263:, with its stance on whether to secede Flanders from Belgium or redefine Belgium as a federal nation in which Flanders had devolved power changing with its leadership. The VU participated in three coalitions with the Belgian government during its existence and has been credited by historians with successfully bringing the issue of Flemish nationalism to mainstream Belgian politics and implementing its federalist objectives. However, the party later suffered from ideological schisms which resulted in a decline in support before it was dissolved in 2001.
314:, VNV) collaborated with the Nazis, who had promised them increased Flemish autonomy. That initially complicated the postwar re-emergence of Flemish nationalism although only a faction of the broader movement had actually pursued an agenda of collaboration. After the only outlets for organised Flemish nationalism were charitable groups dedicated to war veterans and the dominant
1515:
1432:
1391:
1267:
1154:
1121:
1088:
1022:
989:
956:
923:
890:
857:
824:
791:
758:
47:
287:, which included different organisations seeking to promote Flanders and call for more political freedom for the Flemish community. The Flemish movement varied from wanting to secure more linguistic, cultural and political rights for Flanders within the Belgian state to wanting the total secession of Flanders from Belgium or even reunification with the
1473:
1055:
725:
376:
party and bring the agenda of
Flemish autonomy on the mainstream political stage. In government, the VU was also able to ensure a Dutch language version of the Belgian constitution was adopted, gradually secured more regional powers for Flanders and worked to redefine Belgium as a federal rather than a unitary state.
375:
in 1961. The party continued to grow in stature and reached the 11.0% at the national level in 1978 elections, gaining 21 representatives and went on to participate in the
Belgian government as a coalition partner. This enabled the party to become the first electorally successful Flemish nationalist
488:. These cartels broke up in 2008 as the parties continued their decline, until the N-VA experienced a sudden resurgence in 2009, eventually becoming the largest party in Flanders and going on to participate as a coalition partner in the Belgian government, while Spirit ceased to exist, merging with
427:
became party president and led the party in an ever more leftist and progressive direction, combining the social-liberal ideas of his iD21-movement with the regionalist course of the People's Union. These experiments were opposed by the more conservative leaning and separatist party base. Tension
451:
The right wing won a large plurality at a party referendum, with 47 percent. However, while it inherited
Volksunie's structure, it did not take the Volksunie name due to falling short of a majority and not being allowed to use the party name under Belgian electoral law. Instead, it reconstituted
350:
The party contained members from the left, right and centre of the political spectrum from socialists to right-wing conservatives, and it differed from other
Belgian parties by putting Flemish nationalism at the forefront of its image and platform as opposed to basing its policies on a right or
339:, as opposed to nationalism based on ethnic and racial sentiments, to gain credibility and wider support. As a result, the party was initially able to bring together various strands of scattered Flemish nationalists into a coherent movement. The party was closely aligned to the
325:
As a result, the
Volksunie sought to build a strong alliance of Flemish nationalists under one movement but was careful to choose its leaders from nationalist circles that had not collaborated with the Nazis. Ideologically, the Volksunie preferred to position itself around the
347:, VMO) during the 1950s, with the VMO handling propaganda, recruitment and campaign work for the VU. However, the groups began to drift apart, as the VU moved to the centre while the VMO began to turn to the extreme right. The two movements formally broke ties in 1963.
517:
from the former
Brabant province and the St. Michael's Agreement of 1992 which re-established Belgium as a federal country. Behind its nationalist image, the party's underlying ideology shifted with the leadership. For example, under the leadership of
250:
that combined support from the left and right with the main goal of focusing on increased
Flemish autonomy and establishing more linguistic and political rights for the Flemish community. The party also based its platform on
508:
and autonomy as its core objective above all else. The VU promoted the use of the Dutch language and recognition of
Flemish cultural identity and heritage. It also successfully called for the establishment of a
334:
party with the objective of pursuing further autonomy and a sense of national identity for the
Flemish region. To distance itself from prewar nationalism, the VU sought to promote its brand of nationalism as
530:
the VU was steered in a centre-left direction. Although the party's focus on protecting
Flemish interests initially attracted support, the ideological difference between the VU's wings and the acceptance of
295:
concept. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Flemish nationalists operated within the established political partieshey chief and initially had close ties with the political left such as the
1952:
423:
against the 9.9% of the Vlaams Blok), with the internal divisions between the right-wing and left-wing members re-emerging in 2001. In the beginning of the 1990s,
2448:
2428:
2423:
550:(which adopted a position of supporting a confederal Belgian state as a means of paving the way for Flemish independence) and the centre-left faction becoming
1483:
1442:
1401:
1360:
1325:
315:
1620:
The Changing Basis of Political Conflict in Advanced Western Democracies: The Politics of Identity in the United States, the Netherlands, and Belgium
2443:
2438:
1945:
2283:
2243:
546:
taking some of the VU's voters with it. By the early 2000s, the party's splits resulted in the more dominant conservative faction forming the
416:, becoming a much stronger political force and surpassing Volksunie at the beginning of the 1990s (6.6% against VU's 5.9% in 1991 elections).
1925:
1858:
1832:
1727:
1685:
1628:
1591:
1554:
364:
419:
Although the party would continue to participate in two other coalition governments, the Volksunie continued its electoral decline (5.6% in
2397:
2385:
2002:
1961:
193:
2238:
2124:
1677:
Challenging the State: Devolution and the Battle for Partisan Credibility: A Comparison of Belgium, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom
272:
236:
87:
1938:
1906:
1805:
2173:
2076:
1996:
481:
405:
2031:
1247:
1220:
2311:
2188:
469:
432:
of the centre-right nationalist wing, was elected chairman by party members, in preference to the incumbent and progressive
2114:
1969:
1645:
1134:
1101:
1068:
1035:
1002:
969:
936:
903:
870:
837:
804:
771:
738:
705:
678:
420:
280:
2151:
228:
138:
2253:
2104:
2099:
485:
477:
436:. Factions subsequently clashed multiple times, over the future course of the party and possible support for current
2322:
2213:
372:
340:
130:
554:. A majority of former VU leaders and members either joined the N-VA or Spirit, with a smaller number joining the
2433:
2263:
2058:
2008:
448:, and a centrist group opposing the imminent split. An internal referendum was held on the future of the party.
2346:
2279:
2109:
173:
2064:
500:
The Volksunie did not follow the traditional left-right pattern of politics and instead presented itself as a
2370:
2307:
2297:
2183:
2014:
489:
437:
307:
101:
2330:
2193:
352:
178:
1780:
605:
536:
433:
409:
2293:
1984:
453:
397:
255:
over radicalism in order to foster a more legitimate image. It also contained members sympathetic to
198:
97:
2402:
505:
393:
292:
188:
146:
1824:
Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism
510:
473:
161:
2218:
1902:
1854:
1828:
1822:
1801:
1723:
1681:
1624:
1587:
1581:
1550:
1544:
336:
252:
1848:
1795:
1675:
1618:
440:. On 13 October 2001 the party openly split into three factions: the progressive wing around
396:
and separatist wing, and a split became inevitable, particularly after the party entered the
1874:
593:
551:
519:
461:
303:
284:
225:
2392:
2258:
2168:
611:
575:
523:
514:
504:
movement that encompassed policy ideas from all over the political spectrum, but regarded
445:
429:
247:
1901:(in Dutch) (4 ed.). Antwerpen: Standaard Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij. p. 556.
368:
296:
213:
1899:
Politieke geschiedenis van België sinds 1830 (Political History of Belgium Since 1830)
2417:
2119:
1990:
1713:
617:
401:
2362:
2208:
599:
584:
527:
441:
424:
1717:
2338:
2198:
559:
541:
413:
351:
left-of-centre identity. At a European level, the Volksunie was a member of the
288:
1930:
1653:
2178:
1583:
The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies
532:
465:
389:
385:
260:
256:
151:
117:
513:, more devolved decision making powers, political reform, the separation of
555:
501:
331:
327:
243:
166:
17:
330:
and saw itself as a coalition of various shades of Flemish thought as a
2082:
563:
232:
322:, CVV), which was not avowedly nationalist but had a separatist wing.
46:
2203:
363:
The party initially proved successful and had members elected to the
279:, CVV) electoral alliance, which had successfully run for election
2248:
2070:
535:
over full Flemish independence alienated the VU's separatist and
271:
The party was officially founded in 1954 as the successor to the
547:
1934:
460:, or N-VA). The left wing under Anciaux broke off and became
355:, which contained other separatist and regionalist parties.
392:
by the VU in the 1970s did not sit well with the party's
1821:
Andrew C. Gould; Anthony M. Messina (17 February 2014).
1853:. Oxford University Press. September 2013. p. 26.
452:
itself as a new party, and re-registered itself as the
1538:
1536:
526:, the VU took on a right-wing identity whereas under
408:, Christian-Democrat). The right-wing separatist and
2272:
2231:
2161:
2144:
2137:
2092:
2051:
2044:
2024:
1977:
1968:
172:
160:
137:
126:
116:
108:
93:
83:
68:
53:
32:
1617:Alan T. Arwine; Lawrence C. Mayer (10 June 2013).
1575:
1573:
306:, previous Flemish nationalist groups such as the
1612:
1610:
412:faction broke away and organized itself in the
2003:Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld)
1875:"Belgium - Local government | Britannica"
1946:
1827:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–.
8:
1543:Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko; Matti Mälkiä (2007).
1997:Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V)
1580:Thomas Poguntke; Paul Webb (21 June 2007).
444:, the conservative nationalist wing around
2141:
2048:
1974:
1953:
1939:
1931:
1762:
1760:
1586:. Oxford University Press. pp. 158–.
45:
29:
1680:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–.
2312:Party for Freedom and Progress (PVV/PLP)
1285:
1177:
641:
472:. The two parties proceeded to form new
1549:. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 397–.
1532:
235:, formed in 1954 as a successor to the
1741:
1739:
1708:
1706:
2449:Political parties established in 1954
2032:Libertarian, Direct, Democratic (LDD)
1926:List of political parties in Flanders
112:Barricadenplein 12, Brussels, Belgium
7:
2429:Flemish political parties in Belgium
2424:Defunct political parties in Belgium
2244:Party for Freedom and Progress (PFF)
1897:Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan (1985).
1623:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 83–.
1722:. Lynne Rienner. pp. 109–112.
1546:Encyclopedia of Digital Government
428:rose at the end of the 1990s when
242:The Volksunie defined itself as a
25:
2371:Social Liberal Party (SLP/Spirit)
1781:"Ons Erfdeel. Jaargang 23 · DBNL"
2284:Christian Social Party (CVP/PSC)
1850:New Parties in Old Party Systems
1514:
1513:
1471:
1431:
1430:
1390:
1389:
1266:
1265:
1153:
1152:
1120:
1119:
1087:
1086:
1053:
1021:
1020:
988:
987:
955:
954:
922:
921:
889:
888:
856:
855:
823:
822:
790:
789:
757:
756:
723:
482:Christian Democratic and Flemish
273:Christian Flemish People's Union
237:Christian Flemish People's Union
88:Christian Flemish People's Union
1719:Ethnopolitics in the New Europe
1650:Parties and Elections in Europe
283:. It originated from the loose
2444:1954 establishments in Belgium
2439:Nationalist parties in Belgium
2189:Left Socialist Party (LSP/PSL)
2077:Les Engagés (The Engaged Ones)
1674:Sonia Alonso (26 April 2012).
1472:
1054:
724:
470:Flemish Liberals and Democrats
380:Ideological splits and decline
277:Christelijke Vlaamse Volksunie
27:Political party in Belgium
1:
2384:The numbers are seats in the
1768:Ideology of the Extreme Right
581:Frans Van der Elst: 1955-1975
480:, with the N-VA allying with
2331:Flemish National Union (VNV)
2239:Christian Social Party (CSP)
1962:Political parties in Belgium
1716:; Breuning, Marijke (1998).
2100:Liberal Democrats (Belgium)
1985:New Flemish Alliance (N-VA)
1644:Nordsieck, Wolfram (n.d.).
486:Socialist Party - Different
122:VUJO (Young People's Union)
57:December 15, 1954
2465:
2386:Chamber of Representatives
1794:Lucas F. Bruyning (1990).
638:Chamber of Representatives
373:Belgian Federal Parliament
365:Chamber of Representatives
341:Order of Flemish Militants
312:Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
131:Order of Flemish Militants
72:October 13, 2001
2398:List of political parties
2381:
2152:Workers' Party (PVDA/PTB)
1745:De Winter, 2004, pp. 4-5.
1257:
1254:
1230:
1227:
1144:
1141:
1111:
1108:
1078:
1075:
1045:
1042:
1012:
1009:
979:
976:
946:
943:
913:
910:
880:
877:
847:
844:
814:
811:
781:
778:
748:
745:
715:
712:
688:
685:
438:state reform negotiations
184:
100:(right-wing faction) and
44:
1800:. Rodopi. pp. 18–.
320:Christelijke Volkspartij
2298:Socialist Party (SP/PS)
2065:Reformist Movement (MR)
659:# of overall seats won
539:flank who left to form
458:Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie
345:Vlaamse Militanten Orde
308:Flemish National League
162:Political position
2294:Labour Party (BWP/POB)
1754:De Winter, 2004, p. 5.
590:Vic Anciaux: 1979-1986
476:, known in Belgium as
353:European Free Alliance
316:Christian Social Party
217:
179:European Free Alliance
2115:Rally Wallonia France
1991:Flemish Interest (VB)
606:Patrik Vankrunkelsven
537:national conservative
434:Patrik Vankrunkelsven
410:national conservative
104:(centre-left faction)
2264:Socialist Party (SP)
2059:Socialist Party (PS)
1169:Regional parliaments
484:and Spirit with the
454:New Flemish Alliance
398:coalition government
174:European affiliation
98:New Flemish Alliance
2403:Politics of Belgium
2174:Belgian Union (BUB)
2045:Francophone parties
1887:Mudde, 2003, p. 85.
1700:Mudde, 2003, p. 83.
1282:European Parliament
648:# of overall votes
506:Flemish nationalism
496:Ideology and legacy
474:electoral alliances
468:members joined the
293:Greater Netherlands
226:Flemish nationalist
189:Politics of Belgium
147:Flemish nationalism
2120:Walloon Rally (RW)
1314:college seats won
1309:overall seats won
1201:overall seats won
1174:Flemish Parliament
651:% of overall vote
633:Federal Parliament
511:Flemish Parliament
384:The acceptance of
2411:
2410:
2389:
2316:
2302:
2288:
2254:Libertarian Party
2227:
2226:
2133:
2132:
2105:Libertarian Party
2040:
2039:
2009:Vooruit (Forward)
1860:978-0-19-964606-7
1834:978-1-107-03633-8
1729:978-1-55587-610-4
1714:Ishiyama, John T.
1687:978-0-19-969157-9
1630:978-1-137-30665-4
1593:978-0-19-921849-3
1556:978-1-59140-790-4
1524:
1523:
1510:
1468:
1427:
1386:
1351:
1279:
1278:
1166:
1165:
628:Electoral results
337:civic nationalism
253:civic nationalism
207:
206:
194:Political parties
94:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
2456:
2434:Flemish Movement
2383:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2325:(1921/1989–2009)
2314:
2300:
2286:
2142:
2049:
1975:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1710:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1652:. Archived from
1641:
1635:
1634:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1540:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1286:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1234:
1206:group seats won
1178:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1024:
1023:
1016:
991:
990:
983:
958:
957:
950:
925:
924:
917:
892:
891:
884:
859:
858:
851:
826:
825:
818:
793:
792:
785:
760:
759:
752:
727:
726:
719:
692:
664:group seats won
642:
304:Second World War
285:Flemish movement
84:Preceded by
79:
77:
64:
62:
49:
30:
21:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2393:Portal:Politics
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2323:Communist Party
2321:
2268:
2232:German-speaking
2223:
2214:Communist Party
2157:
2129:
2088:
2036:
2020:
1970:Flemish parties
1964:
1959:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1262:
1259:
1235:
1232:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1149:
1146:
1116:
1113:
1083:
1080:
1050:
1047:
1017:
1014:
984:
981:
951:
948:
918:
915:
885:
882:
852:
849:
819:
816:
786:
783:
753:
750:
720:
717:
693:
690:
663:
655:
635:
630:
624:
612:Geert Bourgeois
576:Walter Couvreur
572:
524:Geert Bourgeois
515:Flemish Brabant
498:
446:Geert Bourgeois
430:Geert Bourgeois
382:
367:(five) and the
361:
359:Initial success
269:
248:catch-all party
229:political party
203:
156:
75:
73:
60:
58:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2355:People's Union
2351:
2347:National Front
2343:
2335:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2304:
2290:
2280:Catholic Party
2276:
2274:
2273:Former notable
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1889:
1880:
1866:
1859:
1840:
1833:
1813:
1806:
1797:Italy - Europe
1786:
1772:
1756:
1747:
1735:
1728:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1666:
1636:
1629:
1606:
1592:
1569:
1555:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:# of electoral
1310:
1305:
1302:% of electoral
1300:
1295:
1294:overall votes
1290:
1289:Election year
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:in opposition
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1186:overall votes
1182:
1181:Election year
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:in opposition
1158:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:in opposition
1125:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:in opposition
1092:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:in opposition
1026:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:in opposition
993:
985:
980:
978:
975:
972:
966:
965:
963:
960:
952:
947:
945:
942:
939:
933:
932:
930:
927:
919:
914:
912:
909:
906:
900:
899:
897:
896:in opposition
894:
886:
881:
879:
876:
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:in opposition
861:
853:
848:
846:
843:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:in opposition
828:
820:
815:
813:
810:
807:
801:
800:
798:
797:in opposition
795:
787:
782:
780:
777:
774:
768:
767:
765:
764:in opposition
762:
754:
749:
747:
744:
741:
735:
734:
732:
731:in opposition
729:
721:
716:
714:
711:
708:
702:
701:
699:
698:in opposition
696:
694:
689:
687:
684:
681:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
660:
657:
652:
649:
646:
645:Election year
634:
631:
629:
626:
622:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
588:
582:
579:
571:
570:Party chairman
568:
497:
494:
421:1999 elections
381:
378:
360:
357:
297:Vermeylenfonds
268:
265:
210:People's Union
205:
204:
202:
201:
196:
191:
185:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
155:
154:
149:
143:
141:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
70:
66:
65:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
37:
35:People's Union
34:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2308:Liberal Party
2305:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2015:Green (Groen)
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:90-02-15260-4
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1807:90-5183-195-1
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1667:
1656:on 2001-11-03
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1388:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:college vote
1301:
1299:overall vote
1296:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1273:in coalition
1272:
1264:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:# of language
1203:
1198:
1194:% of language
1193:
1191:overall vote
1188:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1151:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1118:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:in coalition
1060:
1052:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1019:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
986:
973:
971:
968:
967:
964:
962:in coalition
961:
953:
940:
938:
935:
934:
931:
929:in coalition
928:
920:
907:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
887:
874:
872:
869:
868:
865:
862:
854:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
829:
821:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
788:
775:
773:
770:
769:
766:
763:
755:
742:
740:
737:
736:
733:
730:
722:
709:
707:
704:
703:
700:
697:
695:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
666:
662:# of language
661:
658:
654:% of language
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
632:
627:
625:
619:
618:Fons Borginon
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:Jaak Gabriëls
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
543:
538:
534:
529:
525:
521:
520:Jaak Gabriëls
516:
512:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Leo Tindemans
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
374:
371:(two) of the
370:
366:
358:
356:
354:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
267:Early history
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
129:
127:Activist wing
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
71:
67:
56:
52:
48:
43:
31:
19:
2363:Rexist Party
2354:
2209:Volt Belgium
2194:Pirate Party
1898:
1892:
1883:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1823:
1816:
1796:
1789:
1775:
1767:
1750:
1718:
1696:
1676:
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1649:
1639:
1619:
1597:. Retrieved
1582:
1560:. Retrieved
1545:
637:
636:
623:
600:Bert Anciaux
585:Hugo Schiltz
540:
528:Bert Anciaux
499:
464:, while the
457:
450:
442:Bert Anciaux
425:Bert Anciaux
418:
388:in place of
383:
362:
349:
344:
324:
319:
311:
301:
276:
270:
241:
221:
209:
208:
133:(until 1963)
109:Headquarters
2373:(2001–2009)
2365:(1930–1945)
2357:(1954–2001)
2349:(1985–2012)
2341:(1919–1933)
2339:Front Party
2333:(1933–1944)
2315:(1846–1992)
2301:(1885–1978)
2287:(1869–1968)
2199:Pro Bruxsel
1212:Government
1196:group vote
670:Government
656:group vote
614:: 2000-2001
608:: 1998-2000
602:: 1992-1998
596:: 1986-1992
587:: 1975-1979
578:: 1954-1955
560:Vlaams Blok
542:Vlaams Blok
414:Vlaams Blok
302:During the
299:movement.
289:Netherlands
2418:Categories
2179:DierAnimal
1660:2018-05-15
1527:References
878:10.0 (#4)
845:11.1 (#3)
533:Federalism
394:right-wing
390:separatism
386:federalism
291:under the
261:separatism
257:federalism
152:Liberalism
118:Youth wing
76:2001-10-13
61:1954-12-15
2125:Chez nous
1646:"Belgium"
1599:24 August
812:9.8 (#4)
779:6.7 (#4)
746:3.1 (#4)
713:2.0 (#5)
686:2.2 (#6)
281:that year
259:and full
218:Volksunie
199:Elections
69:Dissolved
38:Volksunie
18:Volksunie
1920:See also
1488:471,238
1447:262,043
1406:318,153
1365:484,494
1330:324,540
1260:11 / 124
1252:359,226
1225:338,173
1139:345,576
1106:283,516
1081:10 / 212
1073:363,124
1048:16 / 212
1040:495,120
1015:16 / 212
1007:477,755
982:20 / 212
974:588,436
949:14 / 212
941:388,762
916:20 / 212
908:559,567
883:22 / 212
875:536,287
850:21 / 212
842:586,917
817:20 / 212
809:506,697
784:12 / 212
776:346,860
743:182,407
710:104,823
683:113,632
564:CD&V
556:Open VLD
502:big tent
332:big tent
244:big tent
224:) was a
167:Big tent
139:Ideology
2306:
2292:
2138:Unitary
1770:, p. 83
1766:Mudde,
1562:18 July
1233:9 / 124
1147:8 / 150
1114:5 / 150
751:5 / 212
718:1 / 212
691:1 / 212
562:or the
478:cartels
466:liberal
233:Belgium
74: (
59: (
54:Founded
2303:
2289:
2219:L'Unie
2204:Vivant
2110:Nation
1905:
1857:
1831:
1804:
1726:
1684:
1627:
1590:
1553:
1507:2 / 14
1499:2 / 25
1465:1 / 14
1457:1 / 25
1424:1 / 13
1416:1 / 24
1383:2 / 13
1375:2 / 24
1348:1 / 13
1340:1 / 24
1320:Notes
1215:Notes
673:Notes
620:: 2001
552:Spirit
462:Spirit
369:Senate
328:centre
102:Spirit
2388:(150)
2259:ProDG
2249:Ecolo
2184:ISLAM
2169:Agora
2162:Minor
2145:Major
2093:Minor
2071:Ecolo
2052:Major
2025:Minor
1978:Major
1494:12.2
1370:13.9
911:10.0
490:Groen
214:Dutch
2154:(12)
2083:DéFI
2073:(13)
2067:(14)
2061:(20)
2005:(12)
1999:(12)
1993:(18)
1987:(25)
1903:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1601:2012
1588:ISBN
1564:2013
1551:ISBN
1491:7.6
1484:1999
1452:7.1
1443:1994
1411:8.7
1402:1989
1361:1984
1335:9.7
1326:1979
1317:+/–
1307:# of
1297:% of
1292:# of
1255:9.3
1248:1999
1228:9.0
1221:1995
1209:+/–
1199:# of
1189:% of
1184:# of
1142:5.6
1135:1999
1109:4.7
1102:1995
1076:5.9
1069:1991
1043:8.1
1036:1987
1010:7.9
1003:1985
977:9.8
970:1981
944:7.0
937:1978
904:1977
871:1974
838:1971
805:1968
772:1965
739:1961
706:1958
679:1954
667:+/-
548:N-VA
522:and
246:and
2085:(2)
2079:(5)
2017:(8)
2011:(9)
406:CVP
400:of
239:.
231:in
2420::
2310:→
2296:→
2282:→
1759:^
1738:^
1705:^
1648:.
1609:^
1572:^
1535:^
1518:1
1476:0
1435:1
1394:1
1270:2
1157:3
1124:5
1091:6
1058:0
1025:4
992:6
959:6
926:2
893:1
860:1
827:8
794:7
761:4
728:0
566:.
558:,
492:.
222:VU
220:,
216::
1954:e
1947:t
1940:v
1911:.
1877:.
1863:.
1837:.
1810:.
1783:.
1732:.
1690:.
1663:.
1633:.
1603:.
1566:.
544:,
456:(
404:(
343:(
318:(
310:(
275:(
212:(
78:)
63:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
