s.11 of 1954 act
2130:Gallagher, Michael; Weeks, Liam (2003).
2083:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 240–263.
2040:Coakley, John; Manning, Maurice (1999).
1526:candidates during the STV count process.
1432:
4307:Maltby, Arthur; McKenna, Brian (2013).
3988:Report of the Constitution Review Group
3225:Parliaments, Estates and Representation
2462:"ICTU objects to group's Senate rights"
2214:
1667:
949:
34:
4350:from the original on 23 September 2021
4327:from the original on 23 September 2021
3837:"Extension of Vocational Organisation"
3814:from the original on 23 September 2021
3751:from the original on 23 September 2021
3397:from the original on 23 September 2021
2880:from the original on 21 September 2020
2670:from the original on 23 September 2021
2629:from the original on 23 September 2021
2225:(in Irish). Oireachtas. 3 April 2020.
1992:The Government and Politics of Ireland
1445:Sectors of interest to be represented
382:
27:Lists of candidates for Seanad Éireann
4254:. Irish Academic Press. p. 304.
4069:from the original on 30 November 2017
4043:from the original on 13 December 2019
3890:from the original on 9 September 2021
3537:"Seanad nomination gives FF problems"
3460:"Nominations for Senate by-elections"
3084:s.58A(8) inserted by s.11 of 1954 act
2815:from the original on 12 February 2017
2708:from the original on 26 February 2020
2229:from the original on 12 February 2020
1637:1969 French constitutional referendum
1506:Commission on Vocational Organisation
1290:Practical effects of the panel system
1040:Irish National Teachers' Organisation
806:"Interests and services" represented
783:Interests and services, and subpanels
7:
4231:from the original on 21 October 2019
4199:from the original on 18 January 2020
4149:from the original on 7 February 2020
4095:from the original on 22 October 2020
3847:from the original on 22 October 2019
3684:from the original on 23 October 2019
3678:Seanad Éireann (25th Seanad) debates
3661:from the original on 31 October 2019
3594:Seanad Éireann (21st Seanad) debates
3127:from the original on 5 February 2011
2990:from the original on 28 October 2020
2952:electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)
2904:electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)
2746:"Outgoing Senators Seek Declaration"
2375:from the original on 15 October 2021
1726:John McGowan Smyth (Seán MacGabhann)
1612:amending the Constitution of Ireland
1427:Constitution of the Irish Free State
4344:Seanad Éireann (9th Seanad) debates
3841:Seanad Éireann (2nd Seanad) debates
3715:Seanad Éireann (3rd Seanad) debates
3631:from the original on 2 October 2020
3330:Coakley and Manning 1999 pp.208–209
3116:"Seanad election grinds to a count"
3023:O'Halloran, Marie (14 March 2016).
2978:O'Halloran, Marie (10 March 2020).
2849:from the original on 11 August 2020
2459:Nolan, Patrick (27 February 1987).
37:Politics of the Republic of Ireland
4431:Seanad election details since 2002
4275:Kavanagh, Adrian (28 April 2016).
3342:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
3309:from the original on 10 April 2020
3054:Flaherty, Rachel (14 March 2016).
3035:from the original on 3 August 2016
2868:O'Mahony, Kieran (25 March 2020).
2317:from the original on 28 March 2020
1971:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1954.tb01017.x
1142:Knowledge and practical experience
771:and the implementation details by
25:
4619:Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)
4381:from the original on 30 June 2020
4287:from the original on 8 April 2020
4174:from the original on 5 March 2014
4164:"Local Government Act 1925, s.72"
3568:Tynan, Maol Muire (27 May 1998).
3535:Tynan, Maol Muire (21 May 1998).
3436:from the original on 6 April 2020
3297:Mulvagh, Conor (September 2013).
3189:from the original on 2 March 2020
3113:Coghlan, Denis (16 August 1989).
2958:from the original on 2 March 2020
2910:from the original on 2 March 2020
2774:"Senators win in election action"
2530:from the original on 7 April 2020
2428:from the original on 2 March 2020
2343:from the original on 2 March 2020
2291:from the original on 2 March 2020
2262:from the original on 2 March 2020
1639:— rejected proposal to merge the
1423:drafting of the 1937 Constitution
1163:, outgoing Labour-Panel senators
890:"The national language [i.e.
4790:University representation (1979)
4495:
4346:. Oireachtas. 17 February 1960.
4225:Dáil Éireann (18th Dáil) debates
1918:Groves, Martin (10 March 2020).
1596:Local Government Reform Act 2014
1425:. Article 45 and 56 of the 1922
1391:of the INTO on the Labour Panel
1353:was nominated and won the seat.
1228:Taoiseach. For example, in 2020
660:
588:Ireland–United Kingdom relations
44:
3709:Counihan, John (15 July 1942).
2837:McGee, Harry (4 October 2014).
2490:"ICTU appeal on Senate invalid"
2446:Gallagher and Weeks 2003, p.199
2223:"Olltoghchán an tSeanaid, 2020"
2108:"Seanad: Reform or Redundancy?"
1126:). In 2002, Fine Gael gave its
803:Nominating bodies (as of 2021)
638:Ireland–United States relations
4375:Constitution Unit Publications
3741:"Electing Seanad Independents"
3514:Holohan, Renagh (2 May 1998).
3415:Coakley and Manning 1999 p.206
3163:Coakley and Manning 1999 p.199
3013:Coakley and Manning 1999 p.198
2803:Molony, Senan (20 June 2002).
2656:. Springer. pp. 195–196.
2580:Gallagher and Weeks 2003 p.202
2571:Coakley and Manning 1999 p.203
2557:Coakley and Manning 1999 p.209
1814:Department of Local Government
1542:multiple non-transferable vote
1349:'s policies; but in the event
1019:Irish Congress of Trade Unions
646:Politics of the European Union
1:
4039:. University College Dublin.
3966:Constitutional law in Ireland
3516:"Quidnunc: By-election blues"
3237:10.1080/02606755.2015.1108575
2368:. Oireachtas. 19 March 2021.
2125:– via Internet Archive.
2067:– via Internet Archive.
1981:– via Internet Archive.
1594:at its 1969 dissolution. The
1584:Minister for Local Government
628:Ireland–New Zealand relations
529:Department of Foreign Affairs
4313:. Elsevier. pp. 37–38.
3843:. Oireachtas. 13 July 1938.
3739:Weeks, Liam (9 March 2011).
3489:. 12 October 1960. p. 9
2613:10.1007/978-3-319-40889-7_10
2516:Rogan, Aaron (7 July 2019).
2074:"The Final Seanad Election?"
1951:Chubb, Basil (1 June 1954).
1535:Ballingarry, County Limerick
1108:a coalition with Fianna Fáil
759:, by Oireachtas members and
593:Politics of Northern Ireland
4139:"Local Government Act 1941"
3784:O'Donoghue, Martin (2019).
3680:. Oireachtas. 8 June 2016.
3467:. 7 October 1960. p. 7
2729:1947 act §§36(2)(b)(ii), 38
2046:. In Marsh, Michael (ed.).
1995:(3rd ed.). Routledge.
1625:the university constituency
1417:. This teaching influenced
1238:the ensuing Seanad election
1232:was acting Taoiseach after
623:Australia–Ireland relations
608:Brexit and the Irish border
4863:
4614:Senate of Southern Ireland
4227:. Oireachtas. 1 May 1969.
2701:. Appendix: Presentation.
1590:, to surviving members of
1565:April 1938 Seanad election
1553:departmental civil servant
1531:April 1938 Seanad election
1468:Dáil election candidates,
1347:Fianna Fáil-led government
1191:Irish Museum of Modern Art
1116:direct Seanad appointments
987:nominating bodies subpanel
941:
924:
919:
902:
889:
872:
867:
850:
845:
828:
4795:Abolition proposal (2013)
4557:University constituencies
4540:Industrial and Commercial
4493:
4305:Coakley 2011 p.261 fn.8;
3983:Constitution Review Group
3705:Chubb 1954 p. 109, citing
2781:. 10 July 1969. p. 7
2753:. 9 July 1969. p. 11
2497:. 17 July 1987. p. 6
1841:"Constitution of Ireland"
1676:university constituencies
1580:Local Government Act 2001
1472:by first-preference vote
1069:professional associations
904:Industrial and Commercial
802:
799:
796:
792:Senate vocational panels
4534:Cultural and Educational
4250:Potter, Matthew (2011).
3798:10.4324/9780429323119-18
3624:. Seanad Éireann. 2017.
3145:Gallagher and Weeks 2003
2599:Murphy, Mary C. (2016).
2172:. Irish Academic Press.
2144:10.1057/9780230379046_10
1652:— in Hong Kong and Macao
1448:Candidates nominated by
1409:Catholic social teaching
1277:single transferable vote
1270:city and county councils
874:Cultural and Educational
765:single transferable vote
633:Canada–Ireland relations
498:Administrative geography
2648:Reidy, Theresa (2007).
2548:Coakley 1987 pp.194–195
1650:Functional constituency
1421:'s thinking during the
1384:independent politicians
1248:In all panel elections
769:Constitution of Ireland
103:Presidential Commission
4031:Byrne, Elaine (2013).
3962:Casey, J. P. (1987).
2136:How Ireland voted 2002
2105:Coakley, John (2013).
2072:Coakley, John (2011).
2048:How Ireland Voted 1997
2043:"The Senate Elections"
2012:"The Senate Elections"
2010:Coakley, John (1987).
773:acts of the Oireachtas
724:
553:Diplomatic missions of
314:Special Criminal Court
4837:Seanad constituencies
4369:Russell, Meg (1999).
3375:Geary, R. C. (1980).
2937:Groves 2020 pp. 8, 11
2650:"The Seanad Election"
2168:O'Leary, Don (2000).
1812:Wilfred Brown of the
1284:instant runoff voting
1256:of the Seanad is the
1222:Dáil general election
1104:Progressive Democrats
977:All senators must be
777:statutory instruments
613:British–Irish Council
598:Good Friday Agreement
4609:Irish House of Lords
4487:Leader of the Seanad
4433:, Oireachtas website
4123:Garvin, Tom (1969).
3590:"Election of Member"
2524:Sunday Business Post
1836:Irish Statute Book:
1759:2020 Seanad election
1755:1981 Seanad election
1600:2016 Seanad election
1588:1973 Seanad election
1573:1944 Seanad election
1508:, chaired by bishop
1323:of Fianna Fáil; the
1213:1997 Seanad election
1206:Completion of panels
1200:2020 Seanad election
1161:1969 Seanad election
1112:the general election
1035:Royal Dublin Society
375:Electoral Commission
155:Departments of State
4572:National University
1435:
1301:Royal Irish Academy
1100:parliamentary party
1023:Royal Irish Academy
1008:of the Oireachtas).
994:Oireachtas subpanel
793:
725:rolla gairm bheatha
4582:Other members (11)
4193:Irish Statute Book
4168:Irish Statute Book
4143:Irish Statute Book
3295:Chubb 2014 p.198;
3100:2020-03-02 at the
3089:2020-03-02 at the
2928:Coakley 1987 p.195
2403:2020-03-02 at the
2256:Irish Statute Book
1592:Dublin Corporation
1433:
791:
757:elected indirectly
667:Ireland portal
91:Michael D. Higgins
4824:
4823:
4778:
4777:
4597:
4596:
4589:Nominated members
4566:Dublin University
4513:Vocational panels
4320:978-1-4831-8882-9
4261:978-0-7165-3082-4
3655:www.oireachtas.ie
3430:Irish Independent
2976:Groves 2020 p.6;
2874:The Southern Star
2809:Irish Independent
2663:978-0-230-59799-0
2258:. 20 March 2020.
2179:978-0-7165-2667-4
2122:978-1-904541-33-2
2090:978-0-230-34881-3
2057:978-0-8133-3217-8
2025:978-0-8223-0786-0
2002:978-1-317-89645-6
1959:Political Studies
1549:returning officer
1501:
1500:
1442:Fraction elected
1414:Quadragesimo anno
1326:Irish Independent
1262:electoral college
1258:returning officer
1234:the Dáil election
1187:Heather Humphreys
1132:Gerard Craughwell
1128:Dáil constituency
1118:reserved for the
1063:(Dáil and Seanad
1029:and meet minimum
1013:Nominating bodies
970:
969:
942:"Labour, whether
761:local councillors
713:
712:
603:Ireland–UK border
575:Visa requirements
522:Foreign relations
489:
488:
365:Political parties
294:George Birmingham
245:Mary Lou McDonald
16:(Redirected from
4854:
4655:1938 (September)
4632:
4509:
4499:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4418:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4125:The Irish Senate
4120:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4028:
4013:
4012:
4011:on 21 July 2011.
4010:
4004:. Archived from
3993:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3932:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3874:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3781:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3432:. 27 July 2007.
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3220:
3211:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2741:
2730:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2596:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2456:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2407:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2219:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2183:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2126:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2006:
1982:
1956:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1843:. Articles 18–19
1817:
1810:
1804:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1680:11 are appointed
1672:
1627:, but not both.
1606:Reform proposals
1555:rather than the
1490:of the relevant
1436:
1305:ballot is secret
1106:, having formed
946:or unorganised"
794:
717:vocational panel
705:
698:
691:
669:
665:
664:
663:
545:Irish neutrality
509:Local government
383:
379:Recent elections
307:David Barniville
213:Seán Ă“ FearghaĂl
177:Attorney General
98:Council of State
48:
32:
21:
18:Vocational Panel
4862:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4799:
4774:
4729:
4623:
4593:
4577:
4551:
4500:
4491:
4470:
4465:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4338:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4202:
4200:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4098:
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1401:
1313:floating voters
1292:
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1157:judicial review
1144:
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1057:Ceann Comhairle
1015:
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281:Donal O'Donnell
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209:Ceann Comhairle
199:
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1510:Michael Browne
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1380:2008 recession
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1124:prime minister
1090:
1089:Party strategy
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1336:
1335:Edward Browne
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4602:Predecessors
4528:Agricultural
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4395:
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4006:the original
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3717:. Oireachtas
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3522:. p. 16
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3260:Irish Jurist
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2135:
2112:
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2080:
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2047:
2029:. Retrieved
2015:
1991:
1987:Chubb, Basil
1962:
1958:
1931:. Retrieved
1926:
1905:. Retrieved
1890:. Retrieved
1875:. Retrieved
1860:. Retrieved
1845:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:rather than
1797:social class
1788:
1781:dual mandate
1774:
1767:Timmy Dooley
1749:
1740:
1735:Deirdre Lane
1731:
1722:
1713:
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1402:
1375:Joe O'Reilly
1367:Andy O'Brien
1355:
1331:
1324:
1297:Roy C. Geary
1293:
1281:
1274:
1266:by-elections
1247:
1230:Leo Varadkar
1225:
1217:Bertie Ahern
1209:
1169:SĂ©amus Dolan
1165:John Ormonde
1145:
1092:
1082:Labour-Party
1054:
1047:
1016:
1002:Dáil Éireann
1000:(members of
993:
986:
976:
896:professional
852:Agricultural
822:Max nominees
786:
763:, using the
716:
714:
412:Presidential
370:By-elections
204:Dáil Éireann
140:
136:Simon Harris
129:
121:
83:
60:Constitution
29:
4842:Corporatism
4783:Referendums
4145:. Part IV.
4037:History Hub
3576:. p. 6
3543:. p. 6
3303:History Hub
3064:. p. 2
2469:. p. 4
1793:Basil Chubb
1569:vote buying
1405:corporatism
1371:Peter Lynch
1363:Basil Chubb
1351:John Cregan
1321:Ann Ormonde
1074:Fianna Fáil
1006:lower house
973:Nominations
749:professions
733:upper house
580:Visa policy
336:President:
323:President:
305:President:
292:President:
4831:Categories
3920:0901120618
3721:9 November
3600:7 November
3580:7 November
3547:7 November
3526:7 November
3493:7 November
3471:7 November
2379:28 October
1763:John Dolan
1657:References
1616:referendum
1578:Until the
1492:department
1309:party whip
1153:High Court
1031:governance
1027:non-profit
741:parliament
737:Oireachtas
557:in Ireland
338:Paul Kelly
301:High Court
252:Committees
236:Opposition
197:Oireachtas
116:Government
79:Presidency
67:Amendments
4811:Addresses
4628:Elections
4475:Positions
4161:replaced
3929:464504344
3881:863521464
3354:0039-3495
3272:0021-1273
3245:146771416
3082:1947 act
2396:1947 act
2209:Citations
1989:(2014) .
1979:144226531
1943:Secondary
1684:Taoiseach
1662:Footnotes
1643:into the
1480:40 of 50
1477:Minority
1459:30 of 45
1456:Majority
1451:Electors
1339:unopposed
1315:. In the
1182:caregiver
1120:Taoiseach
1078:Fine Gael
944:organised
824:per body
816:subpanel
800:Senators
753:vocations
353:Elections
131:Taoiseach
85:President
4385:10 April
4379:Archived
4348:Archived
4325:Archived
4285:Archived
4235:10 April
4229:Archived
4203:10 April
4197:Archived
4178:10 April
4172:Archived
4153:10 April
4147:Archived
4099:31 March
4093:Archived
4073:31 March
4067:Archived
4047:31 March
4041:Archived
3985:(1996).
3974:12 April
3949:23194163
3885:Archived
3851:10 April
3845:Archived
3812:Archived
3749:Archived
3682:Archived
3659:Archived
3626:Archived
3434:Archived
3401:10 April
3392:Archived
3362:30098989
3313:10 April
3307:Archived
3280:44027304
3187:Archived
3125:Archived
3098:Archived
3087:Archived
3033:Archived
2994:31 March
2988:Archived
2962:31 March
2956:Archived
2914:31 March
2908:Archived
2878:Archived
2847:Archived
2813:Archived
2703:Archived
2668:Archived
2627:Archived
2528:Archived
2426:Archived
2401:Archived
2370:Archived
2341:Archived
2315:Archived
2289:Archived
2260:Archived
2227:Archived
2159:12 April
2063:12 April
1907:31 March
1892:31 March
1847:31 March
1631:See also
1563:For the
1488:minister
1470:weighted
1307:, so no
1244:Election
1065:speakers
814:Min. per
570:Passport
534:Minister
504:Counties
464:European
142:Tánaiste
4635:General
4505:Members
4354:8 April
4331:8 April
4291:6 April
3937:Saothar
3894:5 April
3818:5 April
3755:6 April
3688:3 April
3665:3 April
3635:3 April
3440:6 April
3266:: 240.
3193:2 April
3131:8 April
3068:3 April
3039:3 April
2884:5 April
2853:5 April
2819:8 April
2785:6 April
2757:5 April
2712:5 April
2674:6 April
2633:5 April
2534:7 April
2501:7 April
2473:7 April
2432:6 April
2347:1 April
2321:5 April
2295:1 April
2266:3 April
2233:3 April
2199:6 April
2096:6 April
2031:7 April
1933:8 April
1877:8 April
1862:8 April
1829:Primary
1824:Sources
1753:In the
1682:by the
1620:Manning
1439:Report
1399:History
1393:in 1973
1136:in 2016
1096:in 1997
819:Number
745:Ireland
735:of the
386:General
123:Cabinet
4546:Labour
4317:
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3927:
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3879:
3869:Report
3804:
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3093:, and
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1999:
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1645:Senate
1582:, the
1226:acting
1110:after
1004:, the
951:Total
926:Labour
797:Panel
731:, the
265:Courts
241:Leader
4816:Women
4804:Other
4767:2024
4751:2021
4743:2014
4009:(PDF)
3992:(PDF)
3945:JSTOR
3888:(PDF)
3873:(PDF)
3629:(PDF)
3622:(PDF)
3395:(PDF)
3380:(PDF)
3358:JSTOR
3276:JSTOR
3241:S2CID
2706:(PDF)
2699:(PDF)
2373:(PDF)
2366:(PDF)
2194:(PDF)
2077:(PDF)
1975:S2CID
1929:(20A)
1923:(PDF)
1761:were
1557:clerk
1343:Garda
1254:clerk
1236:; in
1149:clerk
1044:clerk
892:Irish
811:Total
743:) of
721:Irish
438:Local
4725:2020
4721:2016
4718:2011
4715:2007
4712:2002
4709:1997
4706:1993
4703:1989
4700:1987
4697:1983
4694:1982
4691:1981
4688:1977
4685:1973
4682:1969
4679:1965
4676:1961
4673:1957
4670:1954
4667:1951
4664:1948
4661:1944
4658:1943
4649:1931
4646:1928
4642:1925
4548:(11)
4530:(11)
4515:(43)
4387:2020
4356:2020
4333:2020
4315:ISBN
4293:2020
4256:ISBN
4237:2020
4205:2020
4180:2020
4155:2020
4101:2020
4075:2020
4049:2020
3996:ISBN
3976:2020
3925:OCLC
3915:ISBN
3896:2020
3877:OCLC
3853:2020
3820:2020
3802:ISBN
3757:2020
3723:2021
3690:2020
3667:2020
3637:2020
3602:2021
3582:2021
3549:2021
3528:2021
3495:2021
3473:2021
3442:2020
3403:2020
3350:ISSN
3315:2020
3268:ISSN
3195:2020
3133:2020
3095:s.69
3070:2020
3041:2020
2996:2020
2964:2020
2916:2020
2886:2020
2855:2020
2821:2020
2787:2020
2759:2020
2714:2020
2676:2020
2658:ISBN
2635:2020
2617:ISBN
2536:2020
2503:2020
2475:2020
2434:2020
2381:2021
2349:2020
2323:2021
2297:2020
2268:2020
2235:2020
2201:2020
2174:ISBN
2161:2020
2148:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2098:2020
2085:ISBN
2065:2020
2052:ISBN
2033:2020
2020:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1935:2020
1909:2020
1894:2020
1879:2020
1864:2020
1849:2020
1717:ÂŁ250
1678:and
1614:via
1497:TDs
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476:2019
471:2014
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450:2019
445:2014
429:2018
424:2011
419:2004
403:2020
398:2016
393:2011
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4568:(3)
4559:(6)
4542:(9)
4536:(5)
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