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407:, which lies in ruins today, but once held approximately 1,500 inhabitants. The official Soviet name of this city was the same as the weapons complex itself: Aralsk-7. It contained simple infrastructure that consisted of a social club, a stadium, a couple of schools and shops. A unique airfield, "Barkhan", was located close to Kantubek. It was the only airfield in the Soviet Union with four runways in an intersecting
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In the summer of 1936, Ivan
Mikhailovich Velikanov led the Red Army's first expedition to conduct biological weapons tests on Vozrozhdeniya Island. Around 100 personnel from Velikanov's Biotechnical Institute participated in the experiments. In July 1937, while planning for a second expedition to the
261:
Vozrozhdeniya was once a small island; it was only 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) in the nineteenth century. However, in the 1960s, the island began to grow in size as the Aral Sea began drying up as the Soviet Union dammed its feeder rivers for agricultural projects. The shrinkage of the
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and several unsuccessful attempts to build the complex from 1936 to 1941 led to a belief that such a complex must be built far from the Soviet Union's borders with other nations. Vozrozhdeniya Island's location in the middle of the Aral Sea, well within Soviet borders, satisfied this consideration.
414:
Faced with the imminent dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet military authorities held a meeting in
November 1991 at the USSR Ministry of Defence's Virology Centre in Zagorsk to discuss the fate of Aralsk-7. Here the decision was taken to terminate experimental work on the island, and by late April
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346:(the causative agent of tularaemia), led a second expedition to Vozrozhdeniya. Two special ships and two aircraft were assigned to Khatanever for use in tests focused on the dissemination of tularaemia bacteria. In 1948, a top-secret Soviet
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dried up enough that the island joined the mainland. Upon the disappearance of the
Southeast Aral Sea in 2008, Vozrozhdeniya was simply a part of the surrounding land, and by 2014 it was simply a part of the land within the extensive
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called "Rebirth", where Alex Mason goes lone wolf–though he hallucinates that Viktor Reznov accompanies him–against
Friedrich Steiner while Jason Hudson and Gigori Weaver lead a team to extract Steiner out of the area.
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1992, all military units had been evacuated from the base. All people who lived on
Vozrozhdeniya Island were evacuated within several weeks; civil and military infrastructure was abandoned, and Kantubek became a
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island, Velikanov was arrested by the Soviet security organs and subsequently shot. Later that same summer, Leonid
Moiseevich Khatanever, the new director of the Biotechnical Institute and an expert on
440:, the island was under U.S. occupation but was captured by the fictional Global Liberation Army. The area and its former biological weapons base and laboratories were also featured in a mission in
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678:
Oren, Aharon; Plotnikov, Igor S.; Sokolov, Sergey; Aladin, Nikolai V. (2010). "The Aral Sea and the Dead Sea: Disparate lakes with similar histories: Aral Sea - Dead Sea comparisons".
1005:
461:
also mentions the site; the book's villains dig up two metric tons of "Anthrax 836" from an impromptu dump site 11 km from the island for use in a terror plot. The webnovel
385:(the causative agent of smallpox) from the island infected ten people, of whom three died. In the 1990s, word of the island's danger was spread by Soviet defectors, including
859:"Are We Safe Yet? For all the warnings, there hasn't been another attack. But the hard work of enhancing homeland security has only just begun. Here's what we need to do"
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780:
521:
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419:. Many of the containers holding biological agents were not properly stored or destroyed, and over the last decade, many of these containers have developed leaks.
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317:
An ideal location for such complex would be a relatively large island 5–10 km (3–6 mi) from a coast. Initial sites discussed for this complex included
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pattern. The weather on the island changed frequently; thus, planes landed on one of the four runways depending on weather and wind direction at the time.
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were made into weapons and stored at the complex. The main town on the island, where scientists and employees of the complex lived, was called
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were searching for an appropriate place to build a science and military complex for inventing, producing, and testing biological weapons.
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Dembek, Zygmunt F., Julie A. Pavlin, and Mark G. Kortepeter (2007), "Epidemiology of
Biowarfare and Bioterrorism", Chapter 3 of:
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Island, Konstantin Island and
Naslednik Island. In the Soviet period Nicholas I Island was renamed Vozrozhdeniya.
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in the world, at 2,300 km (890 sq mi), in the final days of its existence in mid-2001, becoming a
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1471:
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In 2002, through a project organized and funded by the United States with the assistance of
Uzbekistan, ten
374:'s Microbiological Warfare Group, tasked with inventing and testing the effects of multiple fatal diseases.
370:. In 1954, the site was expanded and named Aralsk-7, one of the main laboratories and testing sites for the
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has the island and its bioweapons lab as the former workplace of the main character, Vladislav
Kerenski.
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1215:
834:"Conversion of BW Facilities in Kazakstan" in Geissler, E. (Ed.), Conversion of Former BTW Facilities
304:
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781:"OP#09: The 1971 Smallpox Epidemic in Aralsk, Kazakhstan, and the Soviet Biological Warfare Program"
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Aral continued and accelerated over time, and the receding waters briefly made Vozrozhdeniya the
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In 1848–1849, a Russian marine expedition of the Aral Sea was organized with the schooner
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laboratory was established on the island, which tested a variety of agents, including
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969:
Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan: Past, Present, and Future
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615:
303:. A group of islands was discovered that were named the Tzar Islands, consisting of
70:
17:
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1129:
1093:
371:
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The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy
434:
The former island and its laboratory have appeared in novels and video games. In
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there and on the neighbouring Komsomolskiy Island, which also no longer exists.
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Biological Decontamination of Vozrozhdeniye Island: The U.S.-Uzbek Agreement
836:. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 167–186.
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706:"Аральск-7 — закрытый город-призрак, где испытывали биологическое оружие"
566:"Аральск-7 — закрытый город-призрак, где испытывали биологическое оружие"
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591:"Grand Soviet Scheme for Sharing Water in Central Asia Is Foundering"
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Mid-2001: Vozrozhdeniya no longer an island, connects to the mainland
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mixes the island's chemical weapon history with a recreation of the
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Rebirth Island joins the mainland (2000 and 2001 satellite images)
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Stalin's Secret Weapon: The Origins of Soviet Biological Warfare
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987:
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Military installations in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
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Satellite image of former Vozrozhdeniya Island, November 1994
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Timeline of Vozrozhdeniya Island's growth then disappearance
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Plague Wars: The Terrifying Reality of Biological Warfare
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NASA satellite image comparison between 1989 and 2003
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902:"Technomagica [Progression Fantasy Litrpg]"
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457:prison for its Rebirth Resurgence mode. The novel
249:constructed a biological weapons test site called
680:Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management
237:. The former island's territory is split between
785:James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
944:Youtube: Going To Extremes: Voz-Island (Part 2)
939:Youtube: Going To Extremes: Voz-Island (Part 1)
949:Welcome to Anthrax Island - Guardian Unlimited
999:
876:Chalker, Dennis & Dockery, Kevin (2006).
181:
8:
974:1960's Satellite images of Soviet laboratory
616:"Islands of the World: Largest Lake Islands"
37:
1242:Scientific Experimental and Production Base
1006:
992:
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880:. New York City: Avon Books. p. 373.
69:
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497:in Scotland, a British anthrax test site.
930:Abandoned Anthrax: Vozrozhdeniye Island.
321:, but choices were narrowed down to the
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1436:Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance
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518:Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare
227:Возрождение ороли, Vozrojdeniye oroli
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979:Top Inhospitable Places in the World
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640:“Rebirth” Island Joins the Mainland
857:Powell, Bill (16 September 2002).
723:Rimmington, Anthony (2018-11-15).
426:burial sites were decontaminated.
25:
1502:Soviet biological weapons program
1252:Institute of Applied Biochemistry
589:Michael Wines (9 December 2002).
264:second-largest fresh water island
692:10.1111/j.1440-1770.2010.00436.x
1426:U.S. biological weapons program
1294:Institute of Virus Preparations
437:Command & Conquer: Generals
530:Textbooks of Military Medicine
333:and Vozrozhdeniya Island. The
32:Vozrozhdeniye (disambiguation)
1:
1482:Biological warfare facilities
1431:History of biological warfare
1416:Biological Weapons Convention
811:. Random House. p. 460.
759:. Macmillan. pp. 46–47.
310:In the 1920s, leaders of the
27:Former island in the Aral Sea
1492:Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border
1064:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
878:The Home Team: Weapons Grade
832:Rimmington, Anthony (1998).
459:The Home Team: Weapons Grade
729:. Oxford University Press.
516:Dembek, Zygmunt F. (2007),
475:1971 Aral smallpox incident
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1462:Lake islands of Kazakhstan
1315:Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky
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1230:Facilities and test sites
668:The Aral Sea Encyclopedia
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192:[vəzrɐˈʐdʲenʲɪjə]
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753:; Jeff Goldberg (2001).
1467:Islands of the Aral Sea
1411:Biological warfare (BW)
1385:Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
1209:Operations and projects
805:Hoffman, David (2009).
443:Call of Duty: Black Ops
1390:Aral smallpox incident
344:Francisella tularensis
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1487:International islands
1457:Islands of Uzbekistan
1421:Entomological warfare
933:Sometimes Interesting
450:Call of Duty: Warzone
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178:Vozrozhdeniya Island
38:Vozrozhdeniya Island
30:For other uses, see
18:Vozrozhdeniya island
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1497:Weapons test sites
1325:Vladimir Pasechnik
656:2010-07-28 at the
645:2010-05-28 at the
595:The New York Times
524:2012-08-27 at the
430:In popular culture
379:accidental release
325:in the White Sea,
323:Solovetsky Islands
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209:'Rebirth Island';
183:Остров Возрождения
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1320:Kanatjan Alibekov
1103:Researched agents
1022:Weaponized agents
736:978-0-19-092885-8
335:Russian Civil War
327:Gorodomlya Island
219:Vozrojdenie araly
215:Возрождение аралы
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119:45.150°N 59.317°E
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52:Возрождение аралы
16:(Redirected from
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1330:Sergei Popov
1288:
1257:Laboratory B
1200:Yellow fever
1130:Dengue fever
932:
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908:. 2023-08-19
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463:Technomagica
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372:Soviet Union
343:
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331:Lake Seliger
316:
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247:Soviet Union
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155:Demographics
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93:Central Asia
1365: [
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1237:BIOPREPARAT
1170:Psittacosis
1150:Melioidosis
1145:Lassa fever
1049:Brucellosis
751:Tom Mangold
710:Big Picture
540:, pp 51-52.
528:, (Series:
480:Biopreparat
364:brucellosis
329:located on
319:Lake Baikal
122: /
98:Coordinates
1451:Categories
1308:Scientists
1185:Rinderpest
1140:Hantavirus
1089:Rice blast
912:2023-09-15
906:Royal Road
791:2021-05-18
622:2019-06-03
600:29 October
575:2015-12-13
502:References
485:Ken Alibek
417:ghost town
387:Ken Alibek
348:bioweapons
305:Nicholas I
297:Konstantin
243:Kazakhstan
239:Uzbekistan
160:Population
147:Uzbekistan
143:Kazakhstan
1378:Accidents
1069:Tularemia
409:starburst
368:tularemia
270:when the
268:peninsula
257:Geography
229:) was an
85:Geography
1289:Aralsk-7
1120:Bird flu
1054:Glanders
1044:Botulism
1029:Smallpox
654:Archived
651:Aral Sea
643:Archived
522:Archived
490:Kantubek
469:See also
455:Alcatraz
405:Kantubek
356:smallpox
312:Red Army
251:Aralsk-7
235:Aral Sea
90:Location
1267:Zagorsk
1094:Polonia
1079:Marburg
1059:Q fever
1034:Anthrax
424:anthrax
401:bacilli
391:anthrax
352:anthrax
291:History
233:in the
110:59°19′E
107:45°09′N
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360:plague
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223:Uzbek
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838:ISBN
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636:NASA
602:2012
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