1017:
633:(BWR)) of typically 1 GWe (1,000 MW electrical corresponding to ≈3,000 MW thermal) is in the range of 10 to 100 MW of thermal energy per cubic meter of cooling water depending on the location considered in the system (the core itself (≈30 m), the reactor pressure vessel (≈50 m), or the whole primary circuit (≈300 m)). This represents a considerable density of energy that requires a continuous water flow at high velocity at all times in order to remove
977:
4439:
373:
427:
TNT), where the mass of the oxidizer in effect adds weight, and absorbs some of the energy of combustion to dissociate and liberate oxygen to continue the reaction. This also explains some apparent anomalies, such as the energy density of a sandwich appearing to be higher than that of a stick of dynamite.
426:
of carbon and oxygen are similar, while hydrogen is much lighter. Figures are presented in this way for those fuels where in practice air would only be drawn in locally to the burner. This explains the apparently lower energy density of materials that contain their own oxidizer (such as gunpowder and
3702:
material when it is deformed to the point of failure can be computed by calculating tensile strength times the maximum elongation dividing by two. The maximum elongation of a
Hookean material can be computed by dividing stiffness of that material by its ultimate tensile strength. The following table
430:
Given the high energy density of gasoline, the exploration of alternative media to store the energy of powering a car, such as hydrogen or battery, is strongly limited by the energy density of the alternative medium. The same mass of lithium-ion storage, for example, would result in a car with only
271:. For example, the energy density of a magnetic field may be expressed as and behaves like a physical pressure. The energy required to compress a gas to a certain volume may be determined by multiplying the difference between the gas pressure and the external pressure by the change in volume. A
247:
of gasoline. Liquid hydrocarbons (fuels such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene) are today the densest way known to economically store and transport chemical energy at a large scale (1 kg of diesel fuel burns with the oxygen contained in ≈15 kg of air). Burning local
5235:
4486:
Jeong, Goojin; Kim, Hansu; Park, Jong Hwan; Jeon, Jaehwan; Jin, Xing; Song, Juhye; Kim, Bo-Ram; Park, Min-Sik; Kim, Ji Man; Kim, Young-Jun (2015). "Nanotechnology enabled rechargeable Li–SO2 batteries: Another approach towards post-lithium-ion battery systems".
601:
Nuclear fuels typically have volumetric energy densities at least tens of thousands of times higher than chemical fuels. A 1 inch tall uranium fuel pellet is equivalent to about 1 ton of coal, 120 gallons of crude oil, or 17,000 cubic feet of natural gas. In
879:
431:
2% the range of its gasoline counterpart. If sacrificing the range is undesirable, much more storage volume is necessary. Alternative options are discussed for energy storage to increase energy density and decrease charging time, such as
774:
652:. This extremely high power density distinguishes nuclear power plants (NPP's) from any thermal power plants (burning coal, fuel or gas) or any chemical plants and explains the large redundancy required to permanently control the
584:
plants (using uranium and thorium) will be available for at least many decades or even centuries because of the plentiful supply of the elements on earth, though the full potential of this source can only be realized through
5244:
360:
The lower value (LHV), or net heat of combustion, does not include the heat which could be released by condensing water vapor, and may not include the heat released on cooling all the way down to room temperature.
5211:
163:
606:, 1 kg of natural uranium – following a corresponding enrichment and used for power generation– is equivalent to the energy content of nearly 10,000 kg of mineral oil or 14,000 kg of coal. Comparatively,
664:
Because antimatter-matter interactions result in complete conversion from the rest mass to radiant energy, the energy density of this reaction depends on the density of the matter and antimatter used. A
6042:
648:
and the resulting loss of external electrical power and cold source caused the meltdown of the three cores in only a few hours, even though the three reactors were correctly shut down just after the
7085:" – Dr. James J. Eberhardt – Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy – 2002 Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction (DEER) Workshop San Diego, California - August 25–29, 2002
4762:
5268:
Román-Leshkov, Yuriy; Barrett, Christopher J.; Liu, Zhen Y.; Dumesic, James A. (21 June 2007). "Production of dimethylfuran for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates".
207:
There are different types of energy stored, corresponding to a particular type of reaction. In order of the typical magnitude of the energy stored, examples of reactions are:
392:
tank. The higher the energy density of the fuel, the more energy may be stored or transported for the same amount of volume. The energy of a fuel per unit mass is called its
357:
The higher value (HHV), or gross heat of combustion, includes all the heat released as the products cool to room temperature and whatever water vapor is present condenses.
318:
When discussing the chemical energy contained, there are different types which can be quantified depending on the intended purpose. One is the theoretical total amount of
1294:
High-pressure tanks weigh much more than the hydrogen they can hold. The hydrogen may be around 5.7% of the total mass, giving just 6.8 MJ per kg total mass for the LHV.
5708:
576:. Fusion is the process by which the sun produces energy which will be available for billions of years (in the form of sunlight and heat). However as of 2024, sustained
4797:
5218:
673:, although denser than a neutron star, does not have an equivalent anti-particle form, but would offer the same 100% conversion rate of mass to energy in the form of
816:
704:
1174:
is 113 MJ/kg if water vapor is produced, and 118 MJ/kg if liquid water is produced, both being less than the lower heat of combustion (120 MJ/kg).
6008:
6049:
5693:
Thomas C. Allison. (2013). NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables - SRD 13 (1.0.2) . National
Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T42S31
5974:
5823:
5396:
5155:
7108:
6076:
5840:
6999:
7150:
4373:
1065:
5451:
The Higher
Heating Values are 22.7, 29.7 or 31.7 MJ/kg for methanol, ethanol and DME, respectively, while gasoline contains about 45 MJ per kg.
6893:
Meroueh, Laureen; Chen, Gang (2020). "Thermal energy storage radiatively coupled to a supercritical
Rankine cycle for electric grid support".
5517:
6581:
6175:
5724:
5664:
4982:
3680:
649:
5652:
698:
can store energy and its density relates to the strength of the fields within a given volume. This (volumetric) energy density is given by
7145:
6960:
5748:
5573:
7089:
110:
6136:
807:
are the permittivity and permeability of the surroundings respectively. The solution will be (in SI units) in joules per cubic metre.
7055:
7042:
5501:
4822:
1051:
3314:
3285:
1036:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
6281:
5075:
475:
4897:
4604:"Overview of Storage Development DOE Hydrogen Program." Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. N.p., May 2000. Web.
7082:
3120:
450:
describes how the amount of useful energy that can be obtained (for a lead-acid cell) depends on how quickly it is pulled out.
6711:
5947:
5703:
Lu, Gui-e; Chang, Wen-ping; Jiang, Jin-yong; Du, Shi-guo (May 2011). "Study on the energy density of gunpowder heat source".
3721:
3695:
677:. Even in the case of relatively small black holes (smaller than astronomical objects) the power output would be tremendous.
4801:
5124:
1030:
7155:
4429:
3074:
482:
5548:
522:
3639:
891:
6015:
5897:
1025:
4393:
2182:
641:
6869:
5981:
5429:
2962:
4368:
1114:
626:
228:
7000:"2.1 Power, discharge, head relationship | River Engineering & Restoration at OSU | Oregon State University"
5816:
5403:
5162:
5101:
1991:
Figures represent perfect combustion not counting oxidizer, but efficiency of conversion to electricity is ≈36%
1170:
is liquid, it is generally less than the higher heat of combustion. But in the most relevant case of hydrogen, Δ
299:
6083:
901:
261:
6410:
5847:
4595:"Heat Values of Various Fuels - World Nuclear Association." World Nuclear Association. N.p., Sept. 2016. Web.
4465:
239:
take place in stars and nuclear power plants, both of which derive energy from the binding energy of nuclei.
4318:
4251:
3601:
3591:
3568:
3558:
1836:
1541:
1517:
7007:
422:
The density values for chemical fuels do not include the weight of the oxygen required for combustion. The
322:
that can be derived from a system, at a given temperature and pressure imposed by the surroundings, called
3142:
1470:
1016:
686:
653:
4513:"Panasonic Develops New Higher-Capacity 18650 Li-Ion Cells." Green Car Congress. N.p., 25 Dec. 2009. Web.
5015:"Toyota FCV Mirai launches in LA; initial TFCS specs; $ 57,500 or $ 499 lease; leaning on Prius analogy"
4641:
Ionescu-Zanetti, C.; et., al. (2005). "Nanogap capacitors: Sensitivity to sample permittivity changes".
4404:
3747:
3346:
2981:
2415:
2394:
1897:
1448:
936:
917:
630:
439:
232:
4848:
6928:
6384:
6789:
6657:
6347:
5279:
4931:
4650:
4532:
4409:
3969:
3922:
928:
103:
5524:
4414:
3343:
3025:
3003:
2941:
1384:
1263:
1124:
991:
905:
622:
603:
6182:
6910:
6363:
6337:
5873:
5798:
5730:
5649:
5303:
4947:
4779:
4760:
Lyon, D.; et., al. (2013). "Gap size dependence of the dielectric strength in nano vacuum gaps".
4742:
4666:
4523:
Stura, Enrico; Nicolini, Claudio (2006). "New nanomaterials for light weight lithium batteries".
4388:
4296:
2714:
2331:
1227:
1221:
478:
of an engine will always be greater than its rate of production of the kinetic energy of motion.
347:
319:
295:
291:
264:
are used by devices such as laptop computers and mobile phones to release energy from batteries.
253:
6818:
3738:
1070:
The following unit conversions may be helpful when considering the data in the tables: 3.6
1157:
is vapor, this is generally greater than the lower heat of combustion, whereas if the produced
874:{\displaystyle u={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {D} +\mathbf {H} \cdot \mathbf {B} )}
330:
that are at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This is given by the change in standard
7051:
7038:
6539:
6447:
6418:
5720:
5660:
5497:
5350:
5342:
5295:
5014:
4701:
4548:
4230:
4080:
3094:
2595:
1789:
1307:
1140:
769:{\displaystyle u={\frac {\varepsilon }{2}}\mathbf {E} ^{2}+{\frac {1}{2\mu }}\mathbf {B} ^{2}}
674:
331:
272:
240:
6941:
as a potential material for low temperature energy storage systems and building applications"
6682:
6255:
6232:
6110:
5756:
5580:
5000:
4922:
Parravicini, J. (2018). "Thermodynamic potentials in anisotropic and nonlinear dielectrics".
7140:
6902:
6355:
5790:
5712:
5334:
5287:
5270:
4939:
4771:
4732:
4693:
4658:
4623:
4540:
4496:
4424:
4338:
3841:
3254:
3223:
3169:
3054:
3029:
2919:
2530:
2243:
1303:
956:
940:
447:
303:
276:
236:
216:
6735:
6147:
931:, the physics of conductive fluids, the magnetic energy density behaves like an additional
7135:
5656:
5187:
5079:
5034:
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997), Chemistry of the
Elements (2nd ed) (page 164)
4572:
4419:
4378:
4355:
Figures represent potential energy, but efficiency of conversion to electricity is 85–90%
3946:
3656:
3632:
3608:
3575:
3524:
2810:
2689:
2652:
2320:
1215:
1079:
618:
are the current primary energy sources in the U.S. but have a much lower energy density.
586:
573:
546:
490:
486:
443:
393:
284:
267:
Energy per unit volume has the same physical units as pressure, and in many situations is
212:
196:
4826:
17:
7060:
Richard Becker, "Electromagnetic Fields and
Interactions", Dover Publications Inc., 1964
6351:
5781:(2011). "All-carbon-nanofiber electrodes for high-energy rechargeable Li–O2 batteries".
5463:
5283:
4935:
4872:
4654:
4536:
190:
or extractable energy is measured. It is sometimes confused with stored energy per unit
5778:
4273:
3487:
3116:
2849:
2783:
2620:
2060:
1136:
796:
786:
695:
691:
590:
569:
550:
471:
463:
432:
381:
280:
6285:
5874:"Amprius' silicon nanowire Li-ion batteries power Airbus Zephyr S HAPS solar aircraft"
5072:
7129:
6914:
6367:
4951:
4901:
4721:"Digital quantum batteries: Energy and information storage in nanovacuum tube arrays"
4670:
4444:
4398:
3664:
3582:
3549:
3192:
1586:
1075:
669:
would approximate the most dense system capable of matter-antimatter annihilation. A
581:
510:
506:
423:
416:
208:
6633:
5802:
5734:
810:
In ideal (linear and nondispersive) substances, the energy density (in SI units) is
6764:
5482:
DME density and lower heating value were obtained from the table on the first page.
5322:
5307:
5044:
4746:
2645:
2556:
1905:
1811:
1608:
666:
577:
554:
494:
467:
65:
7020:
Let ε = 0.85, signifying an 85% efficiency rating, typical of an older powerplant.
5605:
5369:
4999:
College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen
Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001
4783:
3435:
Annihilation, counting both the consumed antimatter mass and ordinary matter mass
545:
is the volume of the mass itself. This energy can be released by the processes of
326:. Another is the theoretical amount of electrical energy that can be derived from
6906:
6472:
5705:
2011 International
Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy & Environment
3490:
for D+D→He, by combining D+D→T+H, T+D→He+n, n+H→D and D+D→He+n, He+D→He+H, n+H→D
5716:
4943:
4383:
3757:
1858:
1652:
1631:
1496:
1118:
909:
400:
364:
A convenient table of HHV and LHV of some fuels can be found in the references.
339:
6359:
5131:
4191:
3703:
lists these values computed using the Young's modulus as measure of stiffness:
3402:
2903:
1199:
4775:
4544:
4434:
4031:
3418:
3226:
2135:
1974:
1880:
1131:, not counting oxidizer mass or volume. When used to produce electricity in a
1128:
670:
562:
501:
all use energy). Large scale, intensive energy use impacts and is impacted by
404:
244:
220:
7078:
Ed. Attilio Bisio. Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1995. 257–259
6422:
5346:
568:
The most effective ways of accessing this energy, aside from antimatter, are
243:
are used by organisms to derive energy from food and by automobiles from the
5552:
4438:
4053:
3778:
3495:
3467:
3257:
2790:
2577:
2375:
2353:
2302:
2250:
2114:
2092:
2018:
1832:
1767:
1363:
1132:
913:
615:
498:
372:
6845:
6209:
5354:
5299:
4705:
4552:
1102:
6973:
5921:
5125:"Alternate daily cover materials and subtitle D – The selection technique"
4965:
6328:
Ball, Justin (2019). "Maximizing specific energy by breeding deuterium".
5752:
5676:
5628:
4684:
Naoi, K.; et., al. (2013). "New generation "nanohybrid supercapacitor"".
3447:
3440:
2466:
2403:
2268:
2225:
2204:
1949:
1701:
1697:
1565:
1342:
932:
408:
407:
energy density of some fuels and storage technologies (modified from the
343:
327:
307:
257:
224:
182:
stored in a given system or contained in a given region of space and the
6609:
5338:
5291:
7035:
The
Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins
5794:
5436:
4737:
4720:
4500:
4207:
3730:
3699:
3615:
3499:
2493:
2444:
2423:
2280:
2161:
2039:
1996:
1746:
1724:
1520:
1426:
921:
645:
502:
412:
268:
249:
171:
38:
4697:
4662:
4627:
4898:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Annual Energy Review"
2831:
2627:
2602:
2512:
2470:
1544:
521:
The greatest energy source by far is matter itself, according to the
459:
385:
323:
183:
179:
94:
88:
6961:"High Efficiency Conversion Systems for Liquid Nitrogen Automobiles"
959:, i.e. the energy deposited per unit of surface, may also be called
6540:"Young's Modulus - Tensile and Yield Strength for common Materials"
6342:
6299:
419:
of the fuel describe their specific energies more comprehensively.
5397:"Silicon as an intermediary between renewable energy and hydrogen"
5102:
List of common conversion factors (Engineering conversion factors)
5045:"Boron: A Better Energy Carrier than Hydrogen? (28 February 2009)"
3183:
3032:
2272:
1676:
1673:
1405:
1149:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1071:
952:
47:
43:
4268:
Maximum reversible work at 77.4 K with 300 K reservoir
158:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{-1}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-2}}
4614:
Wong, Kaufui; Dia, Sarah (2017). "Nanotechnology in
Batteries".
4076:
2856:
2765:
2742:
2721:
2696:
2671:
2537:
2489:
2372:
2157:
1970:
637:
from the core, even after an emergency shutdown of the reactor.
634:
607:
389:
335:
298:, the energy densities considered relate to the elements of the
191:
6870:"Physical properties of glass | Saint Gobain Building Glass UK"
6846:"Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Different Metals"
6176:"3.0V 3400F Ultracapacitor cell datasheet BCAP3400 P300 K04/05"
5243:, Petroleum Products Division - GN, p. 132, archived from
1123:
Unless otherwise stated, the values in the following table are
6681:
Sutherland, Karen; Martin, Monica (2004). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
4246:
Thermal energy of phase change at 88.6 °C (361.8 K)
4225:
Energy stored through solid to liquid phase change of silicon
2882:
Energy released by electrochemical reactions or similar means
2327:
1927:
1010:
970:
611:
5384:
properly trained athlete will have efficiencies of 22 to 26%
5777:
Mitchell, Robert R.; Gallant, Betar M.; Thompson, Carl V.;
904:. In the case of absence of magnetic fields, by exploiting
7090:"Heat values of various fuels – World Nuclear Association"
6959:
C. Knowlen, A.T. Mattick, A.P. Bruckner and A. Hertzberg,
5237:
Characteristics of Petroleum Products Stored and Dispensed
4763:
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
580:
production continues to be elusive. Power from fission in
6610:"C17200 Alloy Specifications | E. Jordan Brookes Company"
6256:"nichicon LGU aluminum electrolytic capacitors datasheet"
6233:"nichicon TVX aluminum electrolytic capacitors datasheet"
1147:) that sets the theoretical upper limit. If the produced
621:
The density of thermal energy contained in the core of a
5370:"The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles"
3683:. The heat is only produced at a rate of 0.57 W/g.
656:
and to remove the residual heat from the core of NPP's.
6043:"Cooper PowerStor XL60 series supercapacitor datasheet"
5606:"The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycle"
6326:
Calculated from fractional mass loss times c squared.
4466:"Fossil and Alternative Fuels - Energy Content (2008)"
6317:
Calculated from fractional mass loss times c squared.
5323:"Structural Determination of Paraffin Boiling Points"
819:
707:
113:
6448:"MatWeb - The Online Materials Information Resource"
916:
dielectrics, as well as to calculate the correlated
411:
article). Some values may not be precise because of
5402:. Deutsche Bank Research. p. 5. Archived from
438:No single energy storage method boasts the best in
186:of the system or region considered. Often only the
102:
76:
63:
53:
37:
32:
4847:Venditti, Bruno; Content, Sponsored (2021-08-27).
1178:Energy released by chemical reactions (oxidation)
873:
768:
640:The incapacity to cool the cores of three BWRs at
342:, the relevant quantity is the change in standard
157:
6411:"How Much Energy Can You Store in a Rubber Band?"
6210:"Vishay STE series tantalum capacitors datasheet"
4825:. Formal.stanford.edu. 2007-01-26. Archived from
1292:Data from same reference as for liquid hydrogen.
908:it is also possible to extend these equations to
388:to the volume of the storage equipment, e.g. the
7048:Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure
6379:
6377:
3432:Depends on the density of the antimatter's form
3426:Depends on the density of the antimatter's form
6111:"Nichicon JJD series supercapatcitor datasheet"
6009:"Nesscap ESHSP series supercapacitor datasheet"
4800:. world-nuclear.org. 2014-10-08. Archived from
3446:639,780,320 but at least 2% of this is lost to
6385:"Computing the energy density of nuclear fuel"
5922:"Energizer EN91 AA alkaline battery datasheet"
1473:(NG compressed to 247 atm, 25 MPa ≈
6313:
6311:
6309:
8:
6963:, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, 1988.
6759:
6757:
6755:
6736:"Wood Species - Moisture Content and Weight"
6077:"Kemet S301 series supercapacitor datasheet"
3600:140,000,000,000–170,000,000,000 (Depends on
3567:370,000,000,000–460,000,000,000 (Depends on
533:is the speed of light. In terms of density,
306:as well as energy densities associated with
6170:
6168:
5549:"Biomass Energy Foundation: Fuel Densities"
5186:Gofman, Evelyn (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
3694:The mechanical energy storage capacity, or
1082:. Since 1 J = 10 MJ and 1 m = 10 L, divide
557:of some or all of the matter in the volume
353:There are two kinds of heat of combustion:
7050:by Andrew R. Liddle, David H. Lyth (2000)
6634:"polycarbonate information and properties"
5969:
5967:
5749:"Technical bulletin on Zinc-air batteries"
4571:Fisher, Julia (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
4168:
3705:
3379:
3167:
2880:
1176:
6341:
5435:. European Fuel Cell News. Archived from
4900:. Eia.doe.gov. 2009-06-26. Archived from
4736:
1727:E10 (10% ethanol 90% gasoline by volume)
1052:Learn how and when to remove this message
863:
855:
847:
839:
826:
818:
760:
755:
739:
730:
725:
714:
706:
146:
140:
139:
132:
131:
122:
116:
115:
112:
6932:
6003:
6001:
5942:
5940:
5327:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5217:. Air BP. pp. 11–13. Archived from
4566:
4564:
4562:
3557:1,300,000,000–1,700,000,000 (Depends on
1297:See note above about use in fuel cells.
1266:(681 atm, 69 MPa, 25 °C)
1257:See note above about use in fuel cells.
1151:
976:
489:(the energy output costs to provide, as
384:, the energy density relates the stored
371:
7083:Fuels of the Future for Cars and Trucks
6405:
6403:
6401:
6037:
6035:
5948:"Test of GP ReCyko+ AA 2700mAh (Green)"
5604:Justin Lemire-elmore (April 13, 2004).
5496:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
4457:
4374:Energy density Extended Reference Table
1066:Energy density Extended Reference Table
252:fuels supplies household energy needs (
7076:Energy, Technology and the Environment
6945:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
6840:
6838:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6442:
6440:
6438:
5829:from the original on November 7, 2011.
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
4616:Journal of Energy Resources Technology
2760:combustion toxic, but flame retardant
287:to work until equilibrium is reached.
178:is the quotient between the amount of
141:
133:
117:
29:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6276:
6274:
6204:
6202:
6131:
6129:
6105:
6103:
6071:
6069:
5868:
5866:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5471:European Biofuels Technology Platform
5430:"The Physics of the Hydrogen Economy"
4995:
4993:
4991:
4983:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3681:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
3429:24,965,421,631,578 ≈ 25 TW⋅h/kg
3381:Energy released by nuclear reactions
2877:Electrochemical reactions (batteries)
1930:(85% ethanol 15% gasoline by volume)
7:
7109:"Energy and Energy Types – Springer"
6137:"skelcap High Energy Ultracapacitor"
5494:Perry's chemical engineers' handbook
3590:490,000,000–620,000,000 (Depends on
5975:"Maxwell supercapacitor comparison"
5817:"Overview of lithium ion batteries"
5368:Justin Lemire-Elmore (2004-04-13).
6874:uk.saint-gobain-building-glass.com
6819:"American Eastern White Pine Wood"
5783:Energy & Environmental Science
4489:Energy & Environmental Science
2395:Sugars, carbohydrates, and protein
1101:= GJ/m. Divide MJ/L by 3.6 to get
967:Table of material energy densities
283:on the surroundings by converting
25:
6765:"AISI 1018 Mild/Low Carbon Steel"
5898:"Test of Duracell Ultra Power AA"
5188:"Energy density of aviation fuel"
497:, distributing, and dealing with
6974:"Hydroelectric Power Generation"
5492:Green Don; Perry Robert (2008).
4719:Hubler, A.; Osuagwu, O. (2010).
4437:
4276:at 30 MPa (4,400 psi)
1015:
975:
864:
856:
848:
840:
756:
726:
5679:. "household waste 8..11 MJ/kg"
5650:Chemistry 12 Workbook, page 138
5574:"Bord na Mona, Peat for Energy"
4849:"The Power of a Uranium Pellet"
4170:Energy released by other means
1310:or 101.3 kPa, 25 °C)
7151:Physical cosmological concepts
6580:Brush Wellman Alloy Products.
5648:Anne Wignall and Terry Wales.
5321:Wiener, Harry (January 1947).
4339:Water at 100 m dam height
3157:Controlled electric discharge
3137:Controlled electric discharge
3111:Controlled electric discharge
3089:Controlled electric discharge
3069:Controlled electric discharge
3049:Controlled electric discharge
3020:Controlled electric discharge
2998:Controlled electric discharge
2957:Controlled electric discharge
2936:Controlled electric discharge
1109:Chemical reactions (oxidation)
868:
836:
525:. This energy is described by
399:The adjacent figure shows the
376:Selected energy densities plot
1:
6980:. Woodbank Communications Ltd
6712:"Aluminum 6061-T6; 6061-T651"
5551:. Woodgas.com. Archived from
4853:Elements by Visual Capitalist
4686:Accounts of Chemical Research
3707:Mechanical energy capacities
2297:burned to nitrogen and water
1429:(101.3 kPa, 15 °C)
593:, not yet used commercially.
541:is the mass per unit volume,
415:or other irregularities. The
302:and therefore do include the
6907:10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.036
5013:Mike Millikin (2014-11-18).
4430:Orders of magnitude (energy)
3781:(yield, 1 mm diameter)
3075:Nickel-metal hydride battery
986:appears to contradict itself
681:Electric and magnetic fields
589:, which are, apart from the
483:energy conversion efficiency
481:Energy density differs from
6927:A. Fopah-Lele, J. G. Tamba
5717:10.1109/ICMREE.2011.5930549
5161:. June 1993. Archived from
4944:10.1016/j.physb.2018.04.029
3724:: Energy density by volume
892:electric displacement field
368:In energy storage and fuels
7172:
7146:Volume-specific quantities
7004:rivers.bee.oregonstate.edu
6740:www.engineeringtoolbox.com
6544:www.engineeringtoolbox.com
6300:"18650 Battery capacities"
4985:, 49th Edition, page D-42.
4970:Regenerative Laser Therapy
4643:Journal of Applied Physics
4394:High-energy-density matter
3423:89,875,517,874 ≈ 90 PJ/kg
3205:(diameter × height in mm)
1112:
1063:
684:
511:environmental consequences
485:(net output per input) or
202:gravimetric energy density
6790:"ASM Material Data Sheet"
6658:"ASM Material Data Sheet"
6638:www.polymerprocessing.com
5428:Bossel, Ulf (July 2003).
4776:10.1109/TDEI.2013.6571470
4545:10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.025
4369:Energy content of biofuel
4231:Strontium bromide hydrate
4079:(American Eastern White,
2332:improper combustion toxic
1255:reheating to 25 °C.
1115:Energy content of biofuel
627:pressurized water reactor
476:specific fuel consumption
474:considerations—hence the
262:Electrochemical reactions
18:Volumetric energy density
6929:"A review on the use of
6477:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
6360:10.1088/1741-4326/ab394c
5579:. Bnm.ie. Archived from
4573:"Energy density of coal"
4165:Other release mechanisms
3607:Electricity produced in
2416:Metabolism in human body
1898:Metabolism in human body
984:This article or section
906:Fröhlich's relationships
7037:by Alan H. Guth (1998)
6282:"Battery Energy Tables"
5822:. Panasonic. Jan 2007.
5659:. Pearson Education NZ
5104:. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
5082:. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
5003:. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
3715:Energy density by mass
3690:In material deformation
1837:tonne of oil equivalent
1024:Some of this section's
955:impacts a surface, the
660:Antimatter annihilation
523:mass-energy equivalence
5711:. pp. 1185–1187.
5464:"Dimethyl Ether (DME)"
5212:"Handbook of Products"
5123:Paul A. Kittle, Ph.D.
4649:(2): 024305–024305–5.
4525:Analytica Chimica Acta
3602:crystallographic phase
3592:crystallographic phase
3569:crystallographic phase
3559:crystallographic phase
3539:Depends on conditions
3533:Depends on conditions
3514:Depends on conditions
3508:Depends on conditions
3483:Depends on conditions
3477:Depends on conditions
3459:Depends on conditions
3453:Depends on conditions
3164:Common battery formats
3143:Electrolytic capacitor
875:
770:
687:Radiant energy density
565:collisions (100%).
446:, and energy density.
377:
294:and other contexts in
233:electromagnetic fields
159:
7094:www.world-nuclear.org
6144:Skeleton Technologies
5841:"Panasonic NCR18650B"
4468:. Engineering ToolBox
4405:Power-to-weight ratio
4297:Latent heat of fusion
4095:8.30–8.56 (flexural)
3972:(yield @ 24 °C)
2982:Lithium metal battery
2963:Sodium sulfur battery
1451:(NG at −160 °C)
1251:Energy figures apply
994:for more information.
918:Helmholtz free energy
876:
771:
631:boiling water reactor
375:
334:. But as a source of
160:
6687:The Physics Factbook
6582:"Elastic Resilience"
5192:The Physics Factbook
5017:. Green Car Congress
4577:The Physics Factbook
4410:Rechargeable battery
3208:Typical volume (mL)
1792:(2,5-dimethylfuran)
1770:oil (vegetable oil)
1328:33,313.9 (LHV)
1284:33,313.9 (LHV)
1243:33,313.9 (LHV)
1125:lower heating values
929:magnetohydrodynamics
817:
705:
604:light-water reactors
300:stress-energy tensor
229:material deformation
111:
7156:Physical quantities
6387:. whatisnuclear.com
6352:2019NucFu..59j6043B
5339:10.1021/ja01193a005
5292:10.1038/nature05923
5284:2007Natur.447..982R
5001:Hydrogen Properties
4936:2018PhyB..541...54P
4798:"Supply of Uranium"
4655:2006JAP....99b4305I
4537:2006AcAC..568...57S
4415:Solid-state battery
4171:
4048:370 (440 Ultimate)
3708:
3525:Lithium-6 deuteride
3382:
3173:
3026:Lithium-ion battery
3004:Lithium-ion battery
2942:Lithium air battery
2883:
2085:5,286.1 (LHV)
2080:7,888.9 (LHV)
1385:Lithium borohydride
1326:39,405.6 (HHV)
1320:0.01005 (LHV)
1289:1,250.0 (LHV)
1282:39,405.6 (HHV)
1248:2,358.6 (LHV)
1241:39,405.6 (HHV)
1179:
623:light-water reactor
462:will generate less
260:, etc.) worldwide.
7074:"Aircraft Fuels."
6850:www.simetric.co.uk
6683:"Density of steel"
5878:Green Car Congress
5795:10.1039/C1EE01496J
5655:2011-09-13 at the
5250:on 16 January 2017
5078:2008-10-10 at the
5071:Envestra Limited.
4823:"Facts from Cohen"
4738:10.1002/cplx.20306
4501:10.1039/C5EE01659B
4389:Heat of combustion
4169:
3844:25-1/2 HT (yield)
3706:
3380:
3203:Typical dimensions
3172:energy capacities
3168:
2881:
2715:Iron(II,III) oxide
2083:5,900.0 (HHV)
2078:8,805.6 (HHV)
1318:0.01188 (HHV)
1315:119.93 (LHV)
1287:1,478.6 (HHV)
1271:119.93 (LHV)
1246:2,790.0 (HHV)
1177:
1129:perfect combustion
927:In the context of
871:
766:
654:neutron reactivity
378:
348:heat of combustion
320:thermodynamic work
296:general relativity
241:Chemical reactions
194:, which is called
155:
67:SI base units
6614:www.ejbmetals.com
6589:Technical Tidbits
5726:978-1-61284-749-8
5675:David E. Dirkse.
5665:978-0-582-54974-6
5518:"Elite_bloc.indd"
5278:(7147): 982–985.
4873:"Fuel comparison"
4698:10.1021/ar200308h
4663:10.1063/1.2161818
4628:10.1115/1.4034860
4495:(11): 3173–3180.
4359:
4358:
4299:of ice (thermal)
4291:Potential energy
4162:
4161:
4158:50 (compression)
4025:50 (compression)
4010:Douglas fir Wood
4005:26–85 (ultimate)
3970:Aluminium 6061-T6
3923:Aluminium 7077-T8
3879:52–62 (ultimate)
3836:45–90 (ultimate)
3687:
3686:
3655:Heat produced in
3631:Heat produced in
3574:Heat produced in
3544:Used in weapons.
3519:Being developed.
3376:Nuclear reactions
3373:
3372:
3213:by volume (MJ/L)
3161:
3160:
3095:Lead-acid battery
2874:
2873:
2596:manganese dioxide
2418:(22% efficiency)
2185:plastic (impure)
2175:7,222.2–13,611.1
2072:19.03 (LHV)
1988:9,444.5–11,944.5
1900:(22% efficiency)
1566:Gasoline (petrol)
1313:141.86 (HHV)
1276:4.500 (LHV)
1269:141.86 (HHV)
1235:8.491 (LHV)
1233:10.044 (HHV)
1141:Gibbs free energy
1062:
1061:
1054:
1009:
1008:
935:that adds to the
902:magnetizing field
834:
752:
722:
675:Hawking radiation
650:Tōhoku earthquake
332:Gibbs free energy
273:pressure gradient
237:Nuclear reactions
168:
167:
27:Energy per volume
16:(Redirected from
7163:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7113:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7073:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7015:
7010:on 14 April 2018
7006:. Archived from
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6978:www.mpoweruk.com
6970:
6964:
6957:
6951:
6940:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6895:Renewable Energy
6890:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6842:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6815:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6761:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6708:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6536:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6444:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6407:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6381:
6372:
6371:
6345:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6304:
6303:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6284:. Archived from
6278:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6206:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6187:
6181:. Archived from
6180:
6172:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6146:. Archived from
6141:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6088:
6082:. Archived from
6081:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6054:
6048:. Archived from
6047:
6039:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6020:
6014:. Archived from
6013:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5986:
5980:. Archived from
5979:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5944:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5870:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5846:. Archived from
5845:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5789:(8): 2952–2958.
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5755:. Archived from
5745:
5739:
5738:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5680:
5673:
5667:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:. Home.hccnet.nl
5629:"energy buffers"
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5523:. Archived from
5522:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5434:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5249:
5242:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5136:
5130:. Archived from
5129:
5120:
5105:
5098:
5083:
5069:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5010:
5004:
4997:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4770:(4): 1467–1471.
4757:
4751:
4750:
4740:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4692:(5): 1075–1083.
4681:
4675:
4674:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4568:
4557:
4556:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4462:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4425:Specific impulse
4401:and specifically
4172:
4098:41.4 (flexural)
3949:, 301-H (yield)
3842:Copper Beryllium
3709:
3480:158,661,876,600
3456:177,716,755,600
3383:
3218:by mass (MJ/kg)
3174:
3055:Alkaline battery
3030:silicon nanowire
2920:Zinc-air battery
2884:
2531:sodium hydroxide
2503:2,777.8–5,555.6
2244:titanium dioxide
2172:6,666.7–9,722.2
2077:
2070:21.24 (HHV)
2067:28.4 (LHV)
1985:7,222.2–9,166.7
1719:Aircraft engine
1476:
1325:
1281:
1274:5.323 (HHV)
1240:
1216:Hydrogen, liquid
1180:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1019:
1011:
1004:
1001:
995:
979:
978:
971:
957:radiant exposure
899:
889:
880:
878:
877:
872:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
806:
802:
794:
784:
775:
773:
772:
767:
765:
764:
759:
753:
751:
740:
735:
734:
729:
723:
715:
597:Fission reactors
587:breeder reactors
338:or for use in a
304:rest mass energy
164:
162:
161:
156:
154:
153:
145:
144:
137:
136:
130:
129:
121:
120:
80:other quantities
78:Derivations from
68:
30:
21:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7126:
7125:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7098:
7096:
7088:
7070:
7067:
7031:
7029:Further reading
7026:
7013:
7011:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6958:
6954:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6878:
6876:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6854:
6852:
6844:
6843:
6836:
6827:
6825:
6817:
6816:
6807:
6798:
6796:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6774:
6772:
6763:
6762:
6753:
6744:
6742:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6720:
6718:
6710:
6709:
6700:
6691:
6689:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6666:
6664:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6642:
6640:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6618:
6616:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6584:
6579:
6578:
6557:
6548:
6546:
6538:
6537:
6490:
6481:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6456:
6454:
6446:
6445:
6436:
6427:
6425:
6409:
6408:
6399:
6390:
6388:
6383:
6382:
6375:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6280:
6279:
6272:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6200:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6153:on 2 April 2016
6150:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6127:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6101:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6067:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6011:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5965:
5956:
5954:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5906:
5904:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5882:
5880:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5858:
5850:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5826:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5779:Shao-Horn, Yang
5776:
5775:
5771:
5762:
5760:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5727:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5683:
5674:
5670:
5657:Wayback Machine
5647:
5643:
5634:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5108:
5099:
5086:
5080:Wayback Machine
5070:
5059:
5050:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4882:
4880:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4857:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4581:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4560:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4420:Specific energy
4379:Figure of merit
4364:
4333:Kinetic energy
4252:Liquid nitrogen
4210:(phase change)
4198:
4189:
4188:Specific energy
4184:
4179:
4178:Specific energy
4167:
4138:220 (ultimate)
4118:250 (ultimate)
4071:110 (ultimate)
3864:Polycarbonates
3739:Young's modulus
3692:
3659:(Experimental)
3657:breeder reactor
3650:22,061,000,000
3633:breeder reactor
3626:22,394,000,000
3609:Fission reactor
3576:Fission reactor
3564:23,222,915,000
3543:
3536:74,680,115,100
3518:
3511:93,718,718,800
3471:
3462:Reaction 4H→He
3409:
3400:
3399:Specific energy
3395:
3390:
3389:Specific energy
3378:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3177:Storage device
3166:
3147:0.00001–0.0002
2944:(rechargeable)
2910:
2901:
2900:Specific energy
2896:
2891:
2890:Specific energy
2879:
2690:iron(III) oxide
2653:Household waste
2321:potassium oxide
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2065:31.7 (HHV)
1474:
1333:2.8 (LHV)
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1206:
1197:
1196:Specific energy
1192:
1187:
1186:Specific energy
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1121:
1111:
1068:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1020:
1005:
999:
996:
990:Please see the
989:
980:
969:
949:
895:
885:
815:
814:
804:
800:
790:
780:
754:
744:
724:
703:
702:
696:magnetic fields
689:
683:
662:
644:after the 2011
599:
547:nuclear fission
519:
487:embodied energy
456:
444:specific energy
433:supercapacitors
394:specific energy
370:
316:
314:Chemical energy
285:internal energy
217:electrochemical
197:specific energy
138:
114:
109:
108:
81:
79:
66:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7169:
7167:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7105:
7086:
7079:
7066:
7065:External links
7063:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7045:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7024:
6991:
6965:
6952:
6950:175-84 (2017).
6936:
6920:
6885:
6861:
6834:
6823:www.matweb.com
6805:
6794:asm.matweb.com
6781:
6751:
6727:
6716:www.matweb.com
6698:
6673:
6662:asm.matweb.com
6649:
6625:
6601:
6555:
6488:
6463:
6452:www.matweb.com
6434:
6397:
6373:
6336:(10): 106043.
6330:Nuclear Fusion
6319:
6305:
6291:
6288:on 2011-12-04.
6270:
6247:
6224:
6198:
6164:
6125:
6099:
6065:
6031:
5997:
5963:
5936:
5913:
5889:
5862:
5856:
5853:on 2015-07-22.
5832:
5808:
5769:
5740:
5725:
5695:
5681:
5677:energy buffers
5668:
5641:
5620:
5596:
5565:
5540:
5509:
5502:
5484:
5455:
5420:
5388:
5360:
5313:
5260:
5227:
5224:on 2011-06-08.
5203:
5178:
5147:
5106:
5084:
5057:
5036:
5027:
5005:
4987:
4975:
4957:
4914:
4889:
4864:
4839:
4814:
4789:
4752:
4711:
4676:
4633:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4558:
4531:(1–2): 57–64.
4515:
4506:
4478:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:Compressed air
4270:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4197:Energy density
4195:
4186:
4183:Energy density
4181:
4176:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4056:(not alloyed)
4050:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3917:70 (ultimate)
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3899:40 (ultimate)
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3816:65 (ultimate)
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3787:11,200–13,800
3785:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3746:Tensile yield
3744:
3736:
3728:
3719:
3713:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:1,539,842,000
3621:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3597:8,700,000,000
3595:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3517:D + T → He + n
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:Energy density
3406:
3397:
3394:Energy density
3392:
3387:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:28,800–46,800
3349:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3216:Energy density
3214:
3211:Energy density
3209:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3189:Energy content
3187:
3180:Energy content
3178:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3150:0.00001–0.001
3148:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3117:Supercapacitor
3113:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:250.00–730.56
3015:
3014:100.00–243.06
3012:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:Energy density
2907:
2898:
2895:Energy density
2893:
2888:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:barium dioxide
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:iron(II) oxide
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2644:burned to dry
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:sulfur dioxide
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2529:burned to wet
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2324:
2323:
2319:burned to dry
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:3,600 psi
1467:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1331:3.3 (HHV)
1329:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:Energy density
1203:
1194:
1191:Energy density
1189:
1184:
1163:
1143:of reaction (Δ
1110:
1107:
1060:
1059:
1026:listed sources
1023:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1006:
983:
981:
974:
968:
965:
961:energy density
951:When a pulsed
948:
947:Pulsed sources
945:
882:
881:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
830:
825:
822:
797:magnetic field
787:electric field
777:
776:
763:
758:
750:
747:
743:
738:
733:
728:
721:
718:
713:
710:
685:Main article:
682:
679:
661:
658:
598:
595:
591:BN-600 reactor
553:(~1%), or the
551:nuclear fusion
518:
517:Nuclear energy
515:
468:inefficiencies
464:kinetic energy
458:In general an
455:
452:
440:specific power
424:atomic weights
417:heating values
382:energy storage
369:
366:
362:
361:
358:
315:
312:
275:describes the
203:
176:energy density
166:
165:
152:
149:
143:
135:
128:
125:
119:
106:
100:
99:
82:
77:
74:
73:
70:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
41:
35:
34:
33:Energy density
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7168:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7110:
7106:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7057:
7056:0-521-57598-2
7053:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7043:0-201-32840-2
7040:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7021:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6992:
6979:
6975:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6942:
6924:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6889:
6886:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6862:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6688:
6684:
6677:
6674:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6650:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6626:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6464:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6386:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6323:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6188:on 2020-11-01
6184:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6089:on 2016-03-04
6085:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6055:on 2016-04-02
6051:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6021:on 2016-03-29
6017:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5987:on 2016-03-04
5983:
5976:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5953:
5952:lygte-info.dk
5949:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5903:
5902:lygte-info.dk
5899:
5893:
5890:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5849:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5825:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5770:
5759:on 2009-01-27
5758:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5607:
5600:
5597:
5586:on 2007-11-19
5582:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5555:on 2010-01-10
5554:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5530:on 2011-07-15
5526:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5505:
5503:9780071422949
5499:
5495:
5488:
5485:
5472:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5442:on 2006-03-19
5438:
5431:
5424:
5421:
5409:on 2008-11-16
5405:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5261:
5246:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5228:
5220:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5179:
5168:on 2011-09-29
5164:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5137:on 2008-05-27
5133:
5126:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5016:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4966:"Terminology"
4961:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4904:on 2010-05-06
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4829:on 2007-04-10
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4804:on 2015-10-17
4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4479:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4445:Energy portal
4440:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4399:Power density
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3992:Epoxy resins
3991:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:ABS plastics
3883:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Plutonium-238
3663:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Plutonium-239
3581:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Plutonium-239
3548:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:fusion scheme
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:18650 battery
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:See Table 1
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:Polypropylene
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:Hydrogen, gas
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:Hydrogen, gas
1262:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:119.93 (
1223:
1220:141.86 (
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1042:February 2020
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1003:
993:
987:
982:
973:
972:
966:
964:
962:
958:
954:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
888:
860:
852:
844:
831:
828:
823:
820:
813:
812:
811:
808:
798:
793:
788:
783:
761:
748:
745:
741:
736:
731:
719:
716:
711:
708:
701:
700:
699:
697:
693:
688:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
596:
594:
592:
588:
583:
582:nuclear power
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
507:waste storage
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
472:thermodynamic
469:
465:
461:
453:
451:
449:
448:Peukert's law
445:
441:
436:
434:
428:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
374:
367:
365:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:cooking fires
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
150:
147:
126:
123:
107:
105:
101:
98:
97:
92:
91:
86:
83:
75:
71:
69:
62:
58:
52:
49:
45:
42:
40:
36:
31:
19:
7115:. Retrieved
7097:. Retrieved
7093:
7075:
7071:
7047:
7034:
7019:
7012:. Retrieved
7008:the original
7003:
6994:
6982:. Retrieved
6977:
6968:
6955:
6947:
6944:
6923:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6877:. Retrieved
6873:
6864:
6853:. Retrieved
6849:
6826:. Retrieved
6822:
6797:. Retrieved
6793:
6784:
6773:. Retrieved
6771:. 2012-06-28
6768:
6743:. Retrieved
6739:
6730:
6719:. Retrieved
6715:
6690:. Retrieved
6686:
6676:
6665:. Retrieved
6661:
6652:
6641:. Retrieved
6637:
6628:
6617:. Retrieved
6613:
6604:
6594:December 15,
6592:. Retrieved
6588:
6547:. Retrieved
6543:
6480:. Retrieved
6476:
6466:
6455:. Retrieved
6451:
6426:. Retrieved
6414:
6389:. Retrieved
6333:
6329:
6322:
6294:
6286:the original
6262:. Retrieved
6250:
6239:. Retrieved
6227:
6216:. Retrieved
6190:. Retrieved
6183:the original
6155:. Retrieved
6148:the original
6143:
6117:. Retrieved
6091:. Retrieved
6084:the original
6057:. Retrieved
6050:the original
6023:. Retrieved
6016:the original
5989:. Retrieved
5982:the original
5955:. Retrieved
5951:
5928:. Retrieved
5916:
5905:. Retrieved
5901:
5892:
5881:. Retrieved
5877:
5859:
5848:the original
5835:
5811:
5786:
5782:
5772:
5761:. Retrieved
5757:the original
5743:
5704:
5698:
5671:
5644:
5633:. Retrieved
5623:
5612:. Retrieved
5599:
5588:. Retrieved
5581:the original
5568:
5557:. Retrieved
5553:the original
5543:
5532:. Retrieved
5525:the original
5512:
5493:
5487:
5475:. Retrieved
5473:. 2013-11-18
5470:
5458:
5450:
5444:. Retrieved
5437:the original
5423:
5411:. Retrieved
5404:the original
5391:
5383:
5377:. Retrieved
5363:
5333:(1): 17–20.
5330:
5326:
5316:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5252:, retrieved
5245:the original
5236:
5230:
5219:the original
5206:
5195:. Retrieved
5191:
5181:
5170:. Retrieved
5163:the original
5150:
5139:. Retrieved
5132:the original
5100:IOR Energy.
5049:. Retrieved
5039:
5030:
5019:. Retrieved
5008:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4906:. Retrieved
4902:the original
4892:
4881:. Retrieved
4879:. 2019-05-22
4876:
4867:
4856:. Retrieved
4852:
4842:
4831:. Retrieved
4827:the original
4817:
4806:. Retrieved
4802:the original
4792:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4580:. Retrieved
4576:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4509:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4470:. Retrieved
4460:
4030:Steel, Mild
3796:2,170–2,410
3784:1,440–1,770
3765:2,200–8,900
3762:1,651–6,605
3750:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3716:
3693:
3675:621,900,000
3647:929,214,000
3530:268,848,415
3505:337,387,388
3474:571,182,758
2803:1,600–3,580
2646:sodium oxide
2557:Nitromethane
1812:Paraffin wax
1630:Residential
1609:Polyethylene
1296:
1293:
1256:
1252:
1171:
1144:
1139:, it is the
1122:
1091:
1078:≈ 1.34
1069:
1048:
1039:
1028:
997:
985:
963:or fluence.
960:
950:
937:gas pressure
926:
896:
886:
883:
809:
791:
781:
778:
690:
667:neutron star
663:
639:
620:
600:
578:fusion power
567:
558:
555:annihilation
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
480:
457:
437:
429:
421:
398:
379:
363:
352:
317:
292:cosmological
289:
266:
206:
195:
187:
175:
169:
95:
89:
84:
39:SI unit
6901:: 604–621.
5413:16 November
5375:. p. 5
5073:Natural Gas
4384:Food energy
3758:Rubber band
3672:43,277,631
3644:79,420,000
3620:80,620,000
3587:31,000,000
3554:83,610,000
3344:Lithium-ion
3288:AA battery
3132:up to 8.57
3129:0.006–0.06
3126:0.01–0.030
3082:0.504–1.46
3008:0.36–0.875
2402:26.2 (
2197:< ~9000
2191:< ~32.4
1859:Polystyrene
1653:Diesel fuel
1632:heating oil
1497:Natural gas
1119:Food energy
1029:may not be
924:densities.
910:anisotropic
401:gravimetric
340:heat engine
279:to perform
215:(including
55:Other units
7130:Categories
7117:4 November
7099:4 November
6879:2019-12-12
6855:2019-12-12
6828:2019-12-15
6799:2019-12-12
6775:2020-01-22
6745:2019-12-12
6721:2021-06-13
6692:2020-06-18
6667:2019-12-15
6643:2019-12-12
6619:2019-12-15
6549:2019-12-12
6482:2019-12-12
6457:2019-12-15
6428:2020-01-21
6391:2014-04-17
6343:1908.00834
6264:2016-01-10
6241:2016-01-10
6218:2016-01-10
6192:2020-01-12
6157:13 October
6119:2016-01-10
6093:2016-01-10
6059:2016-01-10
6025:2016-01-10
5991:2016-01-10
5957:2019-02-16
5930:2016-01-10
5907:2019-02-16
5883:2022-12-31
5763:2009-04-21
5635:2010-05-07
5614:2012-01-25
5590:2012-01-25
5559:2010-05-07
5534:2010-05-07
5477:2019-04-06
5446:2019-04-06
5379:2009-02-26
5254:15 January
5197:2019-07-28
5172:2012-01-25
5141:2012-01-25
5051:2010-05-07
5047:. Eagle.ca
5021:2014-11-23
4908:2010-05-07
4883:2024-08-11
4858:2024-08-11
4833:2010-05-07
4808:2015-06-13
4725:Complexity
4582:2019-07-28
4472:2018-10-08
4149:13.9–25.0
4146:5.56–10.0
4106:28.6–36.5
4089:11.1–11.5
4086:31.8–32.8
4019:.481–.609
3997:113–1,810
3827:253–2,030
3824:233–1,870
3722:Resilience
3696:resilience
3669:2,239,000
3419:Antimatter
3369:0.59–1.06
3366:1.74–2.83
3317:C battery
3300:14.2 × 50
3240:14.2 × 50
3227:AA battery
2967:0.54–0.86
2848:burned to
2782:burned to
2713:burned to
2688:burned to
2619:burned to
2594:burned to
2471:camel dung
2267:burned to
2242:burned to
2162:bituminous
2136:Phosphorus
1975:anthracite
1113:See also:
1064:See also:
1000:April 2019
671:black hole
563:antimatter
561:by matter-
491:harvesting
454:Efficiency
405:volumetric
269:synonymous
245:combustion
221:electrical
59:J/L, W⋅h/L
6915:197448761
6471:PubChem.
6423:1059-1028
6368:199405246
5347:0002-7863
5156:"537.pdf"
4952:125817506
4930:: 54–60.
4924:Physica B
4731:(5): NA.
4671:120910476
4453:Footnotes
4346:0.000978
4343:0.000981
4323:0.36–0.5
4175:Material
4112:8.4–8.73
4054:Aluminium
4032:AISI 1018
3947:stainless
3779:ASTM A228
3712:Material
3542:LiD → 2He
3527:(fusion)
3502:(fusion)
3496:Deuterium
3486:Proposed
3468:Deuterium
3448:neutrinos
3443:(fusion)
3386:Material
3258:C battery
3200:mass (g)
3011:0.9–2.63
2887:Material
2798:5.9–12.9
2795:4.7–11.3
2791:Gunpowder
2779:10,611.1
2735:10,555.6
2578:Manganese
2376:briquette
2330:plastic (
2303:Potassium
2251:Hydrazine
2128:11,944.5
2115:Magnesium
2093:Polyester
2032:23,277.8
2019:Aluminium
1963:20,250.0
1916:10,166.7
1891:10,555.6
1873:12,083.3
1870:11,500.0
1833:Crude oil
1804:10,500.0
1801:11,666.7
1779:11,722.2
1768:Biodiesel
1757:11,972.2
1736:12,094.5
1713:11,944.4
1687:12,222.2
1666:10,722.2
1663:12,666.7
1645:10,361.1
1642:12,833.3
1623:11,833.3
1620:12,861.1
1601:11,583.3
1598:12,888.9
1576:12,888.9
1555:13,638.9
1531:13,777.8
1507:14,888.9
1486:14,888.9
1460:14,888.9
1438:15,444.5
1419:38,277.8
1416:16,361.1
1398:12,055.6
1395:18,111.1
1377:34,750.0
1374:18,777.8
1364:Beryllium
1353:21,722.2
1183:Material
1135:or to do
1133:fuel cell
1074:= 1
992:talk page
914:nonlinear
861:⋅
845:⋅
749:μ
717:ε
642:Fukushima
629:(PWR) or
616:petroleum
549:(~0.1%),
499:pollution
328:reactants
277:potential
258:oil lamps
148:−
124:−
104:Dimension
7014:13 April
6984:13 April
6935:·6H
6769:AZoM.com
6473:"Acetal"
5824:Archived
5803:96799565
5753:Duracell
5735:36130191
5653:Archived
5355:20291038
5300:17581580
5076:Archived
4706:22433167
4553:17761246
4362:See also
4319:Flywheel
4202:Comment
4199:(W⋅h/L)
4180:(MJ/kg)
4115:102–125
4109:250–306
4081:flexural
4013:158–200
3925:(yield)
3904:Acrylic
3896:1.4–3.1
3890:258–571
3887:241–534
3870:520–740
3867:433–615
3821:Nylon-6
3801:Acetals
3748:strength
3470:(fusion)
3441:Hydrogen
3413:Comment
3410:(W⋅h/L)
3391:(MJ/kg)
3360:18 × 65
3329:26 × 46
3271:26 × 46
3255:Alkaline
3224:Alkaline
2972:150–240
2952:2,500.0
2933:1,672.2
2914:Comment
2911:(W⋅h/L)
2892:(MJ/kg)
2866:1,027.8
2776:1,361.1
2757:3,111.1
2754:1,416.7
2745:plastic
2732:1,472.2
2710:14487.2
2685:16004.1
2662:2,222.2
2641:2,444.5
2638:2,527.8
2616:5,308.3
2613:2,563.9
2567:3,138.9
2547:3,555.6
2526:3,555.6
2523:3,694.5
2480:4,305.6
2467:cow dung
2458:6,638.9
2455:4,319.5
2437:6,833.3
2434:4,416.7
2412:7,277.8
2409:4,722.2
2404:dextrose
2385:4,916.7
2363:5,000.0
2346:7,000.0
2343:5,000.0
2294:3,194.5
2291:5,166.7
2269:nitrogen
2264:5,361.1
2261:5,416.7
2226:Titanium
2218:4,333.3
2215:5,472.2
2205:Methanol
2194:6,527.8
2138:(white)
2125:6,861.1
2107:9,888.9
2104:7,222.2
2095:plastic
2053:6,666.7
2050:8,333.3
2029:8,611.1
1960:9,083.3
1950:Graphite
1942:7,125.0
1939:9,194.5
1926:Gasohol
1919:8,111.1
1894:9,722.2
1881:Body fat
1861:plastic
1782:9,166.7
1760:6,388.9
1739:9,216.7
1716:9,722.2
1702:kerosene
1698:Jet fuel
1690:8,775.0
1611:plastic
1589:plastic
1579:9,500.0
1558:7,694.5
1534:7,027.8
1489:2,500.0
1463:6,166.7
1343:Diborane
1324:39,405.6
1306:(1
1280:39,405.6
1239:39,405.6
1210:Comment
1207:(W⋅h/L)
1188:(MJ/kg)
1031:reliable
933:pressure
692:Electric
537:, where
529:, where
495:refining
409:Gasoline
344:enthalpy
308:pressure
225:pressure
213:chemical
7141:Density
6348:Bibcode
5308:4366510
5280:Bibcode
4932:Bibcode
4747:6994736
4651:Bibcode
4533:Bibcode
4235:0.814
4208:Silicon
4185:(MJ/L)
4123:Copper
3945:Steel,
3777:Steel,
3734:(kg/L)
3731:Density
3717:(J/kg)
3700:Hookean
3698:, of a
3640:Thorium
3616:Uranium
3500:tritium
3396:(MJ/L)
3320:19,440
3262:34,416
3198:Typical
3170:Battery
2897:(MJ/L)
2707:1858.3
2682:2052.9
2591:18,900
2494:lignite
2445:Glucose
2424:Calcium
2281:ammonia
2279:Liquid
2239:24,700
2150:12,310
2076:8,805.6
2040:Ethanol
2010:21,080
1997:Silicon
1906:Butanol
1851:10,278
1848:11,630
1842:41.868
1825:10,500
1822:11,700
1747:Lithium
1725:Gasohol
1521:propane
1504:0.0364
1435:0.0378
1427:Methane
1356:24,600
1193:(MJ/L)
1093:to get
922:entropy
900:is the
890:is the
795:is the
785:is the
646:tsunami
574:fission
503:climate
466:due to
413:isomers
346:or the
250:biomass
209:nuclear
172:physics
7136:Energy
7054:
7041:
6913:
6421:
6366:
5801:
5733:
5723:
5663:
5500:
5353:
5345:
5306:
5298:
5271:Nature
4950:
4784:709782
4782:
4745:
4704:
4669:
4551:
4352:0.272
4349:0.272
4305:0.334
4302:0.334
4285:138.9
4265:172.2
4262:213.9
4222:1,285
4213:1.790
4192:W⋅h/kg
4155:50–90
4143:Glass
4103:Brass
3955:2,410
3931:1,120
3909:1,530
3859:1,224
3850:5,720
3830:1.084
3810:0.831
3751:(MPa)
3742:(GPa)
3726:(J/L)
3403:W⋅h/kg
3363:16.54
3357:44–49
3332:24.42
3291:9,072
3274:24.42
3231:9,360
3046:1,200
3037:1.566
3033:anodes
2995:1,200
2930:441.7
2904:W⋅h/kg
2845:3,890
2842:1,110
2832:Barium
2824:1,920
2821:1,162
2815:4.184
2743:Teflon
2628:Sodium
2610:19.11
2603:Sulfur
2588:2,630
2570:3,570
2564:12.85
2513:Sodium
2498:10–20
2449:15.55
2316:4,600
2313:5,160
2236:5,480
2233:88.93
2230:19.74
2169:26–49
2166:24–35
2147:6,750
2144:44.30
2141:24.30
2007:9,056
1982:34–43
1979:26–33
1936:25.65
1773:42.20
1733:33.18
1730:43.54
1700:(e.g.
1684:31.59
1545:butane
1413:137.8
1371:125.1
1200:W⋅h/kg
941:plasma
884:where
799:, and
779:where
614:, and
570:fusion
535:m = ρV
527:E = mc
509:, and
460:engine
386:energy
324:exergy
231:or in
188:useful
184:volume
180:energy
72:m⋅kg⋅s
7112:(PDF)
6911:S2CID
6585:(PDF)
6415:Wired
6364:S2CID
6338:arXiv
6259:(PDF)
6236:(PDF)
6213:(PDF)
6186:(PDF)
6179:(PDF)
6151:(PDF)
6140:(PDF)
6114:(PDF)
6087:(PDF)
6080:(PDF)
6053:(PDF)
6046:(PDF)
6019:(PDF)
6012:(PDF)
5985:(PDF)
5978:(PDF)
5925:(PDF)
5851:(PDF)
5844:(PDF)
5827:(PDF)
5820:(PDF)
5799:S2CID
5731:S2CID
5609:(PDF)
5584:(PDF)
5577:(PDF)
5528:(PDF)
5521:(PDF)
5467:(PDF)
5440:(PDF)
5433:(PDF)
5407:(PDF)
5400:(PDF)
5373:(PDF)
5304:S2CID
5248:(PDF)
5241:(PDF)
5222:(PDF)
5215:(PDF)
5166:(PDF)
5159:(PDF)
5135:(PDF)
5128:(PDF)
4948:S2CID
4780:S2CID
4743:S2CID
4667:S2CID
4311:93.1
4308:93.1
4288:55.6
4259:0.62
4256:0.77
4238:1.93
4132:8.93
4126:23.1
4092:.350
4065:2.70
4062:87.7
4059:32.5
4042:7.87
4036:42.4
3984:68.9
3981:2.70
3937:71.0
3934:2.81
3893:1.07
3853:8.36
3790:7.80
3768:1.35
3354:8–13
3338:0.24
3335:0.80
3309:0.35
3306:1.15
3303:7.92
3280:0.53
3277:1.41
3249:0.39
3246:1.18
3243:7.92
3184:Joule
3105:47.2
3102:0.56
3099:0.17
3079:0.41
3059:0.48
3040:4.32
3028:with
2989:4.32
2927:6.02
2924:1.59
2839:14.0
2836:3.99
2818:6.92
2773:38.2
2751:11.2
2729:38.0
2704:52.2
2679:57.7
2607:9.23
2585:68.2
2582:9.46
2561:11.3
2542:12.8
2520:12.8
2517:13.3
2475:15.5
2452:23.9
2431:24.6
2428:15.9
2380:17.7
2358:18.0
2340:25.2
2337:18.0
2310:16.5
2307:18.6
2288:11.5
2285:18.6
2273:water
2258:19.3
2255:19.5
2212:15.6
2209:19.7
2188:23.5
2122:43.0
2119:24.7
2101:35.6
2098:26.0
2026:83.8
2023:31.0
2004:75.9
2001:32.6
1957:72.9
1954:32.7
1933:33.1
1913:29.2
1910:36.6
1867:43.5
1864:41.4
1819:37.8
1798:37.8
1754:23.0
1751:43.1
1681:44.0
1677:Avgas
1674:100LL
1660:38.6
1657:45.6
1639:37.3
1636:46.2
1617:42.6
1614:46.3
1595:41.7
1592:46.4
1573:34.2
1570:46.4
1552:27.7
1549:49.1
1528:25.3
1525:49.6
1510:10.1
1501:53.6
1480:53.6
1457:22.2
1454:53.6
1441:10.5
1432:55.6
1410:58.9
1406:Boron
1392:43.4
1389:65.2
1368:67.6
1350:88.4
1347:78.2
1253:after
1090:by 10
1084:joule
953:laser
939:of a
7119:2018
7101:2018
7052:ISBN
7039:ISBN
7016:2018
6986:2018
6931:SrBr
6596:2019
6419:ISSN
6159:2015
5721:ISBN
5709:IEEE
5661:ISBN
5498:ISBN
5415:2016
5351:PMID
5343:ISSN
5296:PMID
5256:2017
4702:PMID
4549:PMID
4326:5.3
4282:0.2
4279:0.5
4243:628
4219:500
4216:4.5
4152:2.5
4135:117
4129:207
4077:Pine
4045:205
4039:334
4002:2–3
3987:276
3978:553
3975:205
3964:965
3961:193
3958:8.0
3952:301
3940:400
3928:399
3914:3.2
3876:2.6
3873:1.2
3856:131
3847:684
3833:2–4
3813:2.8
3807:754
3804:908
3793:210
3323:5.4
3315:NiMH
3294:2.5
3286:NiMH
3265:9.5
3234:2.6
3121:EDLC
3108:156
3062:1.3
3043:435
2992:500
2986:1.8
2947:9.0
2861:3.7
2857:ANFO
2770:4.9
2766:Iron
2748:5.1
2726:5.3
2722:Zinc
2701:6.7
2697:Iron
2676:7.4
2672:Iron
2657:8.0
2635:8.8
2632:9.1
2538:Peat
2490:Coal
2469:and
2465:Dry
2373:Peat
2354:Wood
2271:and
2158:Coal
1971:Coal
1137:work
1127:for
1117:and
1105:/L.
1103:kW⋅h
1080:hp⋅h
1076:kW⋅h
920:and
912:and
894:and
803:and
694:and
635:heat
608:coal
572:and
470:and
403:and
390:fuel
380:For
336:heat
281:work
192:mass
6948:164
6903:doi
6899:145
6356:doi
5791:doi
5713:doi
5335:doi
5288:doi
5276:447
4940:doi
4928:541
4877:ENS
4772:doi
4733:doi
4694:doi
4659:doi
4624:doi
4620:139
4541:doi
4529:568
4497:doi
4068:69
4022:13
4016:96
3326:82
3297:26
3268:65
3237:24
3193:W⋅h
2811:TNT
2399:17
2328:PVC
2183:PET
2061:DME
2047:24
2044:30
1928:E85
1888:35
1885:38
1845:37
1816:42
1795:42
1790:DMF
1776:33
1710:35
1707:43
1542:LPG
1518:LPG
1471:CNG
1449:LNG
1308:atm
1228:LHV
1222:HHV
612:gas
396:.
290:In
219:),
200:or
170:In
64:In
7132::
7092:.
7018:.
7002:.
6976:.
6943:,
6909:.
6897:.
6872:.
6848:.
6837:^
6821:.
6808:^
6792:.
6767:.
6754:^
6738:.
6714:.
6701:^
6685:.
6660:.
6636:.
6612:.
6587:.
6558:^
6542:.
6491:^
6475:.
6450:.
6437:^
6417:.
6413:.
6400:^
6376:^
6362:.
6354:.
6346:.
6334:59
6332:.
6308:^
6273:^
6201:^
6167:^
6142:.
6128:^
6102:^
6068:^
6034:^
6000:^
5966:^
5950:.
5939:^
5900:.
5876:.
5865:^
5797:.
5785:.
5751:.
5729:.
5719:.
5707:.
5684:^
5469:.
5449:.
5382:.
5349:.
5341:.
5331:69
5329:.
5325:.
5302:.
5294:.
5286:.
5274:.
5190:.
5109:^
5087:^
5060:^
4990:^
4968:.
4946:.
4938:.
4926:.
4875:.
4851:.
4778:.
4766:.
4741:.
4729:15
4727:.
4723:.
4700:.
4690:46
4688:.
4665:.
4657:.
4647:99
4645:.
4622:.
4618:.
4575:.
4561:^
4547:.
4539:.
4527:.
4491:.
4194:)
4083:)
3604:)
3594:)
3571:)
3561:)
3450:.
3405:)
3195:)
3186:)
3123:)
2906:)
2492:,
2406:)
2334:)
2160:,
1973:,
1839:)
1704:)
1483:9
1477:)
1230:)
1202:)
1095:MJ
1072:MJ
943:.
789:,
610:,
513:.
505:,
493:,
442:,
435:.
350:.
310:.
256:,
235:.
227:,
223:,
211:,
204:.
174:,
87:=
7121:.
7103:.
7081:"
6988:.
6939:O
6937:2
6933:2
6917:.
6905::
6882:.
6858:.
6831:.
6802:.
6778:.
6748:.
6724:.
6695:.
6670:.
6646:.
6622:.
6598:.
6552:.
6485:.
6460:.
6431:.
6394:.
6370:.
6358::
6350::
6340::
6302:.
6267:.
6244:.
6221:.
6195:.
6161:.
6122:.
6096:.
6062:.
6028:.
5994:.
5960:.
5933:.
5910:.
5886:.
5805:.
5793::
5787:4
5766:.
5737:.
5715::
5638:.
5617:.
5593:.
5562:.
5537:.
5506:.
5480:.
5417:.
5357:.
5337::
5310:.
5290::
5282::
5200:.
5175:.
5144:.
5054:.
5024:.
4972:.
4954:.
4942::
4934::
4911:.
4886:.
4861:.
4836:.
4811:.
4786:.
4774::
4768:2
4749:.
4735::
4708:.
4696::
4673:.
4661::
4653::
4630:.
4626::
4585:.
4555:.
4543::
4535::
4503:.
4499::
4493:8
4475:.
4190:(
3498:+
3401:(
3191:(
3182:(
3119:(
2902:(
1835:(
1224:)
1198:(
1172:G
1168:O
1164:2
1159:H
1154:O
1152:2
1150:H
1145:G
1099:L
1097:/
1088:m
1086:/
1055:)
1049:(
1044:)
1040:(
1034:.
1002:)
998:(
988:.
897:H
887:D
869:)
865:B
857:H
853:+
849:D
841:E
837:(
832:2
829:1
824:=
821:u
805:µ
801:ε
792:B
782:E
762:2
757:B
746:2
742:1
737:+
732:2
727:E
720:2
712:=
709:u
625:(
559:V
543:V
539:ρ
531:c
151:2
142:T
134:M
127:1
118:L
96:V
93:/
90:E
85:U
48:m
46:/
44:J
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.