725:
549:. A typical implementation will raytrace each pixel of the display starting at the bottom of the screen using what is known as a y-buffer. When a voxel is reached that has a higher y value on the display it is added to the y-buffer overriding the previous value and connected with the previous y-value on the screen interpolating the color values. There is a major downside to voxel rasterization when transformation is applied which causes severe
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While voxels provide the benefit of precision and depth of reality, they are typically large data sets and are unwieldy to manage given the bandwidth of common computers. However, through efficient compression and manipulation of large data files, interactive visualization can be enabled on consumer
605:
is often cited as a forerunner of voxel technology, this is somewhat misleading. The game does not actually model three-dimensional volumes of voxels. Instead, it models the ground as a surface, which may be seen as being made up of voxels. The ground is decorated with objects that are modeled using
720:
A voxel represents a single sample, or data point, on a regularly spaced, three-dimensional grid. This data point can consist of a single piece of data, such as an opacity, or multiple pieces of data, such as a color in addition to opacity. A voxel represents only a single point on this grid, not a
821:
because of its ability to represent overhangs, caves, arches, and other 3D terrain features. These concave features cannot be represented in a heightmap due to only the top 'layer' of data being represented, leaving everything below it filled (the volume that would otherwise be the inside of the
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engine used to render objects. The "Engine
Programming" section of the games credits in the manual has several subsections related to graphics, among them: "Landscape Engine", "Polygon Engine", "Water & Shadows Engine" and "Special effects Engine". Although
1469:
of a 100×100×100 volume image (the equivalent for a 3D image would be showing a 2D cross section of the image in each frame). Although storage and manipulation of such data requires large amounts of memory, it allows the representation and analysis of
419:). A direct consequence of this difference is that polygons can efficiently represent simple 3D structures with much empty or homogeneously filled space, while voxels excel at representing regularly sampled spaces that are non-homogeneously filled.
678:
721:
volume; the space between each voxel is not represented in a voxel-based dataset. Depending on the type of data and the intended use for the dataset, this missing information may be reconstructed and/or approximated, e.g. via interpolation.
1993:
1464:
dataset, for example, an image sequence that represents 3D space together with another dimension such as time. In this way, an image could contain 100×100×100×100 toxels, which could be seen as a series of 100
1135:
is a space exploration game consisting of procedurally generated star systems containing explorable planets, moons and asteroids made up of voxels. The voxel engine allows for both terrain destruction and
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450:(i.e. three coordinates of this point). Yet, there is the simple form of record: indexes of the elements in the model set (i.e. integer coordinates). Model set elements in this case are
1810:
2100:
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uses voxel graphics to render space battles and solar systems. Battles displaying 1000 ships at a time were rendered slowly on computers without hardware graphic acceleration.
1989:
1448:
There are a few voxel editors available that are not tied to specific games or engines. They can be used as alternatives or complements to traditional 3D vector modeling.
1422:) and models for voxel based games. Some editors are focused on a single approach to voxel editing while others mix various approaches. Some common approaches are:
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engine. One such problem cited by
Carmack was the lack of graphics cards designed specifically for such rendering requiring them to be software rendered.
1621:
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engine). On the engine technology page of the game's website, the landscape engine is also referred to as the "Voxels engine". The engine is purely
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Uses of voxels include volumetric imaging in medicine and representation of terrain in games and simulations. Voxel terrain is used instead of a
724:
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While scientific volume visualization does not require modifying the actual voxel data, voxel editors can be used to create art (especially 3D
1184:
2143:
Hickson, Steven; Birchfield, Stan; Essa, Irfan; Christensen, Henrik (2014). "Efficient
Hierarchical Graph-Based Segmentation of RGBD Videos".
2624:
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658:) to create open landscapes. This rendering technique allowed for much more detailed and realistic terrain compared to simulations based on
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Another technique for voxels involves raster graphics where one simply raytraces every pixel of the display into the scene, tracking an
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This definition has the following advantage. If fixed voxel form is used within the whole model it is much easier to operate with voxel
2364:
1590:
Shchurova, Catherine I. (2015). "A methodology to design a 3D graphic editor for micro-modeling of fiber-reinforced composite parts".
928:
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329:
303:
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Foley, James D.; Andries van Dam; John F. Hughes; Steven K. Feiner (1990). "Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail".
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was developed, the term "voxel engine", when applied to computer games, commonly referred to a ray casting engine (for example the
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that uses its own VRage voxel rendering engine to let the user deform the terrain of asteroids allowing tunnels to be formed.
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1041:, a multi-player role playing game, uses a voxel engine allowing the player to rotate the isometric rendered playfield.
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Chmielewski, Sz., Tompalski, P. (2017). "Estimating outdoor advertising media visibility with voxel-based approach".
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systems infer the position of a voxel based upon its position relative to other voxels (i.e., its position in the
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1322:, a voxel-based game featuring fully destructible environments, developed and published by the studio Tuxedo Labs
1030:
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but with no topology constraints. These usually store density information in voxels and lack color information.
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is a single-shard universe MMORPG game that uses voxels to build spaceships, civilizations, and space stations.
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404:. For example, a cubic volumetric display might be able to show 512×512×512 (or about 134 million) voxels.
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Slice based: The volume is sliced in one or more axes and the user can edit each image individually using
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is a fishing role-playing video game, released in 2021 and developed by
Bunnyhug, using voxel art style.
688:
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260:
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127:
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1990:""There's never been a better time": Planet Coaster rides to meet the demand for deep simulation games"
900:, a castle building Real Time Strategy game in development, has terrain consisting of smoothed voxels.
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1223:, a vehicular combat game in which players build combat machines out of voxels and premade components
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1566:"Estimating outdoor advertising media visibility with voxel-based approach (PDF Download Available)"
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is an upcoming cyberpunk slice-of-life, set in voxel-based world, previously featured in
Cloudpunk.
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63:
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1314:, a voxel-based sandbox game set in space, developed and published by Robin "Schema" Promesberger.
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indicating voxel belonging to the modeled object or its separate parts, including their surfaces.
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Voxel is an image of a three-dimensional space region limited by given sizes, which has its own
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1365:, released in 2012, is a voxel based exploration/RPG game focused on player generated content.
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is a 2013 voxel-based side-scrolling shoot 'em up video game developed by
Finnish developer
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507:
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416:
1847:"High-speed laser writing method could pack 500 terabytes of data into CD-sized glass disc"
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uses a voxel-based engine to simulate land deformation similar to the older 2D Worms games.
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that used voxel-based rendering technology. It was originally bundled and shipped with the
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algorithm is often used for isosurface extraction, however other methods exist as well.
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1373:, a computer game produced by Lexaloffle, is composed and generated fully using voxels.
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Technologies to extend voxels into 4 and 5 dimensions of data are under investigation.
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756:, giving the opacity of material to X-rays. Different types of value are acquired from
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2423:
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1916:
1781:"Kyle G. Freeman Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications – Justia Patents Search"
1603:
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1033:, made extensive use of voxels for world creation as well as player generated content
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is a voxel-based sandbox MMORPG, being developed by
Radiant Worlds and published by
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scan of a leaf piece, resolution circa 40 μm/voxel when viewed at the full size
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569:, and other 1990s video games employed this graphics technique for effects such as
553:. The advantage was the ability to rasterise using cheap integer calculations on a
358:
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182:
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1598:. Advances in Engineering Software Volume 90, December 2015, Pages 76-82: 76–82.
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are captured as separate channels of data relating to the same voxel positions.
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137:
1763:"A Little Bit Of History – Next-Gen 3D Rendering Technology: Voxel Ray Casting"
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1966:
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1694:
Bertuch, Manfred (2009). "'Klötzchenwelten' in c't
Magazin issue 04/2009".
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is a voxel-based MMORPG with building elements, developed and published by
1803:"FlightSim.Com – NovaLogic Awarded Patent For Voxel Space Graphics Engine"
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1401:
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50:
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1357:, is an action-adventure role-playing game set in a vast fantasy world.
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is a voxel-based sandbox game set in space, developed and published by
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engine developed for the company by Kyle
Freeman (written entirely in
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iso-surfaces that follow the contours of given threshold values. The
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is an upcoming RPG Sandbox voxel-based game which gets developed by
892:
is a video game that used voxels to render characters and artifacts.
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723:
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30:
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Element representing a value on a grid in three dimensional space
2303:
1440:
Building blocks: The user can add and remove blocks just like a
1349:
is a computer game uses voxels for its two-level terrain system.
1144:, is a third-person action computer game made by former Belgian
506:
A volume described as voxels can be visualized either by direct
77:
2217:
2145:
2014 IEEE Conference on
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
1698:. Hannover: Heise Zeitschriften Verlag GmbH & Co. KG: 183.
384:, voxels themselves do not typically have their position (i.e.
844:
is a voxel-based open world survival horror game developed by
554:
908:, a cyberpunk adventure game, is almost entirely voxel-based.
438:
that indicates its belonging to some modeled object, and has
411:
are often explicitly represented by the coordinates of their
2097:"We <3 voxels: why Voxatron is an exciting indie shooter"
620:-based; it does not rely on hardware-acceleration via a 3D
1245:, as an option for many of the items pickups and scenery.
1241:
for first-person shooter game voxel rendering, instead of
1015:
748:
The value of a voxel may represent various properties. In
1430:
tools. These generally store color information in voxels.
771:
values, essentially vector (tensor) data; in the case of
400:). Some volumetric displays use voxels to describe their
2066:
2015:
1892:"A brief history of Voxel games. | DjArcas's Blog"
1737:
1735:
430:
coordinates in an accepted coordinate system, its own
34:
A set of voxels in a stack, with a single voxel shaded
1259:
featured deforming landscapes using voxel technology.
1014:
is Voxel based survival RPG. Releases on Feb 2023 by
860:'s Voxlap engine before being rewritten in a bespoke
42:
Illustration of a voxel grid containing color values
2633:
2588:
2455:
2344:
2302:
2274:
2251:
1460:, or temporal voxel. This is used in the case of a
1148:
Appeal, with landscapes rendered by a voxel engine.
984:, features procedurally generated voxel landscapes.
736:pictured), voxels are generated by multiplying the
1211:uses voxels for terrain, as well as for primitive
2016:"Trove – A Voxel MMO Adventure from Trion Worlds"
822:caves, or the underside of arches or overhangs).
482:representing "element"; a similar formation with
388:) explicitly encoded with their values. Instead,
1827:. Harvard University Press. 5th edition. 1997.
1302:set in space, being developed and published by
1300:massively multiplayer online role-playing game
1073:is the second voxel-based engineering game by
836:uses voxels to present retro-looking graphics.
593:) engine, used to render the landscape, and a
2229:
1089:video game that uses voxels to store terrain
330:
8:
794:Other values may be useful for immediate 3D
533:, can be applied to voxel data to obtain 2D
1646:(volume elements), in analogy to pixels.
1389:game although they were two separate games.
884:that used voxel-based rendering technology.
589:was mainly a combination of a ray casting (
2299:
2236:
2222:
2214:
1623:Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
1251:has a fan-created pack in a similar style.
924:voxel rasterization for terrain rendering.
337:
323:
45:
2152:
1752:", introduction. In a coder's mind, 2005.
1171:, with landscapes rendered by the engine
1101:to display each voxel as a cubic "block".
948:that used voxels to render most vehicles.
1191:which uses a voxel-based terrain editor.
353:is a three-dimensional counterpart to a
1544:
669:
62:
1942:"Tutorials/Units of measure: Distance"
1185:construction and management simulation
630:also experimented with Voxels for the
972:and voxels for their terrain systems.
941:Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge
916:, a series of computer games made by
478:" (instead of pixel's "picture") and
7:
2641:List of computer graphics algorithms
1615:
1613:
547:error term to determine when to step
365:. Voxels are frequently used in the
1456:A generalization of a voxel is the
929:Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun
1825:Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology
1626:. The Systems Programming Series.
1267:uses voxel models to render units.
1117:is a 6DOF open world game made by
1077:inspired from medieval technology.
935:Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2
407:In contrast to pixels and voxels,
25:
2115:"Lexaloffle BBS :: Voxatron"
872:uses voxels for its environments.
494:is a generalization of voxel for
486: for "element" is the word "
304:List of text-based computer games
2103:from the original on 2011-10-13.
2095:Ars Technica (14 January 2011).
2026:from the original on 2014-07-22.
1996:from the original on 4 July 2016
1977:from the original on 2014-12-19.
1813:from the original on 2015-09-24.
1791:from the original on 2014-02-01.
1718:"OUTCAST – Technology: Paradise"
1696:C't: Magazin für Computertechnik
1669:from the original on 2014-04-17.
1604:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2015.07.001
1592:Advances in Engineering Software
696:
672:
299:List of stereoscopic video games
49:
2662:Video games with voxel graphics
2125:from the original on 2011-01-08
2077:from the original on 2024-06-12
1898:from the original on 2013-12-18
1683:. Infogrames. 1999. p. 34.
1572:from the original on 2017-10-02
1090:
541:Incremental error rasterisation
1094:
642:was also the first commercial
606:texture-mapped polygons. When
375:geographic information systems
284:List of four-dimensional games
1:
2598:3D computer graphics software
1642:These cells are often called
357:. It represents a value on a
103:Isometric video game graphics
2413:Hidden-surface determination
2206:Fundamentals of voxelization
1988:Zak, Robert (4 April 2016).
1917:"Chunk format: Block format"
1724:. 7 May 2006. Archived from
1561:10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.07.007
767:Voxels can contain multiple
703:A (smoothed) rendering of a
422:One of the definitions is:
309:Category:Video game graphics
93:Full motion video based game
1381:is a computer game made by
1187:developed and published by
992:is a computer game made by
944:are computer games made by
880:is a computer game made by
846:The Fun Pimps Entertainment
646:based on voxel technology.
249:First-person shooter engine
2693:
1433:Sculpture: Similar to the
1264:Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri
1095:voxel rendering techniques
466:originated by analogy to "
373:and scientific data (e.g.
78:2.5D & 3/4 perspective
2197:Games with voxel graphics
1967:"Appeal S.A. - MobyGames"
1880:. April 1997. p. 53.
1873:Electronic Gaming Monthly
1031:Sony Online Entertainment
496:higher-dimensional spaces
108:Side-scrolling video game
1027:EverQuest Next: Landmark
982:action role-playing game
537:to depict on a monitor.
510:or by the extraction of
2625:Vector graphics editors
2620:Raster graphics editors
1272:SkySaga: Infinite Isles
1029:, cancelled MMORPGs by
996:that used the in-house
968:, use a combination of
396:that makes up a single
380:As with pixels in a 2D
363:three-dimensional space
289:List of FMV-based games
113:Stereoscopic video game
2508:Checkerboard rendering
1845:Society, The Optical.
1563:. Preprint download:
775:scans with B-mode and
752:scans, the values are
745:
444:
98:Graphic adventure game
43:
35:
2463:Affine transformation
2442:Surface triangulation
2386:Anisotropic filtering
1870:"Review Crew: Amok".
1189:Frontier Developments
1156:is a 2002 unreleased
727:
650:used the proprietary
559:hardware acceleration
424:
261:Virtual camera system
128:Tile-based video game
41:
33:
2667:3D computer graphics
2163:10.1109/CVPR.2014.51
2147:. pp. 344–351.
1743:Voxel terrain engine
1503:– resolution element
1146:video game developer
798:, such as a surface
785:volumetric flow rate
178:3D computer graphics
156:2D computer graphics
133:Top-down perspective
2478:Collision detection
2406:Global illumination
1823:Novelline, Robert.
1507:Sparse voxel octree
1289:Keen Software House
1213:global illumination
1119:Keen Software House
1093:, but does not use
1075:Keen Software House
1062:Master of Orion III
1053:and gets funded by
730:computed tomography
442:of modeled region.
294:List of FPS engines
64:Video game graphics
58:Part of a series on
2528:Scanline rendering
2322:Parallax scrolling
2312:Isometric graphics
1769:. 21 October 2009.
1748:2013-11-13 at the
1486:– material element
1435:vector counterpart
1097:. Instead it uses
1070:Medieval Engineers
833:3D Dot Game Heroes
791:market computers.
746:
687:3D rendering of a
232:Real-time graphics
161:Parallax scrolling
44:
36:
2649:
2648:
2590:Graphics software
2483:Planar projection
2468:Back-face culling
2340:
2339:
2284:Alpha compositing
2245:Computer graphics
2172:978-1-4799-5118-5
1637:978-0-201-12110-0
1553:Applied Geography
1520:- tactile element
1514:– texture element
1492:– picture element
1099:polygon rendering
1000:rendering engine.
682:
656:Assembly language
644:flight simulation
579:terrain rendering
452:state parameters,
347:
346:
227:Computer graphics
123:Third-person view
83:First-person view
16:(Redirected from
2684:
2575:Volume rendering
2447:Wire-frame model
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1534:Volume rendering
1442:construction set
1428:2D raster editor
1298:, a voxel-based
946:Westwood Studios
754:Hounsfield units
707:of voxels for a
700:
684:
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577:and usually for
508:volume rendering
398:volumetric image
369:and analysis of
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2261:Diffusion curve
2253:Vector graphics
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1256:Shattered Steel
1114:Miner Wars 2081
1051:Hypixel Studios
913:Comanche series
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1728:on 7 May 2006.
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2048:on 2010-01-14
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2555:Shear matrix
2518:Path tracing
2503:Cone tracing
2498:Beam tracing
2418:Polygon mesh
2359:3D rendering
2144:
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
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2079:. Retrieved
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2050:. Retrieved
2046:the original
2041:
2032:
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1998:. Retrieved
1983:
1970:
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1951:24 September
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
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1926:24 September
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1920:
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1886:
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1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1840:
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1775:
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1574:. Retrieved
1552:
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1457:
1455:
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1417:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1376:
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1360:
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1339:Trion Worlds
1332:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1293:
1282:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1239:Build engine
1232:
1226:
1218:
1215:and shadows.
1206:
1194:
1178:
1169:Atari Jaguar
1151:
1139:
1132:No Man's Sky
1130:
1124:
1112:
1106:Moonglow Bay
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1080:
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987:
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897:Castle Story
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889:Blade Runner
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816:
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734:abdominal CT
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638:
631:
628:John Carmack
626:
611:
607:
602:
582:
575:bump-mapping
564:
563:
544:
520:
505:
491:
490:". The term
483:
479:
471:
463:
461:
451:
448:nodal points
447:
445:
439:
435:
431:
427:
425:
421:
406:
379:
359:regular grid
350:
348:
265:
215:Digitization
183:3D rendering
2570:Translation
2523:Ray casting
2513:Ray tracing
2391:Cel shading
2365:Image-based
2346:3D graphics
2327:Ray casting
2276:2D graphics
2071:Veloren.net
1722:archive.org
1529:Volume mesh
1327:The Sandbox
1201:Housemarque
1173:Voxel Space
998:Voxel Space
989:Delta Force
965:Cryengine 3
959:Cryengine 2
922:Voxel Space
652:Voxel Space
527:ray casting
523:ray tracing
428:nodal point
386:coordinates
254:Tile engine
220:Rotoscoping
198:Cel shading
138:Vector game
2672:3D imaging
2656:Categories
2634:Algorithms
2488:Reflection
2209:"Archived"
2154:1801.08981
2129:2011-01-12
2081:2024-06-12
2052:2009-12-20
1902:2013-12-18
1878:Ziff Davis
1856:2021-10-31
1785:justia.com
1576:2017-10-02
1555:, 87:1–13
1540:References
1524:Tomography
1452:Extensions
1387:Comanche 2
1304:Frozenbyte
1183:is a 2016
1165:video game
1153:Phase Zero
1055:Riot Games
1016:Keen Games
977:Cube World
970:heightmaps
773:ultrasound
762:ultrasound
742:scan range
613:VoxelSpace
571:reflection
492:hypervoxel
440:properties
434:, its own
402:resolution
2613:rendering
2603:animation
2493:Rendering
2201:MobyGames
2067:"Veloren"
2042:kdlab.com
2038:"VANGERS"
1704:0724-8679
1474:systems.
1472:spacetime
1420:pixel art
1407:rendering
1383:Novalogic
1277:Smilegate
1220:Robocraft
1136:creation.
1082:Minecraft
1012:Ensrouded
994:Novalogic
918:NovaLogic
905:Cloudpunk
882:Novalogic
819:heightmap
796:rendering
648:NovaLogic
633:Quake III
591:heightmap
502:Rendering
462:The word
458:Etymology
390:rendering
210:Animation
166:Pixel art
2608:modeling
2535:Rotation
2473:Clipping
2456:Concepts
2435:Deferred
2401:Lighting
2381:Aliasing
2375:Unbiased
2370:Spectral
2123:Archived
2101:Archived
2075:Archived
2024:Archived
1994:Archived
1975:Archived
1896:Archived
1851:phys.org
1811:Archived
1789:Archived
1746:Archived
1667:Archived
1663:tnlc.com
1659:"Voxels"
1570:Archived
1478:See also
1402:Minetest
1378:Werewolf
1370:Voxatron
1319:Teardown
1311:StarMade
1295:Starbase
1038:Hexplore
705:data set
640:Comanche
618:software
583:Outcast'
557:without
551:aliasing
470:", with
413:vertices
409:polygons
377:(GIS)).
88:Fixed 3D
2540:Scaling
2430:Shading
2000:11 July
1414:Editors
1354:Veloren
1346:Vangers
1243:sprites
1196:Resogun
1162:shooter
1141:Outcast
1125:Nivalis
1087:sandbox
864:engine.
781:density
777:Doppler
666:Gallery
608:Outcast
603:Outcast
598:polygon
566:Outcast
512:polygon
371:medical
188:Polygon
2560:Shader
2332:Skybox
2317:Mode 7
2289:Layers
2181:519623
2179:
2169:
1831:
1702:
1644:voxels
1634:
1467:frames
1208:Roblox
1158:action
1046:Hytale
953:Crysis
862:OpenGL
783:, and
779:data,
769:scalar
476:volume
417:points
382:bitmap
203:Skybox
171:Sprite
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