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In 1894, Weldon rolled a set of 12 dice 26,306 times. He collected the data in part, 'to judge whether the differences between a series of group frequencies and a theoretical law, taken as a whole, were or were not more than might be attributed to the chance fluctuations of random sampling.' Weldon's
340:
in 1899. In the years of their collaboration
Pearson laid the foundations of modern statistics. Magnello emphasises this side of Weldon's career. In 1900 he took the DSc degree and as Linacre Professor he also held a Fellowship at
391:
gives a detailed account of the controversy. The debate lost much of its intensity with the death of Weldon in 1906, though the general debate between the biometricians and the
Mendelians continued until the creation of the
542:
698:
Pearson, Karl (1900). On the criterion that a given system of derivations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling.
955:
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had developed for he had come to the view that "the problem of animal evolution is essentially a statistical problem." Weldon began working with his
University College colleague, the mathematician
371:"... the questions raised by the Darwinian hypothesis are purely statistical, and the statistical method is the only one at present obvious by which that hypothesis can be experimentally checked."
253:
who influenced him greatly; Weldon gave up his plans for a career in medicine. In 1881 he gained a first-class honours degree in the
Natural Science Tripos; in the autumn he left for the
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on the other. Bateson, who had been taught by Weldon, took a very strong line against the biometricians. This bitter dispute ranged across substantive issues of the nature of
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His interests were changing from morphology to problems in variation and organic correlation. He began using the statistical techniques that
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On his religious views, he considered himself an agnostic. He died in 1906 of acute pneumonia, and is buried at
Holywell Church, Oxford.
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431:"Weldon, Bateson, and the origins of genetics: Reflections on the unraveling and rebuilding of a scientific community"
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Weldon's Search for a Direct Proof of
Natural Selection and the Tortuous Path to the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society, 54, (1893), 318–329. An example of Weldon's use of statistical methods
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363:'For the Purpose of conducting Statistical Enquiry into the Variability of Organisms'. In an 1894 paper
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He was through the many years the present writer knew him, like his hero Huxley, a confirmed
Agnostic.
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in 1890. Royal
Society records show his election supporters included the great zoologists of the day:
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283:
782:
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W.B. Provine (1971). The origins of theoretical population genetics. University of
Chicago Press.
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was rediscovered and this precipitated a conflict between Weldon and Pearson on the one side and
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dice data were used by Karl Pearson in his pioneering paper on the chi-squared statistic.
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Weldon was one of the first scientists to provide evidence of stabilizing and directional
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218:, Florence was to act as the 'computer' for Weldon's research into biological variation.
616:"On the Origin of Our Specimens: The Weldon Years | UCL Museums & Collections Blog"
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332:. Their partnership was very important to both men and survived Weldon's move to the
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743:(1971) The origins of theoretical population genetics. University of Chicago Press.
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was established by the University of Oxford in his honour; it is awarded annually.
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Upon returning to Cambridge in 1882, he was appointed university lecturer in
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Medicine was his intended career and he spent the academic year 1876-1877 at
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Walter Frank Raphael Weldon 1860–1906: A Memoir Reprinted from Biometrika
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Walter Frank Raphael Weldon 1860–1906: A Memoir Reprinted from Biometrika
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126:
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and methodological issues such as the value of the statistical method.
122:
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In 1889 Weldon succeeded Lankester in the Jodrell Chair of Zoology at
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Weldon was the second child of the journalist and industrial chemist,
83:
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arising from the work of the Royal Society Committee, Weldon wrote:
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to begin the first of his studies on marine biological organisms.
682:
Kemp, A.W., and C.D. Kemp. (1991). Weldon's dice data revisited,
823:. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 629-631.
206:, and his wife Anne Cotton. On 13 March 1883, Weldon married
750:(eds C.C. Heyde and E. Seneta) p261-264. New York: Springer.
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There Weldon studied with the developmental morphologist
956:
Jodrell Professors of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy
828:"On Certain Correlated Variations in Carcinus moenas"
355:By 1893 a Royal Society Committee included Weldon,
210:(1858–1936), daughter of the social reformer
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132:
118:
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72:
53:
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746:Magnello E. 2001. Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, in
753:Shipley A.E. 1908. Walter Frank Raphael Weldon.
172:(15 March 1860 – 13 April 1906), was an English
365:Some remarks on variation in plants and animals
845:"Archival material relating to Raphael Weldon"
8:
853:
543:"Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael (WLDN878WF)"
238:. In the following year he transferred to
42:
31:
27:British evolutionary biologist (1860–1906)
564:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
515:Flood, Raymond, ed. (29 September 2011).
464:
446:
230:. Among his teachers were the zoologist
911:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
792:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
421:
906:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
901:Academics of University College London
180:. He was the joint founding editor of
644:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 5.
488:Grier, David Alan (1 November 2013).
7:
809:"Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael"
594:"Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael"
293:, and as curator of what is now the
921:Alumni of University College London
25:
916:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
642:Merton College Register 1900–1964
429:Davis, Lea K. (27 October 2022).
941:Deaths from pneumonia in England
819:Dictionary of National Biography
772:Works by or about Raphael Weldon
604:. Vol. 3. pp. 629–631.
600:Dictionary of National Biography
518:Mathematics in Victorian Britain
214:. Having studied mathematics at
961:19th-century British zoologists
926:Alumni of King's College London
871:British evolutionary biologists
748:Statisticians of the Centuries
726:. Cambridge University Press.
494:. Princeton University Press.
1:
946:Linacre Professors of Zoology
394:modern evolutionary synthesis
896:Fellows of the Royal Society
640:Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964).
448:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010379
244:St John's College, Cambridge
137:St John's College, Cambridge
96:St John's College, Cambridge
547:A Cambridge Alumni Database
167:Walter Frank Raphael Weldon
106:Fellow of the Royal Society
36:Walter Frank Raphael Weldon
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838:Portraits of Statisticians
549:. University of Cambridge.
684:The American Statistician
491:When Computers Were Human
297:, and was elected to the
291:University College London
255:Naples Zoological Station
228:University College London
216:Girton College, Cambridge
160:
141:University College London
111:
41:
797:University of St Andrews
654:Amitabh, Joshi. (2017).
352:in natural populations.
334:Linacre Chair of Zoology
274:Oxford University Museum
155:Francis Maitland Balfour
804:Bourne, Gilbert Charles
589:Bourne, Gilbert Charles
295:Grant Museum of Zoology
701:Philosophical Magazine
343:Merton College, Oxford
276:
234:and the mathematician
174:evolutionary biologist
881:English statisticians
755:Proc Roy Soc Series B
560:Karl Pearson (2011).
401:Weldon Memorial Prize
399:After his death, the
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240:King's College London
951:People from Highgate
849:UK National Archives
834:Photograph of Weldon
783:Robertson, Edmund F.
406:
375:In 1900 the work of
781:O'Connor, John J.;
688:doi:10.2307/2684294
886:English zoologists
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222:Life and education
876:English agnostics
733:978-1-107-60122-2
703:, 5(50), 157–175.
686:, 45(3):216–222.
528:978-0-19-162794-1
501:978-1-4008-4936-9
338:Oxford University
176:and a founder of
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151:Academic advisors
145:Oxford University
113:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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891:Biostatisticians
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821:(2nd supplement)
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787:"Raphael Weldon"
776:Internet Archive
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18:W. F. R. Weldon
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741:W.B. Provine
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623:. Retrieved
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389:Will Provine
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361:Karl Pearson
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330:Karl Pearson
323:
321:and others.
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281:Invertebrate
278:
272:Bust in the
259:
248:
242:and then to
225:
212:William Tebb
201:
192:Karl Pearson
181:
166:
165:
133:Institutions
112:
78:(1906-04-13)
29:
936:1906 deaths
931:1860 births
814:Lee, Sidney
865:Categories
711:References
625:9 November
284:Morphology
183:Biometrika
60:1860-03-15
761:pxxv-xli.
757:1908 vol
720:(2011) .
661:Resonance
457:1553-7390
385:evolution
350:selection
246:in 1878.
86:, England
806:(1912).
591:(1912).
475:36301806
178:biometry
127:biometry
836:on the
816:(ed.).
774:at the
466:9612466
319:Romanes
307:Poulton
186:, with
123:Zoology
730:
568:
525:
498:
473:
463:
455:
357:Galton
315:Flower
311:Newton
303:Huxley
264:Career
198:Family
119:Fields
102:Awards
84:Oxford
840:page.
812:. In
416:Notes
728:ISBN
627:2017
566:ISBN
523:ISBN
496:ISBN
471:PMID
453:ISSN
359:and
190:and
73:Died
54:Born
461:PMC
443:doi
336:at
170:FRS
867::
847:.
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