975:"Recounts in Chicago and Philadelphia have indicated such wide variations that apparently the precinct officers did not take the trouble to count the ballots at all... While many election boards pride themselves upon their ability to conduct the count rapidly and accurately, as a general rule the count is conducted poorly and slowly... precinct officers conduct the count with practically no supervision whatever... It is impossible to fix the responsibility for errors or frauds... Not infrequently there is a mixup with the ballots and some uncertainty as to which have been counted and which have not... The central count was used some years ago in San Francisco... experience indicated that there is considerable confusion at the central counting place... and that the results are not more accurate than those obtained from the count by the precinct officer."
2795:, although seals can typically be removed and reapplied without damage, especially in the first 48 hours. Photos taken when the seal is applied can be compared to photos taken when the seal is opened. Detecting subtle tampering requires substantial training. Election officials usually take too little time to examine seals, and observers are too far away to check seal numbers, though they could compare old and new photos projected on a screen. If seal numbers and photos are kept for later comparison, these numbers and photos need their own secure storage. Seals can also be forged. Seals and locks can be cut so observers cannot trust the storage. If the storage is breached, election results cannot be checked and corrected.
2696:
cast in the precinct were erroneously added to a different contest in the central official tally, and unknown numbers were added to other contests in the central official tallies. The investigator found the same had happened in 2010. There were also votes lost by garbled transmissions, which the state election commission saw but did not report as an issue. 49 machines reported that their three internal memory counts disagreed, an average of 240 errors per machine, but the machines stayed in use, and the state evaluation did not report the issue, and there were other error codes and time stamp errors.
2508:(BMD), and voters with disabilities can communicate with it by headphones, large buttons, sip and puff, or paddles, if they cannot interact with the screen or paper directly. Typically the ballot marking device does not store or tally votes. The paper it prints is the official ballot, put into a scanning system which counts the barcodes, or the printed names can be hand-counted, as a check on the machines. Most voters do not look at the paper to ensure it reflects their choices, and when there is a mistake, an experiment found that 81% of registered voters do not report errors to poll workers.
2609:
to mark would cost $ 4 to $ 20 per voter ($ 113 million to $ 224 million total machines, maintenance and printing). The low estimate includes $ 0.40 to print each ballot, and more than enough ballots for historic turnout levels. the high estimate includes $ 0.55 to print each ballot, and enough ballots for every registered voter, including three ballots (of different parties) for each registered voter in primary elections with historically low turnout. The estimate is $ 29 per voter ($ 203 million total) if all voters use ballot marking devices, including $ 0.10 per ballot for paper.
956:
Lok Sabha, the
Election Commission hand-tallied the slips of paper from 20,675 voting machines (out of 1,350,000 machines) and found discrepancies for 8 machines, usually of four votes or less. Most machines tally over 16 candidates, and they did not report how many of these candidate tallies were discrepant. They formed investigation teams to report within ten days, were still investigating in November 2019, with no report as of June 2021. Hand tallies before and after 2019 had a perfect match with machine counts.
818:
2459:
960:
from sort and stack. These errors were equally divided between undercounts and overcounts of the candidates. Optical scan ballots, which were tallied by both methods, averaged 1.87% errors, equally divided between undercounts and overcounts. Since it was an experiment, the true numbers were known. Participants thought that having the candidate names printed in larger type and bolder than the office and party would make hand tallies faster and more accurate.
2475:
2765:
2781:
2773:
2646:
43:
717:
1274:
2605:
fees often cost 5% or more per year, and sometimes over 10%. Fees for training and managing the equipment during elections are additional. Some jurisdictions lease the machines so their budgets can stay relatively constant from year to year. Researchers say that the steady flow of income from past sales, combined with barriers to entry, reduces the incentive for vendors to improve voting technology.
964:
and the
District of Columbia give anyone but officials a legal right to see ballot marks during hand counting. If fraud is detected and proven, penalties may be light or delayed. US prosecution policy since the 1980s has been to let fraudulent winners take office and keep office, usually for years, until convicted, and to impose sentencing level 8-14, which earns less than two years of prison.
1282:
resolve discrepancies, if 2 of the 3 agree. Typical times in the table below range from a tenth to a quarter of a minute per vote tallied, so 24-60 ballots per hour per team, if there are 10 votes per ballot. One experiment with identical ballots of various types and multiple teams found that sorting ballots into stacks took longer and had more errors than two people reading to two talliers.
2723:
2752:
Massachusetts and the
District of Columbia give anyone but officials a legal right to see ballot marks during hand counting. For optical scans, the software has rules to interpret voter intent, based on the darkness of marks. Software may ignore circles around a candidate name, and paper dust or broken sensors can cause marks to appear or disappear, not where the voter intended.
2840:. Apps try to verify the correct voter is using the app by name, date of birth and signature, which are widely available for most voters, so can be faked; or by name, ID and video selfie, which can be faked by loading a pre-recorded video. Apps have been particularly criticized for operating on insecure phones, and pretending to more security during transmission than they have.
2740:
2483:
120:
2442:
2688:
programmed vote-counting machines for all counties. The same computer also held voter registration records. The intrusion exposed all election files in
Georgia since then to compromise and malware. Public disclosure came in 2020 from a court case. Georgia did not have paper ballots to measure the amount of error in electronic tallies. The
2467:
945:
double-counted ballots. 12 of 13 precincts in the 2024 Republican primary in
Gillespie County, TX, were added or written down wrong after a handcount, including two precincts with seven contests wrong and one with six contests wrong. These Texas errors were caught and corrected before results were final. The Indiana ones were not.
912:, used 850 ballots, averaging 36 contests each, from logic & accuracy tests, so they had been machine-counted many times. The hand county used 7 experienced poll workers: 1 reader with 2 watchers, 2 talliers with 2 watchers. There were 46 errors in contest totals which were not noticed by the counting team, including:
2538:
Software can miscount; if it miscounts drastically enough, people notice and check. Staff rarely can say who caused an error, so they do not know whether it was accidental or a hack. Errors from 2002-2008 were listed and analyzed by the
Brennan Center in 2010. There have been numerous examples before
955:
India hand tallies paper records from a 1.5% sample of election machines before releasing results. For each voter the machine prints the selected candidate on a slip of paper, displays it to the voter, and drops the slip into a box. In the April–May 2019 elections for the lower house of
Congress, the
853:
Another approach is for one official to read all the votes on a ballot aloud, to one or more other staff, who tally the counts for each candidate. The reader and talliers read and tally all contests, before going on to the next ballot. A variant is to project the ballots where multiple people can see
845:
One method of manual counting is to sort ballots in piles by candidate, and count the number of ballots in each pile. If there is more than one contest on the same sheet of paper, the sorting and counting are repeated for each contest. This method has been used in
Burkina Faso, Russia, Sweden, United
2798:
Experienced testers can usually bypass all physical security systems. Locks and cameras are vulnerable before and after delivery. Guards can be bribed or blackmailed. Insider threats and the difficulty of following all security procedures are usually under-appreciated, and most organizations do not
2707:
A 2007 study for the Ohio
Secretary of State reported on election software from ES&S, Premier and Hart. Besides the problems it found, it noted that all "election systems rely heavily on third party software that implement interfaces to the operating systems, local databases, and devices such as
2695:
A 2018 study of direct-recording voting machines (iVotronic) without VVPAT in South
Carolina found that every election from 2010-2018 had some memory cards fail. The investigator also found that lists of candidates were different in the central and precinct machines, so 420 votes which were properly
2653:
A touch screen displays choices to the voter, who selects choices, and can change their mind as often as needed, before casting the vote. Staff initialize each voter once on the machine, to avoid repeat voting. Voting data and ballot images are recorded in memory components, and can be copied out at
2616:
New York has an undated comparison of capital costs and a system where all voters use ballot marking devices costing over twice as much as a system where most do not. The authors say extra machine maintenance would exacerbate that difference, and printing cost would be comparable in both approaches.
2565:
When a ballot marking device prints a bar code or QR code along with candidate names, the candidates are represented in the bar code or QR code as numbers, and the scanner counts those codes, not the names. If a bug or hack makes the numbering system in the ballot marking device not aligned with the
963:
Intentional errors hand tallying election results are fraud. Close review by observers, if allowed, may detect fraud, and the observers may or may not be believed. If only one person sees each ballot and reads off its choice, there is no check on that person's mistakes. In the US only Massachusetts
948:
Average errors in candidate tallies in New Hampshire towns were 2.5% in 2002, including one town with errors up to 20%. Omitting that town cut the average error to 0.87%. Only the net result for each candidate in each town could be measured, by assuming the careful manual recount was fully accurate.
2817:
The ballots can be carried securely to a central station for central tallying, or they can be tallied at each polling place, manually or by machine, and the results sent securely to the central elections office. Transport is often accompanied by representatives of different parties to ensure honest
2687:
The only forensic examination which has been done of direct-recording software files was in Georgia in 2020, and found that one or more unauthorized intruders had entered the files and erased records of what it did to them. In 2014-2017 an intruder had control of the state computer in Georgia which
2608:
If most voters mark their own paper ballots and one marking device is available at each polling place for voters with disabilities, Georgia's total cost of machines and maintenance for 10 years, starting 2020, has been estimated at $ 12 per voter ($ 84 million total). Pre-printed ballots for voters
2592:
Because of its potential for fraud, recreation of ballots is usually done by teams of two people working together or closely observed by bipartisan teams. The security of a team process can be undermined by having one person read to the other, so only one looks at the original votes and one looks
2550:
In a 2000 Bernalillo County (Albuquerque area), New Mexico, election, a programming error meant that straight-party votes on paper ballots were not counted for the individual candidates. The number of ballots was thus much larger than the number of votes in each contest. The software was fixed, and
2534:
Scanners have a row of photo-sensors which the paper passes by, and they record light and dark pixels from the ballot. A black streak results when a scratch or paper dust causes a sensor to record black continuously. A white streak can result when a sensor fails. In the right place, such lines can
1472:
Excludes: detecting & retallying errors missed by team, space rental, paying workers to attend training, entering data on computer for web & SOS, creating blank tally sheets for each precinct. They estimate the following would add 33% to direct tallying cost: supervision, summation, sorting
1281:
Cost depends on pay levels and staff time needed, recognizing that staff generally work in teams of two to four (one to read, one to watch, and one or two to record votes). Teams of four, with two to read and two to record are more secure and would increase costs. Three to record might more quickly
849:
A variant is to read aloud the choice on each ballot while putting it into its pile, so observers can tally initially, and check by counting the piles. This method has been used in Ghana, Indonesia, and Mozambique. These first two methods do not preserve the original order of the ballots, which can
2824:
is common worldwide, though France stopped it in the 1970s because of concerns about ballot security. Voters who receive a ballot at home may also hand-deliver it or have someone else to deliver it. The voter may be forced or paid to vote a certain way, or ballots may be changed or lost during the
2751:
For paper ballots officials decide if the voter's intent is clear, since voters may mark lightly, or circle their choice, instead of marking as instructed. The ballot may be visible to observers to ensure agreement, by webcam or passing around a table, or the process may be private. In the US only
2543:
In a 2020 election in Baltimore, Maryland, the private company which printed ballots shifted the location of some candidates on some ballots up one line, so the scanner looked in the wrong places on the paper and reported the wrong numbers. It was caught because a popular incumbent got implausibly
2412:
An Estonian study compared the staff, computer, and other costs of different ways of voting to the numbers of voters, and found highest costs per vote were in lightly-used, heavily staffed early in-person voting. Lowest costs per vote were in internet voting and in-person voting on election day at
959:
An experiment with multiple types of ballots counted by multiple teams found average errors of 0.5% in candidate tallies when one person, watched by another, read to two people tallying independently. Almost all these errors were overcounts. The same ballots had errors of 2.1% in candidate tallies
2604:
List prices of optical scanners in the US in 2002-2019, ranged from $ 5,000 to $ 111,000 per machine, depending primarily on speed. List prices add up to $ 1 to $ 4 initial cost per registered voter. Discounts vary, based on negotiations for each buyer, not on number of machines purchased. Annual
2581:
Recreated ballots are paper or electronic ballots created by election staff when originals cannot be counted for some reason. They usually apply to optical scan elections, not hand-counting. Reasons include tears, water damage and folds which prevent feeding through scanners. Reasons also include
2408:
Electronic machines for elections are being procured around the world, often with donor money. In places with honest independent election commissions, machines can add efficiency, though not usually transparency. Where the election commission is weaker, expensive machines can be fetishized, waste
2802:
Security recommendations include preventing access by anyone alone, which would typically require two hard-to-pick locks, and having keys held by independent officials if such officials exist in the jurisdiction; having storage risks identified by people other than those who design or manage the
2612:
The capital cost of machines in 2019 in Pennsylvania is $ 11 per voter if most voters mark their own paper ballots and a marking device is available at each polling place for voters with disabilities, compared to $ 23 per voter if all voters use ballot marking devices. This cost does not include
808:
and 2021, a robust examination of the voting process in multiple U.S. states, including Arizona (where claims were most strenuous), found no basis in truth for those claims. The absence of error and fraud is partially attributable to the inherent checks and balances in the voting process itself,
2828:
Postal voting lowered turnout in California by 3%. It raised turnout in Oregon only in Presidential election years by 4%, turning occasional voters into regular voters, without bringing in new voters. Election offices do not mail to people who have not voted recently, and letter carriers do not
2747:
Election officials or optical scanners decide if a ballot is valid before tallying it. Reasons why it might not be valid include: more choices selected than allowed; incorrect voter signature or details on ballots received by mail, if allowed; lack of poll worker signatures, if required; forged
1264:
Data in the table are comparable, because average error in candidate tallies as percent of candidate tallies, weighted by number of votes for each candidate (in NH) is mathematically the same as the sum of absolute values of errors in each candidate's tally, as percent of all ballots (in other
861:
A variant of all approaches is to scan all the ballots and release a file of the images, so anyone can count them. Parties and citizens can count these images by hand or by software. The file gives them evidence to resolve discrepancies. The fact that different parties and citizens count with
2389:
Tampering with the gears or initial settings can change counts, or gears can stick when a small object is caught in them, so they fail to count some votes. When not maintained well the counters can stick and stop counting additional votes; staff may or may not choose to fix the problem. Also,
944:
Some of these tallying errors were also reported in Indiana and Texas elections. Errors were 3% to 27% for various candidates in a 2016 Indiana race, because the tally sheet labels misled officials into over-counting groups of 5 tally marks, and officials sometimes omitted absentee ballots or
2755:
Officials also check if the number of voters checked in at the polling place matches the number of ballots voted, and that the votes plus remaining unused ballots matches the number of ballots sent to the polling place. If not, they look for the extra ballots, and may report discrepancies.
2699:
In a 2017 York County, Pennsylvania, election, a programming error in a county's machines without VVPAT let voters vote more than once for the same candidate. Some candidates had filed as both Democrat and Republican, so they were listed twice in races where voters could select up to three
2726:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2731:
866:
for the file identifies true copies. Election machines which scan ballots typically create such image files automatically, though those images can be hacked or be subject to bugs if the election machine is hacked or has bugs. Independent scanners can also create image files.
2585:
Recreating ballots is sometimes called reconstructing ballots, ballot replication, ballot remaking or ballot transcription. The term "duplicate ballot" sometimes refers to these recreated ballots, and sometimes to extra ballots erroneously given to or received from a voter.
2703:
In a 2011 Fairfield Township, New Jersey, election a programming error in a machine without a VVPAT gave two candidates low counts. They collected more affidavits by voters who voted for them than the computer tally gave them, so a judge ordered a new election which they
2503:
Or the voter may select choices on an electronic screen, which then prints the chosen names, usually with a bar code or QR code summarizing all choices, on a sheet of paper to put in the scanner. This screen and printer is called an electronic ballot marker (EBM) or
2494:, or marksense, each voter's choices are marked on one or more pieces of paper, which then go through a scanner. The scanner creates an electronic image of each ballot, interprets it, creates a tally for each candidate, and usually stores the image for later review.
2519:
The machines are faster than hand-counting, so are typically used the night after the election, to give quick results. The paper ballots and electronic memories still need to be stored, to check that the images are correct, and to be available for court challenges.
785:, and these are often counted manually. In elections where many choices are on the same ballot, counts are often done by computers to give quick results. Tallies done at distant locations must be carried or transmitted accurately to the central election office.
796:
to minimize hacking, but the manufacturers are on the internet. They and their annual updates are still subject to hacking, like any computers. Further voting machines are in public locations on election day, and often the night before, so they are vulnerable.
4722:. The time estimates of other California counties in the study included time to scan ballots to enable ballot comparison audits, so their costs were not comparable. None of the 11 California counties doing audits chose a close race or needed a 100% hand-count.
2728:
2445:
4358:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2450:
2377:
Mechanical voting machines have voters selecting switches (levers), pushing plastic chips through holes, or pushing mechanical buttons which increment a mechanical counter (sometimes called the odometer) for the appropriate candidate.
5411:"observers from both political parties there... ballots have to be recreated in every election for a number of reasons, ranging from damaged mail-in ballots, to early voters who use pencils which can’t be read by ballot tabulators."
5088:
2447:
4719:
2413:
local polling places, because of the large numbers of voters served by modest staffs. For internet voting they do not break down the costs. They show steps to decrypt internet votes and imply but do not say they are hand-counted.
800:
Paper ballots and computer files of results are stored until they are tallied, so they need secure storage, which is hard. The election computers themselves are stored for years, and briefly tested before each election.
949:
Total error can be higher if there were countervailing errors hidden in the net result, but net error in the overall electorate is what determines winners. Connecticut towns in 2007 to 2013 had similar errors up to 2%.
6774:"Judgment of Commissioner Mawrey QC Handed down on Monday 4th April 2005 in the matters of Local Government elections for the Bordesley Green and Aston Wards of the Birmingham City Council both held on 10th June 2004"
4281:
857:
Another approach is for three or more people to look at and tally ballots independently; if a majority agree on their tallies after a certain number of ballots, that result is accepted; otherwise they all re-tally.
2582:
voters selecting candidates by circling them or other marks, when machines are only programmed to tally specific marks in front of the candidate's name. As many as 8% of ballots in an election may be recreated.
4366:
2535:
indicate a vote for every candidate or no votes for anyone. Some offices blow compressed air over the scanners after every 200 ballots to remove dust. Fold lines in the wrong places can also count as votes.
3851:
3254:
2558:
Researchers find security flaws in all election computers, which let voters, staff members or outsiders disrupt or change results, often without detection. Security reviews and audits are discussed in
2748:
ballot (wrong paper, printing or security features); stray marks which could identify who cast the ballot (to earn payments); and blank ballots, though these may be counted separately as abstentions.
2497:
The voter may mark the paper directly, usually in a specific location for each candidate, either by filling in an oval or by using a patterned stamp that can be easily detected by OCR software.
872:
788:
Manual counts are usually accurate within one percent. Computers are at least that accurate, except when they have undiscovered bugs, broken sensors scanning the ballots, paper misfeeds, or
3122:
2727:
2511:
Two companies, Hart and Clear Ballot, have scanners which count the printed names, which voters had a chance to check, rather than bar codes and QR codes, which voters are unable to check.
7036:
4418:
p.4 says 46 errors were missed by tally team, and only known because the 850 test ballots had been repeatedly counted in Logic & Accuracy Tests. "Some of the observed errors included:
3652:
2832:
Some jurisdictions let ballots be sent to the election office by email, fax, internet or app. Email and fax are highly insecure. Internet so far has also been insecure, including in
805:
952:
Errors were smaller in candidate tallies for precincts in Wisconsin recounted in 2011 and 2016. The average net discrepancy was 0.28% of the recount tally in 2011 and 0.18% in 2016.
2554:
In the 2000 Florida presidential race the most common optical scanning error was to treat as an overvote a ballot where the voter marked a candidate and wrote in the same candidate.
5468:
2818:
delivery. Colorado transmits voting records by internet from counties to the Secretary of State, with hash values also sent by internet to try to identify accurate transmissions.
2683:
This approach can have software errors. It does not include scanners, so there are no scanner errors. When there is no paper record, it is hard to notice or research most errors.
829:
that represents voter intent. The physical ballots are taken out of ballot boxes and/or envelopes, read and interpreted; then results are tallied. Manual counting may be used for
6614:
2657:
The system may also provide a means for communicating with a central location for reporting results and receiving updates, which is an access point for hacks and bugs to arrive.
3150:
2617:
Their assumption of equal printing costs differs from the Georgia estimates of $ 0.40 or $ 0.50 to print a ballot in advance, and $ 0.10 to print it in a ballot marking device.
883:
The tallying may be done at night at the end of the last day of voting, as in Britain, Canada, France, Germany, and Spain, or the next day, or 1–2 weeks later in the US, after
6076:
Lindeman, Mark; Bretschneider, Jennie; Flaherty, Sean; Goodman, Susannah; Halvorson, Mark; Johnston, Roger; Rivest, Ronald L.; Smith, Pam; Stark, Philip B. (October 1, 2012).
2446:
5692:
5225:
4458:
4323:
2566:
numbering system in the scanner, votes will be tallied for the wrong candidates. This numbering mismatch has appeared with direct recording electronic machines (below).
967:
In 1934, the United States had been hand-counting ballots for over 150 years, and problems were described in a report by Joseph P. Harris, who 20 years later invented a
5543:
4414:
Note this line includes 7-person teams to tally: 1 reader+2 watchers, 2 talliers+2 watchers; plus 3 people to enter write-ins @30 seconds per write-in, 15% write-ins.
2700:
candidates, so voters could select both instances of the same name. They recounted the DRE machines' electronic records of votes and found 2,904 pairs of double votes.
4976:
3174:
7260:
6366:
4576:
6952:
5938:
2788:
If ballots or other paper or electronic records of an election may be needed for counting or court review after a period of time, they need to be stored securely.
4485:
Hands-on elections : an informational handbook for running real elections, using real paper ballots, counted by real people : lessons from New Hampshire
1227:
53:
3677:
2708:
optical scanners... the construction and features of this software is unknown, and may contain undisclosed vulnerabilities such trojan horses or other malware."
5060:
4677:
2547:
In a 2018 New York City election when the air was humid, ballots jammed in the scanner, or multiple ballots went through a scanner at once, hiding all but one.
6567:
Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) policy calls for independent foreign officials to sleep with ballots, and allows parties to do so:
4736:
3445:
3326:
3007:
4699:
3446:"Qu'est-ce qu'un dépouillement ? - Comment se déroule une journée dans un bureau de vote ? Découverte des institutions - Repères - vie-publique.fr"
7061:
3901:
3817:
2645:
437:
6848:
7106:
3493:
7162:
2980:
6240:
4700:"Appendices, Post-Election Risk-Limiting Audit Pilot Program 2011-2013 Final Report to the United States Election Assistance Commission." Pages 81-90"
402:
5032:
897:
Australia federal elections count ballots at least twice, at the polling place and, starting Monday night after election day, at counting centres.
7299:
432:
271:
7006:
5592:
5196:
4266:
2668:
if needed. The tally of the voting data is stored in a removable memory component and in bar codes on the paper tape. The paper tape is called a
774:. In the United States, the compilation of election returns and validation of the outcome that forms the basis of the official results is called
7188:"The Ballot is Busted Before the Blockchain: A Security Analysis of Voatz, the First Internet Voting Application Used in U.S. Federal Elections"
6315:
5440:"With the new digital procedure, staff will be able to fix whatever race couldn’t be counted, instead of duplicating a voter’s entire ballot."
4415:
3954:"Post-Election Auditing: Effects of Procedure and Ballot Type on Manual Counting Accuracy, Efficiency, and Auditor Satisfaction and Confidence"
3875:
3620:
2640:
2559:
2529:
2436:
804:
Despite the challenges to the U.S. voting process integrity in recent years, including multiple claims by Republican Party members of error or
374:
7237:
4493:
3512:
5493:
5414:
4657:"AB 2023 (Saldaña), Chapter 122, Statutes of 2010 Post-Election Risk-Limiting Audit Pilot Program March 1, 2012, Report to the Legislature"
3203:
6206:
5371:
4518:
2934:
890:
If counting is not done immediately, or if courts accept challenges which can require re-examination of ballots, the ballots need to be
577:
7086:"Independent Report on E-voting in Estonia - A security analysis of Estonia's Internet voting system by international e-voting experts"
6798:
6622:
5339:
Blaze, Matt; Harri Hursti; Margaret Macalpine; Mary Hanley; Jeff Moss; Rachel Wehr; Kendal L Spencer; Christopher Ferris (2019-09-26).
3420:
905:
Hand-counting can be boring, so officials lose track, or they fail to read their own tally sheets correctly at the end of the process.
5703:
4127:
5913:
5667:
7134:
6544:
4946:
2660:
Some of these machines also print names of chosen candidates on paper for the voter to verify. These names on paper can be used for
87:
6460:
5810:
7254:
5443:
6689:
5988:
5310:
2864:
2833:
2669:
745:
6406:
7187:
5604:
4330:
4024:
6773:
5766:
5727:
5518:
4678:"Post-Election Risk-Limiting Audit Pilot Program 2011-2013, Final Report to the United States Election Assistance Commission"
4544:
3995:
2904:
422:
7217:
6823:
4391:
2949:
6040:
4591:
3351:
2500:
Of the voter may pick one pre-marked ballot among many, each with its own barcode or QR code corresponding to a candidate.
871:
are known to be available for release in many parts of the United States. The press obtained copies of many ballots in the
6496:
4182:
3538:
3467:
6960:
5251:
5226:"Concern from candidates, officials as error creates delay in release of returns; Dixon leads in Baltimore mayoral count"
2925:
7294:
5963:
2992:
2837:
699:
359:
5000:
Bernhard, Matthew; Allison McDonald; Henry Meng; Jensen Hwa; Nakul Bajaj; Kevin Chang; J. Alex Halderman (2019-12-28).
6665:
Republicans guarded warehouse of voted ballots in 2000 in Florida and had state police lock up ballots in New Mexico:
3513:"Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de Junio, del régimen electoral general. SECCIÓN 14.ª ESCRUTINIO EN LAS MESAS ELECTORALES"
2988:
2409:
money on kickbacks and divert attention, time and resources from harmful practices, as well as reducing transparency.
350:
6183:
5568:
4293:
6639:
5758:
4688:
4656:
4237:
7232:
5617:
3330:
2491:
2422:
379:
316:
6720:
4710:
1798:
Includes counting number of voters who checked in at polling places, and comparing those counts to ballot counts.
1205:
They investigated and have not released analysis, so it is not clear how many of these were errors in hand tally.
2792:
2403:
572:
331:
7247:
Voting and Elections by Douglas W. Jones: Thorough articles about the history and problems with Voting Machinery
6879:
6137:"An Introduction to Risk-Limiting Audits and Evidence-Based Elections Prepared for the Little Hoover Commission"
5171:
4209:
3536:"Starting to audit only when all the audit units have already been counted is the most straightforward method."
2825:
delivery process, or delayed so they arrive too late to be counted or for signature mis-matches to be resolved.
407:
69:
6434:
5593:
https://recorder.countyofventura.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BALLOT-DUPLICATION-PROCESS-FACTS-2-Final-1.pdf
4765:
4103:"2018 Chapter 2 PART C - OFFENSES INVOLVING PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND VIOLATIONS OF FEDERAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN LAWS"
3231:
2649:
Roll of paper from direct-recording machine, with votes from numerous voters, Martinsburg, West Virginia, 2018
875:
to recount after the Supreme Court halted official recounts. Different methods resulted in different winners.
6981:
5033:"Georgia State Election Technology Acquisition, Assessing Recent Legislation in Light of Planned Procurement"
3710:"Using Recounts to Measure the Accuracy of Vote Tabulations: Evidence from New Hampshire Elections 1946-2002"
2977:
6346:
5340:
4416:
https://resources.mohave.gov/Repository/Calendar/08_01_2023BOSAgenda0fe47379-660b-465f-a8b5-4eb9fc976f30.pdf
3395:
2809:
Starting the tally soon after voting ends makes it feasible for independent parties to guard storage sites.
2573:
a small number of places by hand-counting or use of machines independent of the original election machines.
393:
3377:
7304:
6309:
6165:
6013:
4907:"New methodology for calculating cost-efficiency of different ways of voting: is internet voting cheaper?"
4815:
4102:
909:
587:
488:
369:
6261:
3852:"Tallying of VVPAT slips and EVM count in constituencies that went to polls recently throw up 100% match"
6591:
2505:
2458:
442:
427:
326:
6747:
6670:
3035:
817:
7014:
6386:
5837:
6110:
6077:
5964:"UPDATE: York Co. election judicial winners: Kathleen Prendergast, Clyde Vedder, Amber Anstine Kraft"
3151:"Arizona election audit: Here's what you're seeing on the video feeds as counting continues Saturday"
2596:
When auditing an election, audits need to be done with the original ballots, not the recreated ones.
940:
Using incorrect precinct tally sheets to tally ballots resulted in incorrect precinct level results."
738:
6905:"Who Votes by Mail?: A Dynamic Model of the Individual-Level Consequences of Voting-by-Mail Systems"
3746:
3709:
3278:
4445:
Using incorrect precinct tally sheets to tally ballots resulted in incorrect precinct level results
4427:
Tally markers marked a vote for an incorrect candidate and the watchers failed to notice the error;
2954:
2899:
922:
Tally markers marked a vote for an incorrect candidate and the watchers failed to notice the error;
483:
5779:
4622:
7289:
6871:
6530:
5382:
5146:
4928:
4887:
3094:
2626:
1222:
Errors by audit boards in determining voter intent on individual ballots. No manual totals done.
1184:
Errors by audit boards in determining voter intent on individual ballots. No manual totals done.
1167:
Errors by audit boards in determining voter intent on individual ballots. No manual totals done.
884:
694:
653:
243:
228:
182:
177:
150:
65:
3123:"Using automatically created digital ballot images to verify voting-machine output in Wisconsin"
1622:
Organizing ballots for review, training, legal, supervision, adding tally sheets (10 teams of 2
6184:"Vulnerability & Security Assessment Report Election Systems &Software's Unity 3.4.1.0"
4840:
2474:
6927:
6647:
6550:
6540:
6290:
5285:
4570:
4499:
4489:
4359:"Butler County finishes its review of 2020 election, finds no inaccuracies among 1,600 ballot"
4157:"Joseph P. Harris: Professor and Practitioner: Government, Election Reform, and the Votomatic"
3973:
3909:
3795:
2859:
2764:
2636:
2432:
2399:
891:
663:
643:
582:
531:
412:
364:
298:
223:
213:
192:
187:
104:
6316:"Peekaboo, I See You: Government Authority Intended for Terrorism is Used for Other Purposes"
5001:
4522:
4433:
Caller missed calling a vote for a candidate and both watchers failed to notice the omission;
4430:
Caller calling too fast resulted in double marking a candidate or missed marking a candidate;
2672:(VVPAT). The VVPATs can be counted at 20–43 seconds of staff time per vote (not per ballot).
928:
Caller missed calling a vote for a candidate and both watchers failed to notice the omission;
925:
Caller calling too fast resulted in double marking a candidate or missed marking a candidate;
6919:
6863:
6849:"Does Voting by Mail Increase Participation? Using Matching to Analyze a Natural Experiment"
5642:
5605:
https://www.michigan.gov/documents/sos/XII_Precinct_Canvass_-_Closing_the_Polls_266013_7.pdf
4918:
4877:
4841:"It happens all the time: Interview with the consultant who discovered the Medford miscount"
3965:
3785:
2874:
597:
526:
478:
321:
307:
6367:"Official Cybersecurity Review Finds U.S. Military Buying High-Risk Chinese Tech (Updated)"
6136:
5147:"Unregistered Dust Bunnies May be Voting in Wisconsin Elections: Stoughton Miscount Update"
3772:
Ansolabehere, Stephen; Burden, Barry C.; Mayer, Kenneth R.; Stewart, Charles (2018-03-20).
7309:
5762:
5120:
2984:
2894:
2884:
2780:
2772:
731:
721:
648:
631:
567:
493:
447:
145:
31:
7269:
5372:
Analysis of the Election Data from the 6 November 2018 General Election in South Carolina
5252:"What Went Wrong at New York City Polling Places? It Was Something in the Air. Literally"
4954:
4789:
4053:
916:"Caller called the wrong candidate and both watchers failed to notice the incorrect call;
6471:
4421:
Caller called the wrong candidate and both watchers failed to notice the incorrect call;
4156:
6014:
EVEREST: Evaluation and Validation of Election-Related Equipment, Standards and Testing
3302:
2869:
2854:
2661:
2632:
2570:
2428:
968:
830:
771:
592:
536:
341:
336:
281:
276:
7261:
The Machinery of Democracy: Voting System Security, Accessibility, Usability, and Cost
6697:
5863:
5544:"Some Allegheny County voters received duplicate mail-in ballots due to system glitch"
5318:
3953:
2593:
at the recreated votes, or by having the team members appointed by a single official.
1150:
Over-counted groups of 5 tally marks, and omitted or double-counted groups of ballots
716:
17:
7283:
6904:
6171:. Freeman, Craft McGregor Group. p. 9 – via California Secretary of State.
5939:"'Redo' of some York County races - including judge - possible after voting problems"
4932:
4891:
3678:"Texas county's GOP officials declared hand count a success, but kept finding errors"
3494:"¿Qué es el escrutinio y cómo se cuentan los votos en las elecciones generales 2019?"
2821:
1116:
Table 6 "0.59% of the ballots" "out of 3,019" where 3,019 is total number of ballots
689:
607:
602:
238:
233:
155:
6875:
5277:
1473:
ballots by precinct, guards, transportation, background checks, webcams, recruitment
1273:
7223:
6824:"If you vote by mail in Florida, it's 10 times more likely that ballot won't count"
4551:
4032:
1397:
1 reads to 4-7. No report available, so times may be under-reported. Not on graph.
1360:
1 reads to 4-7. No report available, so times may be under-reported. Not on graph.
684:
668:
616:
507:
498:
473:
253:
218:
6777:
6640:"A Political Quake in Turkey as Erdogan's Party Loses in His Home Base of Support"
6282:
5735:
5616:
Caulfield, Matthew; Andrew Coopersmith; Arnav Jagasia; Olivia Podos (2021-03-30).
4923:
4906:
4882:
4865:
2641:
Electronic voting in the United States § Direct-recording electronic counting
5494:"Ballot Duplication: What it is, what it is not, and why we are talking about it"
3653:"Jeffersonville City Council At-large recount tally sheets show vote differences"
2193:
Organizing ballots for review, training, legal, supervision, adding tally sheets
2156:
Organizing ballots for review, training, legal, supervision, adding tally sheets
2119:
Organizing ballots for review, training, legal, supervision, adding tally sheets
2082:
Organizing ballots for review, training, legal, supervision, adding tally sheets
1511:
Organizing ballots for review, training, legal, supervision, adding tally sheets
7163:"'Sloppy' Mobile Voting App Used in Four States Has 'Elementary' Security Flaws"
7107:"Exclusive: Seattle-Area Voters To Vote By Smartphone In 1st For U.S. Elections"
6572:
3593:
3355:
3067:
809:
which are, as with democracy, built into the system to reduce their likelihood.
658:
541:
521:
248:
4459:"Here's what happened at the Arizona election audit of Maricopa County ballots"
4078:
7251:
7062:"Online voting is impossible to secure. So why are some governments using it?"
6554:
6262:"Exclusive: High-security locks for government and banks hacked by researcher"
6189:– via Freeman, Craft, MacGregor Group for California Secretary of State.
4543:
Georgia Secretary of State, Elections Division. (2007-04). " (April 1, 2007).
2950:"As more states create election integrity units, Arizona is a cautionary tale"
2735:
Sorting vote by mail envelopes, San Jose, Santa Clara County, California, 2018
516:
384:
208:
168:
6651:
6294:
5914:"South Carolina voting machines miscounted hundreds of ballots, report finds"
5289:
4503:
3977:
3913:
3799:
3568:
2675:
For machines without VVPAT, there is no record of individual votes to check.
2390:
election staff can read the final results wrong off the back of the machine.
6234:
4519:"Report and Feedback December 2010 Bridgeport Connecticut Coalition Recount"
2889:
164:
6931:
6308:
There are no statistics on how often criminals enter rooms undetected, but
4545:"Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail Pilot Project Report. Pages 18-22, 42-63"
7220:– a comprehensive list of research relating to technology use in elections
6461:"Report on the 2016 Presidential Recount in Clark County, Nevada. Page 20"
5755:
5668:"Here's What Vendors Say It Would Cost To Replace Georgia's Voting System"
4483:
3969:
3790:
3773:
2739:
2482:
6867:
6051:
4183:"Election Administration in the United States, chapter VI, pages 236-246"
863:
850:
interfere with matching them to tallies or digital images taken earlier.
793:
767:
417:
7246:
7135:"What We Don't Know About the Voatz "Blockchain" Internet Voting System"
2829:
deliver to recent movers they do not know, omitting mobile populations.
2637:
Electronic voting § Direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting system
7037:"Experts Find Serious Problems With Switzerland's Online Voting System"
6527:
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Electronic Voting
4267:"New Arizona audit review shows Cyber Ninjas' ballot count off by 312K"
2849:
2665:
834:
4905:
Krimmer, Robert; Duenas-Cid, David; Krivonosova, Iuliia (2021-01-02).
4866:"Digital dilemmas: the unintended consequences of election technology"
1014:
wtd avg is sum of absolute values of errors, divided by total ballots
868:
119:
7241:
5002:"Can Voters Detect Malicious Manipulation of Ballot Marking Devices?"
2879:
2530:
Electronic voting in the United States § Errors in optical scans
826:
789:
782:
136:
111:
30:"Hand counting" redirects here. For counting with one's fingers, see
6615:"Turkey's opposition sleeping beside ballots to safeguard democracy"
6525:
Benaloh; et al. (2017). "Public Evidence from Secret Ballots".
3818:"Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat"
2589:
Recreating can be done manually, or by scanners with manual review.
2466:
6923:
6535:
6497:"Principles and Best Practices for Post-Election Tabulation Audits"
6312:
often does so, so ability to enter rooms undetected is widespread:
5693:"Pennsylvania Counties' New Voting Systems Selections: An Analysis"
4816:"Why Not Paper Ballots? America's Weird History of Voting Machines"
3539:"Principles and Best Practices for Post-Election Tabulation Audits"
2806:
No US state has adequate laws on physical security of the ballots.
2437:
Electronic voting in the United States § Optical scan counting
2366:
Independent count, done by graduate student on university computer
2331:
Independent count, done by graduate student on university computer
2045:
Independent count, done by graduate student on university computer
1258:
46 errors were 0.15% of 30,600 contest totals on 850 test ballots.
862:
independent systems protects against errors from bugs and hacks. A
5937:
Kessler, Brandie; Boeckel, Teresa; Segelbaum, Dylan (2017-11-07).
5278:"Election Day Became a Nightmare, As Usual, for Bernalillo County"
2779:
2771:
2763:
2738:
2721:
2644:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2454:
Counting ballots by an optical scanner, San Jose, California, 2018
2440:
1199:
825:
Manual counting, also known as hand-counting, requires a physical
816:
7186:
Specter, Michael A.; James Koppel; Daniel Weitzner (2020-02-12).
5780:"Cost Estimate for Hand Counting 2% of the Precincts in the U.S."
5569:"Ballot Duplication Technology: What is it and how does it work?"
4623:"Cost Estimate for Hand Counting 2% of the Precincts in the U.S."
3902:"ECI sets up teams to probe VVPAT mismatch in Lok Sabha election"
3754:
State Certification Testing of Voting Systems National Conference
2296:
Organizing ballot scans for review, training, legal, supervision
2259:
Organizing ballot scans for review, training, legal, supervision
1434:
Organizing ballot scans for review, training, legal, supervision
781:
Counts are simplest in elections where just one choice is on the
5643:"Georgia State Election Technology Acquisition, A Reality Check"
2692:
studied that computer in 2017, and did not report the intrusion.
1133:
Table 7a. "0.59% of the ballots" but 0.18% if exclude write-ins
763:
7264:
6690:"ABQjournal: Contentious 2000 Election Closest in N.M. History"
5311:"ABQjournal: Contentious 2000 Election Closest in N.M. History"
4864:
Cheeseman, Nic; Lynch, Gabrielle; Willis, Justin (2018-11-17).
4424:
Tally markers tried to work out inconsistencies while tallying;
1045:
investigations of differences between hand & machine counts
919:
Tally markers tried to work out inconsistencies while tallying;
7085:
5444:"One Washington County Plans to Speed Vote Counting with Tech"
4238:"2020 General Election Risk-limiting Audit Discrepancy Report"
2948:
Reinhard, Beth; Wingett Sanchez, Yvonne (September 26, 2022).
2689:
36:
6241:"The Strange Things That Happen at a Lock-picking Convention"
4488:(2nd ed.). Wilton, N.H.: Healing Mountain Publications.
4392:"Butler County Finishes 2020 Election Review After 170 Hours"
2433:
Electronic voting § Paper-based electronic voting system
52:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
7273:
7227:
6903:
BERINSKY, ADAM J.; NANCY BURNS; MICHAEL W. TRAUGOTT (2001).
4436:
Watchers not watching the process due to boredom or fatigue;
3232:"The Humboldt County Election Transparency Project and TEVS"
1219:
Consensus between election computer & Sec of State staff
1181:
Consensus between election computer & Sec of State staff
1164:
Consensus between election computer & Sec of State staff
931:
Watchers not watching the process due to boredom or fatigue;
5888:
5864:"Expert: Georgia election server showed signs of tampering"
4517:
Connecticut Citizen Election Audit Coalition (2011-01-12).
3255:"States/Counties that Use Ballot Images from Paper Ballots"
1548:
Add 60% to cover: supervision 43% + training 13% + sums 4%
4442:
Enunciation of names caused incorrect candidate tally; and
1241:
Audit & machine count were contracted by state Senate
937:
Enunciation of names caused incorrect candidate tally; and
6799:"Thousands of mailed ballots in Florida were not counted"
4054:"Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses Eighth Edition"
5224:
Opilo, Emily; Talia Richman; Phil Davis (June 3, 2020).
5031:
Perez, Edward; Joy London; Gregory Miller (March 2019).
4439:
Illegible tally marking caused incorrect tally totaling;
3303:"Reporters Committee Election Legal Guide, Updated 2020"
934:
Illegible tally marking caused incorrect tally totaling;
6571:
International Crisis Group (ICG) (September 10, 1997).
6347:"How to hack a security camera. It's alarmingly simple"
3175:"Ballot Image Audit Guide for Candidates and Campaigns"
2633:
Voting machine § Direct-recording electronic (DRE)
2560:
Electronic voting in the United States#Security reviews
61:
6671:"The 2000 Presidential Election – The Florida Recount"
6596:
Office of the High Representative (Bosnia+Herzegovina)
6341:
Security camera flaws have been covered extensively:
4735:
Maryland State Board of Elections (October 21, 2016).
1099:
As % of all 120 ballots, not candidate's ballots
1082:
As % of all 120 ballots, not candidate's ballots
1065:
As % of all 120 ballots, not candidate's ballots
6207:"Physical Security Threats and Vulnerabilities - LPM"
4737:"Post-Election Tabulation Audit Pilot Program Report"
3708:
Ansolabehere, Stephen; Andrew Reeves (January 2004).
3327:"National Association of Secretaries of State Survey"
3008:"Post-Election Tabulation Audit Pilot Program Report"
2924:"Chapter 13: Canvassing and Certifying an Election".
6166:"Security Test Report ES&S Electionware 5.2.1.0"
5838:"Coalition Plaintiffs' Status Report, pages 237-244"
837:
in areas where automated counting systems are used.
6230:There are several sources on lock vulnerabilities:
6109:Johnston, Roger G.; Jon S. Warner (July 31, 2012).
5691:Deluzio, Christopher; Kevin Skoglund (2020-02-28).
6407:"Critical flaws found in Amcrest security cameras"
6351:IFSEC Global, Security and Fire News and Resources
5591:Duplicate ballot procedures in Ventura County, CA
3996:"Securing the ballot: review into electoral fraud"
2551:the ballots were re-scanned to get correct counts.
2486:Some states check election machine counts by hand.
2478:Scanner marked multiple candidates with black line
991:Candidate tally errors, as % of votes counted
6675:Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training
6387:"Hacking Security Cameras - Schneier on Security"
6078:"Risk-Limiting Post-Election Audits: Why and How"
4155:Harris, Joseph P.; Nathan, Harriet, eds. (1983).
3958:Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy
3778:Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy
2381:There is no record of individual votes to check.
6258:Different techniques apply to electronic locks:
3307:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
3283:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
7265:Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law
6573:"Municipal Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina"
5889:"Will the Georgia Special Election Get Hacked?"
5636:
5634:
5415:"MKE Election Commission responds to criticism"
5087:Ryan, Tom and Benny White (November 30, 2016).
4698:California Secretary of State (July 30, 2014).
4676:California Secretary of State (July 30, 2014).
4457:Polletta, Maria and Piper Hansen (2021-04-28).
4210:"Colorado Risk Limiting Audits: Three Years In"
973:
7276:guide to designing and administering elections
5989:"If the election is hacked, we may never know"
5469:"Oddly marked ovals bane of poll workers' day"
5121:"Hart InterCivic Optical-Scan Has A Weak Spot"
3952:Goggin, Stephen N.; et al. (March 2012).
2803:system; and using background checks on staff.
2429:Voting machine § Optical scan (marksense)
1277:Time for hand counts: Minutes per vote counted
980:Errors in hand-counted tallies for candidates
7218:The Election Technology Library research list
5519:"Recount's next big issue: duplicate ballots"
5197:"Voting system failures: a database solution"
3149:Fifield, Jen and Andrew Oxford (2021-04-24).
739:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
7255:Scientific American Magazine Fixing the Vote
7128:
7126:
6951:Slater, Michael; Teresa James (2007-06-29).
6035:
6033:
5641:Perez, Edward; Gregory Miller (March 2019).
5407:
5405:
5403:
3876:"What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are"
3745:Antonyan, Tigran; et al. (2013-06-21).
2679:Errors in direct-recording electronic voting
792:. Officials keep election computers off the
6610:Turkish opposition sleeping with balllots:
5341:"DEF CON 27 Voting Machine Hacking Village"
4730:
4728:
4575:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4019:
4017:
4015:
448:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
6847:Kousser, Thad; Megan Mullin (2007-07-13).
6200:
6198:
6196:
5436:
5434:
5276:Gruley, Bryan; Chip Cummins (2000-12-16).
4616:
4614:
4079:"Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses"
3989:
3987:
3646:
3644:
3002:
3000:
2124:Sort & Stack Experiment Second Contest
2050:Read to Talliers Experiment Second Contest
1305:Full Precincts /Batches, or Random Ballots
1293:Team (Wall Clock) Minutes per Vote Checked
1284:
978:
746:
732:
637:
561:
467:
413:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
351:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
303:
132:
99:
6986:National Conference of State Legislatures
6592:"OHR SRT News Summary, September 7, 1998"
6534:
6283:"Inside an Epic Hotel Room Hacking Spree"
6104:
6102:
5114:
5112:
4977:"What is the latest threat to democracy?"
4922:
4881:
4324:"Hands-on Elections: (Condensed Version)"
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3789:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3615:
3613:
3396:"How votes are counted on election night"
3378:"Explainer: how Britain counts its votes"
2760:Secure storage to enable counts in future
2161:Sort & Stack Experiment First Contest
2087:Read to Talliers Experiment First Contest
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
6435:"Elections board workers take plea deal"
5811:"SUPPLEMENTAL DECLARATION OF LOGAN LAMB"
5603:Duplicate ballot procedures in Michigan
5379:League of Women Voters of South Carolina
5365:
5363:
5026:
5024:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3747:"Computer Assisted Post Election Audits"
3421:"Elections, Our Country, Our Parliament"
3116:
3114:
2481:
1272:
27:Process of counting votes in an election
5804:
5802:
5756:2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines
5195:Norden, Lawrence (September 16, 2010).
5061:"2016 Post-Election Audits in Maryland"
4316:
4314:
4204:
4202:
4187:NIST, originally published by Brookings
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3811:
3809:
3089:
3087:
2916:
676:
615:
506:
392:
349:
306:
261:
200:
163:
135:
110:
5172:"New Hampshire Election Audit, part 2"
5089:"Transcript of Email on Ballot Images"
4592:"White Paper: Election Audit Strategy"
4568:
4385:
4383:
4352:
4350:
3756:– via University of Connecticut.
2718:Interpretation, in any counting method
1285:
1053:Experiment, optical scan style ballots
1031:20% in one town; others average 0.87%
979:
7270:An index of articles on vote counting
7233:AEI-Brookings Election Reform Project
4650:
4648:
4646:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4294:"Scan of Pullen Pallets Binders 1-45"
3717:CALTECH/MIT Voting Technology Project
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3657:News and Tribune (Jeffersonville, IN)
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
2973:
2971:
2799:want to learn their vulnerabilities.
1302:Number of Contests Checked per Ballot
1269:Time needed and cost of manual counts
873:2000 Presidential election in Florida
7:
6982:"Electronic Transmission of Ballots"
6182:Stauffer, Jacob (November 4, 2016).
6085:University of California at Berkeley
6012:McDaniel; et al. (2007-12-07).
5250:MacDougall, Ian (November 7, 2018).
3182:AuditElectionsUSA.org/download-guide
2621:Direct-recording electronic counting
6748:"Judge upholds vote-rigging claims"
6385:Schneier, Bruce (October 8, 2007).
6345:Bannister, Adam (October 7, 2016).
6281:Greenberg, Andy (August 29, 2017).
5370:Buell, Duncan (December 23, 2018).
4107:United States Sentencing Commission
3816:Mahapatra, Dhananjay (2019-04-09).
2935:U.S. Election Assistance Commission
2462:2010 Iowa Republican Primary ballot
821:Counting ballots, Ouagadougou, 2015
6529:. Cham, Switzerland. p. 122.
6239:Vanderbilt, Tom (March 12, 2013).
6164:Coherent Cyber (August 28, 2017).
6144:University of California, Berkeley
4790:"Vote: The Machinery of Democracy"
4390:McGoldrick, Gillian (2022-08-18).
4357:McGoldrick, Gillian (2022-08-17).
3628:Mohave County Board of Supervisors
3230:Trachtenberg, Mitch (2013-06-29).
1659:16 teams of 2+2 runners+4 tallies
1286:Staff Time Needed for Hand Counts
1198:Discrepancy between hand tally of
846:States (Minnesota), and Zimbabwe.
308:Plurality and majoritarian systems
25:
6433:Turner, Karl (November 5, 2007).
6205:Seivold, Garett (April 2, 2018).
6048:US Election Assistance Commission
5987:Thibodeau, Patrick (2016-10-05).
3676:Contreras, Natalia (2024-03-18).
3592:Australian Electoral Commission.
3567:Australian Electoral Commission.
3036:"2018 Post-Election Review Guide"
3015:Maryland State Board of Elections
2199:COUNTING BALLOTS IN RANDOM ORDER
1255:Logic & Accuracy Test ballots
418:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
6638:Gall, Carlotta (April 1, 2019).
6459:Recount Now (January 11, 2017).
3569:"House of Representatives count"
3394:Keaveney, Paula (June 8, 2017).
2865:Electronic voting in Switzerland
2670:Voter-verified paper audit trail
1048:"routinely show up to 2% error"
715:
118:
41:
7133:Jefferson, David (2019-05-01).
6621:. April 4, 2019. Archived from
6260:Menn, Joseph (August 6, 2019).
6135:Stark, Philip (July 26, 2018).
5567:Shafer, Michelle (2020-08-31).
5492:Shafer, Michelle (2020-07-20).
3598:Australian Electoral Commission
3573:Australian Electoral Commission
3072:ACE-Electoral Knowledge Network
2768:Australia-Senate-ballots-sealed
1323:Overheads Excluded & Notes
7300:Elections in the United States
6953:"Vote-by-Mail Doesn't Deliver"
6772:Mawrey, Richard (2010-11-01).
6721:"Rule 25. Post-election audit"
6320:Electronic Frontier Foundation
6314:Tien, Lee (October 26, 2014).
6041:"Chapter 3. PHYSICAL SECURITY"
5912:Freed, Benjamin (2019-01-07).
5767:Election Assistance Commission
5059:Walker, Natasha (2017-02-13).
4163:. Regional Oral History Office
3352:"NORC Florida Ballots Project"
3279:"I. Election Records Archives"
2927:Election Management Guidelines
2905:List of close election results
1299:Staff Minutes per Vote Checked
423:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
6688:Baker, Deborah (2004-10-31).
6111:"How to Choose and Use Seals"
5842:Coalition for Good Governance
5778:Theisen, Ellen (2005-06-14).
5542:Tomasic, Megan (2020-05-14).
5442:White, Rebecca (2019-11-18).
5309:Baker, Deborah (2004-10-31).
5119:Gideon, John (July 5, 2005).
5068:Elections Advisory Commission
4975:Cohn, Jennifer (2018-05-05).
4924:10.1080/09540962.2020.1732027
4911:Public Money & Management
4883:10.1080/13510347.2018.1470165
4764:Shapiro, Eliza (2012-11-10).
4664:California Secretary of State
4265:Anglen, Robert (2021-10-12).
3594:"The Senate counting process"
3448:(in French). January 14, 2018
3121:McKim, Karen (January 2016).
2813:Secure transport and internet
2385:Errors in mechanical counting
1439:Mohave County, AZ, experiment
1246:Mohave County, AZ, experiment
1189:India national election audit
770:. It can be done manually or
7142:University of South Carolina
6405:Dunn, John (June 11, 2019).
5728:"NYVV - Paper Ballots Costs"
5573:Council of State Governments
5498:Council of State Governments
5467:Miller, Steve (2006-11-07).
5170:Appel, Andrew (2021-06-07).
5151:Wisconsin Grassroots Network
4845:Wisconsin Grassroots Network
4814:Emspak, Jesse (2016-11-08).
4766:"RIP, Lever Voting Machines"
4599:Citizens' Oversight Projects
4031:. 2017-02-10. Archived from
3994:Pickles, Eric (2016-12-27).
3517:www.juntaelectoralcentral.es
3500:(in Spanish). April 28, 2019
3354:. 2001-12-14. Archived from
3329:. 2013-02-17. Archived from
3204:"The Open Ballot Initiative"
3130:Wisconsin Election Integrity
3099:Wisconsin Election Integrity
3043:Minnesota Secretary of State
2993:The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
2978:History of Voting Technology
2791:Election storage often uses
1365:Butler Cnty, PA, Donegal Twp
1328:Butler Cnty, PA, Butler City
1195:8 of 20,625 machines audited
1087:Experiment, sort & stack
1070:Experiment, read to talliers
700:End-to-end verifiable voting
360:Single non-transferable vote
7105:Parks, Miles (2020-01-22).
7060:Porup, J. M. (2018-05-02).
7007:"What About Email and Fax?"
6728:Colorado Secretary of State
5862:Bajak, Frank (2020-01-16).
5672:Georgia Public Broadcasting
5145:McKim, Karen (2015-02-17).
4839:McKim, Karen (2014-05-15).
4655:Bowen, Debra (2011-03-01).
3900:Nath, Damini (2019-07-25).
3850:Jain, Bharti (2021-06-03).
3376:Game, Chris (May 7, 2015).
1479:Maricopa County, AZ recount
762:is the process of counting
558:Voting patterns and effects
64:, discuss the issue on the
7326:
7161:Zetter, Kim (2020-02-13).
7035:Zetter, Kim (2019-02-21).
6279:More on electronic locks:
5809:Lamb, Logan (2020-01-14).
5517:Black, Eric (2008-12-17).
5413:Jordan, Ben (2018-11-07).
4322:Tobi, Nancy (2007-09-06).
4181:Harris, Joseph P. (1934).
3510:and Section 14 of the law:
3068:"Country Examples Index —"
2630:
2624:
2527:
2492:optical scan voting system
2426:
2423:Optical scan voting system
2420:
2397:
1585:8 teams of 2 plus 4 extra
1096:Known values in experiment
1079:Known values in experiment
1062:Known values in experiment
380:Single transferable voting
317:First-past-the-post voting
29:
7238:Electronic Voting Systems
2654:the end of the election.
2404:Electronic voting machine
1314:Total Staff Time, Minutes
1311:Number of Ballots Checked
1228:Maricopa County, AZ audit
879:When manual counts happen
573:Voting advice application
403:Mixed-member proportional
332:Plurality-at-large voting
6912:Public Opinion Quarterly
6669:Cobb, Sue (2016-10-17).
5962:Lee, Rick (2017-11-20).
5700:University of Pittsburgh
5381:(Report). Archived from
4947:"Ballot Marking Devices"
4590:Lutz, Ray (2019-01-28).
4363:Pittsburgh Post-Dispatch
4135:US Sentencing Commission
4058:US Department of Justice
3774:"Learning from Recounts"
3211:OpenBallotInitiative.org
3202:Lutz, Ray (2017-01-10).
3095:"FOR ELECTION OFFICIALS"
2784:Australia-ballots-sealed
2776:Australia-ballots-sealed
2600:Cost of scanning systems
1981:Washington State recount
1202:& election computers
894:, which is problematic.
438:Rural–urban proportional
433:Dual-member proportional
408:Additional member system
6211:losspreventionmedia.com
4794:Smithsonian Institution
4621:Theisen, Ellen (2004).
2524:Errors in optical scans
2515:Timing of optical scans
1138:Indiana, Jeffersonville
901:Errors in manual counts
887:have been adjudicated.
6439:Cleveland Plain Dealer
6233:Lockpicking is widely
4744:elections.maryland.gov
4217:Colorado Sec. of State
2785:
2777:
2769:
2744:
2736:
2650:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
1278:
1238:Paper-counting machine
977:
910:Mohave County, Arizona
822:
588:Passive electioneering
489:Straight-ticket voting
18:Vote-counting machines
5448:Government Technology
4245:Colorado Sec of State
3970:10.1089/elj.2010.0098
3791:10.1089/elj.2017.0440
2783:
2775:
2767:
2742:
2734:
2648:
2631:Further information:
2506:ballot marking device
2485:
2477:
2470:Ballot marking device
2469:
2461:
2453:
2427:Further information:
2417:Optical scan counting
1276:
820:
443:Majority bonus system
428:Alternative Vote Plus
327:Instant-runoff voting
7224:E-Voting information
6235:taught and practiced
5388:on February 24, 2019
5176:Princeton University
4557:on November 26, 2008
4482:Tobi, Nancy (2011).
3651:BEILMAN, ELIZABETH.
2793:tamper-evident seals
2264:Montgomery County MD
1308:Type of Paper Ballot
1130:careful hand recount
1113:careful hand recount
1028:careful hand recount
1011:careful hand recount
394:Mixed-member systems
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
7295:Statistical methods
6694:Albuquerque Journal
6598:. September 7, 1998
5315:Albuquerque Journal
5282:Wall Street Journal
5204:Brennan Center, NYU
5125:www.votersunite.org
3621:"Ballot Hand Tally"
3472:MĂĽlheim an der Ruhr
3468:"Stimmenauszählung"
2955:The Washington Post
2900:Electoral integrity
2394:Electronic counting
2373:Mechanical counting
2336:Humboldt County, CA
1911:San Diego precincts
1417:Full sets of images
1287:
1121:Wisconsin precincts
1104:Wisconsin precincts
1019:New Hampshire towns
1002:New Hampshire towns
981:
969:punched card voting
885:provisional ballots
806:voter fraud in 2020
722:Politics portal
484:Split-ticket voting
7005:Jefferson, David.
6868:10.1093/PAN/MPM014
6856:Political Analysis
6805:. 11 December 2018
6644:The New York Times
6625:on August 12, 2019
6504:ElectionAudits.org
5761:2006-02-08 at the
5473:Rapid City Journal
4128:"Sentencing Table"
4025:"State Audit Laws"
4000:Cabinet Office, UK
3546:ElectionAudits.org
2983:2013-11-01 at the
2786:
2778:
2770:
2745:
2737:
2651:
2627:DRE voting machine
2613:printing ballots.
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2227:Carroll County, MD
1279:
994:Reference Standard
823:
695:Voter registration
654:Voter intimidation
178:Write-in candidate
151:Provisional ballot
6957:NonprofitVote.org
6057:on March 27, 2017
5968:York Daily Record
5943:York Daily Record
5666:Fowler, Stephen.
5618:"Price of Voting"
5419:WTMJ TV Milwaukee
4495:978-1-4528-0612-9
3474:(in German). 2019
2860:Electronic voting
2836:, Australia, and
2732:
2577:Recreated ballots
2451:
2400:Electronic voting
2370:
2369:
2301:Merced County, CA
2015:Orange County, CA
1839:Camden County, GA
1262:
1261:
1036:Connecticut towns
869:Copies of ballots
756:
755:
707:
706:
664:Voter suppression
644:Ballot harvesting
622:
621:
583:Paradox of voting
549:
548:
532:None of the above
464:Voting strategies
455:
454:
365:Cumulative voting
299:Electoral systems
289:
288:
224:Electronic voting
214:Compulsory voting
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
7317:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7192:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7139:
7130:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7013:. Archived from
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6959:. Archived from
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6909:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6884:
6878:. Archived from
6853:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6776:. Archived from
6769:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6725:
6717:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6696:. Archived from
6684:
6682:
6681:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6538:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6501:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6470:. Archived from
6468:Internet Archive
6465:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6391:www.schneier.com
6381:
6379:
6377:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6202:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6141:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6115:Army Sustainment
6106:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6087:. pp. 3, 16
6082:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6056:
6050:. Archived from
6045:
6037:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6018:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5918:Scoop News Group
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5868:Associated Press
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5734:. Archived from
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5702:. Archived from
5697:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5638:
5629:
5628:
5622:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5438:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5409:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5317:. Archived from
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5093:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5065:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4953:. Archived from
4943:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4885:
4876:(8): 1397–1418.
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4709:. Archived from
4707:Internet Archive
4704:
4695:
4693:
4687:. Archived from
4685:Internet Archive
4682:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4550:. Archived from
4549:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4521:. Archived from
4514:
4508:
4507:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4463:Arizona Republic
4454:
4448:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4365:. Archived from
4354:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4335:
4329:. Archived from
4328:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4271:Arizona Republic
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4021:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3949:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3847:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3769:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3742:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3400:The Conversation
3392:
3390:
3388:
3382:The Conversation
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3155:Arizona Republic
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3064:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2921:
2875:Electoral system
2733:
2452:
1947:Clark County, NV
1627:Provincetown, MA
1474:
1288:
982:
748:
741:
734:
720:
719:
638:
598:Political apathy
562:
527:Election boycott
468:
322:Two-round system
304:
133:
122:
100:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7280:
7279:
7214:
7209:
7208:
7199:
7197:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7171:
7169:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7146:
7144:
7137:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7115:
7113:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7070:
7068:
7059:
7058:
7054:
7045:
7043:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7020:
7018:
7011:Verified Voting
7004:
7003:
6999:
6990:
6988:
6980:
6979:
6975:
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6936:
6934:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6851:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6832:
6830:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6808:
6806:
6797:
6796:
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6771:
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6766:
6757:
6755:
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6723:
6719:
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6714:
6703:
6701:
6687:
6679:
6677:
6668:
6656:
6654:
6637:
6628:
6626:
6613:
6601:
6599:
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6579:
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6524:
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6509:
6507:
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6432:
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6427:
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6413:
6404:
6395:
6393:
6384:
6375:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6353:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6324:
6322:
6313:
6310:law enforcement
6299:
6297:
6280:
6270:
6268:
6259:
6249:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6194:
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6180:
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6168:
6163:
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6139:
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6119:
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6090:
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6080:
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6016:
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5986:
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5956:
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5931:
5922:
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5906:
5897:
5895:
5886:
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5872:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5847:
5845:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5822:
5820:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5800:
5791:
5789:
5787:VotersUnite.org
5782:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5763:Wayback Machine
5754:
5750:
5741:
5739:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5676:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5651:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5625:Verified Voting
5620:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5577:
5575:
5566:
5565:
5561:
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5308:
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5294:
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5275:
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5270:
5260:
5258:
5249:
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5232:
5223:
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5218:
5208:
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5199:
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5180:
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5169:
5168:
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5155:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5096:Pima County, AZ
5091:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5072:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5044:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4960:
4958:
4951:Verified Voting
4945:
4944:
4940:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4870:Democratization
4863:
4862:
4858:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4824:
4822:
4820:livescience.com
4813:
4812:
4808:
4799:
4797:
4796:. 16 March 2012
4788:
4787:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4770:The Daily Beast
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4713:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4630:votersunite.org
4625:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4603:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4567:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4530:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4496:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4413:
4409:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4085:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4063:
4061:
4060:. December 2017
4052:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4029:Verified Voting
4023:
4022:
4013:
4004:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3951:
3950:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3771:
3770:
3761:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3730:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3695:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3501:
3498:El Confidencial
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3375:
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3370:
3361:
3359:
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3349:
3345:
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3325:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3301:
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3296:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3050:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2985:Wayback Machine
2976:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2930:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2895:Electoral fraud
2885:Election audits
2846:
2815:
2762:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2681:
2662:election audits
2643:
2629:
2623:
2602:
2579:
2571:US states check
2532:
2526:
2517:
2441:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2406:
2398:Main articles:
2396:
2387:
2375:
1875:Cobb County, GA
1803:Bibb County, GA
1471:
1402:Dane County, WI
1271:
1210:Colorado audits
1172:Colorado audits
1155:Colorado audits
1147:Newspaper tally
908:A 2023 test in
903:
892:securely stored
881:
854:them to tally.
843:
831:election audits
815:
813:Manual counting
758:
752:
714:
709:
708:
649:Ballot stuffing
635:
632:Electoral fraud
624:
623:
568:Coattail effect
559:
551:
550:
494:Tactical voting
465:
457:
456:
370:Binomial system
301:
291:
290:
169:Ballot measures
146:Absentee ballot
130:
105:Politics series
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
32:Finger-counting
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7323:
7321:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7267:
7258:
7249:
7244:
7235:
7230:
7221:
7213:
7212:External links
7210:
7207:
7206:
7178:
7153:
7122:
7097:
7077:
7052:
7027:
6997:
6973:
6943:
6924:10.1086/322196
6918:(2): 178–197.
6895:
6862:(4): 428–445.
6839:
6815:
6790:
6764:
6739:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6685:
6664:
6663:
6635:
6609:
6608:
6588:
6560:
6545:
6517:
6488:
6451:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6411:Naked Security
6402:
6382:
6365:Doffman, Zak.
6362:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6306:
6277:
6256:
6223:
6192:
6174:
6156:
6127:
6098:
6068:
6029:
6004:
5979:
5954:
5929:
5904:
5879:
5854:
5829:
5798:
5770:
5748:
5719:
5683:
5658:
5647:OSET Institute
5630:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5559:
5548:Tribune Review
5534:
5509:
5484:
5459:
5430:
5399:
5359:
5331:
5301:
5268:
5242:
5216:
5187:
5162:
5137:
5108:
5079:
5051:
5040:OSET Institute
5020:
4992:
4967:
4938:
4897:
4856:
4831:
4806:
4781:
4756:
4724:
4716:on 2019-06-02.
4694:on 2019-06-02.
4642:
4610:
4582:
4528:
4525:on 2012-04-19.
4509:
4494:
4474:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4407:
4379:
4346:
4310:
4285:
4257:
4229:
4198:
4173:
4147:
4119:
4094:
4070:
4045:
4011:
3983:
3925:
3892:
3880:Times of India
3867:
3856:Times of India
3833:
3822:Times of India
3805:
3784:(2): 100–116.
3759:
3728:
3693:
3668:
3640:
3609:
3584:
3559:
3529:
3485:
3459:
3437:
3412:
3368:
3343:
3318:
3294:
3270:
3246:
3222:
3194:
3166:
3141:
3110:
3083:
3048:
3027:
3017:. October 2016
2996:
2967:
2940:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Voting machine
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Tally (voting)
2852:
2845:
2842:
2814:
2811:
2761:
2758:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:General issues
2711:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2680:
2677:
2625:Main article:
2622:
2619:
2601:
2598:
2578:
2575:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2528:Main article:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2421:Main article:
2418:
2415:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:Random ballots
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:Random ballots
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
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2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:
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2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
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2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1900:
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1888:
1885:
1882:
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1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
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1779:
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1770:
1767:
1766:Bridgeport, CT
1763:
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1760:
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1709:
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1701:
1699:
1698:Bloomfield, CT
1695:
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1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
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1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
902:
899:
880:
877:
842:
841:Manual methods
839:
814:
811:
754:
753:
751:
750:
743:
736:
728:
725:
724:
711:
710:
705:
704:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
679:
678:
674:
673:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
636:
634:and prevention
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
619:
613:
612:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
593:Vote splitting
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
537:Refused ballot
534:
529:
524:
519:
511:
510:
504:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
466:
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405:
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389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
354:
353:
347:
346:
345:
344:
342:Usual judgment
339:
337:General ticket
334:
329:
324:
319:
311:
310:
302:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
286:
285:
284:
282:Voting machine
279:
274:
266:
265:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
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198:
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185:
180:
172:
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161:
160:
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153:
148:
140:
139:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
115:
114:
108:
107:
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7322:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:Vote counting
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7179:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7154:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7098:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7053:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7028:
7017:on 2020-02-18
7016:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6998:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6963:on 2017-05-10
6962:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6944:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6896:
6885:on 2019-03-06
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6840:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6816:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6780:on 2010-11-01
6779:
6775:
6768:
6765:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6729:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6700:on 2021-06-07
6699:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6666:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6624:
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6612:
6611:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6546:9783319686875
6542:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6518:
6505:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6477:on 2019-08-12
6473:
6469:
6462:
6455:
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6440:
6436:
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6412:
6408:
6403:
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6257:
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6232:
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6201:
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6049:
6042:
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6015:
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6005:
5994:
5993:ComputerWorld
5990:
5983:
5980:
5969:
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5958:
5955:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5930:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5905:
5894:
5890:
5887:Zetter, Kim.
5883:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5855:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5819:
5818:CourtListener
5812:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5752:
5749:
5738:on 2020-02-28
5737:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5709:on 2020-06-26
5705:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5684:
5673:
5669:
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5637:
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5499:
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5449:
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5408:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5332:
5321:on 2020-04-11
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5302:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5269:
5257:
5253:
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5231:
5230:Baltimore Sun
5227:
5220:
5217:
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5198:
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5188:
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5041:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4993:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4968:
4957:on 2020-08-05
4956:
4952:
4948:
4942:
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4908:
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4426:
4423:
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4419:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4369:on 2022-08-29
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4336:on 2008-09-19
4332:
4325:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4299:
4298:Statecraftlaw
4295:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4218:
4211:
4205:
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4199:
4188:
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4177:
4174:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4148:
4136:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4035:on 2020-01-04
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3984:
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3755:
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3700:
3698:
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3473:
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3447:
3441:
3438:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3401:
3397:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3358:on 2001-12-14
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3333:on 2013-02-17
3332:
3328:
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3319:
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3298:
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3117:
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3045:. 2018-07-19.
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2822:Postal voting
2819:
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2807:
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2800:
2796:
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2789:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2759:
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2743:Afghan Ballot
2741:
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2279:Random images
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2010:
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1516:New Hampshire
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608:Voter turnout
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603:Voter fatigue
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508:Protest votes
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5844:. 2020-01-16
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5765:from the US
5751:
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5736:the original
5732:www.nyvv.org
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4331:the original
4320:pp.21-22,44
4302:. Retrieved
4300:. 2021-10-08
4297:
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4282:Full article
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4270:
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4247:. 2020-11-25
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4137:. 2011-10-26
4134:
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4109:. 2018-06-27
4106:
4097:
4086:. Retrieved
4083:votewell.net
4082:
4073:
4062:. Retrieved
4057:
4048:
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4033:the original
4028:
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3999:
3964:(1): 36–51.
3961:
3957:
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3905:
3895:
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3882:. 2019-03-09
3879:
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3630:. 2023-07-25
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3184:. 2018-11-26
3181:
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2198:
2176:Full batches
2139:Full batches
2102:Full batches
2065:Full batches
2031:Rolls mostly
2028:Full, mostly
1994:Full batches
1960:Full batches
1926:Full batches
1890:Full batches
1854:Full batches
1818:Full batches
1781:Full batches
1745:Full batches
1711:Full batches
1677:Full batches
1642:Full batches
1605:Full batches
1568:Full batches
1553:Carlisle, MA
1531:Full batches
1494:Full batches
1454:Full batches
1380:Full batches
1343:Full batches
1280:
1263:
974:
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848:
844:
824:
803:
799:
787:
780:
775:
759:
757:
685:Election ink
669:Voter caging
578:Likely voter
499:Vote pairing
474:Issue voting
272:Popular vote
262:
254:Voting booth
219:Early voting
103:Part of the
84:
75:
51:
7274:ACE Project
7252:Selker, Ted
7228:ACE Project
6828:miamiherald
5392:February 5,
4161:UC Berkeley
3425:lop.parl.ca
2834:Switzerland
2539:and since.
1664:Tolland, CT
1590:Hancock, MA
772:by machines
659:Vote buying
542:Spoilt vote
522:Donkey vote
249:Vote center
229:Open ballot
7284:Categories
7200:2020-02-18
7172:2020-02-18
7147:2020-02-18
7116:2020-02-18
7091:2020-02-18
7071:2020-02-18
7046:2020-02-18
7021:2020-02-18
6991:2020-02-18
6967:2020-02-18
6937:2020-02-18
6889:2020-02-18
6833:2019-03-27
6809:2019-03-27
6784:2020-02-18
6758:2020-02-18
6733:2020-02-18
6704:2020-03-11
6680:2020-03-11
6657:August 12,
6629:August 12,
6602:August 12,
6582:August 12,
6555:1006721597
6536:1707.08619
6510:August 12,
6481:August 17,
6444:August 17,
6416:August 16,
6396:August 16,
6376:August 14,
6356:August 16,
6325:August 15,
6300:August 16,
6271:August 16,
6250:August 15,
6149:August 16,
6023:2020-02-05
5998:2020-02-18
5973:2020-03-11
5948:2020-03-11
5923:2020-02-05
5898:2020-02-16
5873:2020-02-03
5848:2020-02-03
5823:2020-02-03
5792:2020-02-14
5742:2020-02-28
5713:2020-02-28
5677:2020-02-28
5652:2020-03-06
5578:2022-06-15
5553:2020-05-17
5528:2020-05-17
5503:2022-06-15
5478:2020-05-17
5453:2020-05-17
5424:2020-05-17
5353:2020-03-11
5325:2020-03-11
5295:2020-03-11
5256:ProPublica
5181:2021-06-07
5156:2020-06-26
5073:2020-02-27
5045:2020-03-05
5014:2020-02-28
4986:2020-02-28
4961:2020-02-28
4850:2020-06-26
4825:2020-02-16
4800:2020-02-16
4775:2020-02-16
4669:2021-05-30
4604:2021-04-13
4561:August 17,
4468:2021-05-06
4401:2022-09-24
4373:2022-09-24
4340:2021-05-20
4304:2022-07-29
4276:2022-07-29
4251:2021-10-27
4223:2021-10-27
4192:2024-07-29
4167:2024-07-29
4141:2020-02-14
4113:2020-02-14
4088:2020-02-14
4064:2020-02-14
4039:2018-04-02
4005:2020-02-14
3919:2021-11-08
3886:2021-11-08
3861:2021-11-08
3827:2021-11-08
3722:2020-02-14
3687:2024-03-21
3662:2020-02-14
3634:2024-03-02
3603:2022-08-27
3578:2022-08-27
3552:August 12,
3522:August 17,
3504:August 17,
3478:August 17,
3452:August 16,
3430:August 16,
3405:August 16,
3387:August 16,
3362:2020-02-15
3337:2021-04-29
3312:2021-04-29
3288:2021-04-29
3264:2020-02-15
3240:2020-02-15
3216:2020-02-15
3188:2020-02-15
3160:2021-04-29
3135:2020-06-25
3104:2020-06-25
3077:2020-02-14
3021:2020-02-14
2961:2023-04-04
2911:References
2544:few votes.
1732:Vernon, CT
1265:studies).
776:canvassing
677:Prevention
517:Abstention
385:Spare vote
375:Party-list
209:Ballot box
201:Collection
183:Electorate
165:Candidates
7290:Elections
7272:from the
6652:0362-4331
6295:1059-1028
6216:April 24,
6061:April 24,
5290:0099-9660
5009:Halderman
4933:212822266
4917:: 17–26.
4892:150032446
4504:816513645
4396:Governing
3978:1533-1296
3914:0971-751X
3906:The Hindu
3800:1533-1296
3259:AUDIT USA
2890:Elections
2003:2,741,460
2000:1,842,136
1296:Team Size
1039:2007-2013
1005:1946-1962
971:machine,
129:Balloting
66:talk page
6932:11420755
6876:33267753
6803:NBC News
6577:RefWorld
6091:April 9,
6019:(Report)
5893:Politico
5759:Archived
5523:MinnPost
5235:July 30,
4749:June 29,
4720:Overview
4571:cite web
3682:Votebeat
2981:Archived
2844:See also
2666:recounts
1042:up to 2%
864:checksum
835:recounts
794:internet
768:election
263:Counting
244:Precinct
78:May 2022
60:You may
6266:Reuters
5209:July 7,
2850:Recount
2838:Estonia
1320:Sources
137:Ballots
7310:Voting
7242:Curlie
6930:
6874:
6650:
6553:
6543:
6506:. 2018
6371:Forbes
6293:
6120:May 4,
5348:Defcon
5288:
4981:Medium
4931:
4890:
4635:May 4,
4502:
4492:
3976:
3912:
3798:
3548:. 2018
2880:Ballot
2639:, and
2490:In an
2435:, and
2352:Sheets
2317:Sheets
2282:Sheets
2245:Sheets
2179:Sheets
2142:Sheets
2105:Sheets
2068:Sheets
1997:Sheets
1969:19,200
1935:30,573
1929:Sheets
1899:24,480
1827:12,480
1790:48,000
1784:Sheets
1748:Sheets
1714:Sheets
1680:Sheets
1645:Sheets
1608:Sheets
1571:Sheets
1534:Sheets
1497:Sheets
1463:10,266
1457:Sheets
1420:Sheets
1383:Sheets
1346:Sheets
1200:VVPATs
1144:3%-27%
997:Notes
827:ballot
783:ballot
766:in an
193:Ticket
112:Voting
7263:from
7226:from
7191:(PDF)
7138:(PDF)
6908:(PDF)
6883:(PDF)
6872:S2CID
6852:(PDF)
6724:(PDF)
6619:Ahval
6531:arXiv
6500:(PDF)
6475:(PDF)
6464:(PDF)
6287:Wired
6245:Slate
6187:(PDF)
6169:(PDF)
6140:(PDF)
6081:(PDF)
6055:(PDF)
6044:(PDF)
6017:(PDF)
5814:(PDF)
5783:(PDF)
5707:(PDF)
5696:(PDF)
5621:(PDF)
5386:(PDF)
5375:(PDF)
5344:(PDF)
5200:(PDF)
5092:(PDF)
5064:(PDF)
5036:(PDF)
5005:(PDF)
4929:S2CID
4888:S2CID
4740:(PDF)
4714:(PDF)
4703:(PDF)
4692:(PDF)
4681:(PDF)
4660:(PDF)
4626:(PDF)
4595:(PDF)
4555:(PDF)
4548:(PDF)
4334:(PDF)
4327:(PDF)
4241:(PDF)
4213:(PDF)
4131:(PDF)
3750:(PDF)
3713:(PDF)
3624:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3235:(PDF)
3207:(PDF)
3178:(PDF)
3126:(PDF)
3039:(PDF)
3011:(PDF)
2987:from
2931:(PDF)
2569:Some
2358:2,520
2251:1,526
2185:1,369
1966:1,268
1963:Rolls
1932:2,425
1893:Rolls
1863:5,220
1857:Rolls
1821:Rolls
1787:23860
1754:4,740
1720:2,400
1686:2,880
1651:7,980
1648:2,616
1614:1,200
1577:7,200
1574:3,670
1540:3,360
1386:1,061
1252:0.15%
1127:0.18%
1110:0.28%
1093:2.13%
1076:0.48%
1059:1.87%
1025:2.49%
1008:0.83%
985:Place
790:hacks
764:votes
277:Tally
188:Slate
68:, or
7167:Vice
7041:Vice
6928:PMID
6659:2019
6648:ISSN
6631:2019
6604:2019
6584:2019
6551:OCLC
6541:ISBN
6512:2019
6483:2019
6446:2019
6418:2019
6398:2019
6378:2019
6358:2019
6327:2019
6302:2019
6291:ISSN
6273:2019
6252:2019
6218:2018
6151:2019
6122:2018
6093:2018
6063:2018
5394:2020
5286:ISSN
5263:2020
5237:2020
5211:2020
5132:2020
5103:2020
4751:2019
4718:AND
4696:AND
4674:and
4637:2018
4577:link
4563:2019
4500:OCLC
4490:ISBN
3974:ISSN
3910:ISSN
3796:ISSN
3554:2019
3524:2019
3506:2019
3480:2019
3454:2019
3432:2019
3407:2019
3389:2019
2704:won.
2664:and
2402:and
2361:2011
2343:5.87
2326:2011
2308:1.82
2291:2016
2273:1.76
2267:0.88
2254:2016
2236:2.06
2230:1.03
2188:2012
2182:1920
2170:0.71
2164:0.24
2151:2012
2145:1920
2133:0.51
2127:0.17
2114:2012
2108:1800
2096:0.48
2090:0.12
2077:2012
2071:1800
2059:0.30
2053:0.07
2040:2011
2022:1.93
2006:2004
1988:1.49
1972:2004
1954:0.72
1938:2016
1920:0.67
1914:0.22
1902:2006
1884:0.60
1878:0.20
1866:2006
1848:0.33
1842:0.11
1830:2006
1812:0.54
1806:0.18
1793:2010
1775:2.01
1769:0.40
1757:2012
1751:2544
1739:0.31
1723:2012
1717:2272
1705:0.15
1689:2012
1683:3851
1671:0.11
1654:2020
1636:0.28
1630:0.14
1617:2020
1599:0.26
1593:0.13
1580:2020
1562:0.22
1556:0.11
1543:2007
1525:0.27
1519:0.09
1506:2021
1503:0.83
1488:0.42
1482:0.08
1466:2023
1448:0.34
1442:0.05
1429:2015
1423:1000
1411:0.20
1405:0.04
1392:2022
1374:0.08
1368:0.02
1355:2022
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