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stepped appearance. Wolf has very steep slopes reaching 35 degrees in places, making access difficult. The first historical eruption in the
Galapagos was recorded for this volcano in 1797; a further eleven eruptions have been recorded since then, the last being in Early January 2022. Eruptions prior to 1797 have been dated from analysis of surface exposures. The newest lavas are on the eastern and southern sides as well as within the caldera.
363:, was identified on the slopes of Wolf Volcano. The pink land iguana had been discovered by park rangers in 1986 and studied by scientists since 2000, and identified as a separate species in 2009. Scientists are unsure where the species developed, as it is believed to have separated from the other land iguana of Galapagos prior to the formation of Wolf volcano or Isabela Island.
29:
309:
Wolf reaches a height of over 1,700 metres (5,600 ft); the caldera is 6 by 7 km (3.7 by 4.3 mi) and has a depth of 700 m (2,300 ft). Only Cerro Azul has a caldera of similar depth in the
Galapagos. Following the last eruption, there was collapse in the caldera, causing its
340:
which has a saddleback shell and is found on the northern and western slopes of the volcano, away from the more recent lava flows where there is denser vegetation. However, tortoise subspecies from many different
Galapagos islands have been abandoned at Wolf Volcano by ships which at one time
313:
Lava flows from Wolf are unusual for a mid-ocean island and also differ from the two volcanoes next to it, Ecuador and Darwin, and other volcanoes closer to the centre of the plume. The lavas from Wolf are similar to those erupted from the
Galapagos Spreading Center, a mid-ocean ridge over
274:
moves above it; the relative movement of this plate is 0.46 degrees per million years. The volcano itself is estimated to be less than half a million years old; the oceanic plate beneath it is theorized to be around 10 million years old.
347:
is threatened due to population pressures such as predation by feral cats. During a 2008 survey of over 1600 specimens on Wolf
Volcano, all morphologies of tortoise were found, including two that in shape are similar to
396:
On 7 January 2022, Ecuador's
Geophysical Institute announced that shortly before midnight (local time) on Wednesday, 5 January 2022, Wolf volcano sent a cloud of ashen lava 3,793 meters (12,444 feet) into the sky.
326:
As is common in the
Galapagos, Wolf Volcano has unique fauna, differing from not only the other islands in the group but also its neighbouring volcanoes on the same island. It has its own
302:
volcano, the western
Galapagos volcanoes have similar structures that differ from the volcanoes in the eastern part of the archipelago. The western volcanoes are higher and have larger
384:
Inactive for 33 years, the Wolf volcano erupted 25 May 2015. The volcano is not located near a populated area. The lava flowed down the volcano's east and southeast sides, so the
682:, Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, pp. 24–28,
371:
The natural habitat is under threat from the introduction of goats. The
Galapagos National Park has instituted Project Isabela to eradicate feral goats from around Wolf.
133:
1304:
1065:
987:
487:
Gripp, Alice E.; Gordon, Richard G. (July 1990). "Current plate velocities relative to the hotspots incorporating the NUVEL-1 global plate motion model".
431:
526:
Geist, Dennis J.; Naumann, Terry R.; Standish, Jared J.; Kurz, Mark D.; Harpp, Karen S.; White, William M.; Fornari, Daniel J. (June 13, 2005).
90:
1319:
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406:
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Gentile, Gabriele; Fabiania, Anna; Marquez, Cruz; Snell, Howard L.; Snell, Heidi M.; Tapia, Washington; Sbordonia, Valerio (2009).
1258:
1170:
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200 km (120 mi) away, which may be due to interaction between the plume, which is centred on
Fernandina, and the
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Benjamin Bernard, etal.: Chronology and phenomenology of the 1982 and 2015 Wolf volcano eruptions, Galápagos
630:
439:
251:
182:
61:
709:
671:
Swingland, Ian R.; Klemens, Michael W.; The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, eds. (1989),
1001:
528:"Wolf Volcano, Galápagos Archipelago: Melting and Magmatic Evolution at the Margins of a Mantle Plume"
1141:
1074:
539:
496:
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221:
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In a process similar to the formation of the Hawaiian islands, the Galapagos (along with associated
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716:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1996. Archived from
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Wolf is situated at the northern end of Isabela Island in the Galapagos, and sits on the
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710:"Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonoidis nigra spp. becki"
1253:
1188:
271:
240:
824:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
620:
552:
527:
327:
282:, one of six coalescing volcanoes that make up this island (the others being
105:
92:
836:
830:(2). National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 507–511.
508:
239:, a German geologist who studied the Galápagos Islands in the 19th century.
37:
855:
28:
741:"Study of Galápagos tortoises' DNA may locate mate for 'Lonesome George'"
463:"Ecuador: 15 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater"
306:
than those to the east, they are also shaped like an upturned soup bowl.
303:
279:
957:
51:
1043:
923:"Volcano Erupts in Galapagos Islands, Home to Unique Pink Iguanas"
243:
in the north of the Galápagos is also named after the geologist.
1047:
714:
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2
353:
717:
575:. EOS Project Science Office, NASA Godard Space Flight Center
820:"An overlooked pink species of land iguana in the Galápagos"
356:
studies of these specimens are currently being undertaken.
950:"Ministerio del Ambiente evalúa erupción del volcán Wolf"
388:
inhabiting the north and west sides were not endangered.
601:. Cornell University Department of Geological Sciences
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1002:"Volcano erupts on Galapagos Islands | 07.01.2022"
921:
874:Galapagos Conservancy: Conservation: Project Areas
228:and reaches 1,710 m (5,610 ft). It is a
920:Ulmer, Alexandra; Murphy, Peter (May 25, 2015).
232:with a characteristic upturned soup bowl shape.
771:"Scientific Expedition to Wolf Volcano Returns"
521:
519:
461:de Ferranti, Jonathan; Maizlish, Aaron (2005).
978:Allen, Jesse; Carlowicz, Mike (Jun 30, 2015).
567:Scott, Michon; Allen, J. (February 13, 2009).
1059:
980:"Eruption of Wolf Volcano, Galapagos Islands"
8:
1041:Archipelago. Journal of Volcanology.(2019)
359:In 2009, a new species of land iguana, the
1066:
1052:
1044:
538:(11). Oxford University Press: 2197–2224.
18:
896:"Wolf volcano erupts on Galapagos island"
845:
835:
551:
341:collected the tortoise as a food source.
16:Highest mountain in the Galápagos Islands
870:"Ecosystem Restoration: Project Isabela"
673:"The Conservation Biology of Tortoises"
423:
254:of over 1,500 m (4,900 ft)).
739:Emanuel, Janet Rettig (May 11, 2007).
270:. This plume stays in place while the
680:The Conservation Biology of Tortoises
7:
652:. Rochester Institute of Technology
140:
1305:Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands
794:"Pink iguana rewrites family tree"
792:Black, Richard (January 5, 2009).
777:. 17 December 2008. Archived from
407:Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands
246:Wolf Volcano's height makes it an
14:
990:from the original on Jul 2, 2015.
569:"Wolf Volcano, Galapagos Islands"
513:(deg/m.y. figure is on page 1110)
139:
132:
27:
956:. May 25, 2015. Archived from
266:) appear to be created from a
1:
220:, is the highest peak in the
1320:Polygenetic shield volcanoes
745:Yale Bulletin & Calendar
599:Galapagos Geology on the Web
489:Geophysical Research Letters
412:List of volcanoes in Ecuador
235:The volcano was named after
66:1,710 m (5,610 ft)
56:1,710 m (5,610 ft)
1315:Shield volcanoes of Ecuador
1341:
1325:Volcanic eruptions in 2022
954:Parque Nacional Galápagos
573:Earth Observatory: Images
213:
126:
26:
626:Global Volcanism Program
553:10.1093/petrology/egi052
876:. Galapagos Conservancy
837:10.1073/pnas.0806339106
631:Smithsonian Institution
509:10.1029/GL017i008p01109
337:Chelonoidis nigra becki
252:topographic prominence
775:Galapagos Conservancy
751:(28). Yale University
1165:San Cristóbal Island
1142:North Seymour Island
532:Journal of Petrology
248:ultra prominent peak
224:. It is situated on
106:0.00000°N 91.33333°W
929:Scientific American
644:Rothman, Robert H.
544:2005JPet...46.2197G
501:1990GeoRL..17.1109G
102: /
1226:South Plaza Island
442:on 21 January 2016
436:Chinci World Atlas
332:Galapagos tortoise
298:). Along with the
111:0.00000; -91.33333
46:Highest point
1292:
1291:
1171:Santa Cruz Island
1112:Fernandina Island
1075:Galápagos Islands
1033:Earth Observatory
781:on June 28, 2010.
300:Fernandina Island
222:Galápagos Islands
216:), also known as
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171:Galápagos Islands
153:Galápagos Islands
1332:
1310:Active volcanoes
1095:Bartolomé Island
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1177:Santa Fe Island
1173:(Indefatigable)
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226:Isabela Island
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960:on 2015-05-27
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36:, 2001, NASA
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1283:
1279:Sierra Negra
1274:Roca Redonda
1264:Daphne Major
1221:Roca Redonda
1206:Daphne Major
1179:(Barrington)
1153:Pinta Island
1114:(Narborough)
1091:(S. Seymour)
1082:Main islands
1040:
1029:Wolf Volcano
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
983:
973:
962:. Retrieved
958:the original
953:
944:
933:. Retrieved
927:
915:
904:. Retrieved
899:
890:
878:. Retrieved
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827:
823:
813:
801:. Retrieved
797:
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779:the original
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753:. Retrieved
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722:. Retrieved
718:the original
713:
704:
693:, retrieved
679:
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603:. Retrieved
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577:. Retrieved
572:
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470:. Retrieved
467:peaklist.org
466:
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444:. Retrieved
440:the original
435:
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316:upper mantle
312:
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292:Sierra Negra
277:
268:mantle plume
261:
245:
237:Theodor Wolf
234:
218:Mount Whiton
217:
206:Wolf Volcano
205:
204:
34:Wolf Volcano
33:
1284:Volcán Wolf
1254:Cerro Pajas
1189:Wolf Island
1132:(Albemarle)
1102:(Culpepper)
344:C. n. becki
272:Nazca Plate
241:Wolf Island
214:Volcán Wolf
147:Volcán Wolf
109: /
84:Coordinates
22:Volcán Wolf
1299:Categories
1249:Cerro Azul
1155:(Abingdon)
1011:2022-01-07
964:2015-05-27
935:2015-05-27
906:2015-05-27
689:2880329868
418:References
328:subspecies
296:Cerro Azul
286:, Darwin,
97:91°20′00″W
62:Prominence
1259:La Cumbre
1236:Volcanoes
1167:(Chatham)
1138:(Bindloe)
1120:(Charles)
446:9 January
375:Eruptions
122:Geography
52:Elevation
38:Landsat 7
1191:(Wenman)
1161:(Jervis)
1149:(Duncan)
1031:at NASA
988:Archived
900:BBC News
880:June 16,
856:19124773
803:June 18,
798:BBC News
755:June 18,
724:June 17,
695:June 17,
656:June 18,
650:Reptiles
605:June 18,
579:June 18,
472:June 17,
401:See also
322:Wildlife
304:calderas
163:Location
94:0°0′00″N
1185:(James)
1126:(Tower)
847:2626733
540:Bibcode
497:Bibcode
367:Ecology
284:Ecuador
280:equator
264:hotspot
258:Geology
210:Spanish
177:Geology
72:Listing
1108:(Hood)
1006:DW.COM
854:
844:
686:
621:"Wolf"
294:, and
288:Alcedo
676:(PDF)
77:Ultra
40:image
984:NASA
882:2013
852:PMID
805:2013
757:2013
726:2013
697:2013
684:ISBN
658:2013
607:2013
581:2013
474:2013
448:2016
842:PMC
832:doi
828:106
548:doi
505:doi
354:DNA
330:of
1301::
1004:.
986:.
982:.
952:.
926:.
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872:.
850:.
840:.
826:.
822:.
796:.
773:.
749:35
747:.
743:.
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