1493:
and (C) the gas chamber. A huge chimney rises from the furnace room around which are grouped nine furnaces, each having four openings. Each opening can take three normal corpses at once and after an hour and a half the bodies are completely burned. This corresponds to a daily capacity of about 2,000 bodies. Next to this is a large "reception hall" which is arranged so as to give the impression of the antechamber of a bathing establishment. It holds 2,000 people and apparently there is a similar waiting room of the floor below. From there a door and a few steps lead down into the very long and narrow gas chamber. The walls of this chamber are also camouflaged with simulated entries to shower rooms in order to mislead the victims. This roof is fitted with three traps which can be hermetically closed from the outside. A track leads from the gas chamber to the furnace room. "The gassing takes place as follows: The unfortunate victims are brought into hall (B), where they are told to undress. To complete the fiction that they are going to bathe, each person receives a towel and a small piece of soap issued by two men clad in white coats. They are then crowded into the gas chamber (C) in such numbers there is, of course, only standing room. To compress this crowd into the narrow space, shots are often fired to induce those already at the far end to huddle still closer together.
1495:"When everybody is inside, the heavy doors are closed. Then there is a short pause, presumably to allow the room temperature to rise to a certain level, after which SS men with gas masks climb on the roof, open the traps, and shake down a preparation in powder form out of tin cans labeled 'CYKLON For use against vermin', which is manufactured by a Hamburg concern. It is presumed that this is a 'CYANIDE' mixture of some sort which turns into gas at a certain temperature. After three minutes everyone in the chamber is dead. No one is known to have survived this ordeal, although it was not uncommon to discover signs of life after the primitive measures employed in the Birch Wood . The chamber is then opened, aired, and the 'special squad' carts the bodies on flat trucks to the furnace rooms, where the burning takes place. Crematoria III and IV work on nearly the same principle, but their capacity is only half as large. Thus, the total capacity of the four cremating and gassing plants at BIRKENAU amounts to about 6,000 daily."
1397:
1292:, as a teenager in Budapest, was working for the Jewish Council as a junior secretary at the time. One day in late May or early June, his boss, Dr. Zoltán Kohn, gave him a carbon copy of the report, and told him that he should tell only his closest family and friends about it. Klein told his uncle, a well-known physician, who "became so angry that he nearly hit me", and asked how he could believe such nonsense. It was the same with other relatives and friends. The older ones refused to believe it, while the younger ones believed it and wanted to act. When it came time for Klein to get on the train, he chose to run instead, and that saved his life.
1323:, Arnošt Rosin and Czesław Mordowicz arrived in Slovakia, having escaped from Auschwitz on 27 May. Hearing about the Battle of Normandy and believing the war was over, they got drunk using dollars they had smuggled out of Auschwitz. As a result they were arrested for violating the currency laws, and spent time in jail before the Jewish Council paid their fines. On 15 June, the men were interviewed by Oscar Krasniansky. They told him that, between 15 and 27 May, 100,000 Hungarian Jews had arrived at Birkenau, and that most were killed on arrival, apparently with no knowledge of what was about to happen to them.
322:
309:, dated 14 April 1982. Oscar Krasniansky, an engineer and stenographer, translated it from Slovak into German with the help of Gisela Steiner. They produced a 40-page report in German, which was completed by Thursday, 27 April. Vrba wrote that the report was also translated into Hungarian. The original Slovak version of the report was not preserved. Historians studying the Holocaust today usually base their research on the German translation, which Allied forces also used when translating the report into English shortly after the end of the war.
353:, a French specialist on the gas chambers, concluded in 1989 that, while the report was wrong on certain issues, it "has the merit of describing exactly the gassing process in type II/III Krematorien as from mid-March 1943. It made the mistake of generalizing internal and external descriptions and the operating method to Krematorien IV and V. Far from invalidating it, the discrepancies confirm its authenticity, as the descriptions are clearly based on what the witnesses could actually have seen and heard." Auschwitz scholar
305:("Auschwitz, the tomb of four million"), published in Bratislava in 1946, the report was first written in Slovak by Vrba and Wetzler, beginning on 25 April 1944, and simultaneously translated into German by Oscar Krasniansky of the Slovakian Jewish Council in Žilina. It was written and re-written several times. Wetzler wrote the first part, Vrba the third, and they wrote the second part together. They then worked on the whole thing together. Wetzler confirmed this version of how the report was written in a letter to
398:
40:
1265:, the SS officer in charge of the transport of Jews out of Hungary. Shortly after Vrba arrived in Slovakia from Auschwitz in April 1944, Eichmann proposed—to Kastner, Joel Brand and Hansi Brand in Budapest—that the Nazis trade up to one million Hungarian Jews for 10,000 trucks and other goods from the Western Allies. The proposal came to nothing, but Kastner did obtain safe passage to Switzerland for 1,684 Jews on what became known as the
1506:
horrors to come in the event of a German occupation. A memo setting out policy for the BBC Hungarian
Service in 1942 states: 'We shouldn't mention the Jews at all.' By 1943, the BBC Polish Service was broadcasting about the exterminations. And yet, his policy of silence on the Jews was followed right up until the German invasion in March 1944. After the tanks rolled in, the Hungarian Service did then broadcast warnings.
1245:
1492:
Vrba-Wetzler report (two paragraph breaks have been inserted for ease of reading): "At present, there are four crematoria in operation at BIRKENAU, two large ones, I and II, and two smaller ones, III and IV. Those of type I and II consist of 3 parts, i. e.,: (A) the furnace room; (B) the large halls;
1369:
On 19 June 1944, Richard
Lichtheim of the Jewish Agency in Geneva, who had received a copy of the report from Mantello, wrote to the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem to say that they knew "what has happened and where it has happened", and reported the Vrba–Wetzler figure that 90 percent of Jews arriving at
312:
The Vrba–Wetzler report contains a detailed description of the geography and management of the camps, and of how the prisoners lived and died. It lists the transports that had arrived at
Auschwitz since 1942, their place of origin, and the numbers "selected" for work or the gas chambers. Kárný writes
1505:
Mike
Thomson (BBC, 13 November 2012): "The BBC broadcast every day, giving updates on the war, general news, and opinion pieces on Hungarian politics. But among all these broadcasts, there were crucial things that were not being said, things that might have warned thousands of Hungarian Jews of the
1295:
According to Gábor Havas, a member of the
Hungarian resistance, Soos had also prepared English translations. In December, Soos made a daring escape in a stolen German airplane to help the report reach Allied lines, not knowing that it already happened. Curiously, OSS records of Soos's interrogation
1187:
published a report to that effect on 25 November 1942. From March 1943, the Polish government-in-exile forwarded intelligence about what was happening inside the camp. But it remained an "inside story", according to historian
Michael Fleming, unpublished or not published prominently, as a result of
1211:
Fleming writes: "ews of the true function of
Auschwitz was effectively embargoed by British government policy." By issuing advice to newspaper owners and editors, by refusing to confirm Polish intelligence, and by insisting that Jews were simply citizens of the country in which they lived like any
1225:. In his first statement he said he had handed the report to Rudolf Kastner on 26 April 1944 during the latter's visit to Bratislava, but Bauer writes that the report was not finished until 27 April. In another statement, Krasniansky said he had passed it to Kastner on 28 April in Bratislava, but
357:
agreed, writing in 2002: "The description of the crematoria in the War
Refugee Board report contains errors, but given the conditions under which information was obtained, the lack of architectural training of Vrba and Wetzlar , and the situation in which the report was compiled, one would become
329:
The report contains sketches and information about the layout of the gas chambers, describing the large room where victims were made to undress before being pushed into the gas chambers, as well as the attached crematoriums. In a deposition for the trial of Adolf
Eichmann in 1961, and in his book
1272:
Kastner copied the German translation of the report to Géza Soós, a
Hungarian Foreign Ministry official who ran a resistance group, writes Bauer. Soós gave it to József Éliás, head of the Good Shepherd Mission, and Éliás's secretary, Mária Székely, translated it into Hungarian and prepared six
246:. Miroslav Kárný writes it was published on the same day the last 13 prisoners, all women, were gassed or shot in crematorium II in Auschwitz-Birkenau. The document combined the material from the Vrba–Wetzler report and two others, which were submitted together in evidence at the
1407:
On 26 June, Richard Lichtheim of the Jewish Agency in Geneva sent a telegram to England calling on the Allies to hold members of the Hungarian government personally responsible for the killings. The cable was intercepted by the Hungarian government and shown to Prime Minister
313:
that the report is an invaluable document because it provides details that were known only to prisoners, including, for example, that discharge forms were filled out for prisoners who had been gassed, indicating that death rates in the camp were actively falsified.
207:
in Auschwitz. The Vrba–Wetzler report was an early attempt to estimate the numbers and the most detailed description of the gas chambers to that point. The publication of parts of the report in June 1944 is credited with helping to persuade the Hungarian regent,
265:
as the 19-page "Transport (The Polish Major's Report)". Rosin and Mordowicz escaped from Auschwitz on 27 May 1944, using the demotion they received after Vrba and Wetzler's escape a month earlier, and met up with those escapees in Slovakia to contribute to the
1343:, a Jewish businessman from Transylvania who was working as the first secretary of the El Salvador consulate in Geneva. It was thanks to Mantello, according to Braham, that the report received, in the Swiss press, its first wide coverage. According to
292:
1423:
seized power in Hungary in a coup on 15 October 1944. Henceforth, the deportations resumed, but by then, the diplomatic involvement of the Swedish, Swiss, Spanish, and Portuguese embassies in Budapest, as well as that of the papal nuncio,
1167:
The dates on which the report was distributed became a matter of importance within Holocaust historiography. Vrba alleged that lives were lost in Hungary because it was not distributed quickly enough by Jewish leaders, particularly
212:, to halt the deportation of Hungary's Jews to Auschwitz, which had been proceeding at a rate of 12,000 a day since May 1944. The first full English translation of the report was published in November 1944 by the United States
1387:
correspondent in Geneva, published a longer story on 3 July, "Inquiry Confirms Nazi Death Camps", and on 6 July a second, "Two Death Camps Places of Horror; German Establishments for Mass Killings of Jews Described by Swiss".
1220:
Oscar Krasniansky of the Jewish Council, who translated the report into German as Vrba and Wetzler were writing and dictating it, made conflicting statements about the report after the war, according to Israeli historian
717:
obtains the report and gives a copy of the report to Geza Soos, Hungarian Foreign Ministry official; Soos gives it to Joszef Elias; Elias's secretary translates it into Hungarian and prepares six copies for Hungarian
1260:
Kastner's reasons for not making the document public are unknown. Vrba believed until the end of his life that Kastner withheld it in order not to jeopardize negotiations between the Aid and Rescue Committee and
1277:'s daughter-in-law. Braham writes that this distribution occurred before 15 May. According to Bauer, Ernő Pető, a member of the Budapest Jewish Council, said he gave copies to Horthy's son; the papal nuntius
1378:
monastery in Bratislava on 20 June. Martilotti had seen the report and questioned Vrba about it for six hours. According to Bauer, Martilotti said he was travelling to Switzerland the next day. On 25 June
814:
were killed in gas chambers at Auschwitz during March 1944. Rosin and Mordowicz tell Krasniansky 100,000 Hungarian Jews were killed on arrival between 15 and 27 May, unaware of what was about to happen to
1440:
and others in the Swedish delegation also saved tens of thousands of Jews (according to some, between 70,000 and 100,000). As can be expected, there are varying estimates of the number of Jews rescued.
1296:
that have been made public do not mention the report. According to Soos's wife, Raoul Wallenberg was also trying to transport a copy to the interim Hungarian government in Debrecen when he disappeared.
1233:, said that Kastner was not in Bratislava until August. It is clear from Kastner's post-war statements that he did have early access to the report, Bauer writes, but perhaps not in April. According to
358:
suspicious if it did not contain errors. ... Given the circumstances, the composite 'crematorium' reconstructed by two escapees without any architectural training is as good as one could expect."
1383:
sent a public cable to Horthy, asking that he "do everything in ... power to save as many unfortunate people from further pain and sorrow". Other world leaders followed suit. Daniel Brigham,
1351:), which by 23 June he had distributed to the Swiss government and Jewish groups. The students went on to make thousands of other copies, which were passed to other students and MPs.
257:
included a seven-page report from Arnost Rosin and Czesław Mordowicz as chapter III to the Vrba–Wetzler report and an earlier report, known as the "Polish Major's report", written by
275:
1396:
1309:
In November 1944, the WRB released a report written by escapees from the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, alerting Americans to the details of Nazi mass murder using gas chambers.
1419:, to relay an angry message to Horthy. Horthy resisted Hitler's threats, and Budapest's 200,000–260,000 Jews were temporarily spared from deportation, until the pro-Nazi
1154:
2158:
1347:, Mantello asked for the help of the Swiss-Hungarian Students' League to make around 50 mimeographed copies of the Vrba–Wetzler and other Auschwitz reports (the
1515:
Kranzler places the cable to Jerusalem on 26 June 1944, and writes that Lichtheim referred in the cable to 12,000 Jews being deported daily from Budapest.
1362:
on 20 June, which carried a 22-line story that 7,000 Jews had been "dragged to gas chambers in the notorious German concentration camps at Birkenau and
2054:
2498:
131:
2083:
2064:
1547:
931:
Several newspapers report that, between April 1942 and April 1944, 1.5 to 1.7 million Jews were killed at Auschwitz (from the Vrba-Wetzler report).
2539:
2019:
1358:
on 4 June 1944 while World War II was still in progress. Details were disseminated by the BBC World Service on 15 June, with a second report in
261:. Tabeau escaped from Auschwitz on 19 November 1943 and compiled his report between December 1943 and January 1944. This was presented in the
238:
incorporated information from three reports, including Vrba–Wetzler. Under the title "German Extermination Camps—Auschwitz and Birkenau", the
2524:
397:
2314:
1811:
1147:
1629:
1929:
2559:
2544:
909:
881:, Vrba discusses his report with Vatican legate Monsignor Mario Martilotti, who then sends a copy to the Vatican via Switzerland.
2549:
2404:
1193:
519:"Auschwitz–Camp of Death" published by Natalia Zarembina, another Polish escapee; published in English in 1943 (London).
2201:
1140:
1114:
1473:
1205:
1104:
834:
545:
404:
159:
49:
488:
1432:
rescued tens of thousands of Jews (according to the Yad Vashem museum display, in the order of 50,000) with help of
2281:
1324:
1282:
1015:
2055:"Senators appeal on Hungary's Jews; Foreign Relations Committee Pleads With People to Stop 'Cold-Blooded Murder'"
1412:, who passed it to Horthy. Horthy ordered an end to the deportations on 7 July, and they stopped two days later.
558:
Stanislaw Chybinski, a member of the Polish Home Army, escapes and compiles the report "Snapshots of Auschwitz".
2534:
2529:
2367:
1289:
1249:
1173:
714:
492:
1537:
334:(1964), Vrba said that he and Wetzler obtained the information about the gas chambers and crematoria from the
321:
2554:
1119:
1269:. Vrba believed that Kastner suppressed the Vrba–Wetzler report in order not to damage these negotiations.
180:, two Slovak Jews who escaped from Auschwitz on 10 April 1944, wrote the report by hand or dictated it, in
1084:
506:
375:
200:
163:
1460:
2459:
2434:
2381:
The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour
2271:
1428:, saved tens of thousands until the arrival of the Red Army in Budapest in January 1945. Swiss diplomat
1400:
811:
629:
242:
was first published in full in English on 25 November 1944 by the Executive Office of the United States
2065:"Pole Says Nazis Plan Slave Town: Reports 75,000-Acre Plot in Poland Even Contains Permanent Factories"
1436:(then Director of the Jewish Agency’s Palestine Office in Budapest) and the Zionist Youth Underground.
2159:"Two Death Camps Places of Horror; German Establishments for Mass Killings of Jews Described by Swiss"
2358:
2296:
2023:
1726:
1466:
1336:
1025:
589:
451:
306:
2444:
2400:
2303:
1450:
571:
and Roman Cieliczko escape. Their January 1944 report becomes known as the "Polish Major's report".
354:
350:
225:
146:
89:
1433:
2455:
2430:
2267:
2256:
1973:
1906:
1416:
1234:
1064:
1010:
1951:
1609:, Trial of the Major War Criminals"], Nuremberg: The International Military Tribunal, 1949, 122.
1455:
1409:
1208:
in November 1942 and noted that, by the end of 1942, 468,000 Jews had been killed at Auschwitz.
541:
1288:
The Jewish Council in Budapest did hand the report out to individuals. The Hungarian biologist
2197:
1776:
1757:
1606:
1585:
1572:
1555:
1420:
1320:
1304:
1074:
980:
807:
779:
710:
436:
295:
243:
213:
177:
104:
1995:
2494:
2322:
1437:
1274:
1069:
942:
247:
209:
126:
39:
1340:
1253:
1130:
1040:
181:
2370:(2011). "Confronting the Holocaust: An Eyewitness Account", in Braham and vanden Heuvel,
1375:
1273:
copies. These copies made their way to several Hungarian and church officials, including
340:
2222:
2504:
2376:
2338:
1363:
1344:
1262:
1212:
other citizen, the British government "was able to choreograph news of the Holocaust".
1169:
1059:
985:
537:
336:
2518:
2412:
2315:"Allied Knowledge of Auschwitz: A (Further) Challenge to the 'Elusiveness' Narrative"
1380:
1266:
1189:
1109:
1079:
905:
484:
380:
2348:
2239:
1770:
1425:
1278:
1222:
1020:
1005:
830:
568:
258:
17:
1238:
2429:
Szabó, Zoltán Tibori (2011). "The Auschwitz Reports: Who Got Them, and When?" in
2468:
2285:
2284:(2002). "The Significance of the Vrba-Wetzler Report on Auschwitz-Birkenau", in
1780:
1226:
1049:
975:
737:
Mass transports begin of Hungary's Jews to Auschwitz, at a rate of 12,000 a day.
469:
173:
100:
1969:
1902:
1327:
writes that Vrba and Wetzler concluded that their report had been suppressed.
1230:
1054:
878:
2341:(1989). "The Question of Bombing Auschwitz", in Michael Robert Marrus (ed.).
2084:"Czechs Report Massacre; Claim the Nazis Killed 7,000 in Prison Gas Chambers"
2266:
_________ (2011). "Hungary: The Controversial Chapter of the Holocaust", in
1429:
1244:
633:
455:
291:
167:
115:
660:
343:
and his colleagues, who worked there. Müller confirmed Vrba's story in his
185:
74:
2326:
1371:
1179:
The Allies had been told on 12 November 1942 that Jews were being killed
193:
189:
78:
347:(1979). The report offered a description of the camp's four crematoria.
114:
The report prompted an end to the mass deportation of Hungary's Jews to
2263:. Wayne State University Press; first published in 1981 in two volumes.
870:
673:
Vrba and Wetzler meet Dr Oscar Neumann of the Bratislava Working Group.
53:
2299:, Museum of Tolerance, Simon Wiesenthal Center, Annual 1, Chapter 7.
894:
reports that "new mass executions" recently took place in Auschwitz.
325:
A sketch from the report, showing the rough layout of the crematoria
1354:
As a result of the Swiss press coverage, details were published in
1395:
1300:
1243:
769:
describes the gas chambers and said that Jews were being executed.
320:
290:
196:
typed up the report and simultaneously translated it into German.
57:
609:
report the existence of gas chambers and crematoria at Auschwitz.
2361:(1998). "The Vrba and Wetzler report", in Berenbaum and Gutman,
1196:'s refusal to confirm the reports as genuine. A document named
2479:
by Sidgwick and Jackson, Grove Press, 1963 (also published as
144:
is one of three documents that comprise what is known as the
2139:
Phayer 2000, 107; Braham (2000), 95, 214; Bauer (2002), 230.
1370:
Birkenau were being killed. Vrba and Oscar Krasniansky met
697:
The first trainload of Hungarian Jews leaves for Auschwitz.
2509:
Escape from Hell: The True Story of the Auschwitz Protocol
1664:, Bratislava, 1946, cited in Kárný (1998), 564, n. 5.
1335:
Braham writes that the report was taken to Switzerland by
908:, carrying 1,684 Jews, leaves Hungary for Switzerland via
203:
had known since November 1942 that Jews were being killed
301:
According to the report's first post-war Slovak edition,
2454:
_________ (2011). "When the Veil was Rent in Twain", in
230:
The Vrba–Wetzler report is sometimes referred to as the
64:, Auschwitz II showing four gas chambers and crematoria.
2424:
London has been informed. Reports by Auschwitz Escapees
1237:, Kastner had a copy by 3 May, when he paid a visit to
505:
Kazimirez Halori escapes and passes information to the
2449:
The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial
2406:
Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers
1771:"Could the BBC have done more to help Hungarian Jews?"
1630:"Auschwitz escapee told the world about Nazi genocide"
1415:
Hitler instructed the Nazi representative to Hungary,
1330:
1256:, after he read the Vrba–Wetzler report as a teenager.
250:
as document no. 022-L, exhibit no. 294-USA.
2333:
Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust
1858:
1856:
276:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
2223:"The Underground Zionist Youth Movements in Hungary"
1307:
released the report after an unusually long delay. "
1200:
from the Polish underground (which named its report
747:
Arnost Rosin and Czesław Mordowicz escape Auschwitz.
2099:
2097:
1930:"A nyilasok repülőjét is elrabolta a hős ellenálló"
274:is in the archives of the War Refugee Board at the
122:
110:
96:
85:
69:
2439:The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary
2276:The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary
2261:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1252:saved his life by fleeing, rather than boarding a
2244:Jews for Sale? Nazi–Jewish Negotiations 1933–1945
1567:
1565:
2395:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965
1879:
1877:
270:The full text of the English translation of the
1474:Bibliography of the Holocaust § Primary Sources
1374:Swiss legate Monsignor Mario Martilotti at the
1339:of the Romanian Legation in Bern, and given to
1331:Report's arrival in Switzerland, press coverage
2355:. Yale University Press; first published 1961.
1533:
1531:
1148:
454:escapes and passes information to the Polish
158:. It is a 33-page eye-witness account of the
8:
2475:. Barricade Books, 2002. First published as
2343:The Nazi Holocaust: The End of the Holocaust
32:
1756:For Vrba's allegations, see Braham (2000),
1970:"Mint a Jézus Krisztus jó vitéze, part II"
1903:"Mint a Jézus Krisztus jó vitéze, part I."
1725:Świebocki (1997), 218, 220, 224; also see
1155:
1141:
628:Siegfried Lederer escapes to warn Jews in
370:
31:
1597:Conway (2002), Appendix I, 292–293, n. 3.
2451:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2397:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2335:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1698:Karny (1998), 554; van Pelt (2011), 123.
1303:(United States Holocaust Museum) the US
1527:
1485:
796:reaches the British and US governments.
636:about the mass murder inside Auschwitz.
386:
2278:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1775:Also see Kathryn Berman and Asaf Tal,
1662:Oswiecim, hrobka štyroch miliónov ľudí
303:Oswiecim, hrobka štyroch miliónov ľudí
92:, Auschwitz Report, Auschwitz notebook
1972:. Fundamentum 93 Bt. 27 August 2018.
1883:Bauer (1994), 157; Braham (2000), 95.
7:
2353:The Destruction of the European Jews
1928:Nyáry, Krisztián (31 January 2016).
1546:James MacDonald (25 November 1942).
2246:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1952:"Zsidómentés és nemzeti ellenállás"
1905:Fundamentum 93 Bt. 27 August 2018.
1777:"The Uneasy Closeness to Ourselves"
1548:"Himmler Program Kills Polish Jews"
780:Allied invasion of Normandy, France
2426:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
2297:"The First Report about Auschwitz"
2020:"The first report about Auschwitz"
1769:Mike Thompson (13 November 2012).
1470:- 2021 drama film about the escape
1315:Deportations to Auschwitz continue
1229:, Kastner's lover and the wife of
945:orders a halt to the deportations.
192:. Oscar Krasniansky of the Slovak
25:
2409:. The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation.
2157:Daniel T. Brigham (6 July 1944).
2422:Świebocki, Henryk (ed.) (1997).
2194:Diplomat Heroes of the Holocaust
1783:, German historian, Yad Vashem.
396:
38:
2183:Dwork and van Pelt (2002), 314.
1976:from the original on 2021-12-22
1909:from the original on 2021-12-22
1319:On 6 June 1944, the day of the
829:repeats the BBC's information.
2540:Holocaust historical documents
2388:Eichmann in Hungary: Documents
2319:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2212:Dwork & van Pelt, 317–318.
1958:. 9. SZÁM, ÉVFOLYAM 6, SZÁM 8.
1115:History of the Jews in Hungary
869:reports the same, courtesy of
855:repeats the BBC's information.
184:, between 25 and 27 April, in
118:, saving around 200,000 lives.
1:
810:reports that 4,000 Jews from
702:
27:Account of Auschwitz killings
2525:Auschwitz concentration camp
2441:. Columbia University Press.
2383:. Syracuse University Press.
2345:. Part 9. Walter de Gruyter.
2310:. W.W. Norton & Company.
1538:"Details Reaching Palestine"
1206:Special Operations Executive
1204:) was received by Britain's
1105:Auschwitz concentration camp
835:Office of Strategic Services
160:Auschwitz concentration camp
2499:German Historical Institute
2313:Fleming, Michael. (2014a).
1628:Ha, Tu Thanh (2018-07-05).
1281:; and the finance minister
877:offers further details. In
841:to the US State Department.
833:, Swiss director of the US
659:Vrba and Wetzler arrive in
132:German Historical Institute
2576:
2331:Fleming, Michael (2014b).
2321:, 28 (1), 1 April, 31–57.
2081:van Pelt (2002), 153–154.
683:German translation of the
491:and is interviewed by the
223:
48:, Auschwitz I showing the
2192:Mordecai Paldiel (2007),
2148:van Pelt (2002), 153–154.
1832:Fleming (2014b), 260–261.
1802:Fleming (2014b), 258–260.
1727:"The Vrba-Wetzler Report"
150:, otherwise known as the
127:"Full text of the report"
37:
2560:Bratislava Working Group
2545:Holocaust historiography
2473:I Escaped from Auschwitz
2417:Auschwitz: A New History
2393:Phayer, Michael (2000).
2290:I escaped from Auschwitz
2253:. Yale University Press.
2251:Rethinking the Holocaust
1680:Kárný (1998), 564, n. 5.
1652:Vanden Heuvel (2011), v.
1544:, 25 November 1942, 10.
1248:The Hungarian biologist
1174:Aid and Rescue Committee
715:Aid and Rescue Committee
493:Bratislava Working Group
402:Main railroad track into
44:Sketch from the report:
2045:Kranzler (2000), 98–99.
1996:"Franklin D. Roosevelt"
1283:Lajos Reményi-Schneller
1241:(Cluj), his home town.
1120:Hungary in World War II
867:Washington Times Herald
827:New York World Telegram
647:Vrba and Wetzler escape
607:New York Herald Tribune
590:Germany invades Hungary
234:, although in fact the
2550:Poland in World War II
2036:Braham (2000) 95, 214.
1862:Klein (2011), 258–263.
1404:
1257:
1085:Michael Dov Weissmandl
955:Mass deportations end.
654:22 / 23 April
507:Polish Socialist Party
326:
298:
164:German-occupied Poland
2495:"Vrba–Wetzler report"
2481:Escape from Auschwitz
2460:William vanden Heuvel
2435:William vanden Heuvel
2272:William vanden Heuvel
2174:Rees (2006), 242–243.
2121:Kárný (1998), 556–557
2112:van Pelt (2002), 152.
2103:Kranzler (2000), 104.
1823:Fleming (2014b), 260.
1793:Fleming (2014b), 258.
1716:Van Pelt (2002), 149.
1689:Vrba (2002), 402–403.
1401:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1399:
1247:
544:is filed away by the
405:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
324:
294:
224:Further information:
2445:van Pelt, Robert Jan
2401:Pressac, Jean-Claude
2386:Lévai, Jenö (1987).
2308:Holocaust: A History
2304:Van Pelt, Robert Jan
1871:Vrba (2002), 419–420
1747:van Pelt (2002), 151
1738:Pressac (1989), 464,
1467:The Auschwitz Report
452:Kazimierz Piechowski
376:a series of articles
345:Eyewitness Auschwitz
2302:Dwork, Debórah and
2257:Braham, Randolph L.
2090:, 20 June 1944, 5.
2026:on 21 January 2013.
1618:Szabó (2011), 90–91
1392:Deportations halted
1349:Auschwitz Protocols
839:Vrba–Wetzler report
794:Vrba–Wetzler report
685:Vrba–Wetzler report
603:The Washington Post
388:Vrba–Wetzler report
355:Robert Jan van Pelt
351:Jean-Claude Pressac
240:Auschwitz Protocols
232:Auschwitz Protocols
226:Auschwitz Protocols
220:Auschwitz Protocols
147:Auschwitz Protocols
142:Vrba–Wetzler report
90:Auschwitz Protocols
34:
33:Vrba–Wetzler report
18:Vrba-Wetzler report
2456:Randolph L. Braham
2431:Randolph L. Braham
2327:10.1093/hgs/dcu014
2295:_________ (1997).
2292:. Barricade Books.
2268:Randolph L. Braham
2249:_________ (2002).
2163:The New York Times
2130:Bauer (2002), 230.
2088:The New York Times
2071:, 4 June 1944, 6.
2069:The New York Times
2059:The New York Times
1892:Braham (2000), 97.
1850:Braham (2000), 95.
1841:Bauer (2002), 231.
1707:Kárný (1998), 555.
1634:The Globe and Mail
1552:The New York Times
1542:The New York Times
1417:Edmund Veesenmayer
1405:
1360:The New York Times
1356:The New York Times
1258:
1235:Randolph L. Braham
1183:in Auschwitz; the
1065:Malchiel Gruenwald
1011:Randolph L. Braham
892:The New York Times
875:The New York Times
767:The New York Times
472:taken to Auschwitz
439:taken to Auschwitz
327:
299:
287:How it was written
156:Auschwitz notebook
2511:. Berghahn Books.
2018:Conway), John S.
2008:Vrba (2002), 406.
1779:, interview with
1421:Arrow Cross Party
1321:Normandy landings
1305:War Refugee Board
1299:According to the
1165:
1164:
941:Hungarian regent
853:Los Angeles Times
808:BBC World Service
244:War Refugee Board
214:War Refugee Board
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
2567:
2477:I Cannot Forgive
2419:. PublicAffairs.
2390:. Howard Fertig.
2227:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2190:
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2175:
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2166:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
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2110:
2104:
2101:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2022:. Archived from
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1940:
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1644:
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1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:"Document index"
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1571:Gilbert (1989),
1569:
1560:
1535:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1461:Raczyński's Note
1451:Karski's reports
1438:Raoul Wallenberg
1192:and the British
1172:of the Budapest
1157:
1150:
1143:
1099:
1070:Heinrich Himmler
1044:
1000:
970:
920:
755:
726:
704:
617:
578:
527:
424:
417:
400:
371:
332:I Cannot Forgive
248:Nuremberg Trials
152:Auschwitz Report
42:
35:
21:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2535:1944 in Hungary
2530:Blood for goods
2515:
2514:
2505:Wetzler, Alfred
2491:
2489:Further reading
2486:
2377:Kranzler, David
2359:Kárný, Miroslav
2339:Gilbert, Martin
2235:
2230:
2221:
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2095:
2080:
2076:
2061:, 4 June 1944.
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2012:
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1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:Fleming 2014(a)
1810:
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1456:Witold's Report
1447:
1394:
1341:George Mantello
1337:Florian Manoliu
1333:
1317:
1254:Holocaust train
1218:
1161:
1131:Genocide portal
1125:
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1041:Blood for goods
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81:, 25 April 1944
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2573:
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2563:
2562:
2557:
2555:1944 documents
2552:
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2537:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2490:
2487:
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2452:
2442:
2427:
2420:
2413:Rees, Laurence
2410:
2398:
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2205:
2185:
2176:
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2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2093:
2074:
2063:E. C. Daniel,
2047:
2038:
2029:
2010:
2001:
1987:
1961:
1950:Koncz, Lajos.
1942:
1920:
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1885:
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1804:
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1590:
1584:Kárný (1998),
1577:
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1526:
1524:
1521:
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1517:
1508:
1498:
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1443:
1393:
1390:
1385:New York Times
1345:David Kranzler
1332:
1329:
1316:
1313:
1263:Adolf Eichmann
1217:
1214:
1194:Foreign Office
1185:New York Times
1170:Rudolf Kastner
1163:
1162:
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1159:
1152:
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1077:
1075:Rezső Kasztner
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Adolf Eichmann
1057:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:Miroslav Kárný
1023:
1018:
1016:John S. Conway
1013:
1008:
1002:
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992:
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988:
986:Witold Pilecki
983:
981:Alfréd Wetzler
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437:Alfréd Wetzler
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401:
393:
392:
384:
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368:
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337:Sonderkommando
318:
315:
307:Miroslav Kárný
296:Alfréd Wetzler
288:
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194:Jewish Council
178:Alfréd Wetzler
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2349:Hilberg, Raul
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2240:Bauer, Yehuda
2238:
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1275:Miklós Horthy
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1267:Kastner train
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487:escapes from
486:
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2469:Vrba, Rudolf
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2282:Conway, John
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2050:
2041:
2032:
2024:the original
2013:
2004:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1867:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1774:
1773:, BBC News.
1765:
1752:
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1734:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
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1661:
1657:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:
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1602:
1593:
1580:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1511:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1465:
1434:Moshe Krausz
1426:Angelo Rotta
1414:
1410:Döme Sztójay
1406:
1384:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1334:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1294:
1290:George Klein
1287:
1279:Angelo Rotta
1271:
1259:
1250:George Klein
1223:Yehuda Bauer
1219:
1216:Distribution
1210:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1166:
1021:Raul Hilberg
1006:Yehuda Bauer
949:
948:
935:
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837:, sends the
831:Allen Dulles
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569:Jerzy Tabeau
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341:Filip Müller
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259:Jerzy Tabeau
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151:
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141:
139:
97:Participants
73:Composed in
61:
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29:
2233:Works cited
1325:John Conway
1227:Hansi Brand
1050:Kurt Becher
976:Rudolf Vrba
969:Key figures
663:, Slovakia.
563:19 November
470:Rudolf Vrba
174:Rudolf Vrba
166:during the
101:Rudolf Vrba
60:factories;
2519:Categories
2202:0881259098
1639:2018-07-05
1523:References
1231:Joel Brand
1098:Background
1055:Joel Brand
999:Historians
879:Bratislava
718:officials.
687:completed.
641:7–11 April
616:April 1944
577:March 1944
500:2 November
367:Background
317:Crematoria
268:Protocols.
1729:, part 2.
1556:full text
1430:Carl Lutz
1381:Pope Pius
1376:Svätý Jur
1239:Kolozsvár
926:1–10 July
919:July 1944
754:June 1944
634:Red Cross
540:escapes.
456:Home Army
272:Protocols
263:Protocols
255:Protocols
236:Protocols
168:Holocaust
116:Auschwitz
2507:(2007).
2471:(2002).
2447:(2002).
2415:(2006).
2403:(1989).
2379:(2000).
2372:op. cit.
2363:op. cit.
2351:(2003).
2306:(2002).
2259:(2000).
2242:(1994).
1974:Archived
1907:Archived
1781:Götz Aly
1760:, n. 50.
1445:See also
1364:Oświęcim
1198:Aneks 58
1181:en masse
873:, while
787:mid June
725:May 1944
705:28 April
692:28 April
678:27 April
668:24 April
632:and the
605:and the
597:22 March
584:19 March
532:27 April
514:December
489:Majdanek
430:13 April
416:Timeline
391:timeline
374:Part of
282:Contents
205:en masse
190:Slovakia
154:or the
79:Slovakia
70:Location
2463:op. cit
2274:(ed.).
1956:Beszélő
1554:, 10. (
1403:in 2012
1372:Vatican
899:30 June
886:25 June
871:Reuters
860:20 June
846:17 June
820:16 June
801:15 June
713:of the
623:5 April
463:30 June
446:20 June
123:Website
111:Outcome
54:Siemens
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1980:20 May
1935:20 May
1913:20 May
950:9 July
936:7 July
774:6 June
761:4 June
742:27 May
732:15 May
661:Žilina
362:Impact
201:Allies
186:Žilina
182:Slovak
75:Žilina
1480:Notes
1301:USHMM
1202:Aneks
865:'The
815:them.
62:right
58:Krupp
2458:and
2433:and
2270:and
2198:ISBN
1982:2020
1937:2020
1915:2020
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851:The
825:The
806:The
792:The
526:1943
479:July
423:1942
253:The
199:The
176:and
140:The
103:and
56:and
46:left
2323:doi
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546:OSS
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