426:. An appraisal of their excavation work at Eddisbury by Mason and Pope in 2016 describes the Varleys as being "at the very forefront of the field in 1930s Britain" and "fairly exemplary for their time ... cutting-edge even", employing "a fairly methodical approach" to excavation. Their methods were transitional between 19th-century archaeology and more-modern techniques; they began using a "wall-chasing" approach that resembles the "chase-and-clear" methods of the late 19th century, but later progressed to excavating a general area, an approach similar to modern methods that was novel at the time. They backfilled all their trenches at the end of each season of work. Varley's interpretation of the results, however, paid too much attention to historical events, leading to inaccuracies. An appraisal of his Old Oswestry ceramic finds by Elaine Morris in 1996 concluded that his team's dating of pottery was incorrect.
153:
86:
308:, which was carried out during the summers of 1936, 1937 and 1938. The investigation was hampered by part of the area being under cultivation with crops. Four major and seven minor trenches were dug, with investigations focusing on two potential entrances, a junction between parts of the earthworks, and the area known as Merrick's Hill, where buildings were visible at the surface. His interpretation of the excavation's results involved a complex construction history in several phases from c. 400–250 BC to the
488:
335:
260:, were carried out under the "Bickerton Camp Scheme", which recruited an assortment of volunteers including unemployed Liverpudlians, school children and members of the Liverpool Ramblers' Association. The investigation concentrated on the hillfort's inturned entrance, where post-holes were found, suggested to be gateposts. Trenches were also cut through the double ramparts. The inner ramparts were found to consist of sand and carbonised oak timbers protected by a stone cap and
184:
288:
354:, West Yorkshire, over six seasons in 1939, 1946–47, 1969–70 and 1972. This work included trenches cutting through the fort's ramparts, as well as studies of its entrances and the interior. Varley's death meant that his results were never published in full, but some of his finds, together with a model of the hillfort, are on permanent display at Huddersfield's
274:. An outer revetment protected the outer ramparts, which had an internal line of turf, suggesting the possibility of multiple phases of construction. Varley described Maiden Castle as a promontory camp; he initially concluded that it dated from around 0–50 AD and had subsequently been strengthened in around 50 AD when
480:(1964), although intended as an updated replacement for the 1940 book, broadened its focus to review the whole of the UK and in particular his hillfort excavations in other counties. It was described as "wide ranging, highly intricate, specialist, and often controversial" in a generally critical contemporary review by
438:(1958) with his former colleague from the University College of the Gold Coast, H. P. White. Although primarily aimed at secondary-school education in West Africa, contemporary reviews suggested that it was suitable for a broader audience. It included fieldwork by the authors. Robert W. Steel, in a review for
283:
moves the dates earlier still. A contemporary review of his 1937 paper on the excavation describes it as "a valuable review of the problems of the life of
Britain in the few centuries before the Roman conquest." Modern archaeologists Richard Mason and Rachel Pope describe his reports on Maiden Castle
214:
where any of the wood had survived. An earlier partial investigation of the site had been carried out in 1898–1900, but Varley was the first to investigate the outer palisade and the larger area it enclosed. He classified the site as a palisade-barrow, similar to the Dutch examples at Calais Wold and
317:
in 1937, but the Second World War and Varley's move to Ghana delayed publication of the results; the full report did not appear until 1950 and has significant problems, including lacking illustrations of his finds. Mason and Pope speculate that many of Varley's site records might have been lost
498:
Varley's archaeological interests were not exclusively prehistoric. During his time in Ghana, he published a survey of the country's castles and forts, constructed by
European colonists between the 15th and 18th centuries; it was the first paper to appear in the journal of the Gold Coast &
510:
His first wife was the archaeologist Joan Varley. She worked under Varley in several of his excavations during the 1930s and in particular was named by him as one of the directors of the excavation at
Eddisbury; one modern reappraisal of this work credits her as the co-director with him. She
255:
was his first on a hillfort, and the first to be carried out by an archaeologist on any hillfort in the county. He started to excavate in 1932, aided by a group of his students from the
University of Liverpool, but the main excavations of 1934 and 1935, supervised by Varley with
1480:. Vol. XXII. Nos. 3-4. December, 1935. Vol. XXIII. Nos. 1-2. May, 1936. Vol. XXIII. Nos. 3-4. December, 1936. Vol. XXIV. Nos. 1-2. June, 1937 by J. P. Droop, A. M. Blackman; Index of Figure-Types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware") Part I. Part II. Part III by F. Oswald",
295:
Varley declared the
Bickerton Camp Scheme "a success, scientifically and socially", and he continued to employ volunteers under the scheme – mainly unemployed Liverpool dock workers – in his excavation of the much larger and more complex
325:
in April 1938, but any plans to excavate other
Cheshire hillforts were presumably interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War. All of the finds from his excavations of Maiden Castle and Eddisbury were long believed lost.
312:
period, with subsequent occupation extending into the post-medieval period. Some of his finds at
Eddisbury, together with a model of his excavations, were displayed in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities of the
475:
praises the book's originality and describes it as "a model study of its type" that serves as "a brilliant introduction" to studies of the period. The book's blocks and types were destroyed by German bombing. His later work,
124:(1916–2001). Owen and Tom Jones, later her husband, participated in several of Varley's excavations during the 1930s. After his National Service, Varley left the university in January 1946. He worked in Ghana (then the
444:, describes it as "a most useful survey" and "an example both of what observant geographers can write and of what the publishers that are alive to the educational needs of Africa today can produce." The reviewer for
417:
Varley's work at
Eddisbury, and elsewhere, was supervised by a group including both men and women, among whom was his first wife, Joan Varley. This was typical of excavations of the time, including those done by the
278:
expansion began to threaten the area. By 1940, he had revised these dates substantially earlier, concluding that the hillfort was built in the 2nd century BC and had been strengthened in the 1st century BC; modern
1089:
2149:
555:
542:, East Yorkshire, where Varley died early in 1976. His large collection of papers and artefacts were handled after his death by Adrian Havercroft, an archaeologist and family friend.
373:
during the 1930s. Varley never finished the excavation and his full report failed to appear in his lifetime, being published by Gwilym Hughes in 1996, twenty years after his death.
1178:
972:
2437:
2432:
219:, but stressed its unique layout. At the time of his excavation, the site was partially reconstructed using concrete posts, and four surviving oak posts were moved to
1318:
945:
821:
1804:
1215:
864:
2442:
2391:
2013:
624:
2289:
Richard Mason, Rachel Pope. "The Lost
Archive of Eddisbury: Rediscovering Finds and Records from the 1936–1938 Varley Excavations" (chapter 4), pp. 29–36
898:
2427:
2354:
638:
113:(1877–1969). In any early paper he acknowledged the influence of a 1917 paper on "valleyward movement" of population by Fleure and W. E. Whitehouse.
526:, Wales, having been evacuated there in 1940. When the couple moved to Ghana after the war, Mary Varley managed the University Photographic Unit in
450:
praises Varley's "unusual approach to the physical basis" as "both stimulating and unconventional." L. Gray Cowan, in a broadly positive review for
2121:
1683:
562:), and was the inaugural president of the Gold Coast Geographical Association, founded in 1955 to promote the study of West African geography.
2314:
2274:
2254:
586:
471:, contains then-unpublished material on Eddisbury hillfort as well as Varley's reappraisal of his earlier Maiden Castle work. A reviewer for
1272:
390:
2295:
Richard Mason, Rachel Pope. Rescuing a scheduled monument: Recent work at
Merrick's Hill, Eddisbury Hillfort (chapter 11), pp. 201–16
2462:
2188:
559:
180:, with a large recumbent stone between two standing pillars – carrying out surveying and assisting with the preliminary excavation.
1294:
1267:
815:
551:
23:
1637:
2422:
398:
872:
128:) from 1947 to 1956, where he was professor of geography at the newly founded University College of the Gold Coast (now the
1324:
2457:
1662:
1549:
921:
846:
125:
70:
558:. He served as secretary of the Monuments and Relics Commission of the Gold Coast in 1951 (subsequently part of the
2362:
646:
152:
141:
1760:
577:
W. J. Varley (1976), "A summary of the excavations at Castle Hill, Almondbury 1939–1972", in D. W. Harding (ed.),
343:
94:
62:
2065:
530:, and she also took photographs to illustrate Varley's work. On their return to England, they briefly lived in
85:
369:, in 1939 and 1940 with Bryan H. St J. O'Neil, who also independently excavated three other hillforts in the
2325:
668:
519:
248:
117:
74:
42:
1721:
2001:
487:
177:
106:
169:
121:
1348:
1173:
2383:
616:
195:
2452:
2447:
1361:
775:
240:
38:
2210:
1965:
1921:
1885:
1482:
787:
452:
446:
297:
257:
224:
129:
46:
334:
2342:
2219:
2153:
2074:
2046:
1974:
1930:
1894:
1855:
1558:
1491:
1232:
1121:
991:
685:
604:
531:
468:
305:
301:
280:
236:
192:
484:, and was criticised by Victoria B. Morgan and Paul E. Morgan in their 2004 book on the topic.
210:
with a mound ringed by oak posts and enclosed in a palisade. Bleasdale was then the only known
2310:
2270:
2250:
2244:
582:
322:
165:
2304:
2115:
1663:"Castle Hill: The Most conspicuous landmark in Huddersfield with over 4,000 years of history"
2371:
2334:
1847:
1633:
1263:
1224:
1169:
1147:
981:
761:
Other examples have subsequently been discovered, including two circles at a site known as "
677:
655:
419:
161:
35:
1838:
512:
481:
440:
183:
1851:
535:
518:
He later married Mary Varley (1910–2006), a teacher, photographer and artist from near
406:
314:
266:
252:
102:
66:
191:
One of his early independent excavations was carried out between 1933 and 1935 at the
2416:
2346:
2264:
1357:
953:
Journal of Chester and North Wales Architectural, Archaeological and Historic Society
923:
University College of Wales, Aberystwyth: Reports submitted to the Court of Governors
689:
523:
491:
423:
382:
370:
355:
275:
220:
211:
173:
995:
321:
Dan Garner has suggested that Varley might have started a preliminary excavation at
2375:
786:
Garner notes that several urns containing bones were discovered in a sand-pit near
659:
494:, one of the Ghanaian forts that W. J. Varley surveyed and Mary Varley photographed
362:
351:
287:
110:
54:
2286:
Dan Garner. "The historical study of the Cheshire Hillforts" (chapter 2), pp. 7–21
1012:
2240:
309:
137:
31:
2182:
318:
during the war and that the 1950 paper might have been based partly on memory.
2338:
681:
515:. During the 1930s, Varley coached the University of Liverpool rowing eights.
394:
386:
366:
347:
203:
98:
58:
27:
1809:, Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool
261:
216:
199:
2306:
50 Gems of Shropshire: The History & Heritage of the Most Iconic Places
986:
502:
He was interested in disseminating archaeological knowledge to the public.
227:, which still has a permanent exhibit on the site and the two excavations.
2292:
Dan Garner. "Excavations at Eddisbury Hillfort" (chapter 10), pp. 139–200
762:
539:
460:
402:
244:
207:
133:
50:
2223:
2050:
1978:
1934:
1495:
1125:
608:
2157:
2078:
1562:
1236:
1898:
1859:
1148:"Early Iron Age pottery from Castle Hill, Almondbury, West Yorkshire"
1228:
456:, criticises the over-generalised nature of the book's conclusions.
1213:
Harold J. E. Peake (1945), "The Earliest Structure at Stonehenge",
900:
Castle Hill, Almondbury: A Brief Guide to the Excavations 1939–1972
527:
486:
358:, which also holds many of his records from the Castle Hill site.
333:
286:
182:
151:
84:
69:. He was also a pioneer of geographical research and education in
2039:
Transactions of the Gold Coast & Togoland Historical Society
2037:
W. J. Varley (1952), "The castles and forts of the Gold Coast",
1114:
Transactions of the Gold Coast & Togoland Historical Society
1112:
W. J. Varley (1952), "The castles and forts of the Gold Coast",
597:
Transactions of the Gold Coast & Togoland Historical Society
595:
W. J. Varley (1952), "The castles and forts of the Gold Coast",
271:
105:. He attended the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth (now
2392:
Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
2014:
Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
1295:"Prehistoric circle dated to same summer as Seahenge neighbour"
1174:"Trial excavations at the Old Kieg Stone Circle, Aberdeenshire"
625:
Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
774:
Excavated by Thomas Kelsall and Shadrach Jackson; reported by
579:
Hillforts: Later Prehistoric Earthworks in Britain and Ireland
2246:
A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany
2150:
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2063:
E. J. L. (1943), "Conference on the Future of Archaeology",
556:
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1688:, Friends of Tolson and Ravensknowle Museum of Huddersfield
459:
He also wrote two books on the prehistory of the county of
109:) in the mid-1920s, where he was taught by the geographer,
1765:
Salon: Society of Antiquaries of London Online Newsletter
1268:"Bleasdale Circle enclosed Bronze Age urnfield (1011678)"
851:
Salon: Society of Antiquaries of London Online Newsletter
284:
as showing "fairly meticulous archaeological reasoning".
1787:
1785:
1783:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
970:
Alice Garnett (1970), "Herbert John Fleure, 1877–1969",
752:
For example, the Bleasdale Circle and Eddisbury hillfort
522:, West Yorkshire, whom he met while she was teaching at
2384:"Excavations of the castle ditch, Eddisbury, 1935–1938"
617:"Excavations of the castle ditch, Eddisbury, 1935–1938"
73:
where he worked from 1947 to 1956, and was involved in
1685:
100 Items About the Museum and Huddersfield – 1 to 10
1179:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
2263:
Dan Garner; et al. (2016), Jill Collens (ed.),
1343:
1341:
973:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
817:
Aethelfrith of Northumbria and the Battle of Chester
34:, particularly known for his excavations of English
2032:
2030:
2028:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1042:
1040:
264:(retaining walls), which Varley compared with the
120:in the 1930s, where his notable students included
1704:
1702:
1761:"Old Oswestry Hillfort Landscape Safe (For Now)"
892:
890:
1438:
1436:
822:Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society
2323:W. J. Varley (1938), "The Bleasdale circle",
2117:Varley, William Jones (d 1976), archaeologist
1755:
1753:
1751:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1320:Scheduled Ancient Monument - Bleasdale Circle
666:W. J. Varley (1938), "The Bleasdale circle",
187:Maiden Castle on the summit of Bickerton Hill
8:
1423:
1421:
841:
839:
837:
1791:Mason & Pope, pp. 203–4, 215 in Garner
1323:, Lancashire County Council, archived from
1963:by W. J. Varley, J. W. Jackson (review)",
1006:
1004:
581:, Academic Press, pp. 119–31, 402–7,
342:Varley excavated the Iron Age hillfort at
2438:Academic staff of the University of Ghana
985:
235:In the early 1930s, at the suggestion of
2433:Academics of the University of Liverpool
1883:by W. J. Varley, H. P. White (review)",
1870:
1868:
1836:by W. J. Varley, H. P. White (review)",
1827:
1825:
1823:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
2208:"Gold Coast Geographical Association",
2169:Mason & Pope, pp. 29–36, in Garner
809:
807:
803:
736:
381:His later publications include work on
2139:
2137:
1478:Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology
2355:"The hill-forts of the Welsh Marches"
1728:, Shropshire Council, 14 January 2019
1642:Research records (formerly PastScape)
639:"The hill-forts of the Welsh Marches"
239:, Varley turned his attention to the
136:. Around 1960 he took up a post with
7:
2102:Mason & Pope, p. 204, in Garner
2090:Mason & Pope, p. 201, in Garner
1852:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094626
1512:Mason & Pope, p. 215, in Garner
1046:Mason & Pope, p. 203, in Garner
721:W. J. Varley; J. W. Jackson (1940),
116:Varley lectured in geography at the
16:British geographer and archaeologist
2443:Academics of the University of Hull
1990:J. J. Bagley, p. v., in Varley 1964
1708:Mason & Pope, p. 36, in Garner
1587:Mason & Pope, p. 29, in Garner
270:method of construction, typical of
1273:National Heritage List for England
865:"William Jones Varley - 1904-1976"
712:W. J. Varley; H. P. White (1958),
14:
2189:Ghana Museums and Monuments Board
1574:Garner, pp. 13–14, 16, in Garner
946:"Early man in the Cheshire Plain"
560:Ghana Museums and Monuments Board
2428:Alumni of Aberystwyth University
1726:Discovering Shropshire's History
1152:Yorkshire Archaeological Journal
1017:, Thurrock Local History Society
814:Bryan Sitch (21 November 2013),
552:Society of Antiquaries of London
550:He was an elected fellow of the
2266:Hillforts of the Cheshire Ridge
538:. By 1961, they had settled in
2376:10.1080/00665983.1948.10853932
1915:by W. J. Varley, H. P. White;
660:10.1080/00665983.1948.10853932
511:specialised in the history of
93:Varley was born in 1904, near
1:
1600:Garner, pp. 18–19, in Garner
1557:(4): 196–97, September 1937,
499:Togoland Historical Society.
434:Varley co-wrote the textbook
176:, Scotland – an example of a
160:In 1932, Varley worked under
142:Hull Teacher Training College
2408:, Cheshire Community Council
1946:Garner, pp. 9–12, in Garner
1919:by E. A. Boateng (review)",
1661:Jeremy Clark (Summer 2010),
1550:The British Museum Quarterly
1442:Garner, pp. 8–11, in Garner
1293:Maev Kennedy (3 July 2014),
871:. 2 May 2022. Archived from
725:, Cheshire Community Council
707:, Cheshire Community Council
430:Writing and educational work
413:Methods and modern appraisal
2269:, Archaeopress Publishing,
571:Research papers and reports
2479:
2406:Cheshire Before the Romans
2363:The Archaeological Journal
2004:Cheshire Before the Romans
790:by quarry workers in 1851.
705:Cheshire Before the Romans
647:The Archaeological Journal
478:Cheshire Before the Romans
206:, now considered to be an
26:(1904–1976) was a British
2339:10.1017/S0003581500007034
2249:, Yale University Press,
2006:by W. J. Varley (review)"
1832:Robert W. Steel (1959), "
1620:Garner, p. 16, in Garner
1534:Garner, p. 13, in Garner
1463:Garner, p. 20, in Garner
1403:Garner, p. 12, in Garner
682:10.1017/S0003581500007034
546:Societies and fellowships
467:(1940), co-authored with
2463:People from Huddersfield
2066:The Geographical Journal
2000:T. G. E. Powell (1964),
1427:Garner, p. 8, in Garner
1350:Bleasdale Circle Leaflet
2326:The Antiquaries Journal
2309:, Amberley Publishing,
1875:L. Gray Cowan (1960), "
1722:"Old Oswestry Hillfort"
1380:Varley 1938, pp. 166–67
1034:Varley 1938, pp. 167–68
669:The Antiquaries Journal
397:crannogs, Giants Hill,
122:Margaret Jones née Owen
118:University of Liverpool
89:Castle Hill, Almondbury
75:historical conservation
2423:English archaeologists
1913:The Geography of Ghana
1881:The Geography of Ghana
1834:The Geography of Ghana
1638:"Castle Hill (49129)"
1454:Varley 1964, pp. 94–98
987:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0009
714:The Geography of Ghana
495:
436:The Geography of Ghana
401:, and Woodhall Manor,
339:
292:
231:The Cheshire hillforts
188:
178:recumbent stone circle
157:
107:Aberystwyth University
90:
2404:W. J. Varley (1964),
2382:W. J. Varley (1950),
2353:W. J. Varley (1948),
2303:John Shipley (2018),
2152:: 16, May–June 1976,
2122:The National Archives
1670:The Yorkshire Journal
1094:, East Riding Museums
1014:Margaret Ursula Jones
944:W. J. Varley (1932),
897:W. J. Varley (1973),
869:Sandstone Ridge Trust
703:W. J. Varley (1964),
637:W. J. Varley (1948),
615:W. J. Varley (1950),
566:Selected publications
490:
363:Old Oswestry hillfort
338:Old Oswestry hillfort
337:
290:
186:
155:
88:
55:Old Oswestry hillfort
2458:People from Beverley
1961:Prehistoric Cheshire
1917:A Geography of Ghana
1877:A Geography of Ghana
1777:Varley 1948, Table I
1362:Wyre Borough Council
1146:J. A. Gilks (1992),
1072:Varley 1950, pp. 1–2
776:William Boyd Dawkins
731:Notes and references
723:Prehistoric Cheshire
469:John Wilfrid Jackson
465:Prehistoric Cheshire
247:. His excavation of
81:Education and career
20:William Jones Varley
1886:Geographical Review
1767:(425), 9 April 2019
1389:Varley 1938, p. 156
1253:Varley 1938, p. 154
1091:Mary Varley Archive
453:Geographical Review
323:Kelsborrow hillfort
168:Stone Circle, near
130:University of Ghana
1879:by E. A. Boateng;
1806:Eddisbury Hillfort
1476:H. J. F. (1937), "
1415:Varley 1964, p. 95
875:on 3 February 2023
788:Eddisbury hillfort
532:Kingston upon Hull
496:
361:He also excavated
340:
298:Eddisbury hillfort
293:
291:Eddisbury hillfort
281:radiocarbon dating
189:
158:
91:
47:Eddisbury hillfort
2316:978-1-4456-7820-7
2276:978-1-78491-467-7
2256:978-0-300-11406-5
1525:Varley 1950, p. 1
926:, 21 October 1925
853:(254), 9 May 2011
716:, Longmans, Green
588:978-0-12-324750-6
377:Later excavations
132:), then based at
2470:
2409:
2400:
2388:
2378:
2359:
2349:
2319:
2279:
2259:
2227:
2226:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1634:Historic England
1630:
1624:
1618:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1264:Historic England
1260:
1254:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1210:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1170:V. Gordon Childe
1166:
1160:
1159:
1143:
1130:
1128:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1070:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1008:
999:
998:
989:
967:
961:
960:
950:
941:
935:
934:
933:
931:
918:
912:
911:
910:
908:
894:
885:
884:
882:
880:
861:
855:
854:
847:"Help requested"
843:
832:
831:
830:
828:
811:
791:
784:
778:
772:
766:
759:
753:
750:
744:
741:
726:
717:
708:
692:
662:
643:
633:
621:
611:
591:
196:Bleasdale Circle
162:V. Gordon Childe
156:Bleasdale Circle
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2386:
2381:
2357:
2352:
2322:
2317:
2302:
2277:
2262:
2257:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1959:M. D. (1941), "
1958:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1839:African Affairs
1831:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1547:"Exhibitions",
1546:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1327:on 13 June 2011
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1229:10.2307/2793365
1212:
1211:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1071:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1002:
969:
968:
964:
948:
943:
942:
938:
929:
927:
920:
919:
915:
906:
904:
896:
895:
888:
878:
876:
863:
862:
858:
845:
844:
835:
826:
824:
813:
812:
805:
795:
794:
785:
781:
773:
769:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
720:
711:
702:
665:
641:
636:
619:
614:
594:
589:
576:
568:
548:
513:Delamere Forest
508:
482:T. G. E. Powell
441:African Affairs
432:
415:
379:
332:
330:Other hillforts
237:C. F. C. Hawkes
233:
150:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2379:
2350:
2333:(2): 154–171,
2320:
2315:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2260:
2255:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2200:
2174:
2162:
2133:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2055:
2024:
1992:
1983:
1951:
1939:
1903:
1864:
1819:
1796:
1779:
1770:
1747:
1745:Shipley, p. 24
1738:
1713:
1698:
1675:
1653:
1625:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1539:
1527:
1518:
1500:
1468:
1456:
1447:
1432:
1417:
1408:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1337:
1310:
1285:
1255:
1241:
1198:
1189:
1161:
1131:
1104:
1074:
1052:
1036:
1027:
1000:
962:
936:
913:
886:
856:
833:
802:
801:
800:
799:
793:
792:
779:
767:
754:
745:
735:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
718:
709:
699:
698:
694:
693:
676:(2): 154–171,
663:
634:
612:
592:
587:
573:
572:
567:
564:
547:
544:
536:East Yorkshire
507:
504:
431:
428:
414:
411:
407:East Yorkshire
389:in Wales, and
378:
375:
331:
328:
315:British Museum
302:Eddisbury Hill
267:murus gallicus
253:Bickerton Hill
232:
229:
149:
146:
103:West Yorkshire
82:
79:
71:colonial Ghana
67:West Yorkshire
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2475:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2218:: 278, 1956,
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1358:Harris Museum
1352:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
974:
966:
963:
958:
954:
947:
940:
937:
925:
924:
917:
914:
902:
901:
893:
891:
887:
874:
870:
866:
860:
857:
852:
848:
842:
840:
838:
834:
823:
819:
818:
810:
808:
804:
797:
796:
789:
783:
780:
777:
771:
768:
764:
758:
755:
749:
746:
743:Actually 1916
740:
737:
730:
724:
719:
715:
710:
706:
701:
700:
696:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
640:
635:
631:
627:
626:
618:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
590:
584:
580:
575:
574:
570:
569:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Coleg Harlech
521:
516:
514:
506:Personal life
505:
503:
500:
493:
492:Elmina Castle
489:
485:
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
454:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
374:
372:
371:Welsh Marches
368:
364:
359:
357:
356:Tolson Museum
353:
349:
345:
336:
329:
327:
324:
319:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
289:
285:
282:
277:
273:
269:
268:
263:
259:
254:
250:
249:Maiden Castle
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
221:Harris Museum
218:
213:
212:timber circle
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
185:
181:
179:
175:
174:Aberdeenshire
171:
167:
163:
154:
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
87:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:Maiden Castle
40:
37:
33:
32:archaeologist
29:
25:
21:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2367:
2361:
2330:
2324:
2305:
2265:
2245:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2192:, retrieved
2184:What is GMMB
2183:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2145:
2144:"Obituary",
2125:, retrieved
2116:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2042:
2038:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1986:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1811:, retrieved
1805:
1799:
1792:
1773:
1764:
1741:
1730:, retrieved
1725:
1716:
1709:
1690:, retrieved
1684:
1678:
1669:
1656:
1645:, retrieved
1641:
1628:
1621:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1428:
1411:
1404:
1385:
1376:
1365:, retrieved
1349:
1329:, retrieved
1325:the original
1319:
1313:
1302:, retrieved
1299:The Guardian
1298:
1288:
1277:, retrieved
1271:
1258:
1220:
1214:
1196:Burl, p. 105
1192:
1183:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1096:, retrieved
1090:
1047:
1030:
1019:, retrieved
1013:
977:
971:
965:
956:
952:
939:
928:, retrieved
922:
916:
905:, retrieved
899:
877:. Retrieved
873:the original
868:
859:
850:
825:, retrieved
816:
782:
770:
757:
748:
739:
722:
713:
704:
673:
667:
651:
645:
629:
623:
600:
596:
578:
549:
517:
509:
501:
497:
477:
472:
464:
458:
451:
445:
439:
435:
433:
416:
380:
360:
352:Huddersfield
341:
320:
294:
265:
234:
190:
159:
115:
111:H. J. Fleure
92:
41:, including
19:
18:
2453:1904 births
2448:1976 deaths
2241:Aubrey Burl
2045:(1): 1–17,
1911:R. W. C., "
1172:(1932–33),
1120:(1): 1–17,
1011:John Webb,
980:: 253–278,
903:, p. 6
603:(1): 1–17,
344:Castle Hill
310:Anglo-Saxon
258:J. P. Droop
148:Excavations
138:Cyril Bibby
95:Castle Hill
63:Castle Hill
2417:Categories
1929:: 141–42,
1893:: 145–46,
879:3 February
798:References
395:Holderness
387:Mynydd Isa
383:Wat's Dyke
367:Shropshire
348:Almondbury
262:revetments
204:Lancashire
193:Bronze Age
126:Gold Coast
99:Almondbury
59:Shropshire
28:geographer
2370:: 41–66,
2347:162348914
2211:Geography
2073:: 91–93,
1966:Geography
1922:Geography
1846:: 88–89,
1483:Geography
1223:: 74–78,
690:162348914
654:: 41–66,
473:Geography
447:Geography
241:hillforts
217:Langedijk
200:Bleasdale
39:hillforts
2243:(2005),
2224:40564084
2051:41406421
2021:: 243–44
1979:40562118
1935:40565133
1672:(2): 4–9
1636:(2004),
1496:40560448
1126:41406421
996:73303585
763:Seahenge
609:41406421
554:and the
540:Beverley
461:Cheshire
422:and the
420:Wheelers
403:Beverley
391:Barmston
306:Delamere
245:Cheshire
208:urnfield
166:Old Kieg
134:Achimota
51:Cheshire
36:Iron Age
2234:Sources
2158:3031921
2079:1790146
1973:: 147,
1563:4422015
1490:: 319,
1237:2793365
1186:: 37–53
1158:: 17–23
959:: 50–65
520:Halifax
350:, near
225:Preston
198:, near
164:at the
77:there.
2399:: 1–68
2345:
2313:
2273:
2253:
2222:
2194:23 May
2171:et al.
2156:
2148:(14),
2127:21 May
2104:et al.
2092:et al.
2077:
2049:
1977:
1948:et al.
1933:
1899:212354
1897:
1860:718064
1858:
1813:21 May
1793:et al.
1732:21 May
1710:et al.
1692:27 May
1647:27 May
1622:et al.
1561:
1536:et al.
1494:
1465:et al.
1444:et al.
1429:et al.
1405:et al.
1367:24 May
1331:24 May
1304:24 May
1279:24 May
1235:
1124:
1098:21 May
1021:21 May
994:
930:23 May
907:23 May
827:21 May
688:
632:: 1–68
607:
585:
424:Bersus
170:Alford
61:, and
2387:(PDF)
2358:(PDF)
2343:S2CID
2220:JSTOR
2154:JSTOR
2075:JSTOR
2047:JSTOR
2009:(PDF)
1975:JSTOR
1931:JSTOR
1895:JSTOR
1856:JSTOR
1666:(PDF)
1602:et al
1589:et al
1576:et al
1559:JSTOR
1514:et al
1492:JSTOR
1354:(PDF)
1233:JSTOR
1122:JSTOR
1048:et al
992:S2CID
949:(PDF)
697:Books
686:S2CID
642:(PDF)
620:(PDF)
605:JSTOR
528:Accra
399:Swine
304:near
300:, on
276:Roman
2311:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2196:2019
2146:RAIN
2129:2019
1815:2019
1734:2019
1694:2019
1649:2019
1369:2019
1333:2019
1306:2019
1281:2019
1100:2019
1023:2019
932:2019
909:2019
881:2023
829:2019
583:ISBN
393:and
272:Gaul
45:and
30:and
2397:102
2372:doi
2368:105
2335:doi
2071:102
2019:116
1848:doi
1225:doi
1216:Man
982:doi
678:doi
656:doi
652:105
630:102
405:in
385:at
251:on
243:of
140:at
65:in
57:in
49:in
24:FSA
2419::
2395:,
2389:,
2366:,
2360:,
2341:,
2331:18
2329:,
2216:41
2214:,
2187:,
2136:^
2120:,
2069:,
2041:,
2027:^
2017:,
2011:,
1971:26
1969:,
1927:45
1925:,
1891:50
1889:,
1867:^
1854:,
1844:58
1842:,
1822:^
1782:^
1763:,
1750:^
1724:,
1701:^
1668:,
1640:,
1609:^
1555:11
1553:,
1503:^
1488:22
1486:,
1435:^
1420:^
1394:^
1360:,
1356:,
1340:^
1297:,
1270:,
1266:,
1244:^
1231:,
1221:45
1219:,
1201:^
1184:67
1182:,
1176:,
1156:64
1154:,
1150:,
1134:^
1116:,
1077:^
1055:^
1039:^
1003:^
990:,
978:16
976:,
957:29
955:,
951:,
889:^
867:.
849:,
836:^
820:,
806:^
765:".
684:,
674:18
672:,
650:,
644:,
628:,
622:,
599:,
534:,
463:.
409:.
365:,
346:,
223:,
202:,
172:,
144:.
101:,
97:,
53:,
22:,
2374::
2337::
2043:1
2002:"
1850::
1604:.
1591:.
1578:.
1516:.
1227::
1129:–
1118:1
1050:.
984::
883:.
680::
658::
601:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
