143:’s pivotal publication in 1966 on phylogenetic systematics cites Zimmermann multiple times. In fact, Hennig personally considered Zimmermann as “one of the most zealous of modern advocates of a consistent phylogenetic systematics.” Zimmermann’s principle paper contributing to modern systematics published in 1931 did not become widely available until 1937 and was located adjacent to articles of unrelated topics, possibly contributing to Zimmermann’s lack of recognition.
172:. He preferred the phylogenetic method because common ancestors once existed in reality and are not human constructs as in the case of these other two grouping methods. Though he acknowledged that these three methods can coexist, they should not be used together in the same system or same analysis. In other words, he proposed that organisms should be grouped based on whether they shared a recent phylogenetic splitting event or
125:
in 1980. Throughout his lifetime he received numerous awards such as
Honorary member of the Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna, Honorary Member of the Association of German Biologists, and the Serge von Bubnoff Medal of the Geological Society of the GDR (1961), the Federal Service Cross, First
167:
Zimmermann pinpointed three main phylogenetic methods of grouping organisms used during his time: special purpose, idealistic, and phylogenetic. The special purpose method involves the random choosing of basic forms or types for a practical purpose, which
Zimmermann acknowledged as artificial. He
207:
characters. He acknowledged that it is often impossible to know exactly the genealogical relationships between groups of organisms without experimentation, and basing phylogenetic relationships solely on phenetic similarities only increases the risk of influence of
267:(central part of the root system of plants) by considering phylogenetic similarities and attempting to deduce its ancestral morphology. He tracked across plant phylogenies the common shifting of different plant tissues and organs, such as increases in the
168:
considered biased the idealistic method, which focuses on a form chosen intuitively based on human idealism and does not need to actually exist in nature. Zimmermann campaigned for the phylogenetic method, an objective way of grouping organisms based on
187:
processes based on his mode of phylogenetic classification. Wolf-Ernst Reif (1986) in his review on macroevolution concludes that
Zimmermann was successful at deducing this synthetic view of evolution prior to the completion of the formulation of
1056:
146:
Most of
Zimmermann's major contributions are contained in his 1931 publication that comprehensively reviews all current systematic methods in biology and provided novel insights into phylogenetic methods. His primary goal in
192:. His methodology included three main steps: (1) identifying whether evolution has occurred in the given group, (2) determining the trajectory of evolution, and (3) revealing the causes of this evolutionary trajectory.
120:
he taught as a private lecturer from 1925 to 1929, as an adjunct associate professor from 1929-1930, as an associate professor from 1930-1960, and as a full professor of botany from 1960 until retirement, and died in
159:
properties. Though he recognized the importance of subjective human abstractions in categorizing organisms, he strayed as far from that view as possible when identifying key phylogenetic characters based on
53:
in his fundamental work on phylogenetic systematics, Zimmermann's contributions to this field have largely been overlooked. Zimmermann also made several significant developments in the field of
255:
Tracing character state changes of single traits helped elucidate the evolutionary relationships between organisms, such as in identifying the parallel transition of
252:. He utilized this theory in plant classification to reveal insights about how aquatic plants first colonized land and the evolution of basal vascular plants.
422:
1041:
506:
Taxonomic literature. Volume III, Lh-O : a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types
713:
Zimmermann, Walter (1931). "Arbeitsweise der botanischen
Phylogenetik und anderer Cruppierungswissenschaften". In Abderhalden, E. (ed.).
728:
ClaĂźen-Bockhoff, Regine (2001-12-01). "Plant
Morphology: The Historic Concepts of Wilhelm Troll, Walter Zimmermann and Agnes Arber".
659:
626:
593:
518:
479:
300:
Zimmermann, Walter (1931). "Arbeitsweise der botanischen
Phylogenetik und anderer Cruppierungswissenschaften". In Abderhalden, E.
151:
was to separate the subject from the object, or attempting to characterize groups objectively rather than based on philosophical
1016:
189:
97:
54:
549:
Donoghue, Michael J.; Kadereit, Joachim W. (1992-01-01). "Walter
Zimmermann and the Growth of Phylogenetic Theory".
117:
433:
196:
62:
981:
Cronquist, Arthur; Takhtajan, Armen; Zimmermann, Walter (1966-01-01). "On the Higher Taxa of
Embryobionta".
89:
113:
109:
93:
382:
1020:
49:
important characters were foundational for modern phylogenetics. Though they were later implemented by
888:
1051:
1046:
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101:
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systems, evolved to form more complex structures such as leaves, roots, and reproductive organs of
998:
835:
792:
566:
510:
504:
407:
229:
213:
148:
954:
Zimmermann, W. (1961). "Phylogenetic
Shifting of Organs, Tissues, and Phases in Pteridophytes".
342:
Zimmermann, W (1961). "Phylogenetic Shifting of Organs, Tissues, and Phases in Pteridophytes".
827:
810:
Zimmermann, Walter (1934-07-01). "Research on Phylogeny of Species and of Single Characters".
784:
745:
665:
655:
632:
622:
599:
589:
524:
514:
485:
475:
307:
Zimmermann, Walter (1934-07-01). "Research on Phylogeny of Species and of Single Characters".
990:
963:
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737:
692:
558:
399:
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112:
where he completed his PhD degree in 1920. Zimmermann became a scientific assistant at the
390:
374:
268:
264:
279:. In addition, he aided in the classification and taxonomy of many plant groups, such as
232:
using informative phylogenetic morphological and developmental characters, such as plant
696:
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437:
249:
184:
180:
173:
1035:
42:
839:
796:
893:
AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology
329:
AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology
140:
50:
939:
922:
280:
156:
122:
105:
81:
38:
619:
50 Jahre Naturschutzgeschichte in Baden-WĂĽrttemberg : Zeitzeugen berichten
139:
Zimmermann’s contributions to systematics have largely been overlooked, though
241:
237:
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58:
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Class (1962), and the Merit Medal of the State of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg (1978).
46:
741:
1057:
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
240:, stating that telomes, or the most terminal ends of dichotomizing plant
228:
One of Zimmermann’s major goals was to improve the plant systematics and
152:
34:
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780:
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217:
200:
85:
69:
17:
994:
967:
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403:
355:
327:
Walter, Zimmermann,; 1892- (1949-01-01). "Geschichte der Pflanzen".
823:
650:
Hennig, Will; Davis, Delbert Dwight; Zangerl, Rainer (1999-01-01).
765:"The search for a macroevolutionary theory in German paleontology"
179:
Zimmermann is believed to be one of the few scientists to connect
717:. Berlin, Germany: Urban & Schwarzenberg. pp. 941–1053.
472:
Darwin & Co : eine Geschichte der Biologie in Portraits
304:. Berlin, Germany: Urban & Schwarzenberg. pp. 941–1053.
245:
41:. Zimmernann’s notions of classifying life objectively based on
334:
Zimmermann, W. (1956-01-01). "On the Phylogeny of the Stele".
263:. Zimmermann contributed insight into the evolution of the
503:
Stafleu, Frans Antonie; Cowan, Richard S. (1981-01-01).
96:
in 1911. After transferring between the institutions of
432:is used to indicate this person as the author when
683:Hennig, Willi (1965). "Phylogenetic Systematics".
617:Häcker, Bärbel; Heiderich, Eberhart (2004-01-01).
88:. He began his collegiate studies in 1910 at the
906:Zimmermann, Walter (1965). "Die Telomtheorie.".
362:Zimmermann, Walter (1965). "Die Telomtheorie.".
868:Zimmermann, Walter (1938). "Die Telomtheorie".
315:Zimmermann, Walter (1938). "Die Telomtheorie".
8:
275:of fern leaves, and the occurrence of plant
908:Fortschrifte der Evolutionsforschung Band I
364:Fortschrifte der Evolutionsforschung Band I
220:on analysis of evolutionary relationships.
33:(May 9, 1892 – June 30, 1980) was a German
938:
715:Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden
302:Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden
509:. Bohn, Scheltema and Holkema. pp.
459:
236:. Specifically, Zimmermann founded the
544:
542:
540:
538:
7:
708:
706:
465:
463:
383:"On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta"
697:10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525
25:
887:Zimmermann, Walter (1949-01-01).
769:Journal of the History of Biology
654:. University of Illinois Press.
199:of phylogenetic lineages across
1017:International Plant Names Index
923:"On the Phylogeny of the Stele"
763:Reif, Wolf-Ernst (1986-03-01).
584:Rieppel, Olivier (2016-01-01).
474:. C.H. Beck. pp. 275–295.
80:Walter Zimmermann was born in
1:
1042:20th-century German botanists
940:10.15281/jplantres1887.69.401
921:Zimmermann, W. (1956-01-01).
287:List of selected publications
203:based on evolution of single
63:botanical author abbreviation
57:such as the discovery of the
910:. Jena, Germany: G. Fischer.
857:. Jena, Germany: G. Fischer.
366:. Jena, Germany: G. Fischer.
297:. Jena, Germany: G. Fischer.
116:Botanical Institute. At the
98:Friedrich Wilhelm University
855:Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen
853:Zimmermann, Walter (1930).
685:Annual Review of Entomology
295:Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen
293:Zimmermann, Walter (1930).
1073:
956:Canadian Journal of Botany
344:Canadian Journal of Botany
889:"Geschichte der Pflanzen"
470:Jahn, Ilse (2001-01-01).
92:and later transferred to
652:Phylogenetic systematics
586:Phylogenetic Systematics
338:. 69 (820-821): 401–409.
114:University of Freiburg’s
812:The American Naturalist
309:The American Naturalist
195:Zimmermann favored the
90:University of Karlsruhe
742:10.1006/anbo.2001.1544
118:University of TĂĽbingen
110:University of Freiburg
94:University of Freiburg
927:Shokubutsugaku Zasshi
336:Shokubutsugaku Zasshi
108:, he returned to the
31:Walter Max Zimmermann
933:(820–821): 401–409.
311:. 68 (717): 381–384.
210:convergent evolution
135:Modern phylogenetics
102:University of Monaco
423:author abbreviation
130:Major contributions
781:10.1007/BF00346618
551:Systematic Biology
379:Zimmermann, Walter
214:parallel evolution
446:also, sometimes,
371:Cronquist, Arthur
224:Plant systematics
185:microevolutionary
181:macroevolutionary
55:plant systematics
16:(Redirected from
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736:(6): 1153–1172.
730:Annals of Botany
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190:Modern Synthesis
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61:. The standard
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381:(April 1966).
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557:(1): 74–85.
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331:(in German).
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281:embryophytes
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227:
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157:metaphysical
145:
141:Willi Hennig
138:
79:
65:
51:Willi Hennig
43:phylogenetic
30:
29:
1052:1980 deaths
1047:1892 births
106:World War I
39:systematist
1036:Categories
876:: 385–391.
691:: 97–116.
455:References
323:: 385–391.
248:and other
205:phenotypic
832:0003-0147
789:0022-5010
750:0305-7364
670:750706727
621:. Ulmer.
604:952154664
529:464009068
490:610924043
273:pinnation
269:meristele
261:anisogamy
242:branching
170:genealogy
76:Biography
840:85363632
797:81880361
637:60116358
448:Zimmerm.
271:number,
230:taxonomy
162:phenetic
153:idealism
123:TĂĽbingen
82:WalldĂĽrn
35:botanist
1003:1217531
870:Biologe
571:2992507
428:W.Zimm.
412:1217531
317:Biologe
277:neoteny
257:isogamy
234:telomes
218:atavism
201:species
86:Germany
70:species
66:W.Zimm.
18:W.Zimm.
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216:, and
999:JSTOR
983:Taxon
836:S2CID
793:S2CID
567:JSTOR
408:JSTOR
391:Taxon
386:(PDF)
265:stele
246:ferns
828:ISSN
785:ISSN
746:ISSN
666:OCLC
656:ISBN
633:OCLC
623:ISBN
600:OCLC
590:ISBN
525:OCLC
515:ISBN
486:OCLC
476:ISBN
155:and
100:and
37:and
991:doi
964:doi
935:doi
820:doi
777:doi
738:doi
693:doi
559:doi
511:542
400:doi
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259:to
1038::
1019:.
997:.
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985:.
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931:69
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444:(
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