281:
helices contain positively-charged lysine or arginine residues in repeated motifs. In its resting state, half of each S4 helix is in contact with the cell cytosol. Upon depolarization, the positively-charged residues on the S4 domains move toward the exoplasmic surface of the membrane. It is thought that the first 4 arginines account for the gating current, moving toward the extracellular solvent upon channel activation in response to membrane depolarization. The movement of 10–12 of these protein-bound positive charges triggers a conformational change that opens the channel. The exact mechanism by which this movement occurs is not currently agreed upon, however the canonical, transporter, paddle, and twisted models are examples of current theories.
109:
35:
201:
327:
segment makes a scissor-like movement allowing ions to flow through, the S6 segment breaks into two segments allowing of passing of ions through the channel, or the S6 channel serving as the gate itself. The mechanism by which the movement of the S4 segment affects that of S6 is still unknown, however it is theorized that there is a S4-S5 linker whose movement allows the opening of S6.
400:
the duration and rate of action potential firing, which has a significant effect on electrical conduction along an axon as well as synaptic transmission. Potassium channels differ in structure from the other channels in that they contain four separate polypeptide subunits, while the other channels contain four homologous domain but on a single polypeptide unit.
335:. During inactivation, the chain folds in on itself and the ball blocks the flow of ions through the channel. Fast inactivation is directly linked to the activation caused by intramembrane movements of the S4 segments, though the mechanism linking movement of S4 and the engagement of the inactivation gate is unknown.
280:
In general, the voltage sensing portion of the ion channel is responsible for the detection of changes in transmembrane potential that trigger the opening or closing of the channel. The S1-4 alpha helices are generally thought to serve this role. In potassium and sodium channels, voltage-sensing S4
215:
The functionality of voltage-gated ion channels is attributed to its three main discrete units: the voltage sensor, the pore or conducting pathway, and the gate. Na, K, and Ca channels are composed of four transmembrane domains arranged around a central pore; these four domains are part of a single
399:
are the largest and most diverse class of voltage-gated channels, with over 100 encoding human genes. These types of channels differ significantly in their gating properties; some inactivating extremely slowly and others inactivating extremely quickly. This difference in activation time influences
326:
The gate is thought to be coupled to the voltage sensing regions of the channels and appears to contain a mechanical obstruction to ion flow. While the S6 domain has been agreed upon as the segment acting as this obstruction, its exact mechanism is unknown. Possible explanations include: the S6
258:
induces a conformational change in the potassium channel. The conformational change distorts the shape of the channel proteins sufficiently such that the cavity, or channel, opens to allow influx or efflux to occur across the membrane. This movement of ions down their concentration gradients
112:
Ions are depicted by the red circles. A gradient is represented by the different concentration of ions on either side of the membrane. The open conformation of the ion channel allows for the translocation of ions across the cell membrane, while the closed conformation does
308:" allows use of simple and inexpensive model systems to study the function of this region, its role in disease, and pharmaceutical control of its behavior rather than being limited to poorly characterized, expensive, and/or difficult to study preparations.
223:
with specialized functions. The fifth and sixth transmembrane segments (S5 and S6) and pore loop serve the principal role of ion conduction, comprising the gate and pore of the channel, while S1-S4 serve as the voltage-sensing region.
330:
Inactivation of ion channels occurs within milliseconds after opening. Inactivation is thought to be mediated by an intracellular gate that controls the opening of the pore on the inside of the cell. This gate is modeled as a
351:
have similar functional properties across many different cell types. While ten human genes encoding for sodium channels have been identified, their function is typically conserved between species and different cell types.
277:. One of these helices, S4, is the voltage sensing helix. The S4 segment contains many positive charges such that a high positive charge outside the cell repels the helix, keeping the channel in its closed state.
287:
The main functional part of the voltage-sensitive protein domain of these channels generally contains a region composed of S3b and S4 helices, known as the "paddle" due to its shape, which appears to be a
411:
are present in all types of neurons. With the chief responsibility of controlling excitability, chloride channels contribute to the maintenance of cell resting potential and help to regulate cell volume.
470:
186:(Cl) ions have been identified. The opening and closing of the channels are triggered by changing ion concentration, and hence charge gradient, between the sides of the cell membrane.
2381:
3291:
524:
3026:
2278:
2211:
476:
1510:
Chang, Abraham B.; Lin, Ron; Studley, W. Keith; Tran, Can V.; Saier, Milton H. Jr. (2004). "Phylogeny as a guide to structure and function of membrane transport proteins".
1342:
Cherny, V.V.; Markin, V.S.; DeCoursey, T.E. (1995), "The voltage-activated hydrogen ion conductance in rat alveolar epithelial cells is determined by the pH gradient",
208:
Voltage-gated ion channels are generally composed of several subunits arranged in such a way that there is a central pore through which ions can travel down their
95:
83:
388:
nerve endings. In most cells, Ca channels regulate a wide variety of biochemical processes due to their role in controlling intracellular Ca concentrations.
231:
activity, which are located on the inner surface of the cell membrane and do not cross the membrane, and which are coassembled with the α-subunits in the
227:
The four subunits may be identical, or different from one another. In addition to the four central α-subunits, there are also regulatory β-subunits, with
39:
Each of the four homologous domains makes up one subunit of the ion channel. The S4 voltage-sensing segments (marked with + symbols) are shown as charged.
284:
Movement of the voltage-sensor triggers a conformational change of the gate of the conducting pathway, controlling the flow of ions through the channel.
1145:
Webster SM, Del Camino D, Dekker JP, Yellen G (April 2004). "Intracellular gate opening in Shaker K channels defined by high-affinity metal bridges".
216:α-subunit in the case of most Na and Ca channels, whereas there are four α-subunits, each contributing one transmembrane domain, in most K channels.
954:
Long SB, Tao X, Campbell EB, MacKinnon R (November 2007). "Atomic structure of a voltage-dependent K channel in a lipid membrane-like environment".
3222:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3227:
2325:
1597:
846:
Murata Y, Iwasaki H, Sasaki M, Inaba K, Okamura Y (June 2005). "Phosphoinositide phosphatase activity coupled to an intrinsic voltage sensor".
464:
316:
688:
559:
500:
1094:
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (May 2002). "Crystal structure and mechanism of a calcium-gated potassium channel".
3279:
2460:
3838:
3177:
2198:
1614:
2963:
494:
488:
270:
179:
304:
into rat brain potassium channels results in a fully functional ion channel, as long as the whole intact paddle is replaced. This "
482:
372:
With sixteen different identified genes for human calcium channels, this type of channel differs in function between cell types.
292:, interchangeable across a wide variety of cells and species. A similar voltage sensor paddle has also been found in a family of
136:
near the channel. The membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins, regulating their opening and closing.
3556:
2555:
2333:
1649:
396:
175:
3578:
3787:
1698:
361:
293:
1295:"Molecular dynamics of the sodium channel pore vary with gating: interactions between P-segment motions and inactivation"
3153:
2065:
506:
420:
3428:
332:
320:
108:
212:. The channels tend to be ion-specific, although similarly sized and charged ions may sometimes travel through them.
3833:
1606:
1590:
195:
1992:
1420:
Ramsey, I. Scott; Mokrab, Younes; Carvacho, Ingrid; Sands, Zara A.; Sansom, Mark S.P.; Clapham, David E. (2010).
1048:
Perozo E, Cortes DM, Cuello LG (July 1999). "Structural rearrangements underlying K-channel activation gating".
3772:
2033:
1909:
1569:
209:
3777:
1565:
367:
273:
are made up of a single polypeptide with four homologous domains. Each domain contains 6 membrane spanning
3808:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1754:
1741:
1706:
577:"From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels"
34:
456:
of voltage-gated sodium channels. Subsequent studies have shown that a variety of other ion channels and
3828:
1583:
260:
243:
232:
121:
1681:
1244:
1154:
1103:
963:
910:
855:
810:
251:
1575:
1555:
453:
297:
3148:
2024:
1671:
1535:
1178:
1127:
1073:
1030:
987:
879:
650:
444:
289:
133:
2186:
1527:
1492:
1451:
1403:
1395:
1365:
1324:
1272:
1213:
1170:
1119:
1065:
1022:
979:
936:
871:
828:
776:
727:
684:
642:
598:
555:
546:
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Katz LC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO, Williams SM (2001).
519:
247:
200:
2955:
1936:
1519:
1482:
1441:
1433:
1387:
1382:
DeCoursey, T.E. (2003), "Voltage-gated proton channels and other proton transfer pathways",
1355:
1347:
1314:
1306:
1262:
1252:
1205:
1162:
1111:
1057:
1014:
971:
926:
918:
863:
818:
766:
758:
717:
634:
588:
408:
385:
377:
183:
3491:
1631:
457:
373:
1248:
1158:
1107:
967:
914:
859:
814:
3287:
1974:
1446:
1421:
1360:
1319:
1310:
1294:
931:
898:
771:
746:
348:
312:
301:
266:
255:
228:
171:
152:
129:
1267:
1232:
722:
705:
593:
576:
144:, thus they must diffuse through the membrane through transmembrane protein channels.
3822:
3241:
2914:
1131:
677:
449:
137:
88:
1539:
1077:
3594:
2985:
1182:
1034:
991:
883:
654:
424:
204:
Conformation of the four homologous domains showing the formation of a central pore
156:
1233:"Inhibition of inactivation of single sodium channels by a site-directed antibody"
1209:
100:
64:
1523:
762:
76:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3396:
3235:
1610:
1061:
274:
220:
125:
1391:
1237:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
672:
547:
3504:
2870:
2238:
2206:
1469:
Koishi R, Xu H, Ren D, Navarro B, Spiller BW, Shi Q, Clapham DE (March 2004).
1018:
823:
798:
381:
305:
170:
Voltage-gated ion-channels are usually ion-specific, and channels specific to
1399:
17:
3589:
3499:
1257:
671:
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J (2000).
638:
428:
1531:
1496:
1487:
1470:
1455:
1407:
1328:
1174:
1123:
1069:
1026:
983:
940:
875:
832:
780:
731:
646:
602:
460:
are phylogenetically related to the voltage-gated ion channels, including:
1369:
1351:
1276:
1217:
1005:
Yellen G (August 1998). "The moving parts of voltage-gated ion channels".
899:"Portability of paddle motif function and pharmacology in voltage sensors"
147:
Voltage-gated ion channels have a crucial role in excitable cells such as
3602:
2950:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1846:
1841:
1422:"An aqueous H permeation pathway in the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1"
167:, voltage-gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals.
1560:
1166:
975:
922:
867:
311:
Although voltage-gated ion channels are typically activated by membrane
3729:
3486:
3322:
1823:
1818:
1813:
747:"Ion channel voltage sensors: structure, function, and pathophysiology"
219:
The membrane-spanning segments, designated S1-S6, all take the form of
164:
1437:
452:
studies of proteins expressed in bacteria revealed the existence of a
3406:
3401:
3135:
3130:
3076:
3071:
2887:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2607:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1767:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1346:, vol. 105, no. 6 (published June 1995), pp. 861–896,
148:
1293:
Bénitah JP, Chen Z, Balser JR, Tomaselli GF, Marbán E (March 1999).
1115:
897:
Alabi AA, Bahamonde MI, Jung HJ, Kim JI, Swartz KJ (November 2007).
380:
similarly to Na channels in some neurons. They also play a role in
3640:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3478:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3217:
3161:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2990:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2882:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2801:
2796:
2782:
2777:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2730:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2438:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2364:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2263:
2248:
2243:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2127:
2107:
2092:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
1946:
1941:
1664:
1659:
1654:
673:"Section 21.3, Molecular Properties of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels"
199:
107:
1196:
Armstrong CM (July 1981). "Sodium channels and gating currents".
3720:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3435:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3344:
3297:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
2973:
2791:
2349:
1686:
1676:
160:
71:
58:
3750:
2935:
2181:
1969:
1626:
1579:
3274:
3172:
2293:
2253:
141:
1471:"A superfamily of voltage-gated sodium channels in bacteria"
435:-dependent manner. They function to remove acid from cells.
432:
471:
ryanodine-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor Ca channels
706:"Structure of a voltage-dependent K channel beta subunit"
1561:
The IUPHAR Compendium of
Voltage-gated Ion Channels 2005
625:
Bezanilla F (March 2005). "Voltage-gated ion channels".
300:
of the paddle region from a species of volcano-dwelling
554:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
151:
and muscle tissues, allowing a rapid and co-ordinated
683:(4th ed.). New York: Scientific American Books.
525:
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
1231:
Vassilev P, Scheuer T, Catterall WA (October 1989).
3763:
3587:
3476:
3272:
3170:
3146:
2948:
2554:
2459:
2324:
2197:
2064:
2023:
1985:
1697:
1642:
541:
539:
94:
82:
70:
57:
49:
44:
676:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
254:is introduced over the membrane, the associated
1288:
1286:
1386:, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 475–579,
1591:
1089:
1087:
8:
1556:IUPHAR-DB Voltage-gated ion channel subunits
792:
790:
704:Gulbis JM, Mann S, MacKinnon R (June 1999).
501:monovalent cation:proton antiporters, type 1
263:sufficient to depolarize the cell membrane.
431:, and are activated by depolarization in a
3760:
3747:
2945:
2932:
2194:
2178:
1982:
1966:
1639:
1623:
1598:
1584:
1576:
666:
664:
33:
1568:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1486:
1445:
1426:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
1359:
1318:
1266:
1256:
930:
822:
770:
721:
592:
27:Type of ion channel transmembrane protein
477:transient receptor potential Ca channels
797:Sands Z, Grottesi A, Sansom MS (2005).
535:
317:inward-rectifier potassium ion channels
29:
7:
2964:Calcium-activated chloride channels
1475:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
627:IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience
495:calcium-dependent chloride channels
259:subsequently generates an electric
128:that are activated by changes in a
2034:Amiloride-sensitive cation channel
1311:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-05-01577.1999
25:
333:ball tethered to a flexible chain
1566:Voltage-Dependent+Anion+Channels
3557:Voltage-dependent anion channel
1650:Inositol trisphosphate receptor
1007:Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
3579:General bacterial porin family
465:inwardly rectifying K channels
294:voltage sensitive phosphatases
1:
1344:Journal of General Physiology
1210:10.1152/physrev.1981.61.3.644
723:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80805-3
594:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81133-2
421:Voltage-gated proton channels
362:Voltage-gated calcium channel
267:Voltage-gated sodium channels
140:are generally impermeable to
1524:10.1080/09687680410001720830
799:"Voltage-gated ion channels"
763:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.021
548:"Voltage-Gated Ion Channels"
489:glutamate-gated ion channels
1299:The Journal of Neuroscience
1062:10.1126/science.285.5424.73
575:Catterall WA (April 2000).
423:carry currents mediated by
319:, are activated instead by
3855:
3839:Integral membrane proteins
2998:Chloride Channel Accessory
1607:Membrane transport protein
1392:10.1152/physrev.00028.2002
483:polycystin cation channels
442:
365:
359:
196:Cation channel superfamily
193:
155:in response to triggering
118:Voltage-gated ion channels
3804:
3759:
3746:
2944:
2931:
2193:
2177:
1993:Epithelial sodium channel
1981:
1965:
1638:
1622:
1019:10.1017/s0033583598003448
824:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.050
315:, some channels, such as
210:electrochemical gradients
32:
1910:Cation channels of sperm
1570:Medical Subject Headings
382:neurotransmitter release
250:have shown that, when a
246:structural studies of a
1258:10.1073/pnas.86.20.8147
639:10.1109/tnb.2004.842463
368:Calcium channel blocker
1488:10.1074/jbc.M313100200
679:Molecular Cell Biology
507:potassium transporters
404:Chloride (Cl) channels
392:Potassium (K) channels
205:
122:transmembrane proteins
114:
1986:Constitutively active
1384:Physiological Reviews
1352:10.1085/jgp.105.6.861
1198:Physiological Reviews
745:Catterall WA (2010).
443:Further information:
356:Calcium (Ca) channels
233:endoplasmic reticulum
203:
194:Further information:
111:
344:Sodium (Na) channels
296:in various species.
252:potential difference
3753:By gating mechanism
1249:1989PNAS...86.8147V
1167:10.1038/nature02468
1159:2004Natur.428..864W
1108:2002Natur.417..515J
976:10.1038/nature06265
968:2007Natur.450..376L
923:10.1038/nature06266
915:2007Natur.450..370A
868:10.1038/nature03650
860:2005Natur.435.1239M
815:2005CBio...15..R44S
416:Proton (H) channels
298:Genetic engineering
3280:TRP cation channel
3178:CNG cation channel
2461:Tandem pore domain
1672:Ryanodine receptor
445:Ion channel family
397:Potassium channels
290:conserved sequence
206:
159:. Found along the
134:membrane potential
115:
3834:Electrophysiology
3816:
3815:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3788:Stretch-activated
3765:Ion channel class
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2199:Calcium-activated
2187:Potassium channel
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1438:10.1038/nsmb.1826
854:(7046): 1239–43.
690:978-0-7167-3136-8
561:978-0-87893-742-4
520:Potassium channel
409:Chloride channels
378:action potentials
321:hyperpolarization
248:potassium channel
106:
105:
16:(Redirected from
3846:
3761:
3748:
2956:Chloride channel
2946:
2933:
2326:Inward-rectifier
2195:
2179:
1983:
1967:
1937:Two-pore channel
1640:
1624:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1544:
1543:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1102:(6888): 515–22.
1091:
1082:
1081:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1002:
996:
995:
962:(7168): 376–82.
951:
945:
944:
934:
894:
888:
887:
843:
837:
836:
826:
794:
785:
784:
774:
742:
736:
735:
725:
701:
695:
694:
682:
668:
659:
658:
622:
607:
606:
596:
572:
566:
565:
543:
271:calcium channels
244:Crystallographic
37:
30:
21:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3792:
3755:
3734:
3583:
3482:
3472:
3268:
3166:
3142:
2940:
2919:
2833:
2710:
2567:
2550:
2455:
2419:
2389:
2345:
2337:
2320:
2274:
2189:
2165:
2138:
2077:
2060:
2019:
1977:
1953:
1836:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1762:
1749:
1714:
1693:
1634:
1632:Calcium channel
1618:
1604:
1552:
1547:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1243:(20): 8147–51.
1230:
1229:
1225:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1153:(6985): 864–8.
1144:
1143:
1139:
1116:10.1038/417515a
1093:
1092:
1085:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1004:
1003:
999:
953:
952:
948:
909:(7168): 370–5.
896:
895:
891:
845:
844:
840:
803:Current Biology
796:
795:
788:
744:
743:
739:
703:
702:
698:
691:
670:
669:
662:
624:
623:
610:
574:
573:
569:
562:
545:
544:
537:
533:
516:
447:
441:
427:in the form of
418:
406:
394:
370:
364:
358:
349:Sodium channels
346:
341:
339:Different types
241:
198:
192:
120:are a class of
84:OPM superfamily
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3852:
3850:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3599:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3496:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3284:
3282:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3182:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3154:Proton channel
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2960:
2958:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1975:Sodium channel
1970:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1550:External links
1548:
1546:
1545:
1518:(3): 171–181.
1512:Mol Membr Biol
1502:
1481:(10): 9532–8.
1461:
1432:(7): 869–875.
1412:
1374:
1334:
1305:(5): 1577–85.
1282:
1223:
1188:
1137:
1083:
1056:(5424): 73–8.
1040:
997:
946:
889:
838:
786:
737:
696:
689:
660:
608:
567:
560:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
522:
515:
512:
511:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
440:
437:
417:
414:
405:
402:
393:
390:
360:Main article:
357:
354:
345:
342:
340:
337:
313:depolarization
302:archaebacteria
256:electric field
240:
237:
229:oxidoreductase
191:
188:
157:voltage change
153:depolarization
138:Cell membranes
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
62:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3851:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Voltage-gated
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3475:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:Miscellaneous
2934:
2930:
2916:
2915:Shaker (gene)
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:minK/ISK-like
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2556:Voltage-gated
2553:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2066:Voltage-gated
2063:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1699:Voltage-gated
1696:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:(3): 644–83.
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:(3): 239–95.
1012:
1008:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
947:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
757:(6): 915–28.
756:
752:
748:
741:
738:
733:
729:
724:
719:
716:(7): 943–52.
715:
711:
707:
700:
697:
692:
686:
681:
680:
674:
667:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
609:
604:
600:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
568:
563:
557:
553:
549:
542:
540:
536:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
439:Phylogenetics
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:hydrogen ions
422:
415:
413:
410:
403:
401:
398:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
369:
363:
355:
353:
350:
343:
338:
336:
334:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
285:
282:
278:
276:
275:alpha helices
272:
268:
264:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
238:
236:
234:
230:
225:
222:
221:alpha helices
217:
213:
211:
202:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
110:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
19:
18:Voltage-gated
3829:Ion channels
3806:
3782:
3773:Ligand-gated
3764:
3752:
3595:Gap junction
3588:
3477:
3273:
3234:
3212:
3185:
3171:
3147:
3125:
3083:
3031:
2997:
2980:
2968:
2949:
2937:
2892:
2855:
2829:
2706:
2563:
2468:
2415:
2385:
2341:
2270:
2183:
2134:
2073:
1971:
1880:
1853:
1832:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1758:
1745:
1710:
1643:Ligand-gated
1628:
1611:ion channels
1515:
1511:
1505:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1383:
1377:
1343:
1337:
1302:
1298:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1099:
1095:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1010:
1006:
1000:
959:
955:
949:
906:
902:
892:
851:
847:
841:
809:(2): R44–7.
806:
802:
754:
750:
740:
713:
709:
699:
678:
633:(1): 34–48.
630:
626:
587:(1): 13–25.
584:
580:
570:
552:Neuroscience
551:
458:transporters
450:Phylogenetic
448:
419:
407:
395:
386:pre-synaptic
371:
347:
329:
325:
310:
286:
283:
279:
265:
242:
226:
218:
214:
207:
169:
146:
126:ion channels
117:
116:
3778:Light-gated
2260:IK channel
454:superfamily
374:Ca channels
163:and at the
132:electrical
96:OPM protein
45:Identifiers
3823:Categories
2981:Bestrophin
2239:SK channel
2207:BK channel
1881:γ-subunits
1854:β-subunits
1837:δ-subunits
531:References
366:See also:
306:modularity
182:(Ca), and
124:that form
3809:disorders
3807:see also
3590:Cytoplasm
3500:Aquaporin
2969:Anoctamin
2792:11.1/hERG
1400:205658168
1132:205029269
429:hydronium
239:Mechanism
190:Structure
176:potassium
3603:Connexin
2883:minK/ISK
1540:45284885
1532:15204625
1497:14665618
1456:20543828
1408:12663866
1329:10024345
1175:15103379
1124:12037559
1078:26775433
1070:10390363
1027:10384687
984:18004376
941:18004375
876:15902207
833:15668152
781:20869590
732:10399921
647:15816170
603:10798388
514:See also
376:produce
184:chloride
149:neuronal
3730:Innexin
3487:solutes
1447:4035905
1370:7561747
1361:2216954
1320:6782169
1277:2554301
1245:Bibcode
1218:6265962
1183:1329210
1155:Bibcode
1104:Bibcode
1050:Science
1035:2605660
992:4320272
964:Bibcode
932:2709416
911:Bibcode
884:4427755
856:Bibcode
811:Bibcode
772:2950829
655:8212388
261:current
180:calcium
165:synapse
2027:-gated
2025:Proton
1801:T-type
1788:R-type
1775:Q-type
1755:P-type
1742:N-type
1707:L-type
1572:(MeSH)
1538:
1530:
1495:
1454:
1444:
1406:
1398:
1368:
1358:
1327:
1317:
1275:
1268:298232
1265:
1216:
1181:
1173:
1147:Nature
1130:
1122:
1096:Nature
1076:
1068:
1033:
1025:
990:
982:
956:Nature
939:
929:
903:Nature
882:
874:
848:Nature
831:
779:
769:
751:Neuron
730:
687:
653:
645:
601:
581:Neuron
558:
174:(Na),
172:sodium
130:cell's
65:CL0030
50:Symbol
3641:GJA10
3492:Porin
3392:TRPML
3162:HVCN1
2856:KCNIP
2711:α7-12
1615:TC 1A
1536:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1128:S2CID
1074:S2CID
1031:S2CID
988:S2CID
880:S2CID
651:S2CID
503:, and
178:(K),
77:1.A.1
3721:GJD4
3716:GJD3
3711:GJD2
3701:GJC3
3696:GJC2
3691:GJC1
3681:GJB7
3676:GJB6
3671:GJB5
3666:GJB4
3661:GJB3
3656:GJB2
3651:GJB1
3636:GJA9
3631:GJA8
3626:GJA5
3621:GJA4
3616:GJA3
3611:GJA1
3436:TRPV
3419:TRPP
3414:TRPN
3345:TRPM
3298:TRPC
3288:TRPA
3126:CLNS
3084:CLIC
3032:CLCN
3027:CFTR
2974:ANO1
2893:MiRP
2821:12.3
2816:12.2
2811:12.1
2802:11.3
2797:11.2
2783:10.2
2778:10.1
2568:α1-6
2382:GIRK
1796:α2.3
1783:α2.1
1750:α2.2
1528:PMID
1493:PMID
1452:PMID
1404:PMID
1396:OCLC
1366:PMID
1325:PMID
1273:PMID
1214:PMID
1171:PMID
1120:PMID
1066:PMID
1023:PMID
980:PMID
937:PMID
872:PMID
829:PMID
777:PMID
728:PMID
710:Cell
685:ISBN
643:PMID
599:PMID
556:ISBN
269:and
161:axon
142:ions
113:not.
101:2a79
72:TCDB
61:clan
59:Pfam
3485:(+
3323:4AP
3236:HCN
2769:9.3
2764:9.2
2759:9.1
2750:8.2
2745:8.1
2736:7.5
2731:7.4
2726:7.3
2721:7.2
2716:7.1
2698:6.4
2693:6.3
2688:6.2
2683:6.1
2674:5.1
2665:4.3
2660:4.2
2655:4.1
2646:3.4
2641:3.3
2636:3.2
2631:3.1
2622:2.2
2617:2.1
2608:1.8
2603:1.7
2598:1.6
2593:1.5
2588:1.4
2583:1.3
2578:1.2
2573:1.1
2469:K2P
2449:7.1
2444:6.2
2439:6.1
2434:5.1
2429:4.2
2424:4.1
2409:3.4
2404:3.3
2399:3.2
2394:3.1
2375:2.6
2370:2.4
2365:2.3
2360:2.2
2355:2.1
2350:1.1
2336:ATP
2314:5.1
2309:4.2
2304:4.1
2299:3.1
2294:2.3
2289:2.2
2284:2.1
2279:1.1
2264:IK1
2254:SK3
2249:SK2
2244:SK1
2123:1.9
2118:1.8
2113:1.7
2108:1.6
2103:1.5
2098:1.4
2093:1.3
2088:1.2
2083:1.1
1972:Na:
1824:3.3
1819:3.2
1814:3.1
1768:2.1
1735:1.4
1730:1.3
1725:1.2
1720:1.1
1629:Ca:
1520:doi
1483:doi
1479:279
1442:PMC
1434:doi
1388:doi
1356:PMC
1348:doi
1315:PMC
1307:doi
1263:PMC
1253:doi
1206:doi
1163:doi
1151:428
1112:doi
1100:417
1058:doi
1054:285
1015:doi
972:doi
960:450
927:PMC
919:doi
907:450
864:doi
852:435
819:doi
767:PMC
759:doi
718:doi
635:doi
589:doi
384:in
53:VIC
3825::
3707:D
3687:C
3647:B
3607:A
3489:):
3242:FC
3136:1B
3131:1A
3119:L1
3077:KB
3072:KA
2951:Cl
2544:18
2539:17
2534:16
2529:15
2524:13
2519:12
2514:10
2418:ir
2388:ir
2344:ir
2273:Ca
2232:β4
2227:β3
2222:β2
2217:β1
2212:α1
2184:K:
2135:Na
2128:7A
2074:Na
1901:γ4
1896:γ3
1891:γ2
1886:γ1
1874:β4
1869:β3
1864:β2
1859:β1
1805:Ca
1792:Ca
1779:Ca
1759:Ca
1746:Ca
1711:Ca
1609::
1534:.
1526:.
1516:21
1514:.
1491:.
1477:.
1473:.
1450:.
1440:.
1430:17
1428:.
1424:.
1402:,
1394:,
1364:,
1354:,
1323:.
1313:.
1303:19
1301:.
1297:.
1285:^
1271:.
1261:.
1251:.
1241:86
1239:.
1235:.
1212:.
1202:61
1200:.
1177:.
1169:.
1161:.
1149:.
1126:.
1118:.
1110:.
1098:.
1086:^
1072:.
1064:.
1052:.
1029:.
1021:.
1011:31
1009:.
986:.
978:.
970:.
958:.
935:.
925:.
917:.
905:.
901:.
878:.
870:.
862:.
850:.
827:.
817:.
807:15
805:.
801:.
789:^
775:.
765:.
755:67
753:.
749:.
726:.
714:97
712:.
708:.
675:.
663:^
649:.
641:.
629:.
611:^
597:.
585:26
583:.
579:.
550:.
538:^
433:pH
323:.
235:.
3592::
3572:3
3567:2
3562:1
3550:9
3545:8
3540:7
3535:6
3530:5
3525:4
3520:3
3515:2
3510:1
3505:0
3483:O
3481:2
3479:H
3466:6
3461:5
3456:4
3451:3
3446:2
3441:1
3429:2
3424:1
3407:3
3402:2
3397:1
3385:8
3380:7
3375:6
3370:5
3365:4
3360:3
3355:2
3350:1
3338:7
3333:6
3328:5
3318:4
3313:3
3308:2
3303:1
3294:)
3292:1
3290:(
3277::
3275:M
3262:4
3257:3
3252:2
3247:1
3228:3
3223:2
3218:1
3213:β
3206:4
3201:3
3196:2
3191:1
3186:α
3175::
3173:M
3151::
3149:H
3114:6
3109:5
3104:4
3099:3
3094:2
3089:1
3067:7
3062:6
3057:5
3052:4
3047:3
3042:2
3037:1
3018:4
3013:3
3008:2
3003:1
2991:2
2986:1
2953::
2908:3
2903:2
2898:1
2876:4
2871:3
2866:2
2861:1
2849:3
2844:2
2839:1
2834:β
2832:v
2830:K
2709:v
2707:K
2566:v
2564:K
2509:9
2504:7
2499:6
2494:5
2489:4
2484:3
2479:2
2474:1
2416:K
2386:K
2384:/
2342:K
2334:K
2271:K
2159:4
2154:3
2149:2
2144:1
2139:β
2137:v
2078:α
2076:v
2054:4
2049:3
2044:2
2039:1
2013:δ
2008:γ
2003:β
1998:α
1947:2
1942:1
1930:4
1925:3
1920:2
1915:1
1847:2
1842:1
1835:2
1833:α
1809:α
1807:v
1803:/
1794:v
1790:/
1781:v
1777:/
1763:α
1761:v
1757:/
1748:v
1744:/
1715:α
1713:v
1709:/
1687:3
1682:2
1677:1
1665:3
1660:2
1655:1
1617:)
1613:(
1599:e
1592:t
1585:v
1542:.
1522::
1499:.
1485::
1458:.
1436::
1390::
1350::
1331:.
1309::
1279:.
1255::
1247::
1220:.
1208::
1185:.
1165::
1157::
1134:.
1114::
1106::
1080:.
1060::
1037:.
1017::
994:.
974::
966::
943:.
921::
913::
886:.
866::
858::
835:.
821::
813::
783:.
761::
734:.
720::
693:.
657:.
637::
631:4
605:.
591::
564:.
509:.
497:,
491:,
485:,
479:,
473:,
467:,
89:8
20:)
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