4408:
4180:
457:
631:
1379:
374:
36:
1258:, Bruchac notes that Abenaki is a polysynthetic language, which allows for virtually unlimited means to express oneself. Abenaki consists of both dependent and independent grammar which addresses the gender of the speaker. Abenaki has nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives. The structure of the sentence or phrase varies depending on whether the noun is animate or inanimate.
938:(Amariscoggin, Ameriscoggin, Anasaguniticook, Arosaguntacook, Asschincantecook). Important note - Main village, on the river of the same name was called Arosaguntacook Town. Arosaguntacook is sometimes applied in error to the St. Francois Indians. Kennebec (Caniba, Sagadahoc, Kanibesinnoak, Norridgewock, Nurhantsuak) lived along the Kennebec River in northern Maine.
5596:
1880:, voiceless in word-initial and word-final positions and before a fortis consonant, unaspirated but become aspirated when they close a strongly accented syllable, which includes all final syllables) represented as . The lenis consonants generally exist between vowels and at the end of words but rarely next to each other or at the beginning of words.
87:
623:
942:
Passadumkeag, Pentagouet, Precaute, Segocket, and
Wabigganus. Pigwacket (Pegouakki, Peguaki, Pequawket). Main village called Pequawket Town was located on the upper Saco River. Rocameca Upper Androscoggin River. Wewenoc (Ouanwinak, Sheepscot, Wawenock, Wawnock) Coastal areas of southern Maine. Wolinak (Becancour) Trois-Rivieres, Quebec.
505:
speakers of
Western Abenaki live predominantly in Odanak and the last fully fluent speaker, Cécile (Wawanolett) Joubert died in 2006. A revitalization effort was started in Odanak in 1994; however, as of 2004 younger generations are not learning the language and the remaining speakers are elderly, making Western Abenaki nearly extinct.
805:
being in close contact with summer resorts in
Vermont and New Hampshire, as well as continued contact with French-Canadians. Notably, plural English nouns were borrowed into Western Abenaki as a singular form that were then made plural by adding Abenaki plural endings. For example, the word oxen was borrowed as
1101:
After winning the landmark case, similar cases were filed in 2006 by 60 tribes from throughout the United States. Among the
Passamaquoddy's assets was $ 13.5 million in federal funds that were allocated to the tribe in 1980 through the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act, which was settled for $ 81.5 million.
558:, including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture, which enabled them to support populations large enough to raise sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest.
1294:
means 'Speaking
Abenaki'). Issues of the quarterly newsletter from 2003–2010 were published by the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki on their website. According to a statement made by the Band, after 2010, they stopped publishing the newsletter on their website due to a lack of financial support
1052:
Aquadocta, Cobbosseecontee, Ebenecook, Ketangheanycke, Mascoma, Masherosqueck, Mecadacut, Moshoquen, Muscongus, Negusset, Ossaghrage, Ouwerage, Pasharanack, Pauhuntanuc, Pemaquid, Pocopassum, Sabino, Sagadahoc, Satquin, Segotago, Sowocatuck, Taconnet, Unyjaware, and
Wacoogo. ...end of section needing
1070:
axis. Over 5,000 people visit the
Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in Wôlinak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales of more than $ 3 million Canadian dollars. Odanak is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from
2567:
is important to distinguish in
Western Abenaki. Animate nouns refer to animals, people, and other living or powerful things. Inanimate nouns refer to lifeless things. This is necessary to know because the animacy of a noun plays a large role in what form the endings of other words connected to them
504:
Western
Abenaki was spoken in New Hampshire, Vermont, north-western Massachusetts, and southern Quebec. Odanak, Quebec is a First Nations reserve located near the Saint-François River—these peoples were referred to as Saint Francis Indians by English writers after the 1700s. The few remaining
1221:
As with most
Indigenous languages, due to residential schooling and colonialism, and with the fading of generations, the number of speakers has declined. Abenaki had as few as twelve native speakers in 2015, but with recent focus and extra efforts in the Abenaki community, this number seems to be
1168:
Opponents of the bill feared it could lead to Abenaki land claims for property now owned and occupied by European Americans. Others worried that the Abenaki may use recognition as a step toward opening a casino. But the bill specifically says that "this act shall not be interpreted to provide any
1148:
by the Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs on January 19, 2011, as a result of a process established by the Vermont legislature in 2010. Recognition allows applicants to seek scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to receive federal "native made" designation for the bands'
804:
Due to French and English contact with Western Abenaki people in the 1640s and earlier, many loan words were quickly incorporated into Western Abenaki and have stayed for nearly four centuries. During the latter half of the 19th century, word borrowing increased due to many Western Abenaki people
1100:
Tribe of Maine was recognized by the federal courts as a tribe, but not having a land trust with the government since never entering into a formal treaty. This launched the very long legal battle that paved the way for many other tribes across America to file suits regarding asset mismanagement.
3773:
This list is just a handful of Western Abenaki roots. Roots attached to the front of a stem are written with a hyphen at the front (typically refer people or parts of the body), roots that are attached to the end of a stem are written with a hyphen at the end, and roots that constitute the only
3697:
sometimes appears between a conjunction and the word that could potentially host the clitic, in this case the clitic will not be attached to the conjunction, but to the word after the noun phrase. In general, though they may typically exist in the second word of the sentence, clitics are mainly
1061:
The development of tourism projects has allowed the Canadian Abenaki to develop a modern economy while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the
941:
Penobscot (Pentagoet, Panaomeska). Meaning "rocky place", or "ledge place". Penobscot Tribe subdivisions and villages included: Moosehead Lake area tribes were known as "Moosehead Lake Indians". Villages: Agguncia, Asnela, Catawamtek, Kenduskeag, Mattawamkeag, Meecombe, Negas, Olamon, Oldtown,
1033:
Sokoki is often confused with the Saco, a name given to eastern Abenaki who lived near the Saco River (a combination of Pigwacket, Kennebec, and Androscoggin). Cowasuck (Cahass, Cohassiac, Coos, Coosuc, Koes). Hoosac was a mixed settlement with the Mahican. Missisquoi (Mazipskoik, Misiskuoi,
1011:
with their villages were located on Passamaquoddy Bay, the St. Croix River, and Schoodic Lake. Villages: Gunasquamekook, Imnarkuan, Machias, Sebaik, and Sipayik. There were other towns at Lewis Island and Calais in Maine with a few locations on the Canadian side of the St. Croix River.
1172:
The council would be under the Department of Cultural Resources, so it would be in the same department as the State Council on the Arts. The bill would allow for the creation and sale of goods to be labeled as native-made to create a source of income for the natives in New Hampshire.
1030:. Various forms of Sokoki are: Assokwekik, Ondeake, Onejagese, Sakukia, Sokokiois, Sokoquios, Sokoquis, Sokokquis, Sokoni, Sokwaki, Soquachjck, and Zooquagese. Some accounts include groups of the western Pennacook as Sokoki: Amoskeag, Naamkeek, Nashaway, Souheyan, and Winnipesaukee.
2869:
The first person plural exclusive and inclusive pronouns are very important distinctions in Western Abenaki. The inclusive form means you are including the person you are talking to in the "we" or "us". While the exclusive form means you are excluding them from the "we" or "us".
1908:
and pronounced like in English word 'body'; at the start of a word it is voiceless and pronounced that a weak English /t/ but unaspirated; at the end of a word is it voiceless and made long and tense by the stress assigned on the final syllable, pronounced like in English
1044:. It was located on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. Schaghticoke. Mixed Mahican and New England Algonquin on the Hudson River north of Albany, New York. Squakheag (Squaeg, Squawkeag). Mixed population and probably at various times was occupied by any of these tribes.
1299:
included community-related information such as updates on governance issues, notices of social events, and obituaries. The newsletter also included Band history, genealogy, language lessons, recipes, plant and animal studies, books reviews, and writings by Band members.
516:. The last known natively fluent speaker of Penobscot Abenaki, Madeline Shay, died in 1993. However, several Penobscot elders still speak Penobscot, and there is an ongoing effort to preserve it and teach it in the local schools; much of the language was preserved by
1916:; between resonants is it pronounced like in English 'ago'; beginning a word it is pronounced like a weak unaspirated /k/; at the end of a word it is voiceless and made long and tense by the stress assigned on the final syllable, pronounced like /k/ in 'score'.
961:
Closer in language and culture to the Micmac, the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy have been listed as Abenaki for historical reasons. The French usually referred to both tribes as the Etchemin. Maliseet (Aroostook, Malecite, Malicite, St. John's Indians). From the
1887:; between it is voiced and pronounced like in the English word 'habit'; beginning a word it is voiceless and pronounced like a weak English /p/ but unaspirated; at the end of a word it is voiceless and made long by the stress assigned on the final syllable.
998:. They were located along the St. John River in northeastern Maine and western New Brunswick. Devon, Kingsclear, Madawaska, Mary's, Medoctec (Medoktek, Meductic), Okpaak, Oromocto, St. Anne, St. Basile, The Brothers (Micmac), Tobique, Viger, and Woodstock.
1269:
was a quarterly newsletter that discussed cultural, historical, and contemporary information regarding the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. It was started in 1993 by Paul Pouilot, Sagamo of the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. The word
1226:, and non-Abenaki people who are trying to revitalize Abenaki culture, including their language and basket-making traditions. Currently, there are about 12,000 people of varying Abenaki heritage in the Canadian and New England regions. In
3601:
In general, the sentence structure appears to be SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), but word order is largely free, being mainly dependent on pragmatic factors. While the verb phrase tends to not have a common, basic order, there are still
1169:
Native American or Abenaki person with any other special rights or privileges that the state does not confer on or grant to other state residents." New Hampshire has considered expanding gambling separate from the Native Americans.
2519:
When a word is pronounced on its own, its stressed final syllable is typically high pitched. However, this is not necessarily characteristic of the specific word, because as stated above, declarative sentences end on a low pitch.
1128:. Vermont granted recognition of the council the same year, but later withdrew it. In 1982, the band applied for federal recognition, which is still pending. Four Abenaki communities are located in Vermont. In 2006, the state of
1180:. Dedicated to preserving the culture of the natives in New Hampshire, the group is one of the chief supporters of the HB 1610; the Abenaki, the main tribe in the state, are the only people named specifically in the bill.
7026:
3398:
In thinking about these two verb types along with Western Abenaki's distinction between animate and inanimate things, this results in a split of four different types of verbs in Western Abenaki (which is true of all
610:
people. Over the next hundred years, conflicts between the French and the English often included their colonies and their respective native allies. The French treated their Abenaki allies with some respect; in 1706,
1117:. Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669. The Abenaki who chose to remain in the United States did not fare as well as their Canadian counterparts.
3688:
because they come after the first word within the complementizer phrase or inflectional phrase. However, clitics do not always simply follow the first word of a sentence. Clitics can also attach to clause-initial
1919:
occurs only before a vowel or /l/ and is pronounced like in English word 'heel', 'hat', or 'hit'; lax consonants before it become voiceless; when is it between vowels it is usually dropped by speakers in most
2544:, often in combination (prefix-…-suffix; …-suffix -suffix; etc). The affixes tend to be quite short compared to the root of the word. With these observations in mind, Western Abenaki can be considered a
3574:
Vowel truncation –– the initial vowel of a suffix is deleted when it follows a vowel. The only exception is -wi followed by peripheral formatives, here the initial vowel of the suffix is not deleted.
5029:
1237:
In addition to Brink and others, Jesse Bruchac is a loud voice in the Abenaki culture. Along with writing and publishing various Abenaki books, he created a movie and sound piece telling the
4452:
3606:
and inflectional phrases that are more clear. In Abenaki, there are no apparent complementizers, but it is assumed that wh-words (who, what, when, why) start complementizer phrases, while
595:
landed and English settlers began to establish colonies in the southern end of Abenaki territory, relations between the settlers and natives remained guarded. The religious leaders of the
7046:
1944:
is a lateral sonorant; it is pronounced with a lot of tongue tension and is influenced by the vowel which follows it, or, in syllable-final position, by the vowel that precedes it.
1934:
like the /dz/ in English word 'adze'; at the start of a word it is pronounced like /ts/ in the English word 'lets'; at the end of a word it is pronounced like the /ts/ in 'hats'.
2007:
that is voiced, and between resonants is pronounced like English /z/; voiceless when it is at the beginning of a word, both voiceless and long when it is at the end of a word.
2536:
attached. Often a single word will translate to a phrase in English. The affixes themselves typically do not translate to just one word either. Western Abenaki utilizes both
3570:
There are seven morphological processes in Western Abenaki. These processes are used to describe the changes to affixes that occur when they are combined in different ways.
1157:
In New Hampshire the Abenaki, along with other Native American groups, have proposed legislation for recognition as a minority group. This bill was debated in 2010 in the
133:
4805:
7041:
1972:, tense, voiceless, unaspirated, and long in all positions; it is similar to the combined sounds of a /p/ ending a word and beginning the next, like in 'stop payment'.
704:. The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement by devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war was settled by a peace treaty in 1678.
606:
in the northern part of Abenaki territory, and maintained reasonably cordial relations with the natives. Intermarriage between the French and natives gave rise to the
5221:
4421:
1149:
arts and crafts. On May 7, 2012, the Abenaki Nation at Missisquoi and the Koasek of the Koas Abenaki Traditional Band received recognition by the State of Vermont.
953:
Ossipee: located on a lake of the same name in east-central New Hampshire. Other names associated with the eastern Abenaki are Arsikantegou, Kwupahag (Kwapahag).
4707:
6368:
7036:
5685:
4924:
4755:
2018:
phonemes /ts/ and /dz/. More than half of the population pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ts/ and ⟨j⟩ like /dz/ and the rest pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ʃ/ and ⟨j⟩ like /ʒ/.
4898:
7031:
1196:. They have created several Abenaki books, audio, video, and web-based media to help others learn the language. In July 2013, the Penobscot Nation, the
5717:
5037:
1251:
story from a new tongue and perspective offered a more original and full version of what Thanksgiving might have really been like so many years ago.
1188:
A new generation is actively preserving and revitalizing the language. The late Joseph Elie Joubert from the Odanak reservation and fluent speaker,
4460:
1247:, the three actors not only memorized their lines in Abenaki but also learned the syntax behind the language. This revitalization of the famous
1342:
and the celebration of the "First Thanksgiving". It contained a considerable amount of dialogue in Western Abenaki. Several actors, including
7021:
6995:
5548:
5418:
5399:
4519:
1575:; normally pronounced between the English words 'peat' and 'pit', it varies between the high front tense vowel and the mid front lax vowel .
1453:
1238:
1205:
784:
The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British colonial settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during
2475:
Stress is initially assigned to the final syllable and then to every other syllable from right to left. Yet this assignment skips the vowel
1001:
Passamaquoddy (Machias Tribe, Opanango, Pesmokant, Quoddy, Scotuks, Scootuck, St. Croix Indians, Unchechauge, Unquechauge). The name means
4474:
2925:
1852:
1814:
1556:; normally pronounced like in the English word 'label'; occurs only in the middle of a word between consonants, except for three words––
1093:
5070:
1474:
6361:
5638:
5531:
5465:
4612:
4585:
4552:
4628:
538:
1176:
The numerous groups of natives in the state have created a New Hampshire Inter-tribal Council, which holds statewide meetings and
6146:
5612:
4950:
3698:
clause dependent, and are situated according to what clauses are functioning in a sentence and where, according to conjunctions.
647:
6446:
6027:
5680:
4511:
1488:
789:
392:
6926:
5643:
5617:
4813:
1201:
6494:
4654:
2938:
when it appears at the beginning or end of a word before a consonant or between two consonants. It is sometimes written as
1161:. The bill would have created a state commission on Native American relations, which would act as an advisory group to the
5710:
5229:
2512:
Questions have a low-high pitch at the end of the sentence, yet the entire sentence is generally said with a higher pitch.
1993:
non-syllabic with a similar sound to ; occurs before or after a vowel; at the end of a word after /k/ or /g/ it becomes a
1076:
6830:
6205:
4429:
2000:
is a high front non-syllabic with a similar sound to but is pronounced before a vowel with greater tongue tension than .
6850:
6354:
6014:
5864:
2933:
2919:
as the prefix. Possessive pronoun prefixes are written with an apostrophe before the word (as shown in examples below).
1744:
1713:
1468:
486:
380:
282:
6227:
2487:
results instead in a lengthening of the preceding consonant and the vowel is often deleted in writing and rapid speech.
2030:
that is generally accepted by linguists or Abenaki speakers, but speakers typically do understand the orthographies of
719:, killing about 300 settlers over ten years. The raids stopped when the war ended. Some captives were adopted into the
6972:
6736:
6114:
6109:
5899:
3618:
Enclitic particles function in a syntactically interesting way. In Western Abenaki, there are ten enclitic particles.
1765:
1459:
1329:
1158:
950:
Amaseconti (Amesokanti, Anmissoukanti), Norridgewock (Naridgewalk, Neridgewok, Noronjawoke), Kennebec, and Sagadahoc.
551:
5600:
5060:
1843:
1659:
1646:
1626:
1529:
1193:
5174:
3592:
Coalescence of wV –– w coalescence that explains why the plural peripheral formative -ak occasionally becomes -ok.
6396:
6309:
2490:
Personal prefixes ne-, ke-, we- are not stressed, thus in words containing these prefixes, the stress shift with
1750:
1719:
1546:
1535:
1162:
785:
567:
arrived in New England, English explorer and slaver Captain Thomas Hunt captured 24 indigenous people, including
3580:
Vocalization –– glide w changes to a vowel o when the glide becomes the nucleus of a syllable due to affixation.
1578:
is a higher mid-back vowel pronounced like in the English word 'poke', however some speakers pronounce it like .
7016:
6141:
5703:
1145:
1121:
596:
402:
112:
57:
51:
1020:
Originally composed of Abenaki tribes in Vermont and New Hampshire west of the White Mountains, Sokoki means
6810:
6746:
6693:
6504:
6166:
6136:
6126:
5906:
2498:
As of 2004, linguists are unsure if a minimum syllable count is present in order for a word to be stressed.
1675:
1665:
1652:
1125:
651:
3770:
meaning like a stem does. In other words, a root is dependent on other pieces of meaning to create a word.
6991:
6978:
6957:
5771:
4407:
4179:
2548:
2515:
Stressed syllables that exist in the middle of a sentence tend to be pronounced at a standard pitch level.
2506:
2484:
2476:
2011:
It is important to note that historically Western Abenaki speakers varied in the ways they pronounced the
1990:
1275:
679:
129:
1214:
in Vermont, in collaboration with Bruchac, opened its School of Abenaki in 2020, which offers a two-week
742:
settlements. When the Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rasles, the Abenaki raided the settlements at
5913:
5886:
5525:
5475:
LeSourd, Philip S. (June 2011). "Enclitic Particles in Western Abenaki: The Syntax of Second Position".
3693:, such as tta 'and', ni 'and then', and ala 'or' or to the word that follows the conjunction. A focused
3690:
3603:
2480:
1786:
1779:
1588:
Historically, it was common for speakers to drop h between vowels and to drop w before the nasal vowel .
1124:(also called the "Sokoki-St. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation") organized a tribal council in 1976 at
1114:
1110:
793:
781:
brought an end to the war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the St. Francis River.
62:
6559:
6451:
4977:
1986:
stop that is always voiceless and long, longer than the English /t/, similarly to the Western Abenaki .
1941:
stop, long, voiceless and unaspirated in all positions and pronounced like /k/ in English word 'score'.
1334:
1265:
helped to preserve the Abenaki language through the inclusion of Abenaki words and their translations.
1243:
723:
and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade.
700:, the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years there was fighting along the Maine frontier in the
3577:
Final glide delegation –– suffix-final glide w is deleted after a vowel when the suffix is word-final.
456:
6962:
6774:
6663:
6519:
6486:
6413:
6302:
5819:
5814:
5765:
5734:
3607:
3400:
2931:
2923:
2748:
attached to other words. However, separate words are sometimes used to emphasize the pronoun in use.
1681:
1141:
899:
739:
697:
661:
277:
4604:
The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History
1165:
and the state government in general. The Abenaki want to gain formal state recognition as a people.
711:
in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous small villages in Maine from
6967:
6931:
6607:
6476:
6377:
6184:
6176:
6151:
6087:
6032:
5991:
5892:
5809:
5757:
5743:
4134:
1735:
1705:
1197:
963:
935:
835:
759:
708:
638:
Around 1669, the Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and
612:
521:
45:
6941:
6876:
6718:
6655:
6640:
6509:
6431:
6426:
6277:
6221:
6211:
6104:
5984:
5937:
5840:
5513:
5349:
2874:
2545:
2529:
2012:
2004:
1976:
1948:
1611:
1606:
1215:
1211:
931:
907:
895:
886:
in 1750: Caughnawaga (Mohawk), Lake of the Two Mountains (Iroquois and Nipissing), St. Francois (
883:
555:
4783:
4482:
1897:
that is voiceless in all positions and pronounced by most speakers like /ts/ in English 'hats'.
1409:
Eastern Abenaki dialects include Penobscot, Norridgewock, Caniba, Androscoggin, and Pequawket.
1317:. About 500 Penobscot words are still being used in the community in everyday language such as
851:
6921:
6871:
6726:
6708:
6703:
6683:
6678:
6630:
6564:
6284:
6216:
6156:
6131:
6120:
6073:
6038:
6021:
5544:
5461:
5414:
5395:
5066:
4608:
4602:
4581:
4548:
4525:
4515:
3767:
3666:
3327:
3257:
2035:
1873:
1805:
1640:
1633:
1616:
1553:
1495:
863:
735:
701:
630:
871:
6916:
6906:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6805:
6800:
6790:
6756:
6698:
6645:
6592:
6554:
6499:
6461:
6391:
6233:
5964:
5920:
5850:
5751:
5563:
5505:
5496:
LeSourd, Philip S. (July 2015). "Enclitic Particles in Western Abenaki: Form and Function".
5484:
5372:
5341:
4573:
4236:
3331:
1869:
1865:
1137:
1072:
867:
751:
743:
588:
3589:
Coalescence of a+a –– long /a:/ becomes nasalized ɔ̃ in some instances such as -ba+ab(ani).
3253:
Two main verb distinctions in Western Abenaki are intransitive verbs and transitive verbs.
6911:
6901:
6896:
6855:
6764:
6731:
6688:
6635:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6574:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6514:
6466:
6456:
6321:
6096:
6083:
5948:
5942:
5726:
5663:
5578:
5560:
Grammatical Notes on the Penobscot Language from Frank Speck's Penobscot Transformer Tales
5375:. Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
5122:
5096:
3323:
1621:
1339:
911:
903:
763:
747:
716:
272:
264:
6524:
5429:
4849:"Native Languages of the Americas: Penobscot (Eastern Abnaki, Penawahpskewi, Penobscott)"
727:
5648:
5455:
5148:
4632:
1234:
Native Americans, and this group is a large driving force of the language resurrection.
554:
enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring
6845:
6795:
6769:
6668:
6529:
6471:
6337:
6329:
6260:
6254:
6161:
5955:
4570:
The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations
2031:
1983:
1959:
1924:
1901:
1891:
1503:
1351:
927:
839:
303:
5622:
4677:
4505:
3586:
Coalescence of aw+a –– the preterit -ob is created from the combination of aw+ab(ani).
1412:
Western Abenaki dialects are Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Sokoki, Pennacook, and Odanak.
1378:
363:
356:
7010:
6835:
6441:
6436:
6066:
5880:
5791:
5782:
5517:
5353:
3671:
3636:
1969:
1884:
1694:
1688:
1435:
1363:
1343:
1189:
1097:
915:
847:
720:
580:
576:
517:
227:
215:
201:
138:
102:
1597:
Both the Eastern and Western dialects of Abenaki have 18 consonant sounds in total.
1144:) bands' applications for official recognition were recommended and referred to the
754:. The Massachusetts government then declared war, and bloody battles were fought at
6936:
6840:
6597:
6061:
6053:
4732:
1248:
1223:
755:
712:
525:
310:
122:
6741:
5205:
4577:
4395:
4167:
6582:
5674:
4848:
4371:
3694:
3583:
Coalescence of aw+e –– the combination of aw+e results in a single vowel o or 8.
2732:
There are a few exceptions to these rules that have to be learned individually.
2027:
1938:
1582:
1572:
1513:
1447:
1430:
1310:
1063:
693:
616:
494:
373:
5149:"Ethnic and Alternative Newspaper Collections - Online: Native North Americans"
4925:"Middlebury College adds Abenaki language program to prestigious summer roster"
3260:
only need one participant that is doing the action or has the quality, such as
2877:
affix you must use depends on the sound it is supposed to attach to. The forms
2471:
Stress within words in Western Abenaki is based on an alternating stress rule:
6673:
5845:
5824:
5394:. Vol. 1: Abenaki to English. Hull, QC: Canadian Museum of Civilization.
4400:
4214:
4209:
4200:
4195:
4172:
2568:
will take. However, some classifications are arbitrary. For example, the word
1979:
that is always voiceless and long, much like the English /s/ in all positions.
1913:
1773:
1521:
1440:
767:
650:(large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs). The first was on the
643:
603:
543:
528:, which are documented in French-language materials from the colonial period.
4529:
4241:
2945:
Examples of the possessive pronoun affixes on an animate and inanimate noun:
1366:
of Ndakinna Education Center was hired as a language consultant on the film.
6587:
5799:
3763:
2598:
is inanimate. So the animacy of certain nouns must be learned individually.
2056:
2015:
1994:
1927:
1894:
1833:
1482:
1355:
1347:
1231:
891:
859:
855:
778:
689:
685:
568:
563:
509:
498:
497:. The language has Eastern and Western forms which differ in vocabulary and
349:
323:
242:
5668:
5182:
5003:
4874:"Western Abenaki Dictionary and Radio Online: Home of the Abenaki Language"
4828:"The New Hampshire Inter-Tribal Native American Council: Mission Statement"
4708:"Passamaquoddy tribe awarded $ 11.4 million in asset mismanagement dispute"
1358:) spoke the language exclusively throughout the series, and Kalani Qweypo (
5595:
5488:
5413:. Vol. 2: English to Abenaki. Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization.
2528:
The words of Western Abenaki are generally made up of a central core (the
339:
332:
17:
1962:
1952:
1931:
1905:
1877:
1067:
843:
639:
607:
547:
448:
443:
410:
398:
4827:
1568:'a spear'–– in these words is pronounced like in the English word 'end'.
1549:; before /m/ in a final syllable it becomes close to in English 'goose'
1113:, and only small remnants remained on reservations during and after the
619:
for his service, thus elevating him as a member of the French nobility.
4147:
2741:
2560:
2051:
1359:
1279:
1133:
1129:
666:
572:
508:
Eastern Abenaki languages are spoken by several peoples, including the
425:
406:
238:
223:
6346:
5568:
5332:
Day, Gordon M. (1981). "Abenaki Place-Names in the Champlain Valley".
2483:
of that syllable is also /ə/. In fact, the presence of the unstressed
6325:
5804:
4899:"Penobscot Nation, UMaine win grants to help revive tribe's language"
4231:
Bruchac, Margaret (2006). "Malian's Song–Abenaki Language Glossary".
3685:
2607:
2541:
2537:
2039:
1177:
887:
774:
738:(or Rasles, 1657?–1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of
731:
656:
550:, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the
490:
211:
197:
4453:"How did a self-taught linguist come to own an indigenous language?"
1132:
officially recognized the Abenaki as a people, but not a tribe. The
622:
5509:
5345:
5059:
Bruchac, Jesse; Brink, Jeanne; Joubert, Joseph (January 31, 2011).
4733:"Vermont: Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States"
1362:) spoke both Abenaki and English. Western Abenaki language teacher
5695:
4951:"Middlebury College launches program to preserve Abenaki language"
4545:
The Red King's Rebellion, Racial Politics in New England 1675-1678
3134:
3095:
2745:
2533:
1305:
1227:
629:
621:
584:
513:
455:
219:
5606:
4873:
520:. Other speakers of Eastern Abenaki included tribes such as the
2564:
6350:
5699:
5030:"Telling Thanksgiving's Story in a Vanishing American Language"
2631:
Each suffix is used according to the final sound of the noun:
1373:
379:
Western Abenaki is classified as critically endangered by the
80:
29:
5062:
L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making
1256:
L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making
692:, also called "King Philip", fought the English colonists in
7027:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
5562:. University of Manitoba Anthropology Papers. Vol. 24.
4129:= hello; lit. you appear new to me (after long separations)
1192:, lead partial immersion classes in the language across the
602:
By contrast, the French had already planted the colonies of
5690:
5123:"Aln8bak News Vol 2003 Issue 1 January February March 2003"
4657:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs
4892:
4890:
409:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
170:
Western: Abenaqui, Alnombak, Saint Francis, Western Abnaki
5207:
A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
2942:
in these situations and is still considered a consonant.
4806:"Gambling Bill Would Create 6 Casinos, Allow Black Jack"
1222:
growing. Today, there are some passionate Abenaki, like
1390:
1241:
side of Thanksgiving, spoken in Abenaki. In this film,
1088:
The Penobscot Indian Nation and the Passamaquoddy Tribe
5373:"Wôbanakiôdwawôgan: Sketch of Western Abenaki Grammar"
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
1868:(always voiceless and aspirated) represented as , and
1208:
to expand and publish the first Penobscot Dictionary.
4756:"Abenaki Turn to Vermont Legislature for Recognition"
4254:
4252:
2901:
form needs to be attached to a word that begins with
2038:––Western Abenaki writers who taught the language at
168:
Eastern: Alnombak, Alnôbak, Eastern Abnaki, Wawenock
5284:
5282:
5280:
4354:
3546:
3530:
3512:
3496:
3475:
3459:
3441:
3425:
3380:
3365:
3306:
3291:
3229:
3213:
3192:
3176:
3155:
3139:
3116:
3100:
3074:
3058:
3037:
3021:
3000:
2984:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2623:
2615:
2584:
2569:
1313:
in the 1630s, is probably borrowed from the Abenaki
476:
469:
257:
Last fluent speaker of Eastern Abenaki died in 1993.
185:
177:
6950:
6864:
6823:
6783:
6755:
6717:
6654:
6606:
6573:
6485:
6412:
6405:
6384:
6294:
6269:
6246:
6197:
6175:
6095:
6082:
6052:
6001:
5974:
5930:
5872:
5863:
5833:
5790:
5781:
5742:
5733:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
439:
431:
421:
347:
321:
316:
300:
261:
249:
233:
207:
193:
162:
43:It has been suggested that this article should be
5091:
5089:
4678:"Federal Recognition - A Historical Twist of Fate"
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
1864:In Western Abenaki there is a distinction between
4133:* letters in square brackets often lost in vowel
1585:and is sometimes written as ⟨ô⟩ or simply as “8”.
983:
967:
762:at Pequawket, an Indian village near present-day
599:discouraged social interaction with the natives.
501:and are sometimes considered distinct languages.
128:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
3774:element of a stem are written without a hyphen.
2690:and the w drops (also sometimes words ending in
660:Indian Reservation; the second was founded near
7047:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
882:Seven mission orientated communities along the
813:. Similarly, the word potatoes was borrowed as
546:argues that Abenaki neighbors, the pre-contact
524:who spoke the Arosagunticook dialect, and the
5639:"Native American Audio Collections: Penobscot"
2883:are used if the word begins with a vowel. The
6362:
5711:
5691:Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs
5498:International Journal of American Linguistics
5334:International Journal of American Linguistics
5179:Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People
5175:"Aln8bak Quarterly News Special Announcement"
5127:Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People
3326:need two participants: one doing the action (
1965:pronounced in all positions like English /n/.
1955:pronounced in all positions like English /m/.
8:
5613:"Native American Audio Collections: Abenaki"
4572:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3407:Transitivity and Animacy in Western Abenaki
2479:and falls to the next syllable, even if the
1071:this area include the documentary filmmaker
918:), Lorette (Huron), and St. Regis (Mohawk).
642:of new infectious diseases. The governor of
5607:Western Abenaki Online Dictionary and Radio
6409:
6369:
6355:
6347:
6092:
5869:
5787:
5739:
5718:
5704:
5696:
4778:
4776:
3823:- 'unintentional, accidental, by mistake'
3684:These are also known as 'second-position'
726:The Third Abenaki War (1722–1725), called
372:
159:
5567:
4240:
1109:Many Abenaki living in Vermont have been
5541:Abenaki Legends, Grammar and Place Names
5383:The Morphology of Modern Western Abenaki
3620:
3610:are assumed to be inflectional phrases.
3405:
2947:
2750:
2047:
1599:
1527:
1466:
1424:
1083:United States federal tribal recognition
758:(1724), where Rasles was killed, and at
7042:Native American language revitalization
5319:
5271:
4258:
4160:
1261:Although written primarily in English,
1092:These two tribes are officially listed
403:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5523:
5447:A History of the New Hampshire Abenaki
5181:. COWASS North America. Archived from
4784:"HB 1610-FN – As Amended by the House"
4754:Hallenbeck, Terri (January 20, 2011).
2723:after other consonants and the vowels
1282:. Initially the newsletter was called
1153:New Hampshire and minority recognition
1034:Missiassik, Missique, Missisco) means
552:corn/beans/squash agricultural complex
418:
5288:
5210:. Harper & Brothers. p. 440.
5004:"Abnaki-Penobscot (Abenaki Language)"
4978:"Preserving Abenaki Language Culture"
4358:
4191:
4189:
3780:- 'dishonest, uncertain, unreliable'
1206:National Endowment for the Humanities
7:
5460:. Vancouver: Global Language Press.
5449:. Charleston, SC: The History Press.
5259:
5103:. Dawn Land Voices. November 3, 2012
5028:Johnson, Scott (November 17, 2015).
4325:
1096:as tribes in the United States. The
2740:In most Western Abenaki sentences,
2494:occur on the syllable to the right.
2045:Masta and Laurent's orthographies.
255:14 Western Abenaki (2007–2012)
7037:Extinct languages of North America
5543:. Toronto: Global Language Press.
2559:Like all Algonquin languages, the
1338:told the story of the founding of
817:'potato' that was pluralized into
118:for transliterated languages, and
98:of its non-English content, using
25:
7032:First Nations languages in Canada
5664:Abenaki orthography and phonology
5580:A historical phonology of Abenaki
5065:. lulu.com. pp. 1–4, 34–39.
4504:Muir, Diana (February 22, 2024).
4451:Gregory, Alice (April 19, 2021).
3798:- 'fight as in battle, make war'
3670:
3665:
3635:
2026:There is not one Western Abenaki
1851:
1842:
1813:
1785:
1778:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1718:
1712:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1534:
1528:
1512:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
825:Abenaki tribes and confederations
809:'an ox' that was pluralized into
5594:
5153:University of Kentucky Libraries
5008:Native Languages of the Americas
4949:Cooney, Melissa (July 3, 2023).
4923:Asch, Sarah (January 29, 2020).
4601:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011).
4406:
4376:Native Languages of the Americas
4178:
1377:
1278:) is often used as a synonym to
85:
34:
5377:— this paper has been withdrawn
5097:"Digitizing Tribal Newsletters"
4812:. March 4, 2010. Archived from
4512:University Press of New England
3364:. Western Abenaki examples are
3290:. Western Abenaki examples are
2509:, the pitch goes from high-low.
1184:Language revitalization efforts
1048:Other names of Abenaki villages
946:Eastern Abenaki tribal villages
790:Northeast Coast Campaign (1750)
5681:Western Abenaki grammar sketch
5644:American Philosophical Society
5618:American Philosophical Society
5583:(MA thesis). McGil University.
5558:Voorhis, Paul (October 1979).
4897:McCrea, Nick (July 11, 2013).
4631:. Cbodanak.com. Archived from
4507:Reflections in Bullough's Pond
3841:- 'must, certain, need, want'
3792:- 'continuing, going farther'
1202:American Philosophical Society
561:In 1614, six years before the
539:Reflections in Bullough's Pond
134:multilingual support templates
1:
5530:: CS1 maint: date and year (
5204:Walter William Skeat (1882).
4687:. Native American Rights Fund
4475:"Arosaguntacook Indian Tribe"
4075:Place names (Western Abenaki)
2895:in front of consonants. If a
1077:National Film Board of Canada
7022:Eastern Algonquian languages
6851:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
5539:Masta, Henry Lorne (2008) .
5385:(Thesis). Dartmouth College.
4706:Walsh, Tom (April 2, 2012).
3941:- 'seem, feel, appear like'
3804:- 'change, exchange, trade'
2832:1st person plural inclusive
2818:1st person plural exclusive
1904:stop that is voiced between
1850:
1841:
1837:
1711:
1511:
1493:
1486:
1451:
626:Abenaki couple, 18th-century
381:Endangered Languages Project
343: – Western Abenaki
336: – Eastern Abenaki
6973:Plains Indian Sign Language
6332:language •
5921:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
5900:Massachusett Pidgin English
5477:Anthropological Linguistics
2765:Possessive Pronoun Affixes
1554:mid-central unrounded vowel
1330:National Geographic Channel
579:in what would later become
493:and the northern states of
487:Eastern Algonquian language
7063:
6824:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
5686:Western Abenaki morphology
5411:Western Abenaki Dictionary
5392:Western Abenaki Dictionary
4568:Morrison, Kenneth (1984).
4027:- 'arrest, make prisoner'
4021:- 'early, in the morning'
3810:- 'near in space or time'
3762:A root is an element in a
3330:) and one being acted on (
2913:, they fuse into a single
2583:is animate while the word
1204:received a grant from the
1194:Northeastern United States
926:Amaseconti (between upper
730:, erupted when the French
677:
470:
178:
6988:
6319:
5454:Laurent, Joseph (2006) .
4607:. ABC-CLIO. p. 249.
4547:. Atheneum. p. 214.
3829:- 'ignite, kindle, burn'
3640:a 'they say, it is said'
3492:
3421:
3209:
3172:
3091:
3054:
3017:
2980:
2950:
2863:w- (o-) / wd- ... -(o)wô
2501:Stress within sentences:
2369:
2288:
2264:
2239:
2215:
2190:
2166:
2141:
2118:
2093:
2068:
1230:, there are about 3,000
634:Eastern Abenaki territory
460:Western Abenaki territory
389:
371:
174:
167:
6831:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
6206:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
6147:North of Superior Ojibwa
5409:Day, Gordon M. (1994b).
5390:Day, Gordon M. (1994a).
5155:. University of Kentucky
4543:Bourne, Russell (1990).
3643:=nawa 'then, therefore'
2966:Possessed inanimate noun
1547:low back unrounded vowel
1284:Aln8ba8dwa National News
1146:Vermont General Assembly
1122:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
1016:Western Abenaki (Sokoki)
654:and is now known as the
597:Massachusetts Bay Colony
591:. As a result, when the
58:Eastern Abenaki language
52:Western Abenaki language
6054:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
5783:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
5677:at Native-languages.org
5671:at Native-languages.org
5226:National Geographic.com
4735:. University of Vermont
4233:Vermont Folklife Center
4220:(subscription required)
4206:(subscription required)
4082:'Lake Champlain River'
3817:'the back of the body'
3656:=hki 'contrast, focus'
3566:Morphological processes
3547:
3531:
3513:
3497:
3476:
3460:
3442:
3426:
3389:to understand something
3381:
3366:
3307:
3292:
3230:
3214:
3193:
3177:
3156:
3140:
3117:
3101:
3075:
3059:
3038:
3022:
3001:
2985:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2624:
2616:
2585:
2570:
1218:program in the summer.
984:
968:
878:Seven Nations of Canada
477:
186:
6996:Canadian dictionaries
6979:Maritime Sign Language
6958:American Sign Language
6447:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
6028:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
5129:. COWASS North America
5034:NationalGeographic.com
4984:. Vermont Public Radio
4760:Burlington Free Press
4578:2027/heb93675.0001.001
4071:'exhaust, run out of'
3917:- 'outside, outdoors'
3678:=tahki 'but, however'
3604:complementizer phrases
2953:Possessed animate noun
1335:Saints & Strangers
1244:Saints & Strangers
1006:pollock spearing place
922:Eastern Abenaki tribes
786:Father Le Loutre's War
680:French and Indian Wars
635:
627:
461:
391:This article contains
367: Western Abenaki
360: Eastern Abenaki
6992:Canadian style guides
5577:Warne, Janet (1975).
5489:10.1353/anl.2011.0009
5457:New Familiar Abenakis
5381:Beach, Jesse (2004).
4816:on February 26, 2021.
3608:declarative sentences
1295:from online readers.
1115:French and Indian War
830:Abenaki Confederation
794:French and Indian War
773:Peace conferences at
633:
625:
459:
447:
49:into articles titled
6963:Quebec Sign Language
6406:Indigenous languages
5873:Southern New England
5603:at Wikimedia Commons
5371:Bach, Emmon (2014).
5185:on November 18, 2016
5040:on November 20, 2015
4853:native-languages.org
3866:- 'ready, prepared'
3505:to listen to someone
2849:k- / kd- ... -(o)wô
2835:k- / kd- ... -na(w)
2821:n- / nd- ... -na(w)
2804:3rd person singular
2790:2nd person singular
2776:1st person singular
2610:of both noun forms:
2507:declarative sentence
1094:federally recognized
1025:people who separated
670:Indian Reservation.
426:Alnôbak (Wôbanakiak)
96:specify the language
94:This article should
6932:Pennsylvania German
6378:Languages of Canada
6152:Northwestern Ojibwa
6115:Border Lakes Ojibwa
6110:Berens River Ojibwa
6015:Carolina Algonquian
5893:Massachusett Pidgin
5232:on November 6, 2015
5101:Dawnland Voices 2.0
4015:- 'wait and watch'
3878:- 'respect, honor'
3766:; it does not have
3622:
3408:
2829:we, us (inclusive)
2815:we, us (exclusive)
2752:
1995:voiceless fricative
1930:pronounced between
1806:Lateral approximant
1340:Plymouth Plantation
1198:University of Maine
652:Saint Francis River
583:, and took them to
485:, is an endangered
27:Algonquian language
6968:Inuk Sign Language
6927:Newfoundland Irish
6892:Tagalog (Filipino)
6865:Minority languages
6737:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
6495:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
6385:Official languages
5865:Eastern Algonquian
5625:on August 14, 2013
5445:Heald, B. (2014).
5356:– via JSTOR.
4786:. NH General Court
4655:"Tribal Directory"
4485:on January 9, 2024
4463:on April 12, 2021.
3991:'spine, backbone'
3651:=pa 'conditional'
3621:
3614:Enclitic particles
3406:
3258:Intransitive verbs
2875:possessive pronoun
2860:3rd person plural
2846:2nd person plural
2801:he, she, him, her
2751:
2744:are expressed as
2005:alveolar fricative
1977:alveolar fricative
1389:. You can help by
1321:for 'grandpa' and
1212:Middlebury College
932:Androscoggin River
894:, and New England
884:St. Lawrence River
846:, Ouarastegouiak,
800:Language borrowing
664:and is called the
636:
628:
556:Algonquian peoples
462:
283:Eastern Algonquian
7004:
7003:
6922:Doukhobor Russian
6819:
6818:
6344:
6343:
6338:extinct languages
6242:
6241:
6193:
6192:
6121:Broken Oghibbeway
6048:
6047:
5859:
5858:
5669:Abenaki-Penobscot
5599:Media related to
5550:978-1-897367-18-6
5420:978-0-660-14030-8
5401:978-0-660-14024-7
4957:. Gray Television
4903:Bangor Daily News
4712:Bangor Daily News
4685:NARF Legal Review
4521:978-0-87451-909-9
4432:on March 20, 2016
4404:(16th ed., 2009)
4242:20.500.14332/1418
4218:(18th ed., 2015)
4204:(18th ed., 2015)
4176:(16th ed., 2009)
4138:
4094:'Missisquoi Bay'
3984:'smoke dry meat'
3911:'shoe, moccasin'
3682:
3681:
3626:=ahto 'probably'
3563:
3562:
3246:
3245:
2940:⟨o⟩
2930:is pronounced as
2867:
2866:
2625:-al, -il, -ol, -l
2617:-ak, -ik, -ok, -k
2464:
2463:
2036:Henry Lorne Masta
1866:fortis consonants
1861:
1860:
1542:
1541:
1407:
1406:
1303:The English word
1159:state legislature
993:good river people
982:. Their own name
934:, western Maine)
752:Merry-Meeting Bay
702:First Abenaki War
698:King Philip's War
481:), also known as
454:
453:
417:
416:
399:rendering support
395:phonetic symbols.
156:
155:
136:may also be used.
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
7054:
6917:Hutterite German
6410:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6348:
6310:Proto-Algonquian
6142:Nipissing Ojibwa
6093:
5870:
5788:
5740:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5697:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5651:on March 2, 2013
5647:. Archived from
5634:
5632:
5630:
5621:. Archived from
5601:Abenaki language
5598:
5584:
5573:
5571:
5554:
5535:
5529:
5521:
5492:
5471:
5450:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5424:
5405:
5386:
5376:
5358:
5357:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5292:
5286:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5228:. Archived from
5218:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5036:. Archived from
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4976:Lindholm, Jane.
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4682:
4676:Roessel, Faith.
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4635:on July 20, 2012
4629:"Administration"
4625:
4619:
4618:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4481:. Archived from
4479:Native Languages
4471:
4465:
4464:
4459:. Archived from
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4428:. Archived from
4418:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4396:Abenaki language
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4329:
4323:
4262:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4207:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4165:
4132:
4127:pahakwinôgwezian
4124:= hello (casual)
4059:'mother-in-law'
4003:- 'proud, vain'
3898:'sinew, tendon'
3872:- 'speak, talk'
3674:
3669:
3639:
3623:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3409:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3324:Transitive verbs
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3097:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2873:The form of the
2753:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2627:
2619:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2486:
2478:
2048:
1991:mid-back rounded
1870:lenis consonants
1855:
1846:
1817:
1789:
1782:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1722:
1716:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1600:
1571:is a lower-high
1538:
1532:
1516:
1498:
1491:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1425:
1402:
1399:
1381:
1374:
1277:
1140:) and Nulhegan (
1126:Swanton, Vermont
1073:Alanis Obomsawin
1053:more work-->
1043:
1040:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1007:
1004:
997:
994:
991:
987:
981:
978:
975:
971:
957:Maritime Abenaki
760:a daylong battle
709:Queen Anne's War
480:
473:
472:
471:Alənαpαtəwéwαkan
419:
376:
366:
359:
342:
335:
326:
306:
267:
189:
181:
180:
179:Alənαpαtəwéwαkan
160:
151:
148:
142:
127:
121:
117:
111:
107:
101:
89:
88:
81:
74:
71:
38:
37:
30:
21:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7017:Abenaki culture
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6984:
6946:
6912:Canadian Gaelic
6860:
6815:
6811:Coast Tsimshian
6779:
6751:
6713:
6650:
6602:
6569:
6481:
6401:
6380:
6375:
6345:
6340:
6315:
6295:Proto-languages
6290:
6265:
6238:
6189:
6171:
6078:
6044:
5997:
5970:
5949:Pidgin Delaware
5926:
5855:
5829:
5777:
5729:
5727:Algic languages
5724:
5654:
5652:
5637:
5628:
5626:
5611:
5591:
5576:
5557:
5551:
5538:
5522:
5495:
5474:
5468:
5453:
5444:
5435:
5433:
5432:. Language Geek
5428:Harvey, Chris.
5427:
5421:
5408:
5402:
5389:
5380:
5370:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5295:
5287:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4522:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4332:
4324:
4265:
4257:
4250:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4210:Western Abenaki
4208:
4205:
4196:Eastern Abenaki
4194:
4187:
4177:
4168:Eastern Abenaki
4166:
4162:
4157:
4144:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4080:bitawabagwizibo
4077:
4034:'Adam's apple'
3904:- 'let, allow'
3760:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3659:=ta 'emphasis'
3616:
3599:
3568:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3011:
3008:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2939:
2787:you (singular)
2738:
2604:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2557:
2526:
2469:
2024:
1628:
1595:
1583:nasalized vowel
1423:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1387:needs expansion
1372:
1272:Aln8bak/Alnôbak
1239:Native American
1186:
1155:
1107:
1090:
1085:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1008:
1005:
1002:
995:
992:
989:
979:
976:
973:
959:
948:
924:
904:Eastern Abenaki
880:
832:
827:
802:
766:, on the upper
764:Fryeburg, Maine
682:
676:
615:knighted Chief
534:
512:of what is now
478:Alnôbaôdwawôgan
446:
435:Alnôbadôwawôgan
397:Without proper
385:
384:
362:
361:
355:
338:
337:
331:
330:
322:
307:
302:
296:
268:
265:Language family
263:
256:
252:
251:Native speakers
187:Alnôbaôdwawôgan
183:
169:
152:
146:
143:
137:
125:
119:
115:
113:transliteration
109:
105:
99:
90:
86:
75:
69:
66:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7060:
7058:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7009:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6952:
6951:Sign languages
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6846:Chinook Jargon
6843:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6747:Nuu-chah-nulth
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6416:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6306:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6281:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6228:Miami–Illinois
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6167:Western Ojibwa
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6137:Eastern Ojibwa
6134:
6129:
6127:Central Ojibwa
6124:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6090:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6062:Mesquakie–Sauk
6058:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5980:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5907:Mohegan–Pequot
5903:
5896:
5889:
5884:
5876:
5874:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5794:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5748:
5746:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5661:
5635:
5609:
5604:
5590:
5589:External links
5587:
5586:
5585:
5574:
5555:
5549:
5536:
5510:10.1086/681577
5504:(3): 301–335.
5493:
5472:
5466:
5451:
5442:
5425:
5419:
5406:
5400:
5387:
5378:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5346:10.1086/465683
5340:(2): 143–171.
5324:
5293:
5276:
5264:
5243:
5213:
5196:
5166:
5140:
5114:
5085:
5072:978-0557632107
5071:
5051:
5020:
4995:
4968:
4941:
4915:
4886:
4865:
4840:
4819:
4797:
4772:
4746:
4724:
4698:
4668:
4646:
4620:
4613:
4593:
4586:
4560:
4553:
4535:
4520:
4496:
4466:
4457:The New Yorker
4443:
4413:
4388:
4363:
4330:
4263:
4248:
4223:
4185:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4140:
4108:
4105:
4088:'Sorel River'
4086:masisoliantegw
4076:
4073:
3891:- 'incapable'
3759:
3756:
3703:
3700:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3615:
3612:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3544:
3527:
3526:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3473:
3456:
3455:
3439:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3396:
3395:
3321:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3231:w'paskhiganowô
3227:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3190:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3153:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3114:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3035:
3019:
3015:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:w- (o-) / wd-
2805:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2677:
2664:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2603:
2602:Noun plurality
2600:
2556:
2553:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2032:Joseph Laurent
2023:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1987:
1984:apico-alveolar
1980:
1973:
1966:
1960:apico-alveolar
1956:
1945:
1942:
1935:
1925:apico-alveolar
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:apico-alveolar
1898:
1892:apico-alveolar
1888:
1881:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:Open-mid nasal
1500:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1384:
1382:
1371:
1368:
1352:Raoul Trujillo
1309:, attested in
1254:In his novel,
1185:
1182:
1154:
1151:
1106:
1103:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1039:place of flint
1017:
1014:
958:
955:
947:
944:
928:Kennebec River
923:
920:
879:
876:
831:
828:
826:
823:
801:
798:
736:Sébastien Rale
678:Main article:
675:
672:
646:allocated two
533:
530:
452:
451:
441:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
423:
415:
414:
401:, you may see
387:
386:
378:
377:
369:
368:
353:
345:
344:
327:
319:
318:
317:Language codes
314:
313:
308:
304:Writing system
301:
298:
297:
295:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
271:
269:
262:
259:
258:
253:
250:
247:
246:
235:
231:
230:
209:
205:
204:
195:
194:Native to
191:
190:
172:
171:
165:
164:
154:
153:
132:. Knowledge's
93:
91:
84:
77:
76:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7059:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6836:Broken Slavey
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6360:
6358:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5772:Nawathinehena
5769:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5716:
5714:
5709:
5707:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5483:(2): 91–131.
5482:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5467:0-9738924-7-1
5463:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5236:September 12,
5231:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5200:
5197:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5052:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5021:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4942:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4747:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4717:September 12,
4713:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4691:September 12,
4686:
4679:
4672:
4669:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4614:9781851096978
4610:
4606:
4605:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4587:9780520051263
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4554:0-689-12000-1
4550:
4546:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4497:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:'Burlington'
4099:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4052:'bear's den'
4051:
4047:
4046:- 'slippery'
4045:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:'sow, plant'
3785:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3758:List of roots
3757:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:=ci 'future'
3647:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3549:
3545:
3539:I see him/her
3533:
3529:
3528:
3515:
3511:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:you will work
3478:
3474:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3428:
3424:
3422:Intransitive
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3383:
3368:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3309:
3294:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3232:
3228:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3195:
3194:k'paskiganowô
3191:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3158:
3157:k'paskhiganna
3154:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3119:
3118:n'paskhiganna
3115:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3077:
3073:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3040:
3036:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2965:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2889:forms become
2887:
2881:
2880:nd-, kd-, wd-
2876:
2871:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:you (plural)
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2549:agglutinative
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:bilabial stop
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:bilabial stop
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:is a rounded
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1385:This section
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1364:Jesse Bruchac
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Tatanka Means
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:/'al.nɔ̃.bak/
1274:(pronounced:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:Jesse Bruchac
1183:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:Passamaquoddy
1095:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1015:
1013:
999:
986:
977:broken talker
970:
965:
956:
954:
951:
945:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Passamaquoddy
845:
841:
837:
829:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
673:
671:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
632:
624:
620:
618:
614:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Massachusetts
578:
577:Patuxet tribe
574:
570:
566:
565:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
518:Frank Siebert
515:
511:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
474:
466:
458:
450:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
394:
388:
382:
375:
370:
365:
358:
354:
352:
351:
346:
341:
334:
328:
325:
320:
315:
312:
309:
305:
299:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
275:
274:
270:
266:
260:
254:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
228:New Hampshire
225:
221:
217:
216:New Brunswick
213:
210:
206:
203:
202:United States
199:
196:
192:
188:
182:
173:
166:
161:
158:
150:
147:December 2022
140:
135:
131:
124:
114:
104:
97:
92:
83:
82:
73:
64:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6990:
6977:
6937:Plautdietsch
6598:Inuvialuktun
6421:
6333:
6308:
6301:
6283:
6276:
6253:
6226:
6204:
6119:
6037:
6020:
6013:
6008:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5963:
5954:
5947:
5919:
5914:Narragansett
5912:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5887:Massachusett
5879:
5770:
5756:
5653:. Retrieved
5649:the original
5642:
5627:. Retrieved
5623:the original
5616:
5579:
5559:
5540:
5526:cite journal
5501:
5497:
5480:
5476:
5456:
5446:
5434:. Retrieved
5410:
5391:
5382:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5320:LeSourd 2011
5272:Voorhis 1979
5267:
5234:. Retrieved
5230:the original
5225:
5216:
5206:
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5183:the original
5178:
5169:
5157:. Retrieved
5152:
5143:
5131:. Retrieved
5126:
5117:
5105:. Retrieved
5100:
5076:. Retrieved
5061:
5054:
5042:. Retrieved
5038:the original
5033:
5023:
5011:. Retrieved
5007:
4998:
4986:. Retrieved
4981:
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4954:
4944:
4932:. Retrieved
4928:
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4902:
4879:November 11,
4877:. Retrieved
4868:
4858:November 11,
4856:. Retrieved
4852:
4843:
4831:. Retrieved
4822:
4814:the original
4809:
4800:
4788:. Retrieved
4763:. Retrieved
4759:
4749:
4739:December 31,
4737:. Retrieved
4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4711:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4684:
4671:
4661:December 26,
4659:. Retrieved
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4633:the original
4623:
4603:
4596:
4569:
4563:
4544:
4538:
4506:
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4483:the original
4478:
4469:
4461:the original
4456:
4446:
4436:February 21,
4434:. Retrieved
4430:the original
4425:
4416:
4399:
4391:
4379:. Retrieved
4375:
4366:
4259:LeSourd 2015
4232:
4226:
4213:
4199:
4171:
4163:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3691:conjunctions
3683:
3675:a 'in fact'
3629:=ka 'focus'
3617:
3600:
3569:
3403:languages).
3397:
3252:
2944:
2921:
2872:
2868:
2739:
2731:
2630:
2605:
2558:
2527:
2518:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2470:
2044:
2025:
2010:
1937:is a tense,
1748:
1717:
1692:
1679:
1663:
1650:
1596:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1411:
1408:
1398:January 2015
1395:
1391:adding to it
1386:
1333:
1327:
1325:for 'deer'.
1322:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1297:Aln8bak News
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1271:
1267:Aln8bak News
1266:
1263:Aln8bak News
1262:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:Thanksgiving
1242:
1236:
1224:Jeanne Brink
1220:
1210:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1156:
1119:
1108:
1091:
1060:
1051:
1032:
1019:
1000:
985:Wulastegniak
960:
952:
949:
940:
936:Androscoggin
925:
881:
836:Androscoggin
834:Amaseconti,
833:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
783:
772:
756:Norridgewock
728:Dummer's War
725:
706:
683:
674:Abenaki wars
665:
655:
637:
601:
592:
562:
560:
542:, historian
537:
535:
522:Amoscocongon
507:
503:
482:
468:
464:
463:
390:
348:
311:Latin script
287:
176:
157:
144:
130:ISO 639 code
126:}}
120:{{
116:}}
110:{{
106:}}
100:{{
95:
67:
56:
50:
44:
6775:Assiniboine
6664:Bella Coola
6583:Inuinnaqtun
6303:Proto-Algic
5976:Nanticockan
5820:Swampy Cree
5815:Plains Cree
5766:Gros Ventre
4765:January 20,
4639:October 30,
4426:Abbe Museum
4422:"Penobscot"
4381:October 25,
4372:"Penobscot"
4107:Other words
3959:- 'sneeze'
3929:- 'travel'
3847:- 'enough'
3695:noun phrase
3493:Transitive
3477:kd’aloka-ji
3334:), such as
3285:to be angry
3076:w'paskhigan
3039:k'paskhigan
3002:n'paskhigan
2857:they, them
2622:Inanimate:
2606:The plural
2571:zegweskimen
2306:c / j / dz
2028:orthography
2022:Orthography
1982:is a tense
1975:is a tense
1939:dorso-velar
1890:is a tense
1573:front vowel
1332:miniseries
1311:New England
1142:Brownington
1111:assimilated
908:Oswegatchie
734:missionary
696:in 1675 in
694:New England
648:seigneuries
617:Assacumbuit
587:to sell as
495:New England
475:, Western:
405:instead of
70:August 2024
7011:Categories
6674:Halkomelem
6487:Athabaskan
6477:Potawatomi
6414:Algonquian
6185:Potawatomi
6177:Potawatomi
6088:Potawatomi
5992:Piscataway
5846:Innu-aimun
5825:Woods Cree
5810:Moose Cree
5758:Besawunena
5735:Algonquian
5569:1993/18305
5365:References
5289:Warne 1975
4489:January 9,
4401:Ethnologue
4359:Beach 2004
4215:Ethnologue
4201:Ethnologue
4173:Ethnologue
4092:masipskwbi
4009:- 'vomit'
3978:'village'
3953:- 'grass'
3935:- 'dream'
3923:'be true'
3835:- 'sweep'
3434:it is good
3401:Algonquian
3215:w'kaozemwô
3178:k'kaozemwô
3141:k'kaozemna
3102:n'kaozemna
2922:Note that
2551:language.
2524:Morphology
2365:w / u / '
1914:velar stop
1593:Consonants
1564:'who' and
1292:Alnôbaôdwa
1288:Aln8ba8dwa
792:) and the
768:Saco River
644:New France
604:New France
573:Tisquantum
544:Diana Muir
483:Wôbanakiak
467:(Eastern:
278:Algonquian
18:Wôbanakiak
6942:Ukrainian
6877:Cantonese
6742:Kwakʼwala
6641:Tuscarora
6608:Iroquoian
6588:Inuktitut
6560:Tsuutʼina
6510:Chipewyan
6505:Chilcotin
6432:Blackfoot
6427:Algonquin
6336:indicate
6278:Nansemond
6270:Uncertain
6222:Menominee
6212:Blackfoot
6105:Algonquin
5985:Nanticoke
5931:Delawaran
5841:Atikamekw
5800:East Cree
5744:Arapahoan
5675:Penobscot
5518:141980112
5436:March 12,
5430:"Abenaki"
5354:143643483
5260:Bach 2014
5189:April 17,
5159:April 17,
5133:April 17,
5107:April 17,
5078:April 19,
5044:April 18,
5013:April 18,
4988:April 17,
4833:March 22,
4790:March 22,
4530:651847175
4326:Day 1994a
4119:* = woman
4040:- 'kiss'
3972:- 'with'
3885:'tongue'
3853:- 'wake'
3468:it is hot
3414:Inanimate
3238:their gun
3222:their cow
3060:w'kaozema
2793:k- / kd-
2779:n- / nd-
2614:Animate:
2593:blueberry
2578:raspberry
2546:synthetic
2057:Allophone
2016:affricate
2003:is a lax
1932:resonants
1928:affricate
1912:is a lax
1906:resonants
1900:is a lax
1895:affricate
1883:is a lax
1878:resonants
1834:Semivowel
1736:Fricative
1706:Affricate
1560:'which',
1416:Phonology
1356:Massasoit
1348:Hobbamock
1328:The 2015
1232:Penobscot
1216:immersion
900:Becancour
896:Algonquin
892:Pennacook
860:Pigwacket
856:Penobscot
852:Patsuiket
819:badadesak
779:Casco Bay
748:Arrowsick
744:Brunswick
690:Metacomet
686:Wampanoag
684:When the
662:Bécancour
640:epidemics
613:Louis XIV
593:Mayflower
575:from the
569:Wampanoag
564:Mayflower
510:Penobscot
499:phonology
350:Glottolog
324:ISO 639-3
243:Penobscot
234:Ethnicity
184:Western:
175:Eastern:
6872:Mandarin
6727:Ditidaht
6719:Wakashan
6709:Thompson
6704:Squamish
6694:shíshálh
6684:Okanagan
6679:Lillooet
6656:Salishan
6631:Onondaga
6565:Tutchone
6520:Gwichʼin
6285:Pamunkey
6217:Cheyenne
6157:Oji-Cree
6132:Chippewa
6074:Kickapoo
6039:Powhatan
6022:Etchemin
5938:Delaware
4961:July 14,
4934:July 14,
4929:VTDigger
4908:July 23,
4142:See also
4103:Source:
3997:- 'ice'
3966:'child'
3947:- 'bad'
3860:'mouth'
3702:Numerals
3461:gezabeda
3417:Animate
3201:your gun
3185:your cow
3023:k'kaozem
2986:n'kaozem
2759:English
2756:Pronoun
2742:pronouns
2736:Pronouns
2720:-ak, -al
2687:-gw, -kw
2681:-ok, -ol
2608:suffixes
2542:prefixes
2538:suffixes
2064:Laurent
2013:alveolar
1963:sonorant
1953:sonorant
1949:bilabial
1876:between
1612:Alveolar
1607:Bilabial
1370:Dialects
1200:and the
1163:governor
1068:Montreal
972:meaning
912:Onondaga
864:Rocameca
844:Maliseet
840:Kennebec
770:(1725).
548:Iroquois
449:Wabanaki
444:Ndakinna
432:Language
411:Help:IPA
364:west2630
357:east2544
6907:Italian
6887:Spanish
6882:Punjabi
6806:Tlingit
6801:Kutenai
6791:Beothuk
6699:Shuswap
6689:Saanich
6646:Wyandot
6593:Inupiaq
6555:Tahltan
6500:Carrier
6462:Naskapi
6452:Miꞌkmaq
6422:Abenaki
6392:English
6334:Italics
6234:Shawnee
6033:Mi'kmaq
6009:Abenaki
5965:Mahican
5851:Naskapi
5752:Arapaho
5655:May 20,
5629:May 20,
4235:(152).
4148:Abenaki
4135:syncope
4098:baliten
4065:'sour'
3815:beskwan
3768:lexical
3744:= eight
3739:= seven
3737:tôbawôz
3732:ngwedôz
3719:= three
3686:clitics
3532:n’namiô
3521:to read
3498:giktawa
3359:to love
3328:subject
3315:to work
3275:to jump
3164:our gun
3148:our cow
3125:our gun
3109:our cow
3083:his gun
3067:his cow
3046:thy gun
3030:thy cow
2854:agmôwô
2746:affixes
2658:become
2646:; both
2561:animacy
2534:affixes
2532:) with
2481:nucleus
2295:c / ts
2281:c / ts
2232:s / ss
2183:k / kk
2134:t / tt
2089:p / pp
2052:Phoneme
1828:
1823:
1820:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1759:
1756:
1740:
1700:
1671:
1641:Plosive
1634:Glottal
1617:Palatal
1603:
1566:enigakw
1436:Central
1360:Squanto
1350:), and
1280:Abenaki
1178:powwows
1138:Jamaica
1134:Vermont
1130:Vermont
1105:Vermont
969:malisit
964:Mi'kmaq
872:Wewenoc
815:badades
811:aksenak
707:During
667:Wolinak
571:member
532:History
465:Abenaki
440:Country
407:Unicode
329:Either:
288:Abenaki
239:Abenaki
224:Vermont
163:Abenaki
139:See why
63:discuss
6902:German
6897:Arabic
6856:Michif
6841:Bungee
6765:Stoney
6757:Siouan
6732:Haisla
6636:Seneca
6626:Oneida
6621:Mohawk
6616:Cayuga
6550:Tagish
6545:Slavey
6540:Sekani
6535:Nicola
6515:Dogrib
6472:Ottawa
6467:Ojibwe
6457:Munsee
6397:French
6326:Pidgin
6322:Creole
6247:Others
6198:Others
6162:Ottawa
6097:Ojibwa
6084:Ojibwa
6002:Others
5943:Munsee
5834:Others
5805:Michif
5547:
5516:
5464:
5417:
5398:
5352:
5069:
4611:
4584:
4551:
4528:
4518:
4150:people
4117:phanem
4112:sanôba
4069:zôkwta
4057:zegwes
4025:tekwen
4001:pôlôba
3989:ôwigan
3982:ômilka
3933:legwas
3927:lakann
3754:= ten
3749:= nine
3747:noliwi
3742:nsôzek
3729:= five
3724:= four
3707:pazekw
3597:Syntax
3555:to eat
3443:nd’abi
3427:wligen
3382:wawtam
3374:to see
3367:namiha
3349:to see
3339:to hit
3332:object
3300:to sit
3265:to run
3210:their
3009:my gun
2993:my cow
2840:kiowô
2826:kiona
2812:niona
2773:I, me
2710:after
2707:-k, -l
2684:after
2671:after
2640:after
2467:Stress
2457:o / w
2418:e / u
2398:i (ɛ)
2395:i (ɛ)
2362:w / u
2257:s / z
2208:k / g
2159:t / d
2111:p / b
2061:Masta
2040:Odanak
1958:is an
1951:nasal
1923:is an
1920:words.
1909:'hit'.
1874:voiced
1627:Labio-
1421:Vowels
1319:Muhmum
1315:segôkw
1136:Elnu (
1064:Quebec
1057:Canada
988:means
916:Oneida
888:Sokoki
870:, and
868:Sokoni
775:Boston
750:, and
740:Yankee
732:Jesuit
721:Mohawk
688:under
657:Odanak
589:slaves
526:Caniba
491:Quebec
422:People
383:(ELP).
245:(1982)
237:1,800
212:Quebec
208:Region
198:Canada
6796:Haida
6784:other
6770:Sioux
6669:Comox
6575:Inuit
6530:Kaska
6330:Mixed
6261:Yurok
6255:Wiyot
5956:Unami
5514:S2CID
5350:S2CID
4681:(PDF)
4155:Notes
4114:= man
4050:wôgas
4044:wazas
4032:tôgan
4013:skoôb
4007:segag
3995:pkwam
3976:odana
3964:nijôn
3957:nakwh
3915:kwaji
3909:kezen
3889:jajal
3883:ilalo
3876:gwesi
3827:cegas
3808:basoj
3784:akika
3752:mdala
3734:= six
3727:nôlan
3714:= two
3709:= one
3514:agida
3450:I sit
3308:aloka
3280:, or
3249:Verbs
3173:your
2798:agma
2762:Term
2565:nouns
2555:Nouns
2505:In a
1989:is a
1968:is a
1947:is a
1774:Nasal
1629:velar
1622:Velar
1552:is a
1545:is a
1448:Close
1431:Front
1323:nolke
1306:skunk
1228:Maine
966:word
807:asken
788:(see
717:Casco
713:Wells
608:Métis
585:Spain
514:Maine
273:Algic
220:Maine
46:split
6442:Innu
6437:Cree
6067:Sauk
5881:Loup
5792:Cree
5657:2013
5631:2013
5545:ISBN
5532:link
5462:ISBN
5438:2007
5415:ISBN
5396:ISBN
5238:2019
5222:"TV"
5191:2017
5161:2017
5135:2017
5109:2017
5080:2017
5067:ISBN
5046:2017
5015:2017
4990:2017
4963:2023
4955:WCAX
4936:2023
4910:2013
4881:2012
4860:2012
4835:2010
4810:WMUR
4792:2010
4767:2011
4741:2014
4719:2019
4693:2019
4663:2012
4641:2012
4609:ISBN
4582:ISBN
4549:ISBN
4526:OCLC
4516:ISBN
4491:2024
4438:2016
4383:2011
4122:kwai
4063:zowi
4038:waja
4019:spôz
3939:lina
3870:gelo
3864:gata
3802:azow
3796:aodi
3790:alem
3778:adag
3764:stem
3548:miji
3379:and
3305:and
3135:incl
3096:excl
3092:our
3055:his
3018:thy
2784:kia
2770:nia
2726:o, i
2713:a, ô
2674:g, k
2661:-jik
2655:-tik
2652:and
2649:-dik
2643:d, t
2586:zata
2540:and
2530:root
2034:and
1562:enna
1558:enni
1522:Open
1441:Back
1120:The
930:and
914:and
777:and
241:and
103:lang
55:and
6525:Hän
5564:hdl
5506:doi
5485:doi
5342:doi
4982:VPR
4574:hdl
4398:at
4237:hdl
4212:at
4198:at
4170:at
3970:nsp
3951:msk
3945:mad
3902:jig
3896:jat
3858:don
3851:dok
3845:dab
3839:cow
3833:cik
3821:bid
3722:iaw
3717:nas
3712:nis
3664:=hp
3293:abi
2981:my
2972:gun
2959:cow
2907:or
2696:or
2668:-il
2637:-ik
2563:of
2492:not
2485:/ə/
2477:/ə/
2440:ɔ̃
2437:ɔ̃
2390:hl
2387:lh
2384:'l
2284:ch
2271:ch
2268:'c
2222:sh
2219:'s
2173:kh
2170:'k
2122:'t
2078:--
2075:ph
2072:'p
1720:d͡z
1714:t͡s
1483:Mid
1393:.
1290:or
1079:).
906:),
821:.
715:to
536:In
489:of
393:IPA
340:abe
333:aaq
123:IPA
65:)
61:. (
7013::
6994:-
5641:.
5615:.
5528:}}
5524:{{
5512:.
5502:81
5500:.
5481:53
5479:.
5348:.
5338:47
5336:.
5296:^
5279:^
5246:^
5224:.
5177:.
5151:.
5125:.
5099:.
5088:^
5032:.
5006:.
4980:.
4953:.
4927:.
4901:.
4889:^
4851:.
4808:.
4775:^
4758:.
4710:.
4683:.
4580:.
4524:.
4514:.
4510:.
4477:.
4455:.
4424:.
4374:.
4333:^
4266:^
4251:^
4188:^
3921:la
3672:kʷ
3637:kʷ
3634:=a
3354:,
3344:,
3270:,
2916:k-
2910:k-
2904:g-
2898:k-
2892:o-
2886:w-
2460:o
2454:o
2451:o
2446:ô
2443:8
2432:a
2429:a
2426:a
2423:a
2415:e
2412:ə
2409:ə
2404:i
2401:i
2379:l
2376:l
2373:l
2370:l
2359:w
2356:w
2351:h
2348:h
2345:h
2342:h
2337:n
2334:n
2331:n
2328:n
2323:m
2320:m
2317:m
2314:m
2309:j
2303:j
2298:c
2292:c
2289:j
2278:c
2265:c
2260:z
2254:z
2249:s
2246:s
2243:s
2240:z
2235:s
2229:s
2216:s
2211:g
2205:g
2200:k
2197:k
2194:k
2191:g
2186:k
2180:k
2167:k
2162:d
2156:d
2151:t
2148:t
2145:t
2142:d
2137:t
2131:t
2119:t
2114:b
2108:b
2103:p
2100:p
2097:p
2094:b
2086:p
2083:p
2069:p
2042:.
1695:ɡʷ
1689:kʷ
1514:ɔ̃
898:,
890:,
874:.
866:,
862:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
842:,
838:,
796:.
746:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
200:,
108:,
6998:
6370:e
6363:t
6356:v
6328:/
6324:/
6086:–
5719:e
5712:t
5705:v
5659:.
5633:.
5572:.
5566::
5553:.
5534:)
5520:.
5508::
5491:.
5487::
5470:.
5440:.
5423:.
5404:.
5344::
5322:.
5291:.
5274:.
5262:.
5240:.
5193:.
5163:.
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5111:.
5082:.
5048:.
5017:.
4992:.
4965:.
4938:.
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4883:.
4862:.
4837:.
4794:.
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4743:.
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4695:.
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4590:.
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4493:.
4440:.
4385:.
4361:.
4328:.
4261:.
4245:.
4239::
4137:.
4055:-
4030:-
3987:-
3962:-
3907:-
3894:-
3881:-
3856:-
3813:-
3667:ə
3558:'
3552:'
3542:'
3536:'
3524:'
3518:'
3508:'
3502:'
3487:'
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3465:'
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3394:.
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2932:/
2928:/
2926:w
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2699:n
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2575:'
1997:.
1872:(
1853:w
1844:j
1815:l
1787:n
1780:m
1766:h
1751:z
1745:s
1682:ɡ
1676:k
1666:d
1660:t
1653:b
1647:p
1536:ɑ
1533:~
1530:a
1496:ə
1489:e
1475:ʊ
1472:~
1469:o
1460:i
1457:~
1454:ɪ
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1396:(
1354:(
1346:(
1286:(
1075:(
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