479:
key regulatory sites, such as the EF hand and IQ domain at the C-terminus) is also shared by the voltage gated sodium channels, which are thought to be evolutionarily related to VGCCs. The transmembrane helices from the 4 domains line up to form the channel proper; S5 and S6 helices are thought to line the inner pore surface, while S1–4 helices have roles in gating and voltage sensing (S4 in particular). VGCCs are subject to rapid inactivation, which is thought to consist of 2 components: voltage-gated (VGI) and calcium-gated (CGI). These are distinguished by using either Ba or Ca as the charge carrier in the external recording solution (
1073:
The γ1 subunit is known to be associated with skeletal muscle VGCC complexes, but the evidence is inconclusive regarding other subtypes of calcium channel. The γ1 subunit glycoprotein (33 kDa) is composed of four transmembrane spanning helices. The γ1 subunit does not affect trafficking, and, for the
1056:
region on the α1 subunit intracellular linker between domains I and II (the Alpha
Interaction Domain, AID) and a region on the GK domain of the β subunit (Alpha Interaction Domain Binding Pocket) was thought to be solely responsible for the regulatory effects by the β subunit. Recently, it has been
316:
There are several different kinds of high-voltage-gated calcium channels (HVGCCs). They are structurally homologous among varying types; they are all similar, but not structurally identical. In the laboratory, it is possible to tell them apart by studying their physiological roles and/or inhibition
478:
subunit contains 4 homologous domains (labeled I–IV), each containing 6 transmembrane helices (S1–S6). This arrangement is analogous to a homo-tetramer formed by single-domain subunits of voltage-gated potassium channels (that also each contain 6 TM helices). The 4-domain architecture (and several
906:
subunit and causes an increase in current amplitude, faster activation and inactivation kinetics and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. Some of these effects are observed in the absence of the beta subunit, whereas, in other cases, the co-expression of beta is
949:
The intracellular β subunit (55 kDa) is an intracellular MAGUK-like protein (Membrane-Associated
Guanylate Kinase) containing a guanylate kinase (GK) domain and an SH3 (src homology 3) domain. The guanylate kinase domain of the β subunit binds to the
1867:
Zvejniece L, Vavers E, Svalbe B, Veinberg G, Rizhanova K, Liepins V, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M (October 2015). "R-phenibut binds to the α2-δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels and exerts gabapentin-like anti-nociceptive effects".
465:
subunit pore (~190 kDa in molecular mass) is the primary subunit necessary for channel functioning in the HVGCC, and consists of the characteristic four homologous I–IV domains containing six transmembrane α-helices each. The
241:(Ca ions) is normally several thousand times higher outside the cell than inside. Activation of particular VGCCs allows a Ca influx into the cell, which, depending on the cell type, results in activation of calcium-sensitive
487:(CaM) to at least 1 site on the channel, as Ca-null CaM mutants abolish CGI in L-type channels. Not all channels exhibit the same regulatory properties and the specific details of these mechanisms are still largely unknown.
2457:
Green EK, Grozeva D, Jones I, Jones L, Kirov G, Caesar S, Gordon-Smith K, Fraser C, Forty L, Russell E, Hamshere ML, Moskvina V, Nikolov I, Farmer A, McGuffin P, Holmans PA, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Craddock N (Oct 2010).
600:
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, bone (osteoblasts), ventricular myocytes** (responsible for prolonged action potential in cardiac cell; also termed DHP receptors), dendrites and dendritic spines of cortical neurones
1561:"Thromboxane A2-induced contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle involves activation of Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ sensitization: Rho-associated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Thr-855, but not Thr-697"
1608:
Felizola SJ, Maekawa T, Nakamura Y, Satoh F, Ono Y, Kikuchi K, Aritomi S, Ikeda K, Yoshimura M, Tojo K, Sasano H (October 2014). "Voltage-gated calcium channels in the human adrenal and primary aldosteronism".
1030:
In addition to this trafficking role, the β subunit has the added important functions of regulating the activation and inactivation kinetics, and hyperpolarizing the voltage-dependence for activation of the
2166:"Malignant-hyperthermia susceptibility is associated with a mutation of the alpha 1-subunit of the human dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type voltage-dependent calcium-channel receptor in skeletal muscle"
1191:
cell is depolarized, it causes opening of the voltage-gated (L-type) calcium channels. Depolarization may be brought about by stretching of the cell, agonist-binding its G protein-coupled receptor (
1057:
discovered that the SH3 domain of the β subunit also gives added regulatory effects on channel function, opening the possibility of the β subunit having multiple regulatory interactions with the α
1382:
risk allele has been associated to a disruption in brain connectivity in patients with bipolar disorder, while not or only to a minor degree, in their unaffected relatives or healthy controls.
1431:, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, Striessnig J (December 2005). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLVIII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels".
1261:, opening of the L-type calcium channel permits influx of calcium into the cell. The calcium binds to the calcium release channels (RYRs) in the SR, opening them; this phenomenon is called "
1516:
2507:
Curtis D, Vine AE, McQuillin A, Bass NJ, Pereira A, Kandaswamy R, Lawrence J, Anjorin A, Choudhury K, Datta SR, Puri V, Krasucki R, Pimm J, Thirumalai S, Quested D, Gurling HM (Feb 2011).
8003:
7954:
6719:
6564:
3492:
4402:
1245:. When these cells are depolarized, the L-type calcium channels open as in smooth muscle. In skeletal muscle, the actual opening of the channel, which is mechanically gated to a
7771:
4137:
3389:
3322:
1061:
subunit pore. Furthermore, the AID sequence does not appear to contain an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, and this may be located in other regions of the I–II α
4951:
131:
847:
subunit. The δ subunit has a single transmembrane region with a short intracellular portion, which serves to anchor the protein in the plasma membrane. There are 4 α
75:
63:
2509:"Case-case genome-wide association analysis shows markers differentially associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and implicates calcium channel genes"
1023:
subunit that becomes masked when the β subunit binds. Therefore, the β subunit functions initially to regulate the current density by controlling the amount of α
839:
and δ (which are both the product of the same gene). They are linked to each other via a disulfide bond and have a combined molecular weight of 170 kDa. The α
214:, so they are also called Ca–Na channels, but their permeability to calcium is about 1000-fold greater than to sodium under normal physiological conditions.
1832:
Cens T, Rousset M, Leyris JP, Fesquet P, Charnet P (Jan–Apr 2006). "Voltage- and calcium-dependent inactivation in high voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels".
1293:
currents becomes more prominent. As a result, mature neurons express more calcium channels that will only be activated when the cell is significantly
1535:
280:(APA), and in the latter T-type VGCCs correlated with plasma aldosterone levels of patients. Excessive activation of VGCCs is a major component of
4333:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
284:, as severely elevated levels of intracellular calcium activates enzymes which, at high enough levels, can degrade essential cellular structures.
4338:
3436:
2708:
1329:
1325:
1297:. The different expression levels of low-voltage activated (LVA) and high-voltage activated (HVA) channels can also play an important role in
7940:
6430:
1529:
6870:
6848:
4944:
4390:
3571:
8038:
8033:
6743:
4288:
3309:
2725:
7672:
4977:
4074:
2433:
1913:"The I-II loop of the Ca2+ channel alpha1 subunit contains an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal antagonized by the beta subunit"
1265:", or CICR. However the RYRs are opened, either through mechanical-gating or CICR, Ca is released from the SR and is able to bind to
5598:
2040:
2015:
5942:
470:
subunit forms the Ca selective pore, which contains voltage-sensing machinery and the drug/toxin-binding sites. A total of ten α
6633:
6453:
4937:
4667:
3666:
3444:
2760:
2309:
Pagon RA, Bird TC, Dolan CR, Stephens K, Splawski I, Timothy KW, Priori SG, Napolitano C, Bloise R (1993). "Timothy
Syndrome".
1262:
1049:
oocytes co-expressed with β subunits. The β subunit acts as an important modulator of channel electrophysiological properties.
203:
1736:
4689:
1476:"Calcium channels--basic aspects of their structure, function and gene encoding; anesthetic action on the channels--a review"
1396:
1351:
151:
308:
subunit forms the ion-conducting pore while the associated subunits have several functions including modulation of gating.
7200:
6930:
4898:
7999:
4264:
3176:
7979:
4539:
8023:
2717:
2701:
2623:"The impact of CACNA1C allelic variation on effective connectivity during emotional processing in bipolar disorder"
1230:. (See reference for an illustration of the signaling cascade involving L-type calcium channels in smooth muscle).
1227:
2460:"The bipolar disorder risk allele at CACNA1C also confers risk of recurrent major depression and of schizophrenia"
8043:
8028:
7965:
7539:
6862:
6760:
6444:
5956:
4893:
3103:
1204:
179:
2621:
Radua J, Surguladze SA, Marshall N, Walshe M, Bramon E, Collier DA, Prata DP, Murray RM, McDonald C (May 2013).
1269:
on the actin filaments. The muscles then contract through the sliding filament mechanism, causing shortening of
7867:
7785:
7686:
7603:
7472:
6895:
6792:
6624:
6393:
4883:
3144:
3020:
2680:
2213:
Splawski I, Timothy K, Sharpe L, Decher N, Kumar P, Bloise R, Napolitano C, Schwartz P, Joseph R, Condouris K,
1196:
139:
7813:
7749:
7085:
4991:
4888:
2349:
Hedley PL, Jørgensen P, Schlamowitz S, Moolman-Smook J, Kanters JK, Corfield VA, Christiansen M (Sep 2009).
1309:
1308:
LVA calcium channels carry a spontaneous calcium transient that may be necessary for the neuron to adopt a
7617:
7553:
6944:
5910:
5901:
5465:
5452:
5434:
5376:
5000:
4919:
2911:
2898:
2885:
2865:
2852:
2817:
1336:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1254:
954:
subunit I-II cytoplasmic loop and regulates HVGCC activity. There are four known genes for the β subunit:
751:
717:
708:
664:
655:
610:
606:
524:
2392:"Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder"
1700:
Dunlap K, Luebke JI, Turner TJ (February 1995). "Exocytotic Ca2+ channels in mammalian central neurons".
7836:
7831:
7821:
7581:
7482:
2694:
2322:
1012:
7060:
5515:
1359:
1199:
stimulation. Opening of the L-type calcium channel causes influx of extracellular Ca, which then binds
345:, and the dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type channels responsible for excitation-contraction coupling of
135:
5386:
7175:
5706:
5641:
5621:
2792:
2569:
2214:
1751:
1428:
5444:
5439:
5396:
5106:
5046:
2219:"Ca(V)1.2 calcium channel dysfunction causes a multisystem disorder including arrhythmia and autism"
7826:
5964:
5510:
5368:
2686:
369:
87:
7905:
6526:
5271:
5216:
5211:
5176:
7387:
7150:
7080:
6236:
6231:
6134:
6009:
5866:
5841:
5741:
5611:
5485:
5333:
5296:
5196:
5191:
5091:
5076:
5071:
5036:
4259:
3135:
2782:
1984:
1893:
1630:
1456:
1391:
1294:
1250:
1246:
890:
881:
872:
860:
246:
222:
17:
6706:
6129:
6104:
6019:
5666:
5656:
5246:
5236:
5206:
5201:
5166:
5121:
5066:
5056:
5051:
799:
784:
769:
726:
673:
627:
586:
571:
557:
542:
7589:
6711:
6691:
6676:
6646:
6064:
5974:
5406:
5311:
5301:
5281:
5261:
5241:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
999:
987:
975:
963:
7885:
7625:
7496:
7382:
7377:
7362:
7170:
6814:
6686:
6666:
5933:
5826:
5580:
5363:
4960:
3297:
2644:
2603:
2585:
2538:
2489:
2421:
2372:
2310:
2291:
2240:
2195:
2146:
2095:
2046:
2036:
2011:
1976:
1934:
1885:
1849:
1814:
1779:
1717:
1682:
1622:
1590:
1525:
1497:
1448:
809:
242:
126:
6114:
6094:
5490:
5470:
1911:
Bichet D, Cornet V, Geib S, Carlier E, Volsen S, Hoshi T, Mori Y, De Waard M (January 2000).
1810:
1797:
Tombola F, Pathak MM, Isacoff EY (1 November 2006). "How does voltage open an ion channel?".
7663:
7407:
7160:
7075:
6875:
6729:
6594:
6383:
6378:
5721:
5475:
4066:
3047:
2676:
2634:
2593:
2577:
2528:
2520:
2479:
2471:
2411:
2403:
2390:
Ferreira MA, O'Donovan MC, Meng YA, Jones IR, Ruderfer DM, Jones L, et al. (Sep 2008).
2362:
2281:
2271:
2230:
2185:
2177:
2136:
2126:
2085:
2077:
1968:
1924:
1877:
1841:
1806:
1769:
1759:
1709:
1672:
1664:
1614:
1580:
1572:
1487:
1440:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1340:
641:
265:
258:
7645:
2441:
1007:
It is hypothesized that the cytosolic β subunit has a major role in stabilizing the final α
118:
7915:
7910:
7880:
7709:
7704:
7307:
7272:
7262:
7227:
6834:
6809:
6276:
5969:
5851:
5495:
5421:
5006:
4968:
4602:
2742:
2335:
1648:
1238:
346:
250:
2573:
1956:
1755:
7890:
7846:
7437:
7337:
7247:
6921:
6777:
6521:
6476:
6221:
6211:
5831:
5751:
5381:
5348:
5251:
4398:
3085:
2598:
2557:
2533:
2508:
2484:
2459:
2416:
2391:
2286:
2259:
2190:
2165:
2141:
2114:
2090:
2065:
1774:
1677:
1652:
1585:
1560:
1258:
1212:
1045:
1036:
354:
292:
Voltage-gated calcium channels are formed as a complex of several different subunits: α
281:
230:
2665:
1929:
1912:
1011:
subunit conformation and delivering it to the cell membrane by its ability to mask an
483:). The CGI component is attributed to the binding of the Ca-binding signaling protein
8017:
7900:
7793:
7739:
7724:
7510:
7447:
7180:
7125:
7120:
7110:
7065:
6885:
6819:
6671:
6481:
6466:
6311:
6004:
5886:
5726:
5606:
5585:
5560:
5480:
5101:
5096:
4352:
4025:
2004:
1845:
1713:
1406:
1375:
1305:
1223:
1188:
919:
350:
183:
68:
2260:"Major channels involved in neuropsychiatric disorders and therapeutic perspectives"
1988:
1897:
1634:
1460:
56:
7520:
7432:
7422:
7332:
7267:
7165:
7095:
7030:
7020:
6975:
6599:
6584:
6531:
6486:
6341:
6296:
6281:
6271:
6256:
6196:
5836:
5816:
5756:
5306:
5161:
5021:
4705:
4096:
743:
648:
114:
1737:"Adaptive evolution of voltage-gated sodium channels: the first 800 million years"
92:
80:
2556:
Schizophrenia
Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014-07-24).
2524:
1518:
Guyton and Hall
Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access
7571:
7525:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7317:
7302:
7297:
7252:
7231:
7223:
7135:
7130:
7115:
7100:
7035:
6980:
6556:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6516:
6501:
6491:
6471:
6373:
6356:
6346:
6336:
6326:
6321:
6291:
6266:
6261:
6241:
6226:
6191:
6176:
6139:
6074:
6034:
6024:
5881:
5876:
5861:
5846:
5786:
5651:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5411:
5358:
5353:
5338:
5181:
5156:
5146:
5136:
5126:
5116:
5031:
5026:
5016:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4507:
4346:
2721:
2081:
1618:
1401:
1216:
273:
218:
191:
6720:
6565:
2235:
2218:
1744:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1019:
subunit. The endoplasmic retention brake is contained in the I–II loop in the α
7875:
7803:
7798:
7734:
7729:
7719:
7714:
7694:
7515:
7504:
7500:
7467:
7352:
7347:
7322:
7312:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7218:
7208:
7190:
7185:
7155:
7145:
7105:
7070:
7025:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6990:
6955:
6880:
6824:
6801:
6769:
6696:
6656:
6614:
6604:
6579:
6551:
6511:
6496:
6416:
6411:
6351:
6331:
6316:
6306:
6171:
6161:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6069:
6029:
5984:
5979:
5891:
5871:
5811:
5801:
5731:
5711:
5696:
5686:
5676:
5661:
5646:
5636:
5626:
5616:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5540:
5520:
5500:
5426:
5416:
5401:
5391:
5343:
5291:
5226:
5151:
5141:
5131:
5111:
5086:
5081:
5061:
5041:
5011:
4615:
3981:
3349:
3317:
1881:
1270:
1266:
1200:
1053:
935:
927:
923:
813:
740:
645:
484:
211:
195:
2589:
2276:
2050:
1972:
7895:
7841:
7757:
7640:
7630:
7561:
7490:
7452:
7427:
7417:
7342:
7292:
7237:
7213:
7140:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6970:
6829:
6701:
6681:
6661:
6651:
6609:
6589:
6506:
6301:
6216:
6206:
6186:
6124:
6109:
6099:
6059:
6044:
6014:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5915:
5856:
5806:
5796:
5791:
5776:
5766:
5746:
5736:
5716:
5691:
5321:
5286:
5266:
5231:
5221:
5186:
5171:
4700:
4610:
2131:
1764:
843:
is the extracellular glycosylated subunit that interacts the most with the α
378:
326:
7772:
2648:
2607:
2542:
2493:
2425:
2376:
2314:
2295:
2244:
2150:
2099:
1980:
1938:
1889:
1853:
1818:
1783:
1686:
1668:
1626:
1594:
1501:
1452:
2199:
1721:
449:
Reference for the table can be found at Dunlap, Luebke and Turner (1995).
7566:
7372:
7367:
7327:
7242:
7090:
6965:
6903:
6286:
6251:
6156:
5771:
5701:
5671:
5631:
5525:
5316:
5276:
5256:
4929:
4713:
4061:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
2957:
2952:
1354:
in the third intron of the Cav1.2 gene, are associated with a variant of
1242:
1234:
938:
867:
855:
342:
2581:
930:(Lyrica), that also find use in treating chronic neuropathic pain. The α
7635:
7457:
7257:
6782:
6181:
6119:
5781:
5761:
5457:
5328:
4840:
4597:
4433:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2639:
2622:
2475:
2367:
2350:
1576:
1492:
1475:
1313:
1302:
790:
775:
760:
334:
277:
269:
254:
238:
234:
207:
2434:"Channeling Mental Illness: GWAS Links Ion Channels, Bipolar Disorder"
2115:"Voltage gated calcium channel antibody-related neurological diseases"
1444:
1074:
most part, is not required to regulate the channel complex. However, γ
7461:
6574:
6246:
6166:
6049:
6039:
5821:
5590:
4517:
4512:
4246:
4241:
4187:
4182:
3998:
3986:
3976:
3971:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3718:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3465:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2878:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
1298:
1208:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
994:
982:
970:
958:
618:
577:
562:
548:
533:
322:
199:
146:
2558:"Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci"
1559:
Wilson DP, Susnjar M, Kiss E, Sutherland C, Walsh MP (August 2005).
2407:
2181:
2002:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
1052:
Until very recently, the interaction between a highly conserved 18-
6201:
6054:
4751:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4589:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4328:
4272:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4101:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3993:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3912:
3907:
3893:
3888:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3860:
3855:
3846:
3841:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3732:
3727:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3549:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3475:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3374:
3359:
3354:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3238:
3218:
3203:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3057:
3052:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2113:
Bekircan-Kurt CE, Derle Çiftçi E, Kurne AT, Anlar B (March 2015).
1220:
700:
338:
318:
233:
membrane potentials and this is the source of the "voltage-gated"
7699:
6402:
6364:
6147:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4546:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4455:
4408:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4084:
3902:
3460:
2797:
2787:
1192:
108:
51:
6725:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
6570:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4933:
4861:
4046:
3292:
3080:
2737:
2690:
1366:. Large-scale genetic analyses have shown the possibility that
934:δ subunit is also a binding site of the central depressant and
4385:
4283:
3404:
3364:
1524:(12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 64.
1324:
Voltage-gated calcium channels antibodies are associated with
1281:
Early in development, there is a high amount of expression of
7941:
6431:
2035:(Third ed.). Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 211–214.
2010:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. p. 1616.
1285:. During maturation of the nervous system, the expression of
1226:, and the smooth muscle fiber (i.e., cell) contracts via the
6849:
2164:
Monnier N, Procaccio V, Stieglitz P, Lunardi J (June 1997).
1039:. The β subunit has effects on the kinetics of the cardiac α
7777:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
6744:
7673:
4978:
2351:"The genetic basis of Brugada syndrome: a mutation update"
2672:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
1611:
The
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
5943:
1335:
Voltage-gated calcium channels are also associated with
6634:
6454:
1035:
subunit pore, so that more current passes for smaller
6931:
922:. This drug class includes two anticonvulsant drugs,
27:
Group of voltage-gated ion channels permeable to Ca2+
341:, the closely related P/Q-type channel blocked by ω-
7964:
7939:
7932:
7866:
7859:
7812:
7784:
7770:
7748:
7685:
7671:
7662:
7616:
7602:
7580:
7552:
7538:
7481:
6943:
6929:
6920:
6894:
6861:
6847:
6791:
6759:
6742:
6623:
6443:
6429:
6392:
5955:
5941:
5932:
5900:
4990:
4976:
4967:
4874:
4698:
4587:
4383:
4281:
4257:
4059:
3665:
3570:
3435:
3308:
3175:
3134:
3096:
2808:
2753:
1653:"A short history of voltage-gated calcium channels"
1090:are also associated with AMPA glutamate receptors.
145:
125:
107:
102:
86:
74:
62:
50:
42:
37:
32:
2258:Imbrici P, Camerino DC, Tricarico D (2013-05-07).
2003:
333:esistant to the other blockers and toxins, except
321:. High-voltage-gated calcium channels include the
7966:
7540:
1233:L-type calcium channels are also enriched in the
225:, VGCCs are normally closed. They are activated (
210:ion Ca. These channels are slightly permeable to
7604:
8004:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1950:
1948:
1799:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
474:subunits that have been identified in humans: α
1203:. The activated calmodulin molecule activates
357:and for hormone secretion in endocrine cells.
337:) involved in poorly defined processes in the
7946:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
6436:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4945:
2702:
2670:IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels
2217:, Priori S, Sanguinetti M, Keating M (2004).
8:
6854:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
1834:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
6752:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
2066:"Calcium signaling in neuronal development"
1423:
1421:
941:, in addition to actions at other targets.
902:δ enhances the level of expression of the α
7936:
7863:
7781:
7682:
7678:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
7668:
7613:
7549:
6940:
6926:
6858:
6756:
6440:
5970:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
5952:
5938:
4987:
4983:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
4973:
4952:
4938:
4930:
4871:
4858:
4056:
4043:
3305:
3289:
3093:
3077:
2750:
2734:
2709:
2695:
2687:
2070:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
1957:"Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation"
249:, excitation of neurons, up-regulation of
99:
2679:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2638:
2597:
2532:
2483:
2415:
2366:
2285:
2275:
2234:
2189:
2140:
2130:
2089:
2064:Rosenberg SS, Spitzer NC (October 2011).
1928:
1773:
1763:
1676:
1584:
1491:
5948:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
1811:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.020404.145837
1277:Changes in expression during development
1215:. Phosphorylated myosin is able to form
1027:subunit expressed at the cell membrane.
489:
359:
6642:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
6462:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1417:
329:GVIA, the R-type channel (R stands for
264:VGCCs have been immunolocalized in the
2331:
2320:
1870:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
1474:Yamakage M, Namiki A (February 2002).
1330:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1093:There are 8 genes for gamma subunits:
918:δ-2 subunits are the binding site for
29:
6936:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
7:
6871:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1257:(SR), causes opening of the RYR. In
5965:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
4075:Calcium-activated chloride channels
527:("Long-Lasting" AKA "DHP Receptor")
3145:Amiloride-sensitive cation channel
2170:American Journal of Human Genetics
1241:cells, i.e., skeletal and cardiac
172:voltage-dependent calcium channels
25:
7971:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
7545:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
2033:Development of the nervous system
1328:and have also been implicated in
1326:Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1207:(MLCK), which phosphorylates the
268:of normal and hyperplastic human
18:Voltage dependent calcium channel
7609:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
1961:Advances in Physiology Education
1846:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2005.05.013
4668:Voltage-dependent anion channel
2761:Inositol trisphosphate receptor
2119:World Journal of Clinical Cases
1657:British Journal of Pharmacology
1480:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
1263:calcium-induced calcium release
703:and peripheral nervous system.
5427:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
4690:General bacterial porin family
1397:Inositol triphosphate receptor
1352:single-nucleotide polymorphism
714:intermediate voltage activated
386:ω-agatoxin sensitivity (ω-AGA)
164:Voltage-gated calcium channels
1:
8000:Receptor/signaling modulators
5402:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
2006:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1930:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80881-8
103:Available protein structures:
2666:"Voltage-Gated Ion Channels"
2525:10.1097/YPG.0b013e3283413382
2438:Schizophrenia Research Forum
1714:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93882-X
1613:. 144 Pt B (part B): 410–6.
835:δ gene forms two subunits: α
661:HVA (high voltage activated)
615:HVA (high voltage activated)
530:HVA (high voltage activated)
325:N-type channel blocked by ω-
2082:10.1101/cshperspect.a004259
1619:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.012
1374:and subsequently also with
8060:
8039:Voltage-gated ion channels
8034:Integral membrane proteins
6963:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
4109:Chloride Channel Accessory
2718:Membrane transport protein
2236:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.011
1228:sliding filament mechanism
180:voltage-gated ion channels
7993:
7473:Tricyclic antidepressants
6482:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
4915:
4870:
4857:
4055:
4042:
3304:
3288:
3104:Epithelial sodium channel
3092:
3076:
2749:
2733:
2031:Sanes DH, Reh TA (2012).
1955:Webb RC (December 2003).
1882:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.07.014
1205:myosin light-chain kinase
1015:retention signal in the α
808:neurons, cells that have
98:
3021:Cation channels of sperm
2681:Medical Subject Headings
2277:10.3389/fgene.2013.00076
1973:10.1152/advan.00025.2003
1299:neuronal differentiation
1273:and muscle contraction.
1197:autonomic nervous system
7086:Eslicarbazepine acetate
2132:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.293
1765:10.1073/pnas.1201884109
1702:Trends in Neurosciences
1565:The Biochemical Journal
1433:Pharmacological Reviews
1283:T-type calcium channels
1247:calcium-release channel
237:. The concentration of
6830:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
4961:Ion channel modulators
2330:Cite journal requires
1735:Zakon HH (June 2012).
1669:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706442
1337:malignant hyperthermia
1255:sarcoplasmic reticulum
898:Co-expression of the α
752:T-type calcium channel
709:R-type calcium channel
656:N-type calcium channel
611:Q-type calcium channel
607:P-type calcium channel
525:L-type calcium channel
5187:Ryodipine (riodipine)
3097:Constitutively active
2264:Frontiers in Genetics
1750:(Suppl 1): 10619–25.
1320:Clinical significance
1312:phenotype as well as
1013:endoplasmic reticulum
757:low voltage activated
7176:Valproate semisodium
5707:Carboxyamidotriazole
5642:Gabapentin enacarbil
5622:Arbaclofen placarbil
2627:Molecular Psychiatry
2513:Psychiatric Genetics
2464:Molecular Psychiatry
644:in the cerebellum /
247:muscular contraction
186:of excitable cells (
7827:1,10-Phenanthroline
6384:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
5369:Tetrahydropalmatine
4864:By gating mechanism
2582:10.1038/nature13595
2574:2014Natur.511..421S
1756:2012PNAS..10910619Z
1663:(Suppl 1): S56-62.
1392:Glutamate receptors
1370:is associated with
518:Most often found in
513:Associated subunits
508:subunit (gene name)
381:sensitivity (ω-CTX)
370:1,4-dihydropyridine
7837:7,8-Benzoquinoline
7832:4,7-Phenanthroline
7822:1,7-Phenanthroline
7198:Local anesthetics:
6730:ML-297 (VU0456810)
6237:Diallyl trisulfide
6232:Dextropropoxyphene
6135:Tetraethylammonium
5842:Pinaverium bromide
5612:4-Methylpregabalin
4391:TRP cation channel
4289:CNG cation channel
3572:Tandem pore domain
2783:Ryanodine receptor
2640:10.1038/mp.2012.61
2476:10.1038/mp.2009.49
2368:10.1002/humu.21066
1577:10.1042/BJ20050237
1493:10.1007/BF03020488
1360:Timothy's syndrome
1251:ryanodine receptor
658:("Neural"/"Non-L")
243:potassium channels
223:membrane potential
178:), are a group of
8024:Electrophysiology
8011:
8010:
7989:
7988:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7886:Meclofenamic acid
7855:
7854:
7766:
7765:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7598:
7597:
7534:
7533:
7408:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
7171:Valproate pivoxil
7061:Acetylpheneturide
6916:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6843:
6842:
6815:Meclofenamic acid
6778:Ethanol (alcohol)
6738:
6737:
6687:Minoxidil sulfate
6425:
6424:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5827:Otilonium bromide
5752:Ethanol (alcohol)
5516:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
5252:Phenylalkylamines
4927:
4926:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4899:Stretch-activated
4876:Ion channel class
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
3310:Calcium-activated
3298:Potassium channel
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
2568:(7510): 421–427.
1531:978-1-4160-4574-8
1445:10.1124/pr.57.4.5
1346:Mutations of the
1314:process outgrowth
1253:, or RYR) in the
1183:Muscle physiology
820:
819:
447:
446:
372:sensitivity (DHP)
259:neurotransmitters
170:), also known as
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:structure summary
16:(Redirected from
8051:
8044:Calcium channels
8029:Membrane biology
7972:
7968:
7947:
7943:
7937:
7864:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7669:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7161:Sodium valproate
7076:Chlorphenacemide
7058:Anticonvulsants:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6876:Arachidonic acid
6859:
6855:
6851:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6726:
6722:
6643:
6639:
6595:Dextromethorphan
6571:
6567:
6463:
6459:
6441:
6437:
6433:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5911:L-type-selective
5722:Dimeditiapramine
5684:Others/unsorted:
5466:T-type-selective
5453:R-type-selective
5435:P-type-selective
5387:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
5377:N-type-selective
5007:Dihydropyridines
5001:L-type-selective
4988:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4931:
4872:
4859:
4067:Chloride channel
4057:
4044:
3437:Inward-rectifier
3306:
3290:
3094:
3078:
3048:Two-pore channel
2751:
2735:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2677:Calcium+Channels
2673:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2440:. Archived from
2429:
2419:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2215:Tager-Flusberg H
2210:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2134:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1651:(January 2006).
1645:
1639:
1638:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1571:(Pt 3): 763–74.
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1534:. Archived from
1523:
1515:Hall JE (2011).
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1425:
1372:bipolar disorder
1364:Brugada syndrome
1356:long QT syndrome
1341:Timothy syndrome
1301:. In developing
1065:subunit linker.
926:(Neurontin) and
812:activity, bone (
746:, other neurons
737:δ, β, possibly γ
642:Purkinje neurons
638:δ, β, possibly γ
490:
360:
312:Channel subunits
272:, as well as in
266:zona glomerulosa
253:, or release of
100:
33:Two-pore channel
30:
21:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8007:
7985:
7970:
7960:
7945:
7920:
7916:Trifluoperazine
7911:Tolfenamic acid
7881:Flufenamic acid
7851:
7808:
7776:
7762:
7744:
7710:Flufenamic acid
7705:Ethacrynic acid
7677:
7650:
7608:
7594:
7576:
7544:
7530:
7477:
7308:Metabutoxycaine
7273:Diphenhydramine
7263:Cyclomethycaine
7228:Levobupivacaine
6935:
6908:
6890:
6853:
6839:
6835:Tolfenamic acid
6810:Flufenamic acid
6805:
6787:
6773:
6751:
6748:
6734:
6724:
6641:
6638:
6619:
6569:
6461:
6458:
6435:
6421:
6406:
6388:
6368:
6277:Norpropoxyphene
6154:11.1)-specific:
6153:
5947:
5920:
5896:
5852:Rhynchophylline
5602:
4982:
4963:
4958:
4928:
4923:
4903:
4866:
4845:
4694:
4593:
4583:
4379:
4277:
4253:
4051:
4030:
3944:
3821:
3678:
3661:
3566:
3530:
3500:
3456:
3448:
3431:
3385:
3300:
3276:
3249:
3188:
3171:
3130:
3088:
3064:
2947:
2919:
2906:
2893:
2873:
2860:
2825:
2804:
2745:
2743:Calcium channel
2729:
2715:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2470:(10): 1016–22.
2456:
2455:
2451:
2432:
2396:Nature Genetics
2389:
2388:
2384:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2329:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2076:(10): a004259.
2063:
2062:
2058:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1840:(1–3): 104–17.
1831:
1830:
1826:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1388:
1322:
1279:
1239:striated muscle
1213:thick filaments
1185:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1042:
1037:depolarizations
1034:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
953:
947:
933:
917:
913:
905:
901:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
826:
794:
789:
779:
774:
764:
736:
721:
699:Throughout the
695:
691:
687:
683:
668:
637:
622:
596:
581:
576:
566:
552:
547:
537:
507:
477:
473:
469:
464:
459:
456:
314:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
251:gene expression
202:, etc.) with a
64:OPM superfamily
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8057:
8055:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8016:
8015:
8009:
8008:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7975:
7973:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7950:
7948:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7891:Mefenamic acid
7888:
7883:
7878:
7872:
7870:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7847:Phenanthridine
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7818:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7790:
7788:
7779:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7754:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7680:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7622:
7620:
7611:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7586:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7547:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7495:Atracotoxins (
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7455:
7450:
7441:
7440:
7438:Zetekitoxin AB
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7338:Proxymetacaine
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7248:Chloroprocaine
7245:
7240:
7235:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6959:
6958:
6949:
6947:
6938:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6865:
6856:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6803:
6797:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6754:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6522:Glyclopyramide
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6477:Chlorpropamide
6474:
6469:
6456:
6449:
6447:
6438:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6222:Clarithromycin
6219:
6214:
6212:Chlorpromazine
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6151:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5950:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5832:Paramethadione
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5607:gabapentinoids
5600:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:Non-selective:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5461:
5460:
5448:
5447:
5445:ω-Agatoxin IVB
5442:
5440:ω-Agatoxin IVA
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5397:Huwentoxin XVI
5394:
5389:
5384:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Cyproheptadine
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Levniguldipine
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5047:Dexniguldipine
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4925:
4924:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4710:
4708:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4607:
4605:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4406:
4395:
4393:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4293:
4291:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4265:Proton channel
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4071:
4069:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3314:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3141:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3086:Sodium channel
3081:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2660:
2659:External links
2657:
2655:
2654:
2613:
2548:
2499:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2444:on 2010-12-18.
2408:10.1038/ng.209
2382:
2361:(9): 1256–66.
2355:Human Mutation
2341:
2332:|journal=
2301:
2250:
2205:
2182:10.1086/515454
2176:(6): 1316–25.
2156:
2125:(3): 293–300.
2105:
2056:
2041:
2023:
2016:
1994:
1967:(1–4): 201–6.
1944:
1903:
1859:
1824:
1789:
1727:
1692:
1640:
1600:
1551:
1530:
1507:
1466:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:NMDA receptors
1404:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1362:and also with
1321:
1318:
1306:spinal neurons
1278:
1275:
1259:cardiac muscle
1224:thin filaments
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1046:Xenopus laevis
1040:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
951:
946:
943:
931:
920:gabapentinoids
915:
911:
903:
899:
896:
895:
886:
877:
865:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
818:
817:
806:
804:
792:
777:
762:
758:
755:
748:
747:
738:
734:
731:
719:
715:
712:
705:
704:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
666:
662:
659:
652:
651:
639:
635:
632:
620:
616:
613:
609:("Purkinje") /
603:
602:
598:
594:
591:
579:
564:
550:
535:
531:
528:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
501:
496:
475:
471:
467:
462:
458:
454:
451:
445:
444:
441:
438:
435:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
383:
374:
366:
355:cardiac muscle
313:
310:
305:
304:, and γ. The α
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:excitotoxicity
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
129:
123:
122:
112:
105:
104:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8056:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8006:
8005:
8001:
7998:
7992:
7981:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7935:
7931:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7901:Niflumic acid
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7858:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7794:Glibenclamide
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7775:
7769:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7740:Niflumic acid
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7725:Glibenclamide
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7676:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7607:
7601:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7543:
7537:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7521:Grayanotoxins
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7511:Batrachotoxin
7509:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7497:ω-Atracotoxin
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7448:Buprenorphine
7446:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7181:Valproic acid
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7126:Oxitriptyline
7124:
7122:
7121:Oxcarbazepine
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7111:Licarbazepine
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7066:Carbamazepine
7064:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6953:Antianginals:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6934:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6886:Norfluoxetine
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6852:
6846:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Niflumic acid
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6750:
6741:
6731:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6672:Levcromakalim
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6640:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:Acetohexamide
6465:
6460:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:Roxithromycin
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6005:Charybdotoxin
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:Trimethadione
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Diproteverine
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:Ruthenium red
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Levetiracetam
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5511:ω-Agatoxin TK
5509:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:Niflumic acid
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Levamlodipine
5100:
5098:
5097:Lercanidipine
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Voltage-gated
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4049:Miscellaneous
4045:
4041:
4027:
4026:Shaker (gene)
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:minK/ISK-like
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3667:Voltage-gated
3664:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3177:Voltage-gated
3174:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2810:Voltage-gated
2807:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:(9): 1056–8.
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2042:9780080923208
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2017:0-8153-3218-1
2013:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1923:(1): 177–90.
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1541:on 2011-05-16
1537:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1486:(2): 151–64.
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:(4): 411–25.
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:schizophrenia
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:gene, with a
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:smooth muscle
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1068:
1066:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1028:
1014:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
990:
989:
984:
981:
978:
977:
972:
969:
966:
965:
960:
957:
956:
955:
944:
942:
940:
937:
929:
925:
921:
908:
893:
892:
887:
884:
883:
878:
875:
874:
869:
866:
863:
862:
857:
854:
853:
852:
822:
815:
811:
807:
805:
802:
801:
796:
787:
786:
781:
772:
771:
766:
759:
756:
754:("Transient")
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:granule cells
742:
739:
732:
729:
728:
723:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
702:
698:
679:
676:
675:
670:
663:
660:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:granule cells
647:
643:
640:
633:
630:
629:
624:
617:
614:
612:
608:
605:
604:
599:
592:
589:
588:
583:
574:
573:
568:
560:
559:
554:
545:
544:
539:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
486:
482:
452:
450:
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
382:
380:
375:
373:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
311:
309:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:: opened) at
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:found in the
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
58:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
7996:
7995:
7906:Talniflumate
7444:
7433:Tetrodotoxin
7423:Neosaxitoxin
7414:
7359:
7333:Propoxycaine
7268:Dimethocaine
7201:
7197:
7166:Valnoctamide
7096:Fosphenytoin
7057:
7031:Procainamide
7021:Pilsicainide
6976:Disopyramide
6962:
6952:
6800:
6768:
6718:
6632:
6600:Ethosuximide
6585:Cloperastine
6563:
6532:Metahexamide
6527:Glycyclamide
6487:Glibornuride
6452:
6401:
6363:
6342:Thioridazine
6297:Promethazine
6282:Orphenadrine
6272:Ketoconazole
6257:Erythromycin
6146:
5909:
5837:Phensuximide
5817:Ochratoxin A
5757:Ethosuximide
5683:
5605:-selective (
5597:
5507:
5464:
5451:
5433:
5382:ω-Conotoxins
5375:
5325:
5307:Norverapamil
5272:Dexverapamil
5250:
5224:derivatives:
5220:
5217:Vatanidipine
5212:Trombodipine
5177:Palonidipine
5162:Nitrendipine
5117:Mepirodipine
5022:Azelnidipine
5005:
4999:
4917:
4884:Ligand-gated
4875:
4863:
4706:Gap junction
4699:
4588:
4384:
4345:
4323:
4296:
4282:
4258:
4236:
4194:
4142:
4108:
4091:
4079:
4060:
4048:
4003:
3966:
3940:
3817:
3674:
3579:
3526:
3496:
3452:
3381:
3294:
3245:
3184:
3082:
2991:
2964:
2943:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2869:
2856:
2821:
2809:
2754:Ligand-gated
2739:
2722:ion channels
2669:
2633:(5): 526–7.
2630:
2626:
2616:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2467:
2463:
2452:
2442:the original
2437:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2323:cite journal
2304:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2229:(1): 19–31.
2226:
2222:
2208:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2032:
2026:
2005:
1997:
1964:
1960:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1805:(1): 23–52.
1802:
1798:
1792:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1708:(2): 89–98.
1705:
1701:
1695:
1660:
1656:
1643:
1610:
1603:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1517:
1510:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1436:
1432:
1429:Catterall WA
1402:Ion channels
1379:
1367:
1347:
1345:
1334:
1323:
1280:
1232:
1217:crossbridges
1186:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1092:
1072:
1051:
1044:
1029:
1006:
998:
986:
974:
962:
948:
909:
897:
889:
880:
871:
859:
830:
798:
783:
768:
725:
711:("Residual")
696:, possibly γ
672:
626:
585:
570:
556:
541:
517:
512:
503:
498:
493:
480:
460:
448:
385:
376:
368:
364:Current type
363:
330:
317:by specific
315:
291:
263:
226:
216:
204:permeability
187:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:
7572:Triamterene
7526:Poneratoxin
7516:Ciguatoxins
7403:Raxatrigine
7398:Ralfinamide
7393:PF-05089771
7388:PF-04531083
7360:Analgesics:
7318:Piperocaine
7303:Meprylcaine
7298:Mepivacaine
7253:Cinchocaine
7232:Ropivacaine
7224:Bupivacaine
7151:Sipatrigine
7136:Pheneturide
7131:Phenacemide
7116:Mephenytoin
7101:Lamotrigine
7081:Elpetrigine
7036:Propafenone
6981:Dronedarone
6557:Tolbutamide
6547:Repaglinide
6542:Nateglinide
6537:Mitiglinide
6517:Glisoxepide
6502:Glimepiride
6492:Glicaramide
6472:Carbutamide
6374:Linopirdine
6357:Vernakalant
6347:Tolterodine
6337:Terfenadine
6327:Tamulotoxin
6322:Solifenacin
6292:PNU-282,987
6267:Haloperidol
6262:Gigactonine
6242:Domperidone
6227:Darifenacin
6192:Bedaquiline
6177:Azaspiracid
6140:Vernakalant
6075:Linopirdine
6035:Dronedarone
6025:Dendrotoxin
6010:Clamikalant
5882:Tolperisone
5877:Tetrandrine
5867:Sipatrigine
5862:Silperisone
5847:Prenylamine
5787:Lidoflazine
5742:Elpetrigine
5652:Mirogabalin
5556:Lamotrigine
5551:Flunarizine
5546:Efonidipine
5536:Cinnarizine
5531:Cilnidipine
5486:NNC 55-0396
5412:Ralfinamide
5359:Fantofarone
5354:Dronedarone
5339:Budiodarone
5334:Brinazarone
5297:Levemopamil
5197:Sornidipine
5192:Sagandipine
5182:Pranidipine
5157:Nisoldipine
5147:Nilvadipine
5137:Niguldipine
5127:Nicardipine
5092:Lemildipine
5077:Iganidipine
5072:Furnidipine
5037:Cronidipine
5032:Clevidipine
5027:Barnidipine
5017:Aranidipine
4889:Light-gated
3371:IK channel
1295:depolarized
276:-producing
274:aldosterone
231:depolarized
221:or resting
219:physiologic
212:sodium ions
196:glial cells
76:OPM protein
38:Identifiers
8018:Categories
7876:Bumetanide
7814:Activators
7804:Piretanide
7799:Lonidamine
7750:Activators
7735:Mibefradil
7730:Mefloquine
7720:Furosemide
7715:Fluoxetine
7695:Crofelemer
7582:Activators
7505:Versutoxin
7501:Robustoxin
7483:Activators
7468:Safinamide
7418:Conotoxins
7353:Trimecaine
7348:Tetracaine
7323:Prilocaine
7313:Orthocaine
7288:Iontocaine
7283:Hexylcaine
7278:Etidocaine
7219:Benzocaine
7209:Amylocaine
7191:Zonisamide
7186:Valpromide
7156:Topiramate
7146:Rufinamide
7106:Lacosamide
7071:Cenobamate
7026:Prajmaline
7016:Moricizine
7011:Mexiletine
7006:Lorcainide
6991:Flecainide
6956:Ranolazine
6896:Activators
6881:Fluoxetine
6825:Nimesulide
6807:-specific:
6793:Activators
6775:-specific:
6727:-specific:
6707:Rilmakalim
6697:Nicorandil
6657:Cromakalim
6644:-specific:
6625:Activators
6615:Tipepidine
6605:Ifenprodil
6580:Caramiphen
6572:-specific:
6552:Tolazamide
6512:Gliquidone
6497:Gliclazide
6464:-specific:
6417:Retigabine
6412:Flupirtine
6409:-specific:
6394:Activators
6371:-specific:
6352:Vanoxerine
6332:Terodiline
6317:Sertindole
6307:Ranolazine
6172:Astemizole
6162:Amiodarone
6130:Terikalant
6105:Pinokalant
6090:Nifekalant
6085:Maurotoxin
6080:Lolitrem B
6070:Kaliotoxin
6030:Dofetilide
6020:Dalazatide
6015:Conotoxins
5985:Amiodarone
5980:Almokalant
5902:Activators
5892:Valperinol
5872:Terodiline
5812:Naftopidil
5802:Mesuximide
5732:Enpiperate
5712:Cycleanine
5697:Bevantolol
5687:Bencyclane
5677:Pregabalin
5667:PD-299,685
5662:PD-217,014
5657:PD-200,347
5647:Imagabalin
5637:Gabapentin
5627:Atagabalin
5617:Arbaclofen
5576:Mibefradil
5571:Loperamide
5566:Lomerizine
5541:Dotarizine
5521:Benidipine
5501:Zonisamide
5417:Safinamide
5392:Caroverine
5344:Celivarone
5292:Gallopamil
5247:Siratiazem
5237:Iprotiazem
5227:Clentiazem
5207:Tiamdipine
5202:Teludipine
5167:Olradipine
5152:Nimodipine
5142:Niludipine
5132:Nifedipine
5122:Mesudipine
5112:Manidipine
5087:Lacidipine
5082:Isradipine
5067:Flordipine
5062:Felodipine
5057:Elnadipine
5052:Elgodipine
5042:Darodipine
5012:Amlodipine
4092:Bestrophin
3350:SK channel
3318:BK channel
2992:γ-subunits
2965:β-subunits
2948:δ-subunits
2519:(1): 1–4.
1649:Dolphin AC
1545:2011-03-22
1413:References
1378:. Also, a
1271:sarcomeres
1267:troponin C
1201:calmodulin
1054:amino acid
936:anxiolytic
928:pregabalin
924:gabapentin
907:required.
814:osteocytes
741:Cerebellar
646:Cerebellar
485:calmodulin
443:resistant
415:resistant
401:resistant
115:structures
88:Membranome
7997:See also:
7896:Mepacrine
7842:Ivacaftor
7758:Carbachol
7641:Ibuprofen
7631:Amiloride
7590:Solnatide
7562:Amiloride
7491:Aconitine
7453:Evenamide
7428:Saxitoxin
7343:Risocaine
7293:Lidocaine
7238:Butacaine
7214:Articaine
7141:Phenytoin
7051:Tocainide
7046:Sparteine
7041:Quinidine
7001:Lorajmine
6996:Lidocaine
6986:Encainide
6971:Aprindine
6712:Sarakalim
6702:Pinacidil
6692:Naminidil
6682:Minoxidil
6677:Mazokalim
6662:Diazoxide
6652:Bimakalim
6647:Aprikalim
6610:Tertiapin
6590:Clozapine
6507:Glipizide
6302:Quinidine
6252:Ergtoxins
6217:Cisapride
6207:BRL-32872
6187:Azimilide
6150:(KCNH2, K
6125:Tedisamil
6110:Quinidine
6100:Paxilline
6065:Inakalant
6060:Ibutilide
6045:Hanatoxin
6000:Bunaftine
5995:Bretylium
5990:Azimilide
5975:Adekalant
5934:Potassium
5916:Bay K8644
5857:Sesamodil
5807:Monatepil
5797:Manoalide
5792:Magnesium
5777:Imepitoin
5767:Fendiline
5747:Ethadione
5737:Eperisone
5717:Dauricine
5692:Berbamine
5603:δ subunit
5407:PD-173212
5322:Verapamil
5312:Ronipamil
5302:Nexopamil
5287:Falipamil
5282:Etripamil
5267:Devapamil
5262:Dagapamil
5242:Nictiazem
5232:Diltiazem
5222:Diltiazem
5172:Oxodipine
4920:disorders
4918:see also
4701:Cytoplasm
4611:Aquaporin
4080:Anoctamin
3903:11.1/hERG
2590:1476-4687
2051:762720374
1310:GABAergic
1243:myofibers
1235:t-tubules
1069:γ Subunit
945:β Subunit
914:δ-1 and α
851:δ genes:
827:δ Subunit
810:pacemaker
440:resistant
437:resistant
426:resistant
423:resistant
409:resistant
398:resistant
379:conotoxin
343:agatoxins
327:conotoxin
288:Structure
7982:instead.
7957:instead.
7868:Blockers
7860:Unsorted
7786:Blockers
7687:Blockers
7664:Chloride
7626:A-317567
7618:Blockers
7567:Benzamil
7554:Blockers
7383:NKTR-171
7378:GDC-0276
7373:Funapide
7368:DSP-2230
7363:AZD-3161
7328:Procaine
7243:Butamben
7091:Ethotoin
6966:Ajmaline
6945:Blockers
6904:Riluzole
6863:Blockers
6761:Blockers
6667:Emakalim
6445:Blockers
6287:Pimozide
6157:Ajmaline
5957:Blockers
5772:Fostedil
5702:Canadine
5672:Phenibut
5632:Baclofen
5581:NP078585
5526:Bepridil
5364:SR-33805
5317:Tiapamil
5277:Emopamil
5257:Anipamil
4992:Blockers
4714:Connexin
3994:minK/ISK
2649:22614292
2608:25056061
2543:21057379
2494:19621016
2426:18711365
2377:19606473
2315:20301577
2296:23675382
2245:15454078
2151:25789302
2100:21730044
1989:14267377
1981:14627618
1939:10707982
1898:42606053
1890:26234470
1876:: 23–9.
1854:16038964
1819:16704338
1784:22723361
1687:16402121
1635:23622821
1627:25151951
1595:15823093
1502:11823393
1461:10386627
1453:16382099
1386:See also
1249:(a.k.a.
939:phenibut
891:CACNA2D4
882:CACNA2D3
873:CACNA2D2
868:CACNA2D2
861:CACNA2D1
856:CACNA2D1
481:in vitro
420:P/Q-type
347:skeletal
278:adenomas
255:hormones
184:membrane
132:RCSB PDB
7636:Aspirin
7458:Menthol
7445:Others:
7415:Toxins:
7258:Cocaine
6783:GAL-021
6403:KCNQ (K
6365:KCNQ (K
6182:AZD1305
6120:Sotalol
6115:ShK-186
6095:Notoxin
5782:JTV-519
5762:Fasudil
5491:ProTx I
5471:ABT-639
5458:SNX-482
5329:AH-1058
5326:Others:
4969:Calcium
4841:Innexin
4598:solutes
2599:4112379
2570:Bibcode
2534:3024533
2485:3011210
2417:2703780
2287:3646240
2200:9199552
2191:1716149
2142:4360501
2091:3179332
1775:3386883
1752:Bibcode
1722:7537420
1678:1760727
1586:1180727
1380:CACNA1C
1368:CACNA1C
1358:called
1348:CACNA1C
1303:Xenopus
1187:When a
800:CACNA1I
785:CACNA1H
770:CACNA1G
727:CACNA1E
674:CACNA1B
628:CACNA1A
597:δ, β, γ
587:CACNA1F
572:CACNA1D
558:CACNA1C
543:CACNA1S
499:Voltage
457:Subunit
429:blocks
335:SNX-482
270:adrenal
239:calcium
235:epithet
208:calcium
206:to the
200:neurons
57:PF08473
7933:Others
6922:Sodium
6575:Barium
6379:XE-991
6247:E-4031
6197:BeKm-1
6167:AmmTX3
6050:HgeTx1
6040:E-4031
5822:Osthol
5591:TROX-1
5476:ML-218
3138:-gated
3136:Proton
2912:T-type
2899:R-type
2886:Q-type
2866:P-type
2853:N-type
2818:L-type
2683:(MeSH)
2647:
2606:
2596:
2588:
2562:Nature
2541:
2531:
2492:
2482:
2424:
2414:
2375:
2313:
2294:
2284:
2270:: 76.
2243:
2198:
2188:
2149:
2139:
2098:
2088:
2049:
2039:
2014:
1987:
1979:
1937:
1917:Neuron
1896:
1888:
1852:
1817:
1782:
1772:
1720:
1685:
1675:
1633:
1625:
1593:
1583:
1528:
1500:
1459:
1451:
1291:L-type
1209:myosin
1195:), or
1175:CACNG8
1169:), and
1166:CACNG7
1157:CACNG6
1148:CACNG5
1139:CACNG4
1127:CACNG3
1115:CACNG2
1103:CACNG1
1000:CACNB4
995:CACNB4
988:CACNB3
983:CACNB3
976:CACNB2
971:CACNB2
964:CACNB1
959:CACNB1
434:R-type
412:blocks
406:N-type
395:blocks
392:L-type
353:, and
351:smooth
323:neural
319:toxins
192:muscle
147:PDBsum
121:
111:
43:Symbol
7967:LGICs
7674:CaCCs
7646:PcTX1
7605:ASICs
6932:VGSCs
6202:BmTx3
6055:HsTx1
5944:VGKCs
4979:VDCCs
4752:GJA10
4603:Porin
4503:TRPML
4273:HVCN1
3967:KCNIP
3822:α7-12
2726:TC 1A
1985:S2CID
1894:S2CID
1740:(PDF)
1631:S2CID
1539:(PDF)
1522:(PDF)
1457:S2CID
1221:actin
1219:with
1086:and γ
1043:C in
910:The α
831:The α
701:brain
461:The α
339:brain
176:VDCCs
168:VGCCs
7980:here
7978:See
7955:here
7953:See
7942:TRPs
7773:CFTR
7700:DIDS
7541:ENaC
7462:mint
6850:K2Ps
6721:GIRK
6566:GIRK
6432:IRKs
6148:hERG
5496:Z944
5422:Z160
4832:GJD4
4827:GJD3
4822:GJD2
4812:GJC3
4807:GJC2
4802:GJC1
4792:GJB7
4787:GJB6
4782:GJB5
4777:GJB4
4772:GJB3
4767:GJB2
4762:GJB1
4747:GJA9
4742:GJA8
4737:GJA5
4732:GJA4
4727:GJA3
4722:GJA1
4547:TRPV
4530:TRPP
4525:TRPN
4456:TRPM
4409:TRPC
4399:TRPA
4237:CLNS
4195:CLIC
4143:CLCN
4138:CFTR
4085:ANO1
4004:MiRP
3932:12.3
3927:12.2
3922:12.1
3913:11.3
3908:11.2
3894:10.2
3889:10.1
3679:α1-6
3493:GIRK
2907:α2.3
2894:α2.1
2861:α2.2
2645:PMID
2604:PMID
2586:ISSN
2539:PMID
2490:PMID
2422:PMID
2373:PMID
2336:help
2311:PMID
2292:PMID
2241:PMID
2223:Cell
2196:PMID
2147:PMID
2096:PMID
2047:OCLC
2037:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1977:PMID
1935:PMID
1886:PMID
1850:PMID
1815:PMID
1780:PMID
1718:PMID
1683:PMID
1623:PMID
1591:PMID
1526:ISBN
1498:PMID
1449:PMID
1339:and
1193:GPCR
494:Type
300:δ, β
227:i.e.
188:e.g.
140:PDBj
136:PDBe
119:ECOD
109:Pfam
81:6c96
52:Pfam
7204:FBT
6637:ATP
6457:ATP
4596:(+
4434:4AP
4347:HCN
3880:9.3
3875:9.2
3870:9.1
3861:8.2
3856:8.1
3847:7.5
3842:7.4
3837:7.3
3832:7.2
3827:7.1
3809:6.4
3804:6.3
3799:6.2
3794:6.1
3785:5.1
3776:4.3
3771:4.2
3766:4.1
3757:3.4
3752:3.3
3747:3.2
3742:3.1
3733:2.2
3728:2.1
3719:1.8
3714:1.7
3709:1.6
3704:1.5
3699:1.4
3694:1.3
3689:1.2
3684:1.1
3580:K2P
3560:7.1
3555:6.2
3550:6.1
3545:5.1
3540:4.2
3535:4.1
3520:3.4
3515:3.3
3510:3.2
3505:3.1
3486:2.6
3481:2.4
3476:2.3
3471:2.2
3466:2.1
3461:1.1
3447:ATP
3425:5.1
3420:4.2
3415:4.1
3410:3.1
3405:2.3
3400:2.2
3395:2.1
3390:1.1
3375:IK1
3365:SK3
3360:SK2
3355:SK1
3234:1.9
3229:1.8
3224:1.7
3219:1.6
3214:1.5
3209:1.4
3204:1.3
3199:1.2
3194:1.1
3083:Na:
2935:3.3
2930:3.2
2925:3.1
2879:2.1
2846:1.4
2841:1.3
2836:1.2
2831:1.1
2740:Ca:
2635:doi
2594:PMC
2578:doi
2566:511
2529:PMC
2521:doi
2480:PMC
2472:doi
2412:PMC
2404:doi
2363:doi
2282:PMC
2272:doi
2231:doi
2227:119
2186:PMC
2178:doi
2137:PMC
2127:doi
2086:PMC
2078:doi
1969:doi
1925:doi
1878:doi
1874:137
1842:doi
1807:doi
1770:PMC
1760:doi
1748:109
1710:doi
1673:PMC
1665:doi
1661:147
1615:doi
1581:PMC
1573:doi
1569:389
1488:doi
1441:doi
1289:or
1237:of
1211:in
1082:, γ
1078:, γ
795:3.3
780:3.2
765:3.1
722:2.3
692:, β
688:, β
684:δ/β
669:2.2
623:2.1
582:1.4
567:1.3
553:1.2
538:1.1
302:1-4
296:, α
257:or
217:At
127:PDB
93:214
46:TPC
8020::
8002:•
7503:,
7499:,
7230:,
6804:Ca
6802:BK
6772:Ca
6770:BK
6747:Ca
6407:7)
6369:7)
5609:):
5324:;
5249:;
5219:;
4818:D
4798:C
4758:B
4718:A
4600:):
4353:FC
4247:1B
4242:1A
4230:L1
4188:KB
4183:KA
4062:Cl
3655:18
3650:17
3645:16
3640:15
3635:13
3630:12
3625:10
3529:ir
3499:ir
3455:ir
3384:Ca
3343:β4
3338:β3
3333:β2
3328:β1
3323:α1
3295:K:
3246:Na
3239:7A
3185:Na
3012:γ4
3007:γ3
3002:γ2
2997:γ1
2985:β4
2980:β3
2975:β2
2970:β1
2916:Ca
2903:Ca
2890:Ca
2870:Ca
2857:Ca
2822:Ca
2720::
2668:.
2643:.
2631:18
2629:.
2625:.
2602:.
2592:.
2584:.
2576:.
2564:.
2560:.
2537:.
2527:.
2517:21
2515:.
2511:.
2488:.
2478:.
2468:15
2466:.
2462:.
2436:.
2420:.
2410:.
2400:40
2398:.
2394:.
2371:.
2359:30
2357:.
2353:.
2327::
2325:}}
2321:{{
2290:.
2280:.
2266:.
2262:.
2239:.
2225:.
2221:.
2194:.
2184:.
2174:60
2172:.
2168:.
2145:.
2135:.
2121:.
2117:.
2094:.
2084:.
2072:.
2068:.
2045:.
1983:.
1975:.
1965:27
1963:.
1959:.
1947:^
1933:.
1921:25
1919:.
1915:.
1892:.
1884:.
1872:.
1848:.
1838:90
1836:.
1813:.
1803:22
1801:.
1778:.
1768:.
1758:.
1746:.
1742:.
1716:.
1706:18
1704:.
1681:.
1671:.
1659:.
1655:.
1629:.
1621:.
1589:.
1579:.
1567:.
1563:.
1496:.
1484:49
1482:.
1478:.
1455:.
1447:.
1437:57
1435:.
1420:^
1343:.
1332:.
1316:.
1178:).
1160:),
1151:),
1142:),
1134:γ4
1130:),
1122:γ3
1118:),
1110:γ2
1106:),
1098:γ1
1003:).
991:),
979:),
967:),
894:).
885:),
876:),
864:),
816:)
791:Ca
776:Ca
761:Ca
718:Ca
665:Ca
619:Ca
578:Ca
563:Ca
561:)
549:Ca
534:Ca
377:ω-
349:,
261:.
245:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
138:;
134:;
117:/
7507:)
7464:)
7460:(
7234:)
7226:(
7202:p
6745:K
6635:K
6455:K
6405:v
6367:v
6152:v
5913::
5601:2
5599:α
5468::
5455::
5437::
5379::
5254::
5009::
5003::
4953:e
4946:t
4939:v
4703::
4683:3
4678:2
4673:1
4661:9
4656:8
4651:7
4646:6
4641:5
4636:4
4631:3
4626:2
4621:1
4616:0
4594:O
4592:2
4590:H
4577:6
4572:5
4567:4
4562:3
4557:2
4552:1
4540:2
4535:1
4518:3
4513:2
4508:1
4496:8
4491:7
4486:6
4481:5
4476:4
4471:3
4466:2
4461:1
4449:7
4444:6
4439:5
4429:4
4424:3
4419:2
4414:1
4405:)
4403:1
4401:(
4388::
4386:M
4373:4
4368:3
4363:2
4358:1
4339:3
4334:2
4329:1
4324:β
4317:4
4312:3
4307:2
4302:1
4297:α
4286::
4284:M
4262::
4260:H
4225:6
4220:5
4215:4
4210:3
4205:2
4200:1
4178:7
4173:6
4168:5
4163:4
4158:3
4153:2
4148:1
4129:4
4124:3
4119:2
4114:1
4102:2
4097:1
4064::
4019:3
4014:2
4009:1
3987:4
3982:3
3977:2
3972:1
3960:3
3955:2
3950:1
3945:β
3943:v
3941:K
3820:v
3818:K
3677:v
3675:K
3620:9
3615:7
3610:6
3605:5
3600:4
3595:3
3590:2
3585:1
3527:K
3497:K
3495:/
3453:K
3445:K
3382:K
3270:4
3265:3
3260:2
3255:1
3250:β
3248:v
3189:α
3187:v
3165:4
3160:3
3155:2
3150:1
3124:δ
3119:γ
3114:β
3109:α
3058:2
3053:1
3041:4
3036:3
3031:2
3026:1
2958:2
2953:1
2946:2
2944:α
2920:α
2918:v
2914:/
2905:v
2901:/
2892:v
2888:/
2874:α
2872:v
2868:/
2859:v
2855:/
2826:α
2824:v
2820:/
2798:3
2793:2
2788:1
2776:3
2771:2
2766:1
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2724:(
2710:e
2703:t
2696:v
2651:.
2637::
2610:.
2580::
2572::
2545:.
2523::
2496:.
2474::
2428:.
2406::
2379:.
2365::
2338:)
2334:(
2317:.
2298:.
2274::
2268:4
2247:.
2233::
2202:.
2180::
2153:.
2129::
2123:3
2102:.
2080::
2074:3
2053:.
2020:.
1991:.
1971::
1941:.
1927::
1900:.
1880::
1856:.
1844::
1821:.
1809::
1786:.
1762::
1754::
1724:.
1712::
1689:.
1667::
1637:.
1617::
1597:.
1575::
1548:.
1504:.
1490::
1463:.
1443::
1287:N
1172:(
1163:(
1154:(
1145:(
1136:(
1124:(
1112:(
1100:(
1088:8
1084:4
1080:3
1076:2
1063:1
1059:1
1041:1
1033:1
1031:α
1025:1
1021:1
1017:1
1009:1
997:(
985:(
973:(
961:(
952:1
950:α
932:2
916:2
912:2
904:1
900:2
888:(
879:(
870:(
858:(
849:2
845:1
841:2
837:2
833:2
825:2
823:α
803:)
797:(
793:v
788:)
782:(
778:v
773:)
767:(
763:v
735:2
733:α
730:)
724:(
720:v
694:4
690:3
686:1
682:2
680:α
677:)
671:(
667:v
636:2
634:α
631:)
625:(
621:v
595:2
593:α
590:)
584:(
580:v
575:)
569:(
565:v
555:(
551:v
546:)
540:(
536:v
506:1
504:α
476:1
472:1
468:1
466:α
463:1
455:1
453:α
331:R
306:1
298:2
294:1
174:(
166:(
69:8
20:)
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