235:
7776:
175:
193:
8301:
8281:
8252:
8210:
8174:
8145:
8116:
8080:
8038:
8002:
7973:
7944:
7908:
7886:
7850:
7821:
7792:
8333:
7356:
6519:
2596:
3950:
is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized
3600:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
407:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
4865:
737:
550:
4901:
3458:
4875:
978:
932:
1320:
595:
4885:
1076:
4870:
4648:
103:
3465:
3312:
This change took longer to catch on in West
Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was
4855:
3344:
had shifted to . After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached
4532:
4832:
4822:
3459:
363:
in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency
4817:
7709:
5766:
5512:
110:
104:
5780:
5773:
5519:
5994:
5752:
5498:
4767:
7498:
5787:
5484:
8417:
7537:
7460:
7671:
7601:
5759:
5505:
3331:
305:
7544:
7441:
8342:
7877:
7666:
7365:
6528:
6289:
6196:
4781:
4522:
4291:
4110:
4079:
4060:
7621:
7558:
7370:
6379:
6271:
6178:
5491:
7565:
7511:
7467:
7893:
7714:
6904:
6859:
6366:
6303:
6210:
5661:
5417:
4149:
2261:
946:
24:
7694:
7479:
7448:
8407:
7915:
6870:
6822:
6808:
6750:
6736:
6388:
6296:
6203:
4812:
1486:
46:
7643:
7628:
7408:
7964:
6884:
6406:
6317:
6278:
6224:
6185:
5942:
4689:
4554:
4375:
4337:
4271:
7394:
3914:
8397:
8136:
6877:
6533:
6460:
6397:
6310:
6217:
5724:
5668:
5424:
5389:
4355:
4230:
3195:
7504:
7486:
8201:
7980:
7935:
6442:
5710:
5466:
4776:
3652:
3523:
459:
243:
7414:
8152:
8107:
7993:
7360:
7355:
6787:
6715:
6523:
6518:
6324:
6231:
5877:
5836:
5572:
5239:
7422:
4975:
3786:
8392:
8165:
7951:
7812:
7311:
7171:
7139:
6467:
5731:
5647:
5640:
5403:
5396:
5225:
3757:
3382:
3270:
2695:
2362:
1494:
297:
20:
7400:
8402:
8387:
8272:
8123:
8009:
7704:
7302:
7291:
7203:
6815:
6743:
6449:
5907:
5717:
5696:
5619:
5473:
5452:
5375:
4860:
4760:
3403:
3323:
2201:
1502:
174:
7517:
8412:
8181:
7828:
7783:
7318:
6801:
6780:
6729:
6476:
5894:
5850:
5843:
5794:
5586:
5579:
5530:
5275:
5246:
5095:
4928:
4422:
3752:
7428:
3578:, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing
8337:
8332:
8243:
7841:
7332:
7254:
6136:
6029:
5916:
5822:
5738:
5654:
5558:
5410:
5257:
5232:
5211:
3531:
1767:
381:
7746:
8292:
8029:
7799:
7699:
7325:
7245:
7234:
6836:
6794:
6764:
6722:
6100:
5808:
5703:
5626:
5544:
5459:
5382:
5289:
5140:
5111:
3615:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
2406:
1208:
422:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
376:
8259:
8071:
7857:
7383:
7261:
6829:
6757:
6485:
6082:
6056:
6005:
5925:
5857:
5801:
5537:
5317:
5282:
5122:
5102:
5081:
3391:
for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was
Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was .
2436:
2390:
301:
3279:. For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced
8308:
8221:
8045:
7275:
6671:
6143:
5976:
5967:
5950:
5829:
5745:
5565:
5303:
5264:
5218:
5154:
4753:
3582:. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
3264:
3073:
2420:
1332:
321:
3473:
118:
8087:
7268:
7032:
6970:
6662:
6651:
6596:
6562:
6122:
6107:
5987:
5815:
5551:
5296:
5182:
5147:
5038:
5023:
5007:
4735:
4567:
3947:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3704:
3688:
3590:
3571:
3558:
3535:
3509:
3432:
3423:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3317:
3306:
3302:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3251:
3247:
3233:
3213:
3066:
2916:
2464:
2460:
2243:
2197:
2193:
2189:
1797:
1270:
1266:
529:
385:
349:
247:
77:
3593:, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
7094:
7021:
7001:
6959:
6939:
6678:
6575:
6089:
6063:
6038:
6012:
5324:
5168:
5129:
5088:
5018:
4979:
4827:
3586:
3539:
3348:, and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon,
3050:
3043:
1735:
1582:
1376:
1004:
371:
329:
1215:
7550:
7083:
7063:
7041:
6979:
6692:
6631:
5958:
5310:
5161:
5063:
3380:
3356:
3329:
3321:
3305:, which already also had the , though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old
3268:
2902:
2757:
2693:
2267:
2259:
1843:
1813:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1406:
1362:
944:
684:
665:
658:
4564:
8347:
7614:
7225:
7112:
7103:
7012:
6950:
6699:
6685:
6603:
6129:
5189:
5043:
5000:
3710:
3619:
2872:
2676:
2669:
2637:
2581:
2574:
2236:
2030:
1827:
1820:
1790:
1730:
1520:
1468:
1392:
1102:
1020:
965:
825:
426:
333:
3379:
varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in
Northern dialects it tends to be realized as
7637:
7074:
6640:
6589:
6568:
5331:
5175:
5033:
5013:
4971:
4715:
4487:
4452:
4410:
4317:
3627:
3623:
3526:
does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all
3364:
3337:
3163:
2856:
2849:
2655:
2630:
2349:
2174:
1624:
1608:
1601:
1544:
1369:
1192:
1147:
1062:
808:
801:
610:
434:
430:
8058:
7593:
6995:
6846:
6610:
6541:
6155:
5068:
5048:
4990:
4880:
4685:
4550:
4518:
4371:
4351:
4333:
4287:
4267:
3738:
3692:
3631:
3612:
3527:
3199:
3158:
3127:
3078:
2842:
2773:
2701:
2608:
2534:
2443:
2356:
2333:
2326:
2155:
2081:
2059:
1925:
1723:
1693:
1537:
1508:
1432:
1161:
1154:
1125:
1118:
1048:
990:
918:
887:
639:
632:
581:
569:
505:
498:
438:
419:
324:
and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many
313:
4160:
7868:
7387:
6933:
6624:
6582:
5058:
5028:
4995:
4985:
4707:
4663:
4634:
4612:
4590:
4576:, Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina
4479:
4444:
4402:
4309:
4245:
3699:
3675:
3665:
3395:
2968:
2961:
2826:
2819:
2750:
2732:
2712:
2569:
2562:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2307:
2274:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2132:
2110:
2054:
1902:
1883:
1876:
1707:
1700:
1677:
1670:
1649:
1637:
1455:
1399:
1095:
1088:
1027:
959:
858:
832:
710:
574:
562:
325:
3275:, yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this or descends from a Proto-Germanic
8192:
7926:
6924:
6617:
6050:
5053:
4923:
4745:
4498:
3313:
3134:
3110:
3014:
2909:
2795:
2662:
2616:
2541:
2485:
2383:
2300:
2162:
2088:
2005:
1932:
1631:
1575:
1551:
1448:
1306:
1299:
1185:
1180:
1055:
952:
904:
863:
837:
777:
752:
536:
479:
472:
259:
234:
8098:
4678:
4464:
4424:
Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada
Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte
3918:
3605:
3026:
2998:
2988:
2942:
2935:
2413:
2139:
1981:
1957:
1857:
1850:
1461:
1425:
1249:
1237:
911:
880:
412:
393:
3557:
distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨
19:
This article is about the palato-alveolar consonant. For the retroflex consonant, see
8381:
7757:
7285:
7127:
6545:
4719:
4491:
4456:
4414:
4321:
3367:, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German
3355:
Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon
3189:
2886:
2780:
2623:
2448:
2167:
1567:
1242:
360:
7607:
5340:
1282:
1277:
255:
251:
4733:
192:
4365:
4281:
3457:
718:
102:
8355:
7769:
7752:
7530:
7057:
5865:
4938:
4916:
4510:
3292:
1780:
168:
8234:
7762:
5075:
4933:
4711:
4668:
4639:
4617:
4595:
4483:
4448:
4406:
4313:
4250:
3767:
3579:
3440:
1909:
1346:
364:
85:
3188:
In various languages, including
English and French, it may have simultaneous
8020:
7526:
6774:
6707:
5597:
5353:
4961:
3597:
3575:
2472:
997:
404:
356:
216:
35:
2705:
4680:
Fonética e
Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios
3402:
is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually an
8326:
7661:
7583:
7577:
7349:
6512:
5350:
3388:
3358:
2281:
353:
220:
42:
7434:
6645:
5205:
4911:
4740:
3762:
3543:
3487:
3103:
1760:
317:
266:
156:
359:, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a
524:
397:
389:
39:
4478:(2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166,
7737:
4906:
1339:
309:
289:
233:
57:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
4603:
Roach, Peter (2004), "British
English: Received Pronunciation",
3296:
2879:
1755:
Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.
279:
7735:
4959:
4794:
4749:
3626:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
433:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
3608:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
415:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
191:
4570:
Produzidas por
Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro
1855:
2200:
is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal
396:, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the
60:, for which there are significant perceptual differences.
4566:
Análise Acústica de Sequências de
Fricativas Seguidas de
2115:
2093:
2064:
4346:
Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995),
3884:
3882:
3168:
54:
4625:
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",
4300:
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European
Portuguese",
223:, including English. In English, it is usually spelled
4430:, Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
4393:
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French",
1207:
Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. See
388:, which means it is articulated with the blade of the
4059:
harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCottonSharp2001 (
3900:
3316:. In fact, it has been argued that Old High German's
2388:
2010:
344:
Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative:
312:
transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the
6550:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
3363:
phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in
2418:
8191:
8019:
7867:
7687:
5006:
4978:
4894:
4848:
4805:
4003:
3507:
3502:
3486:
3481:
3449:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3416:
3192:, i.e. , although this is usually not transcribed.
2196:merge into in these dialects. In standard Polish,
167:
155:
144:
131:
126:
94:
84:
75:
70:
4677:
4078:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLindgren1919p._245 (
3048:
4700:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4656:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4627:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4605:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4583:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4581:Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",
4545:Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),
4472:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4437:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4395:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4302:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4238:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4157:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4123:
663:
16:Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨ʃ⟩ in IPA
4109:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (
3967:
3943:
3931:
3858:
3725:Only partially devoiced. It is a realization of
2241:
2035:
1962:
1825:
1795:
1740:
2854:
1606:
1549:
1374:
1002:
806:
477:
4073:
2331:
1159:
1130:
637:
579:
503:
7710:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
4761:
4647:Shosted, Ryan K; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),
3979:
3846:
3673:
3534:), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨
3520:voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
3417:Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
3410:Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
3255:
3108:
3083:
2966:
2824:
2755:
2674:
2635:
2579:
2516:
2279:
2137:
1907:
1881:
1765:
1705:
1675:
1518:
1466:
1404:
1100:
1032:
716:
58:voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
8:
4364:Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),
4104:
4038:
4036:
3375:. However, the exact realization of Swedish
3217:
3207:
3198:did not have , though it does occur in most
3139:
2914:
2800:
2546:
2305:
2172:
1580:
1304:
1190:
1060:
782:
757:
534:
4463:———; Aarts, Flor (1999),
4280:Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988),
4054:
3869:
3867:
3834:
3291:the longest, the word being descended from
3241:
3223:
3024:
2996:
2940:
1986:
1430:
1344:
1247:
916:
885:
7732:
7684:
4956:
4802:
4791:
4768:
4754:
4746:
4150:"Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages"
3822:
2884:
182:
4823:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
4667:
4638:
4616:
4594:
4266:] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,
4249:
4092:
4042:
4027:
23:. For the alveolo-palatal consonant, see
4350:(in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna,
3888:
3810:
3642:
3542:constricted voiceless ). The equivalent
3320:was actually already , because a single
2784:
449:
6564:
5005:
4517:(6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,
4260:Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana
4135:
3873:
3778:
3729:after the word-initial fortis plosives
2607:Corresponds to in other dialects. See
4989:
3991:
3499:
3413:
246:that represents this sound is ⟨
213:voiceless domed postalveolar fricative
67:
7224:
6923:
6639:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4684:(7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto,
4435:Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",
4332:, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie,
4212:
4200:
4015:
7:
6597:
4188:
4176:
3530:places of articulation that are not
7715:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
6576:
6540:Symbols to the right in a cell are
209:voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
64:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
25:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
6632:
4813:International Phonetic Association
4698:Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic",
3791:International Phonetic Association
3555:voiceless postalveolar approximant
3503:Voiceless postalveolar approximant
2258:Also described as alveolo-palatal
47:International Phonetic Association
14:
8307:
8291:
8271:
8258:
8242:
8220:
8200:
8180:
8164:
8151:
8135:
8122:
8106:
8086:
8070:
8057:
8044:
8028:
8008:
7992:
7979:
7963:
7950:
7934:
7914:
7892:
7876:
7856:
7840:
7827:
7811:
7798:
7782:
7642:
7627:
7620:
7600:
7576:
7564:
7557:
7543:
7536:
7510:
7497:
7485:
7478:
7466:
7459:
7447:
7440:
7421:
7407:
7393:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7301:
7290:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7244:
7233:
7202:
7170:
7138:
7111:
7102:
7093:
7082:
7073:
7062:
7040:
7031:
7020:
7011:
7000:
6978:
6969:
6958:
6949:
6938:
6903:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6858:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6661:
6650:
6604:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6459:
6448:
6441:
6405:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6365:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6277:
6270:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6184:
6177:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6106:
6099:
6088:
6081:
6062:
6055:
6037:
6028:
6011:
6004:
5993:
5986:
5975:
5966:
5957:
5941:
5924:
5915:
5906:
5893:
5876:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5339:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5263:
5256:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5128:
5121:
5110:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5064:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
4386:Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
4264:Handbook of Italian Pronunciation
8331:
8299:
8279:
8250:
8208:
8172:
8143:
8114:
8078:
8036:
8000:
7971:
7942:
7906:
7884:
7848:
7819:
7790:
7774:
7354:
6590:
6569:
6517:
4866:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
4676:Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003),
4231:"Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)"
3968:Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995)
3455:
3287:has been pronounced without the
173:
100:
71:Voiceless postalveolar fricative
51:voiceless postalveolar fricative
32:voiceless postalveolar fricative
6611:
4777:International Phonetic Alphabet
4286:, Georgetown University Press,
4124:Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995)
3901:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)
3524:International Phonetic Alphabet
3522:is a consonantal sound. As the
1550:
717:
478:
244:International Phonetic Alphabet
7695:Nasal labial–velar approximant
6625:
6583:
4886:IPA chart for English dialects
4229:Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010),
3946::156). The authors state that
3932:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
3859:Shosted & Chikovani (2006)
3737:within the same syllable. See
3733:, unless they are preceded by
3687:Apical; possible allophone of
1483:Apical non-labialized; may be
1:
6618:
4004:Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
3944:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
3758:Voiced postalveolar fricative
3553:Some scholars also posit the
2790:Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.
298:Americanist phonetic notation
258:(not to be confused with the
21:Voiceless retroflex fricative
7705:Voiceless bidental fricative
4828:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
4384:Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),
2801:
2202:voiceless retroflex sibilant
380:, that is, domed (partially
56:, but it also describes the
4929:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
4549:, Oxford University Press,
4547:The Phonology of Portuguese
4465:"The dialect of Maastricht"
4421:Guimarães, Daniela (2004),
4388:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins
4074:Lindgren, 1919 & p. 245
3847:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
3753:Index of phonetics articles
1499:instead. It corresponds to
664:
8434:
4258:Canepari, Luciano (1992),
3691:in the syllable coda. See
3404:apical retroflex fricative
3283:. The English word "ship"
18:
8418:Labial–coronal consonants
8408:Voiceless oral consonants
8233:
8097:
7925:
7768:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7744:
7731:
7700:Nasal palatal approximant
7384:Co-articulated consonants
7284:
7229:
7192:
7160:
7125:
7056:
6994:
6932:
6893:
6845:
6773:
6706:
6644:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6565:
6421:
6343:
6250:
6154:
6049:
5949:
5864:
5691:
5595:
5447:
5349:
5204:
5074:
4968:
4955:
4801:
4790:
4712:10.1017/S0025100300004266
4669:10.1017/S0025100306002659
4640:10.1017/S0025100304001628
4618:10.1017/S0025100304001768
4596:10.1017/S0025100308003344
4505:(2nd ed.), Blackwell
4484:10.1017/S0025100300006526
4449:10.1017/S002510030000459X
4407:10.1017/S0025100300004874
4314:10.1017/S0025100300005223
4251:10.1017/S0025100310000071
3674:
3645:
3454:
3246:"science" was pronounced
3133:
3109:
3102:
3042:
3012:
2987:
2960:
2934:
2915:
2908:
2885:
2878:
2855:
2848:
2818:
2794:
2779:
2749:
2711:
2648:
2646:
2634:
2606:
2603:
2591:
2578:
2568:
2540:
2510:
2484:
2458:
2442:
2412:
2407:Scottish Gaelic phonology
2382:
2355:
2325:
2299:
2280:
2273:
2235:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2171:
2161:
2138:
2131:
2079:
2053:
2029:
2004:
1980:
1956:
1908:
1901:
1875:
1849:
1826:
1819:
1789:
1759:
1699:
1669:
1630:
1600:
1574:
1543:
1507:in standard Italian. See
1454:
1424:
1398:
1368:
1345:
1338:
1305:
1298:
1248:
1236:
1214:
1209:Standard German phonology
1160:
1153:
1124:
1094:
1054:
1026:
996:
958:
910:
879:
857:
831:
807:
800:
776:
751:
709:
683:
657:
631:
609:
580:
535:
497:
471:
452:
276:An alternative symbol is
181:
99:
4534:Burträskmålets grammatik
4515:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
4348:Dialekty i gwary polskie
4328:Dąbrowska, Anna (2004),
4055:Cotton & Sharp (2001
3917:. Rastko. Archived from
3222:is descended from Latin
2437:Serbo-Croatian phonology
302:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
8398:Postalveolar consonants
6560:Non-pulmonic consonants
5692:Non-sibilant fricative
5448:Non-sibilant affricate
4818:History of the alphabet
4734:List of languages with
4563:Medina, Flávio (2010),
4531:Lindgren, J.V. (1919),
4283:Spanish in the Americas
3352:experienced the shift.
3328:had already shifted to
3309:had once been present.
3297:
3212:"singer" is pronounced
3169:
3084:
2306:
2036:
2011:
1987:
1963:
1607:
1581:
1405:
1333:Modern Hebrew phonology
638:
296:, which is used in the
238:Postalveolar fricative
4876:Sinological extensions
4148:Silke, Hamann (2004).
3915:"Fonetyka i fonologia"
3705:Received Pronunciation
3572:manner of articulation
3256:
3242:
3224:
3218:
3208:
3140:
3067:West Frisian phonology
3049:
3025:
2997:
2967:
2941:
2825:
2756:
2675:
2636:
2580:
2547:
2517:
2419:
2389:
2332:
2242:
2173:
2116:
2094:
2065:
1882:
1856:
1796:
1766:
1741:
1706:
1676:
1519:
1467:
1431:
1375:
1191:
1131:
1101:
1061:
1033:
1003:
917:
886:
783:
758:
504:
350:manner of articulation
239:
196:
4503:Vowels and Consonants
3787:"IPA i-charts (2018)"
3587:place of articulation
3250:, but has shifted to
2737:Västerbotten dialect
2459:These dialects merge
1895:'what is your name?'
372:place of articulation
332:, North American and
250:⟩, the letter
237:
195:
8393:Fricative consonants
6344:Lateral approximant
3980:Cruz-Ferreira (1995)
3634:, as in most sounds.
2903:Hindustani phonology
2268:Portuguese phonology
1844:Macedonian phonology
1814:Lithuanian phonology
1363:Hindustani phonology
441:, as in most sounds.
322:Gaj's Latin alphabet
304:, as well as in the
8403:Pulmonic consonants
8388:Sibilant consonants
4972:Pulmonic consonants
4649:"Standard Georgian"
4203:, pp. 240–241.
4191:, pp. 223–224.
4105:Krishnamurti (2003)
3628:intercostal muscles
3620:airstream mechanism
2873:Ukrainian phonology
1393:Hungarian phonology
1021:Esperanto phonology
826:Bulgarian phonology
435:intercostal muscles
427:airstream mechanism
320:and was adopted in
219:sound used in many
53:only for the sound
38:sound used in some
8413:Central consonants
6894:Lateral fricative
6544:, to the left are
6251:Lateral fricative
5039:Postalveolar
5024:Linguolabial
4871:Naming conventions
4834:Journal of the IPA
3835:Gussenhoven (1992)
3371:but a coronalized
3338:Middle High German
3336:. Furthermore, by
3238:⟨sc⟩
3204:⟨ch⟩
3021:Southern dialects
2350:Romanian phonology
1625:Kashubian language
1460:Marked accents of
1148:Galician phonology
265:). The equivalent
242:The symbol in the
240:
225:⟨sh⟩
197:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8365:
8318:
8317:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7680:
7679:
7505:Uvular–epiglottal
7379:
7378:
7341:
7340:
6556:
6555:
6504:
6503:
6422:Lateral tap/flap
5019:Labiodental
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4881:World Orthography
4524:978-3-411-04066-7
4370:, Lincom Europa,
4293:978-0-87840-094-2
3823:Dum-Tragut (2009)
3744:
3743:
3739:English phonology
3693:Bengali phonology
3632:abdominal muscles
3613:central consonant
3516:
3515:
3498:
3497:
3476:
3460:
3400:⟨ш⟩
3267:had neither nor
3230:⟨c⟩
3200:Romance languages
3186:
3185:
3128:Yiddish phonology
2843:Turkish phonology
2774:Tagalog phonology
2702:Spanish phonology
2609:Spanish phonology
2535:Slovene phonology
2156:Persian phonology
2082:Occitan phonology
1926:Marathi phonology
1724:Latvian phonology
1694:Kurdish phonology
1566:Contrasts with a
1538:Italian phonology
1509:Italian phonology
1119:Finnish phonology
1049:Faroese phonology
991:English phonology
439:abdominal muscles
420:central consonant
334:African languages
314:Czech orthography
263:⟨∫⟩
205:
204:
201:
200:
121:
105:
8425:
8359:
8335:
8312:
8311:
8303:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8283:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8263:
8262:
8254:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8225:
8224:
8212:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8185:
8184:
8176:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8156:
8155:
8147:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8127:
8126:
8118:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8091:
8090:
8082:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8062:
8061:
8049:
8048:
8040:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8013:
8012:
8004:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7984:
7983:
7975:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7955:
7954:
7946:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7919:
7918:
7910:
7909:
7897:
7896:
7888:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7861:
7860:
7852:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7832:
7831:
7823:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7803:
7802:
7794:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7778:
7777:
7747:
7733:
7685:
7646:
7631:
7624:
7604:
7580:
7568:
7561:
7547:
7540:
7514:
7501:
7489:
7482:
7473:Labial–retroflex
7470:
7463:
7451:
7444:
7425:
7415:Labial–retroflex
7411:
7397:
7358:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7305:
7294:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7248:
7237:
7208:
7176:
7144:
7115:
7108:
7099:
7088:
7079:
7068:
7046:
7037:
7026:
7017:
7006:
6984:
6975:
6964:
6955:
6944:
6930:bottom: uvular)
6907:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6862:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6665:
6654:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6551:
6521:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6463:
6452:
6445:
6409:
6400:
6391:
6382:
6369:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6281:
6274:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6188:
6181:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6110:
6103:
6092:
6085:
6066:
6059:
6041:
6032:
6015:
6008:
5997:
5990:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5945:
5928:
5919:
5910:
5897:
5880:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5343:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5267:
5260:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5132:
5125:
5114:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
4976:
4957:
4803:
4792:
4785:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4747:
4737:
4722:
4694:
4683:
4672:
4671:
4653:
4643:
4642:
4621:
4620:
4599:
4598:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4559:
4541:
4539:
4527:
4506:
4499:Ladefoged, Peter
4494:
4469:
4459:
4431:
4429:
4417:
4389:
4380:
4360:
4342:
4324:
4296:
4276:
4254:
4253:
4235:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4159:. Archived from
4154:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4031:
4028:Guimarães (2004)
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3952:
3949:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3783:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3643:
3560:
3549:
3537:
3512:
3511:
3500:
3494:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3445:151 414 402B 429
3435:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3401:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3175:
3146:
3118:
3117:
3091:
3057:
3033:
3005:
2976:
2949:
2923:
2922:
2893:
2892:
2863:
2862:
2833:
2807:
2764:
2699:
2684:
2644:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2563:Somali phonology
2553:
2525:
2505:Slovak phonology
2466:
2462:
2427:
2397:
2340:
2314:
2288:
2287:
2265:
2250:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2146:
2145:
2122:
2101:
2072:
2042:
2018:
1993:
1969:
1916:
1915:
1890:
1864:
1834:
1833:
1804:
1774:
1747:
1714:
1684:
1615:
1589:
1558:
1557:
1528:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1475:
1439:
1413:
1383:
1353:
1352:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1199:
1168:
1167:
1138:
1109:
1089:French phonology
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1039:
1011:
983:
982:
981:
980:
950:
937:
936:
935:
934:
925:
895:
816:
815:
789:
765:
742:
741:
740:
739:
729:
728:
672:
646:
600:
599:
598:
597:
588:
587:
563:Arabic phonology
555:
554:
553:
552:
543:
542:
512:
486:
485:
450:
283:
272:
264:
249:
226:
183:
177:
163:
148:
140:
135:
116:
109:
107:
106:
80:
79:
68:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8367:
8357:
8356:unrounded
8352:
8314:
8313:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8290:
8285:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8270:
8265:
8264:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8241:
8227:
8226:
8219:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8199:
8187:
8186:
8179:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8163:
8158:
8157:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8128:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8112:
8105:
8093:
8092:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8069:
8064:
8063:
8056:
8051:
8050:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8027:
8015:
8014:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7998:
7991:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7962:
7957:
7956:
7949:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7933:
7921:
7920:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7899:
7898:
7891:
7889:
7885:
7882:
7875:
7863:
7862:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7839:
7834:
7833:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7810:
7805:
7804:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7781:
7775:
7740:
7719:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7649:Labial–alveolar
7647:
7640:
7635:
7632:
7625:
7617:
7612:
7611:
7605:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7581:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7562:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7541:
7533:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7507:
7502:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7483:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7464:
7456:
7455:
7454:Labial–alveolar
7452:
7445:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7426:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7404:
7403:
7401:Labial–alveolar
7398:
7390:
7380:
7375:
7205:
7173:
7161:Voiced lateral
7141:
7116:
7105:
7096:
7085:
7076:
7065:
7043:
7034:
7023:
7014:
7003:
6981:
6972:
6961:
6952:
6941:
6929:
6927:
6549:
6538:
5044:Retroflex
4964:
4943:
4902:ASCII encodings
4890:
4844:
4797:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4730:
4725:
4697:
4692:
4675:
4651:
4646:
4624:
4602:
4580:
4573:
4562:
4557:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4509:
4497:
4467:
4462:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4392:
4383:
4378:
4363:
4358:
4345:
4340:
4327:
4299:
4294:
4279:
4274:
4257:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4093:Ladefoged (2005
4091:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4043:Dąbrowska (2004
4041:
4034:
4026:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3955:
3951:post-alveolar).
3942:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3913:Treder, Jerzy.
3912:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3889:Canepari (1992)
3887:
3880:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3811:Thelwall (1990)
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3749:
3641:
3567:
3547:
3508:
3492:
3477:
3469:
3456:
3431:
3422:
3412:
3399:
3314:Old High German
3237:
3232:was pronounced
3229:
3203:
3202:. For example,
3196:Classical Latin
3074:Western Lombard
3015:Welsh phonology
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2384:Scottish Gaelic
2223:Ostróda dialect
2216:Malbork dialect
1449:Irish phonology
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1265:Contrasts with
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
977:
976:
975:
974:
953:Dutch phonology
931:
930:
929:
928:
905:Czech phonology
736:
735:
734:
733:
594:
593:
592:
591:
549:
548:
547:
546:
530:Modern Standard
448:
377:palato-alveolar
342:
277:
270:
262:
260:integral symbol
248: ʃ
224:
161:
146:
138:
133:
122:
114:
101:
76:
66:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8431:
8429:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8380:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8363:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8329:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8305:
8298:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8278:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8256:
8249:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8207:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8178:
8171:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8149:
8142:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8120:
8113:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8084:
8077:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8042:
8035:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8006:
7999:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7977:
7970:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7948:
7941:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7912:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7890:
7883:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7854:
7847:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7825:
7818:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7796:
7789:
7780:
7779:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7648:
7641:
7636:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7598:
7592:
7582:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7555:
7551:Labial–palatal
7549:
7542:
7535:
7534:
7525:
7524:
7516:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7496:
7495:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7465:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7427:
7420:
7419:
7413:
7406:
7405:
7399:
7392:
7391:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7306:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7249:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7231:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7193:Nasal lateral
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7109:
7100:
7091:
7089:
7080:
7071:
7069:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7038:
7029:
7027:
7018:
7009:
7007:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6976:
6967:
6965:
6956:
6947:
6945:
6936:
6931:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6666:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6515:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6482:
6480:
6473:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6403:
6401:
6394:
6392:
6385:
6383:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6035:
6033:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6009:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5973:
5971:
5964:
5962:
5955:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5922:
5920:
5913:
5911:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5337:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5108:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5014:Bilabial
5011:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4849:Special topics
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4729:
4728:External links
4726:
4724:
4723:
4695:
4690:
4673:
4644:
4622:
4600:
4578:
4560:
4555:
4542:
4528:
4523:
4507:
4495:
4460:
4432:
4418:
4390:
4381:
4376:
4361:
4356:
4343:
4338:
4325:
4297:
4292:
4277:
4272:
4255:
4244:(2): 221–225,
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4215:, p. 240.
4205:
4193:
4181:
4179:, p. 224.
4169:
4166:on 2015-04-14.
4140:
4138:, p. 108.
4136:Merrill (2008)
4128:
4116:
4097:
4085:
4066:
4047:
4032:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3953:
3936:
3934:, p. 156.
3924:
3921:on 2014-11-02.
3905:
3903:, p. 117.
3893:
3878:
3863:
3861:, p. 255.
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3670:Some dialects
3668:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3616:
3609:
3606:oral consonant
3602:
3594:
3583:
3566:
3563:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3463:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3265:Proto-Germanic
3184:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:'knit fabric'
2979:
2977:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2692:May be voiced
2690:
2687:
2685:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2590:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2416:
2414:Serbo-Croatian
2410:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:Warmia dialect
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:Lubawa dialect
2205:
2204:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:'having acne'
2021:
2019:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1464:
1462:Emilia-Romagna
1458:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1000:
994:
993:
987:
984:
972:
962:
956:
955:
941:
938:
926:
914:
908:
907:
901:
898:
896:
883:
877:
876:
874:
871:
869:
861:
855:
854:
852:
849:
847:
835:
829:
828:
822:
819:
817:
804:
798:
797:
795:
792:
790:
780:
774:
773:
771:
768:
766:
755:
749:
748:
746:
743:
731:
713:
707:
706:
704:
701:
699:
687:
681:
680:
678:
675:
673:
661:
655:
654:
652:
649:
647:
635:
629:
628:
626:
623:
621:
613:
607:
606:
604:
601:
589:
577:
572:
566:
565:
559:
556:
544:
532:
527:
521:
520:
518:
515:
513:
501:
495:
494:
492:
489:
487:
475:
469:
468:
465:
462:
457:
454:
447:
444:
443:
442:
423:
416:
413:oral consonant
409:
401:
394:alveolar ridge
368:
341:
338:
254:introduced by
203:
202:
199:
198:
188:
187:
179:
178:
171:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
149:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
124:
123:
108:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
73:
72:
65:
62:
49:uses the term
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8430:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8362:
8361:
8360: rounded
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8321:
8310:
8294:
8287:
8274:
8267:
8261:
8245:
8238:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8223:
8216:
8203:
8196:
8194:
8190:
8183:
8167:
8160:
8154:
8138:
8131:
8125:
8109:
8102:
8100:
8096:
8089:
8073:
8066:
8060:
8053:
8047:
8031:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8011:
7995:
7988:
7982:
7966:
7959:
7953:
7937:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7917:
7903:
7901:
7895:
7879:
7872:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7843:
7836:
7830:
7814:
7807:
7801:
7785:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7645:
7639:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7603:
7595:
7588:
7586:
7579:
7567:
7560:
7552:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7528:
7519:
7518:Labial–uvular
7513:
7506:
7500:
7488:
7481:
7469:
7462:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7416:
7410:
7402:
7396:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7357:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7101:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7039:
7036:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7005:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6957:
6954:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6561:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Case variants
4859:
4857:
4856:Cursive forms
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4691:85-7244-102-6
4687:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4662:(2): 255–64,
4661:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4633:(1): 117–21,
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4611:(2): 239–45,
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4589:(1): 107–14,
4588:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4558:
4556:0-19-823581-X
4552:
4548:
4543:
4540:, p. 245
4536:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4377:9783929075083
4373:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4339:83-7384-063-X
4335:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:88-08-24624-8
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4107:, p. 66.
4106:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4018:, p. 32.
4017:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:Medina (2010)
3988:
3985:
3982:, p. 91.
3981:
3976:
3973:
3970:, p. 62.
3969:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3891:, p. 73.
3890:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3874:Mangold (2005
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3849:, p. 73.
3848:
3843:
3840:
3837:, p. 46.
3836:
3831:
3828:
3825:, p. 18.
3824:
3819:
3816:
3813:, p. 37.
3812:
3807:
3804:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3717:
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3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
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3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
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3625:
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3610:
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3588:
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3525:
3521:
3506:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3394:The sound in
3392:
3390:
3384:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3350:North Frisian
3339:
3333:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3299:
3294:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3244:
3226:
3220:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:labialization
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3123:'scientific'
3122:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
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3047:
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3041:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
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2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2951:
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2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
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2925:
2921:
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2907:
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2900:
2897:
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2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:instead. See
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2661:
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2657:
2653:
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2643:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2449:Gmina Istebna
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2360:
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2354:
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2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:Gmina Istebna
2166:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1736:Maastrichtian
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
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1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
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1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1016:'suspenders'
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
979:
973:
971:
970:
968:
963:
961:
957:
954:
951:instead. See
948:
942:
939:
933:
927:
924:
923:
921:
915:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
884:
882:
878:
875:
872:
870:
868:
866:
862:
860:
856:
853:
850:
848:
846:
842:
840:
836:
834:
830:
827:
823:
821:'heroically'
820:
818:
814:
812:
805:
803:
799:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
781:
779:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
756:
754:
750:
747:
744:
738:
732:
730:
727:
723:
722:
714:
712:
708:
705:
702:
700:
698:
696:
691:
688:
686:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
668:
662:
660:
656:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
636:
634:
630:
627:
624:
622:
620:
618:
614:
612:
608:
605:
602:
596:
590:
586:
584:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
564:
560:
557:
551:
545:
541:
539:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
508:
502:
500:
496:
493:
490:
488:
484:
482:
476:
474:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
455:
451:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
346:
345:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
281:
274:
268:
261:
257:
253:
245:
236:
232:
230:
222:
218:
215:is a type of
214:
210:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
166:
160:
158:
154:
150:
143:
137:
130:
125:
120:
112:
98:
93:
89:
87:
83:
74:
69:
63:
61:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:is a type of
33:
26:
22:
8353:
7634:Labial–velar
7584:
7571:Labial–velar
7492:Labial–velar
7429:Labial–velar
7382:
6928:(top: velar;
6559:
6539:
5633:
4970:
4837:
4833:
4706:(2): 37–41,
4703:
4699:
4679:
4659:
4655:
4630:
4626:
4608:
4604:
4586:
4582:
4565:
4546:
4533:
4514:
4511:Mangold, Max
4502:
4475:
4471:
4443:(2): 45–47,
4440:
4436:
4423:
4401:(2): 73–76,
4398:
4394:
4385:
4366:
4357:83-2140989-X
4347:
4330:Język polski
4329:
4308:(2): 90–94,
4305:
4301:
4282:
4263:
4259:
4241:
4237:
4213:Roach (2004)
4208:
4201:Roach (2004)
4196:
4184:
4172:
4161:the original
4156:
4143:
4131:
4126:, p. 4.
4119:
4100:
4088:
4069:
4050:
4023:
4016:Silva (2003)
4011:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3939:
3927:
3919:the original
3908:
3896:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3790:
3781:
3712:
3709:
3591:postalveolar
3554:
3552:
3519:
3517:
3450:Audio sample
3393:
3354:
3311:
3262:
3194:
3187:
3170:
3141:
3112:
3086:
3051:
3044:West Frisian
3028:
2999:
2970:
2944:
2917:
2898:'thank you'
2887:
2857:
2828:
2802:
2758:
2745:'difficult'
2717:
2689:'yesterday'
2678:
2649:'chocolate'
2638:
2583:
2548:
2519:
2491:
2490:
2421:
2391:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2334:
2309:
2282:
2244:
2175:
2140:
2117:
2096:
2067:
2037:
2013:
1988:
1965:
1942:
1940:
1910:
1884:
1858:
1828:
1798:
1768:
1742:
1708:
1678:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1610:
1594:'to consult'
1583:
1552:
1522:
1480:'you go up'
1469:
1433:
1407:
1377:
1347:
1307:
1283:
1251:
1221:
1220:
1204:'beautiful'
1193:
1173:'quibbling'
1162:
1133:
1103:
1084:'expensive'
1063:
1034:
1005:
966:
964:
919:
889:
864:
844:
838:
810:
784:
760:
725:
720:
715:
694:
693:
689:
666:
640:
616:
615:
582:
537:
506:
480:
386:postalveolar
375:
343:
293:
285:
275:
256:Isaac Pitman
241:
228:
212:
208:
206:
95:Audio sample
50:
31:
29:
7596:approximant
7531:approximant
5866:Approximant
4939:IPA Braille
4917:Kirshenbaum
4736:[ʃ]
4568:[i]
4189:Khan (2010)
4177:Khan (2010)
3532:palatalized
3398:denoted by
3293:Old English
3263:Similarly,
3254:in Italian
3096:'nuisance'
2787:'language'
2670:Rioplatense
2604:'boastful'
2575:New Mexican
1950:'let's go'
1781:grey parrot
1262:'ugliness'
1044:'hospital'
943:May be or
940:'template'
703:'saturday'
659:Azerbaijani
392:behind the
382:palatalized
330:Finno-Samic
217:consonantal
36:consonantal
8382:Categories
8343:full chart
7869:Near-close
7667:full chart
7589:(variable)
7366:full chart
6849:affricate
6529:full chart
6158:affricate
4962:Consonants
4934:IPA number
4796:IPA topics
4222:References
3768:Shibboleth
3639:Occurrence
3580:turbulence
3561:⟩.
3546:symbol is
3538:⟩ (
3441:IPA Number
3281:/ˈski.pɑ̃/
3206:in French
3164:Tilquiapan
2631:Panamanian
2237:Portuguese
2031:Neapolitan
1974:'chicken'
1869:'company'
1821:Macedonian
1791:Lithuanian
1752:'darling'
1731:Limburgish
1568:labialized
446:Occurrence
365:turbulence
306:scientific
269:symbol is
139:ʃ
86:IPA Number
8193:Near-open
7927:Close-mid
7615:Implosive
7608:Velarized
7527:Fricative
7286:Voiceless
7226:Implosive
6775:Fricative
6708:Affricate
6546:voiceless
5598:fricative
5596:Sibilant
5354:affricate
5001:Laryngeal
4895:Encodings
4720:243640727
4513:(2005) ,
4492:145782045
4457:243772965
4415:249404451
4367:Ukrainian
4322:249414876
3646:Language
3604:It is an
3598:phonation
3576:fricative
3540:retracted
3365:Colognian
3240:in Latin
3115:אַפֿטלעכע
2993:Standard
2850:Ukrainian
2769:'he/she'
2725:'school'
2656:Andalusia
2654:Southern
2615:Northern
2530:'school'
2500:'school'
2473:Jablunkov
2432:'school'
2345:'bosses'
2255:'shaman'
2060:Auvergnat
2047:'urchin'
1602:Kashubian
1563:'donkey'
1545:Kabardian
1515:Standard
1370:Hungarian
998:Esperanto
802:Bulgarian
611:Aromanian
491:'donkey'
453:Language
411:It is an
405:phonation
357:fricative
221:languages
134:(decimal)
43:languages
8354:Legend:
8348:template
8327:IPA help
8099:Open-mid
7672:template
7662:IPA help
7638:Ejective
7610:alveolar
7371:template
7350:IPA help
6641:Ejective
6534:template
6513:IPA help
5951:Tap/flap
5351:Sibilant
5034:Alveolar
4501:(2005),
3747:See also
3684:'again'
3657:Meaning
3624:pulmonic
3611:It is a
3565:Features
3548:r\_-_0_r
3493:r\_-_0_r
3482:Encoding
3389:sj-sound
3243:scientia
3228:, where
3219:Chanteur
3209:chanteur
3038:'month'
3010:'speak'
2868:'chess'
2812:'stone'
2444:Silesian
2357:Sahaptin
2327:Romanian
2111:Limousin
2040:cugnizzo
1937:Yucatec
1887:′jismek?
1809:'armor'
1719:'scarf'
1689:'night'
1533:'bands'
1358:'doubt'
1328:'peace'
1230:'peace'
1186:Standard
1155:Georgian
1126:Galician
1114:'check'
986:'sheep'
873:'white'
794:'chain'
770:'hello'
685:Assyrian
633:Asturian
570:Armenian
517:'house'
499:Albanian
464:Meaning
431:pulmonic
418:It is a
354:sibilant
340:Features
300:and the
282:⟩
278:⟨
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4688:
4553:
4521:
4490:
4455:
4413:
4374:
4354:
4336:
4320:
4290:
4270:
3796:5 June
3660:Notes
3470:·
3468:
3466:source
3387:. See
3236:. The
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2301:Romani
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111:source
45:. The
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4538:(PDF)
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3385:]
3381:[
3361:]
3357:[
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3334:]
3330:[
3326:]
3322:[
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3285:/ʃɪp/
3273:]
3269:[
3111:וויסנ
2989:Welsh
2936:Uzbek
2698:]
2694:[
2624:Cuban
2264:]
2260:[
2012:raṭma
1982:Mpade
1958:Mopan
1933:Mayan
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1501:[
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3876::51)
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5155:ɲ̊
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5123:n̥
5112:n̼
5096:ɱ̊
5082:m̥
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4982:→
4714:,
4704:20
4702:,
4660:36
4658:,
4654:,
4631:34
4629:,
4609:34
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4587:38
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4476:29
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4441:22
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4306:25
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4242:40
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