194:. The maximum thickness of the flood basalts is 4.7 km (3 mi) and consist of 150 lava flows, each 4 m (13 ft) to 100 m (328 ft) thick. These flood basalt lava flows erupted during a single event that lasted less than five million years. Analysis of the chemical composition of the lavas gives important clues about the origin and dynamics of the flood basalt volcanism. The lowermost lavas were produced by melting in the garnet stability field below the surface at a depth of more than 90 km (56 mi) in a
237:
41:
131:
267:. In the Strand Fiord Formation, flood basalt lavas reach a thickness of at least 1 km (1 mi). Flood basalts of the Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province are similar to terrestrial flood basalts associated with breakup of continents, indicating the Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province formed as a result of rifting of the
375:
just north of the junction of the Yukon and Pelly rivers, formed in the past 10,000 years (Holocene), producing lava flows that remain unvegetated and appear to be only a few hundred years old. However, dating of sediments in a lake impounded by the lava flows indicated that the youngest lava
426:
under the northern portion of the North
American Plate. Over large areas extrusive rocks lie in flat undisturbed piles on a Tertiary surface of moderate relief. Locally, however, strata of the same age have been affected by a late pulse of tectonism, during which they were faulted, contorted into
328:
Although the region was carried away from the
Iceland plume by continuing plate motion over millions of years, the source of the partial melting for the final period of volcanic activity may have been remnants of still anomalously hot Iceland plume magma which were left stranded beneath the North
159:
with an area of 170,000 km (65,637 sq mi) representing a volume of lavas of at least 500,000 km (119,956 cu mi). With an area of 170,000 km (65,637 sq mi) and a volume of 500,000 km (119,956 cu mi), it is larger than the
430:
Considerable recent uplift, accompanied by rapid erosion, has reduced once vast areas of upper
Tertiary volcanic rocks to small isolated remnants. Although no eruptions have occurred in the Yukon portion of the Wrangell Belt for the past five million years, two large
313:. This volcanic activity formed part of a large igneous province that is now sunken beneath the northern Labrador Sea. Another period of volcanic activity began in the same region about 55 million years ago during the Eocene period when the north-south trending
376:
flows could not be younger than mid-Holocene and could be early
Holocene or older. Therefore, the most recent activity in the Fort Selkirk volcanic field is unknown. The lava flows from Volcano Mountain are unusual because they originate much deeper in the Earth's
443:
deposit. This volcanic ash deposit is estimated 1,890 and 1,250 years old, covering more than 340,000 km (130,000 sq mi) of northwestern Canada and adjacent eastern Alaska. Unproven legends from
415:, but extends across the Alaska-Yukon border into southwestern Yukon where it contains scattered remnants of subaerial lavas and pyroclastic rocks which are preserved along the entire eastern fringe of the ice covered
134:
Map of the 1,267-million-year-old
Mackenzie dike swarm (black lines). Dots indicate areas where flow direction was determined. The Red arcuate line indicates boundary between vertical flow and horizontal
1705:
867:
1761:
1690:
1640:
636:
Storey, M; Duncan, R.A; Pedersen, A.K; Larsen, L.M; Larsen, H.C (1998), "40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the West
Greenland Tertiary volcanic province",
225:, producing kimberlite magmas. This marks the first appearance of the New England hotspot, as well as the oldest kimberlite eruption throughout the
448:
in the area indicate the final eruption from Mount
Churchill 1,250 years ago disrupted food supplies and forced them to move further south.
1655:
1365:
1110:
817:
345:
1746:
1184:
1082:
302:
was being created from rising magma. Scientific studies have indicated nearly 80% of the magma was erupted in one million years or less.
1095:
974:
961:
731:
380:
than the more common basaltic lava flows found throughout the Yukon and are very uncommon in the geological record. This lava, known as
1505:
1278:
860:
516:
445:
256:
1475:
796:
596:
566:
524:
206:. Upper lavas were partly contaminated with crustal rocks as magmas from the mantle plume passed through the lower and upper crust.
255:
of northern
Nunavut forms a large igneous province 95 to 92 million years old in the Canadian Arctic. Part of the larger
179:
This massive eruptive event was associated with the
Mackenzie magmatic event, that included the coeval, layered, mafic-ultramafic
1520:
1384:
1316:
1088:
1058:
252:
1053:
1539:
1510:
1242:
1700:
1645:
1468:
1204:
1263:
1417:
1404:
1003:
903:
884:
853:
1675:
1569:
1564:
1311:
1040:
333:
in the
Northwest Territories were formed by volcanic eruptions between 45 and 75 million years ago during the
176:, making it one of the largest flood basalt events ever to appear on the North American continent, as well as on Earth.
1756:
1660:
1394:
1371:
1217:
1010:
932:
825:
739:
477:
472:
467:
349:
202:. As the mantle plume intruded rocks of the Canadian Shield, it created an upwelling zone of molten rock known as the
161:
95:
1710:
1650:
1495:
1462:
1437:
1291:
1273:
1227:
911:
788:
432:
317:
began to form under the northern Atlantic Ocean east of Greenland. The cause of this volcanism might be related to
260:
226:
1751:
1635:
1072:
969:
427:
tight symmetrical folds, or overridden by pre-Tertiary basement rocks along southwesterly dipping thrust faults.
1594:
1574:
1534:
1306:
1268:
996:
707:
674:
457:
1412:
1255:
1143:
1017:
984:
950:
892:
679:
616:
1589:
1329:
1298:
558:
508:
400:
264:
188:
156:
107:
1630:
1604:
1549:
1544:
1447:
1389:
1189:
1174:
1102:
876:
416:
365:
294:
period when North America and Greenland were being separated by tectonic movements. This resulted from
278:
Widespread basalt volcanism occurred between 60.9 and 61.3 million years ago in the northern
1685:
1526:
1490:
1442:
1343:
1232:
1212:
1164:
1149:
1123:
1116:
1077:
1064:
926:
897:
184:
829:
1680:
1599:
1579:
1500:
1427:
1248:
1130:
1048:
945:
462:
244:
214:
1670:
1584:
1554:
1336:
1194:
1156:
1034:
989:
399:
More recent volcanic activity has created a northwest trending line of volcanic rocks called the
314:
295:
103:
70:
1715:
1665:
1482:
1029:
792:
592:
562:
520:
353:
203:
99:
17:
743:
586:
552:
1515:
1452:
1422:
1357:
1350:
1322:
1179:
916:
645:
512:
422:
The Wrangell Volcanic Belt formed as a result of arc volcanism related to subduction of the
388:
377:
372:
180:
152:
144:
1695:
1559:
1237:
940:
921:
699:
440:
436:
338:
322:
318:
310:
148:
87:
387:, is also unusual because it contains small, angular to rounded fragments of rock called
364:
rivers formed between 0.8 and one million years ago when this area lay beneath the vast
1620:
1222:
955:
236:
230:
210:
115:
649:
1740:
1625:
979:
423:
404:
306:
299:
165:
130:
1725:
1720:
1024:
283:
279:
268:
240:
218:
195:
191:
169:
140:
40:
1379:
1284:
1169:
1138:
501:
384:
361:
357:
352:
in central Yukon consists of valley-filling basalt lava flows and cinder cones.
272:
199:
669:
1457:
1432:
408:
287:
222:
111:
325:
system extending from Labrador Sea to the south and Baffin Bay to the north.
106:. Northern Canada has a record of very large volumes of magmatic rock called
86:
has produced hundreds of volcanic areas and extensive lava formations across
780:
291:
119:
91:
110:. They are represented by deep-level plumbing systems consisting of giant
330:
90:. The region's different volcano and lava types originate from different
845:
143:
event 1,267 million years ago that engulfed the landscape near the
784:
381:
139:
Vast volumes of basaltic lava covered Northern Canada in the form of a
75:
439:
24 km (15 mi) west of the Alaska-Yukon border, created the
412:
334:
229:, which extends southeastwards across Canada and enters the northern
235:
173:
151:
in the Canadian Arctic. This volcanic activity built an extensive
129:
247:
is made of flood basalt lava flows of the Strand Fiord Formation.
849:
356:, a cinder cone 2 km (1 mi) to the connection of the
1706:
Volcanic history of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
554:
Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup
221:
area of southern Nunavut along the northwestern coast of
791:. pp. 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 124, 126, 135, 136.
348:
includes the youngest volcanoes in Northern Canada. The
777:
Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
259:, it consists of two volcanic formations called the
1613:
1403:
1203:
883:
329:American lithosphere in the Paleocene period. Most
69:
64:
56:
51:
32:
500:
551:Yoshida, M.; B. F. Windley; S. Dasgupta (2003).
588:Mantle Plumes and Their Record in Earth History
27:History of volcanic activity in Northern Canada
305:The source for this volcanic activity was the
861:
8:
1641:Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan
344:The Yukon portion of the northwest trending
290:on the eastern coast of Nunavut during the
868:
854:
846:
591:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
233:where the New England hotspot is located.
29:
1691:Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Provincial Park
775:Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990).
732:"Stikine volcanic belt: Volcano Mountain"
227:New England or Great Meteor hotspot track
488:
309:along with its surface expression, the
213:period 196 million years ago, the
198:environment beneath the North American
1656:List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes
1366:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
1111:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
812:
810:
808:
346:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
726:
724:
664:
662:
660:
658:
612:
610:
608:
494:
492:
7:
1762:Geology of the Northwest Territories
1185:Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field
1083:Northern Alberta kimberlite province
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
580:
578:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
45:Northern Canada, defined politically
1096:Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field
638:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
215:New England or Great Meteor hotspot
1506:Kanichee layered intrusive complex
1279:High Arctic Large Igneous Province
517:Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
257:High Arctic Large Igneous Province
25:
1476:Lake Timiskaming kimberlite field
1521:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
1385:Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province
1317:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
1089:Birch Mountains kimberlite field
1059:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
975:Fort à la Corne kimberlite field
253:Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province
39:
1696:Porphyry Island Provincial Park
1540:Marathon Large Igneous Province
1243:Franklin Large Igneous Province
822:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
736:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
275:was still geologically active.
1701:Tuya Mountains Provincial Park
1646:Itcha Ilgachuz Provincial Park
1469:Kirkland Lake kimberlite field
271:and when the large underwater
168:and comparable in size to the
18:Volcanology of Northern Canada
1:
1418:Attawapiskat kimberlite field
1004:Garibaldi Lake volcanic field
904:Satah Mountain volcanic field
650:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00112-5
1747:Volcanism of Northern Canada
1676:Mount Edziza Provincial Park
1570:Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt
1511:Lac des Îles igneous complex
1312:Lac de Gras kimberlite field
1041:Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents
828:. 2005-08-19. Archived from
742:. 2008-02-13. Archived from
499:Lambert, Maurice B. (1978).
84:Volcanism in Northern Canada
33:Volcanism of Northern Canada
1661:List of volcanoes in Canada
1395:Yellowknife greenstone belt
1372:Fort Selkirk volcanic field
1264:Gahcho Kué kimberlite pipes
1218:Cameron River Volcanic Belt
1054:Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain
1011:Mount Cayley volcanic field
933:Winnipegosis komatiite belt
826:Geological Survey of Canada
740:Geological Survey of Canada
478:List of volcanoes in Canada
473:Volcanism of Eastern Canada
468:Volcanism of Western Canada
435:) explosive eruptions from
350:Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field
162:Columbia River Basalt Group
96:types of volcanic eruptions
1778:
1711:Wells Gray Provincial Park
1651:Lava Forks Provincial Park
1496:Hunt River greenstone belt
1463:Great Meteor hotspot track
1438:Chambers-Strathy Batholith
1292:Ellesmere Island Volcanics
1274:Great Meteor hotspot track
1228:Churchill kimberlite field
912:Bird River greenstone belt
789:Cambridge University Press
261:Ellesmere Island Volcanics
1636:Garibaldi Provincial Park
1073:Metchosin Igneous Complex
970:Flin Flon greenstone belt
37:
1595:Temagami Greenstone Belt
1575:Red Lake greenstone belt
1535:Mamainse Point Formation
1307:Hope Bay greenstone belt
1269:Great Bear Magmatic Zone
997:Cheakamus Valley basalts
708:Natural Resources Canada
675:Global Volcanism Program
585:Condie, Kent C. (2001).
458:Great Bear Magmatic Zone
126:Plume and rift complexes
1413:Abitibi greenstone belt
1256:Natkusiak flood basalts
1144:Pemberton Volcanic Belt
1018:Squamish volcanic field
985:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
951:Ecstall Greenstone Belt
893:Alert Bay Volcanic Belt
680:Smithsonian Institution
187:that diverges from the
108:large igneous provinces
98:, ranging from passive
1590:Swayze greenstone belt
1330:Coppermine River Group
1299:Strand Fiord Formation
559:The Geological Society
401:Wrangell Volcanic Belt
371:The youngest volcano,
265:Strand Fiord Formation
248:
189:Coppermine River Group
157:large igneous province
136:
118:provinces and layered
1631:Chasm Provincial Park
1605:Ungava magmatic event
1550:Mistassini dike swarm
1545:Matachewan dike swarm
1448:Coastal Volcanic Belt
1390:Taltson Magmatic Zone
1190:Winagami sill complex
1175:Taltson Magmatic Zone
1103:Mountain Lake cluster
877:Volcanology of Canada
417:Saint Elias Mountains
366:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
239:
133:
1686:Neys Provincial Park
1527:Mackenzie dike swarm
1491:Grenville dike swarm
1443:Circum-Superior Belt
1344:Mackenzie dike swarm
1233:Circum-Superior Belt
1213:Bravo Lake Formation
1165:Spences Bridge Group
1150:Chilliwack batholith
1124:Iskut volcanic field
1117:Atlin Volcanic Field
1078:Milbanke Sound Group
1065:Mackenzie dike swarm
927:Circum-Superior Belt
898:Anahim Volcanic Belt
407:lies largely in the
395:Subduction complexes
185:Mackenzie dike swarm
1681:New England hotspot
1600:Tulks Volcanic Belt
1580:Spawning Lake Stock
1501:Iceland Lake Pluton
1428:Black Bay Peninsula
1249:Franklin dike swarm
1131:Tuya volcanic field
1049:Karmutsen Formation
946:Crowsnest Formation
704:Northern Landscapes
700:"IPY GeoNorth 2007"
463:Volcanism of Canada
321:from movement of a
245:Axel Heiberg Island
104:explosive eruptions
1757:Geology of Nunavut
1671:Matachewan hotspot
1585:Sudbury dike swarm
1555:Newfoundland Ridge
1337:Ekalulia Formation
1195:Wrangellia Terrane
1157:Salal Creek Pluton
1035:Juan de Fuca Ridge
990:Bridge River Cones
315:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
296:seafloor spreading
249:
137:
1734:
1733:
1716:Catherine Hickson
1666:Mackenzie hotspot
1483:Monteregian Hills
1030:Intermontane Belt
818:"Mount Churchill"
446:indigenous people
204:Mackenzie hotspot
183:and the enormous
81:
80:
16:(Redirected from
1769:
1752:Geology of Yukon
1529:
1516:Long Range dikes
1485:
1478:
1471:
1453:Coldwell Complex
1423:Basalt Headlands
1374:
1360:
1358:Nauyat Formation
1353:
1351:Muskox intrusion
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1323:Bear River dikes
1301:
1294:
1287:
1258:
1251:
1180:Uchi Subprovince
1159:
1152:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1067:
1043:
1021:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
964:
935:
917:Bridge River Ash
906:
870:
863:
856:
847:
841:
840:
838:
837:
814:
803:
802:
772:
755:
754:
752:
751:
728:
719:
718:
716:
715:
696:
690:
689:
687:
686:
666:
653:
652:
633:
618:
614:
603:
602:
582:
573:
572:
548:
531:
530:
513:British Columbia
506:
496:
373:Volcano Mountain
286:and in southern
181:Muskox intrusion
172:in west-central
145:Coppermine River
43:
30:
21:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1609:
1560:Nipissing sills
1525:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1399:
1370:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1254:
1247:
1238:Coast Range Arc
1205:Northern Canada
1199:
1155:
1148:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1063:
1039:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
960:
941:Coast Range Arc
931:
922:Chilcotin Group
902:
879:
874:
844:
835:
833:
816:
815:
806:
799:
774:
773:
758:
749:
747:
730:
729:
722:
713:
711:
698:
697:
693:
684:
682:
668:
667:
656:
635:
634:
621:
615:
606:
599:
584:
583:
576:
569:
550:
549:
534:
527:
509:North Vancouver
498:
497:
490:
486:
454:
441:White River Ash
437:Mount Churchill
397:
339:Late Cretaceous
323:transform fault
319:partial melting
311:Iceland hotspot
217:existed in the
149:Coronation Gulf
128:
88:Northern Canada
47:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1621:Anahim hotspot
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:North Mountain
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1405:Eastern Canada
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:Carmacks Group
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
982:
977:
972:
967:
966:
965:
962:Magic Mountain
956:Explorer Ridge
953:
948:
943:
938:
937:
936:
924:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
895:
889:
887:
885:Western Canada
881:
880:
875:
873:
872:
865:
858:
850:
843:
842:
804:
797:
756:
720:
691:
670:"Fort Selkirk"
654:
619:
604:
597:
574:
567:
561:. p. 26.
532:
525:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
453:
450:
396:
393:
354:Ne Ch'e Ddhawa
300:ocean seafloor
231:Atlantic Ocean
211:Early Jurassic
127:
124:
100:lava eruptions
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
44:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Bowie hotspot
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
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980:Gambier Group
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832:on 2009-06-08
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798:0-521-43811-X
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746:on 2009-03-07
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424:Pacific Plate
420:
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405:volcanic belt
402:
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307:Iceland plume
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192:flood basalts
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166:United States
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147:southwest of
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94:settings and
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60:Yukon, Canada
59:
55:
50:
42:
36:
31:
19:
1726:Jack Souther
1721:Bill Mathews
1025:Insular Belt
834:. Retrieved
830:the original
821:
776:
748:. Retrieved
744:the original
735:
712:. Retrieved
710:. 2007-04-25
703:
694:
683:. Retrieved
673:
644:(3–4): 569,
641:
637:
587:
553:
502:
429:
421:
398:
370:
343:
327:
304:
284:Davis Strait
280:Labrador Sea
277:
269:Arctic Ocean
250:
241:Dragon Cliff
219:Rankin Inlet
208:
196:mantle plume
178:
170:Deccan Traps
153:lava plateau
141:flood basalt
138:
83:
82:
71:Type of rock
1380:Omineca Arc
1285:Alpha Ridge
1170:Takla Group
1139:Omineca Arc
385:nephelinite
273:Alpha Ridge
243:on western
209:During the
200:lithosphere
112:dike swarms
102:to violent
1741:Categories
1458:Digby Neck
1433:Cape Split
836:2009-02-19
750:2009-01-24
714:2009-01-24
685:2009-01-24
484:References
409:U.S. state
298:where new
288:Baffin Bay
223:Hudson Bay
120:intrusions
781:Cambridge
503:Volcanoes
341:periods.
331:diatremes
292:Paleocene
76:Volcanism
52:Geography
452:See also
92:tectonic
57:Location
785:England
403:. This
389:nodules
382:olivine
164:in the
65:Geology
1614:Topics
795:
595:
565:
523:
413:Alaska
378:mantle
335:Eocene
433:VEI-6
362:Pelly
358:Yukon
174:India
135:flow.
793:ISBN
593:ISBN
563:ISBN
521:ISBN
360:and
337:and
263:and
251:The
155:and
116:sill
646:doi
642:160
411:of
1743::
824:.
820:.
807:^
787::
783:,
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734:.
723:^
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702:.
678:.
672:.
657:^
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515::
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391:.
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282:,
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114:,
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988:(
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801:.
753:.
717:.
688:.
648::
601:.
571:.
529:.
431:(
20:)
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