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convinced that the stamp of God is on nature everywhere. He expected a Triune God to leave evidence of the
Trinity on everything from three-dimensional space in geometry to an algebra involving triples of numbers. This "metaphysical drive," in the words of Thomas Hankins, his best twentieth-century biographer, "held him to the task" of looking for a generalization of complex numbers to triples."
609:, then Royal Astronomer of Ireland. In November and December of 1822, he completed his first three original mathematical papers. On his first visit to Dunsink Observatory, he showed two of them to Brinkley, who requested that the papers be developed further. Hamilton complied, and early in 1823, Brinkley approved the amended version. In July of 1823, Hamilton earned a place at
1633:. It was referred as usual to a committee, which recommended further development and simplification before publication. Between 1825 and 1828 the paper was expanded, and became a clearer exposition of a novel method. Over this period, Hamilton gained an appreciation for the nature and importance of optics.
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This memoir would be incomplete if we did not add, that our deceased member, together with the character of a scholar, a poet, a metaphysician, and a great analyst, combined with that of a kind-hearted, simple-minded
Christian gentleman; we say the latter because Sir William Hamilton was too sincere
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for extended periods, until her mother's death in 1837. She also was away from
Dunsink, staying with sisters, for much of the time from 1840 to 1842. Hamilton's married life was reportedly difficult. In the troubled period of the early 1840s, his sister Sydney ran his household; when Helen returned,
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Hamilton invited his four sisters to come and live at the observatory in 1827, and they ran the household until his marriage in 1833. They included Eliza Mary
Hamilton (1807–1851), the poet. In 1827, Hamilton wrote to his sister Grace about "some of" the Lawrence sisters having met his sister Eliza
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In the case of
Hamilton there is no occasion to state anything but the simple fact, known to all his intimates, that he was in private profession, as in public, a Christian, a lover of the Bible, an orthodox and attached member of the Established Church, though of the most liberal feelings on all
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The formulation that he devised for classical mechanics proved to be equally suited to quantum theory, whose development it facilitated. The
Hamiltonian formalism shows no signs of obsolescence; new ideas continue to find this the most natural medium for their description and development, and the
676:
Hamilton was attracted to
Catherine Disney, but her family did not approve and Catherine was required to marry the Rev. William Barlow, a brother of her elder sister's husband. The wedding took place in 1825. Hamilton wrote in 1826 about his feelings for her in an extended poem, "The Enthusiast".
501:
Hamilton is said to have shown talent at an early age. His uncle observed that
Hamilton, from a young age, had displayed an uncanny ability to acquire languages — a claim which has been disputed by some historians, who claim he had only a basic understanding of them. At the age of seven, he had
1852:
studies seem to have been undertaken and carried to their full development without collaboration, and his writings do not belong to any particular school. He was intended by the university authorities who elected him to the
Professorship of Astronomy to spend his time as he best could for the
3195:
In
Hamilton's Calvinistic theology, as in that of his Scottish friend and pupil Clerk Maxwell, God is the creator both of the universe and of the laws governing it. This means that the lawful relations among material objects are as real as the objects themselves. As a Christian, Hamilton was
645:, Hamilton was appointed in 1827 to the vacant posts left by Brinkley's departure, Andrews Professor of Astronomy and Royal Astronomer of Ireland. Despite having his undergraduate career cut short in this way, he earned degrees in both classics and mathematics (BA in 1827, MA in 1837).
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where he spent the rest of his life. He was there from 1827 until his death in 1865. In his early years at Dunsink, Hamilton observed the heavens quite regularly; He left routine observation to his assistant Charles Thompson. Hamilton's sisters also supported the observatory's work.
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had "formed the subject of successive courses of lectures, delivered in 1848 and subsequent years, in the Halls of Trinity College, Dublin". Hamilton confidently declared that quaternions would be found to have a powerful influence as an instrument of research.
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It's Part of What We Are – Volumes 1 and 2 – Volume 1: Richard Boyle (1566–1643) to John Tyndall (1820–1893); Volume 2: Samuel Haughton (18210–1897) to John Stewart Bell (1928–1990): Some Irish Contributors to the Development of the Chemical and Physical
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It's Part of What We Are – Volumes 1 and 2 – Volume 1: Richard Boyle (1566–1643) to John Tyndall (1820–1893); Volume 2: Samuel Haughton (18210–1897) to John Stewart Bell (1928–1990): Some Irish Contributors to the Development of the Chemical and Physical
813:
While attending Trinity College, Hamilton proposed to his friend's sister, whose refusal drove the young Hamilton to depression and illness, even to the verge of suicide. He proposed again in 1831 to Ellen de Vere, a sister of the poet
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Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 655: "She was deeply impressed with the picture of astronomical mathematicians in the silence of their closets, living abstracted and apart, and yet in their solitude sympathetic, and able to rule the minds of
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and others. Hamilton's analysis uncovered a deeper mathematical structure than had been previously understood, in particular a symmetry between momentum and position. The credit for discovering what are now called the
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and in physics. He was first in every subject and at every examination. He aimed to win a Trinity College fellowship by competitive examination, but this did not happen. Instead, after Brinkley in 1826 was made
1958:. Hamilton also described a quaternion as an ordered four-element multiple of real numbers, and described the first element as the "scalar" part, and the remaining three as the "vector" part. He coined the
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822:(born 1834), Archibald Henry (born 1835), and Helen Elizabeth (born 1840). Hamilton's married life turned out to be difficult and unhappy as Bayly proved to be pious, shy, timid, and chronically ill.
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Hamilton married Helen Bayly, daughter of Rev Henry Bayly, Rector of Nenagh, County Tipperary, in 1833; she was a sister of neighbours to the observatory. They had three children: the journalist
1663:. The more important contents of the second and third parts appeared in the three voluminous supplements (to the first part) which were published in the same Transactions, and in the two papers
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He was a Christian, described as "a lover of the Bible, an orthodox and attached member of the Established Church", and as having a "profound conviction of the truth of revealed religion".
798:, in 1832, helped by an unexpected letter of introduction given to him by Sarah Lawrence on a visit to Liverpool in March of that year. He also paid a call, with Arabella, on the family of
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548:
was being exhibited in Dublin. Colburn was 9, a year older than Hamilton. The two were pitted against each other in a mental arithmetic contest, with Colburn emerging as the clear victor.
490:, later renumbered to 36. Hamilton's father, who was from Dublin, worked as a solicitor. By the age of three, Hamilton had been sent to live with his uncle James Hamilton, a graduate of
1902:) to higher spatial dimensions. In working with four dimensions, rather than three, he created quaternion algebra. According to Hamilton, on 16 October he was out walking along the
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points. He had some disposition towards the life of a clergyman, but preferred to keep himself free to devote all his time to science: he was offered ordination by two bishops.
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Hamilton was born at midnight. In his younger years, his birthday was celebrated on 3 August, but after the birth of his second son on 4 August 1835 he changed it to 4 August.
2359:. In September 2022 evidence was presented to counter this suggestion, which appears to have been based on an incorrect understanding of both quaternions and their history.
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2178:, in which mathematicians take a walk from Dunsink Observatory to the bridge, where no trace of the carving remains, though a stone plaque does commemorate the discovery.
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and Hamiltonian approaches have proven important in the study of continuous classical systems in physics, and quantum mechanical systems: the techniques find use in
1702:. There is a basic mathematical explanation of the phenomenon, namely that the wave surface is not the boundary of a convex body. A fuller understanding awaited the
2094:, when the book was split into two volumes, the first appearing in 1899 and the second in 1901. The subject index and footnotes in this second edition improved the
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The step from optics to dynamics in the application of the method of "Varying Action" was made in 1827, and communicated to the Royal Society, in whose
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673:, County Meath. The Disney sons attended Trinity College, and Hamilton had friends among them. At Summerhill, he met Catherine Disney, their sister.
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818:, who declined as well. Hamilton eventually married Helen Marie Bayly in 1833, a country preacher's daughter, and had three children with her:
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The introductory lectures by Hamilton in astronomy were celebrated; in addition to his students, they attracted scholars, poets, and women.
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1730:. Hamilton's advances enlarged the class of mechanical problems that could be solved. His principle of "Varying Action" was based on the
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crystals). A ray of light entering such a crystal at a certain angle would emerge as a hollow cone of rays. This discovery was known as
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Hamilton was the fourth of nine children born to Sarah Hutton (1780–1817) and Archibald Hamilton (1778–1819), who lived in Dublin at 29
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2727:
4329:
4034:
541:, the young Hamilton was capable of working out some calculations to many decimal places. In September 1813, the American calculating
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by Fiacre Ó Cairbre, Department of Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Maynooth (2005), Irish Math. Soc. Bulletin 65 (2010)
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In reaction to his defeat, Hamilton spent less time studying languages, and more on mathematics. At age ten, he stumbled across a
506:, and before he was 13, he had acquired, under the care of his uncle, a dozen languages: classical and modern European languages,
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2371:(born 1834), Archibald Henry (born 1835) and Helen Eliza Amelia (born 1840). Helen stayed with her widowed mother at Bayly Farm,
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and his family, he stayed at Dunsink with Hamilton. On a second tour in England with Nimmo in 1831, Hamilton parted from him at
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function that is now universally known as the Hamiltonian, is the starting-point for calculation in almost any area of physics.
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His first discovery was in an early paper that he communicated in 1823 to John Brinkley, who presented it under the title of
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530:. The emphasis of Hamilton's early education on languages is attributed to the wish of his father to see him employed by the
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Wave Motion: Theory, Modelling, and Computation: Proceedings of a Conference in Honor of the 60th Birthday of Peter D. Lax
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692:, a significant correspondent and frank critic of his poetry. It was a contact he made through Maria Edgeworth's circle.
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2355:. In particular, the Mad Hatter's tea party was meant to represent the folly of quaternions and the need to revert to
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to whom his uncle James Hamilton was curate. During the same period, his uncle introduced him to the Disney family at
55:
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1998:, of certain classes of physically-important differential equations, only parts were published, at intervals, in the
3191:
Facets of Faith and Science: The Role of Beliefs in Mathematics and the Natural Sciences: An Augustinian Perspective
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a man ever to disguise, though too diffident to obtrude, his profound conviction of the truth of revealed religion.
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have all spoken. 2005 was the 200th anniversary of Hamilton's birth and the Irish government designated that the
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1735:
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Hamilton was Dunsink's third director, having worked there from 1827 to 1865. His career included the study of
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2090:, a hefty volume of 762 pages, to publication in 1866. As copies ran short, a second edition was prepared by
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which had occupied the last six years of his life. He died on 2 September 1865, following a severe attack of
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was also present. After the visit, Hamilton sent numerous poems to Wordsworth, becoming a "poetic disciple".
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1995:
1971:
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617:, a family friend, who brought to his attention the contemporary mathematics published by the group at the
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1946:, Hamilton also introduced the cross and dot products of vector algebra, the quaternion product being the
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Classical Mechanics: Chaper 5: Hamilton Formulation of Mechanics: Description of Motion in Phase Spaces
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Chase, Gene (1966). "Has Christian theology furthered mathematics". In van der Meer, Jitse M. (ed.).
1955:
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2133:. Other honours rapidly succeeded, among which his election in 1837 to the president's chair in the
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2114:. The first award, in 1834, was for his work on conical refraction, for which he also received the
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1975:
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occurred to him; Hamilton then carved this equation using his penknife into the side of the nearby
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1809:
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1640:, that brings together mechanics and optical theory. It helped to establish the foundations of the
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744:, near Liverpool, where Hamilton had a chance to assess the calculator Master Noakes. They visited
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Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light
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It is believed by some modern mathematicians that Hamilton's work on quaternions was satirized by
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in 1834 and 1835. In these papers, Hamilton developed his central principle of "Varying Action".
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Hamilton retained his faculties unimpaired to the last, and continued the task of finishing the
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A plaque under the Broom Bridge, associated with the discovery of quaternions, was unveiled by
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elected its first Foreign Associates, and decided to put Hamilton's name on top of their list.
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were issued by Ireland in 1943 to mark the centenary of the announcement of quaternions. A 10-
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When he died, Hamilton was working on a definitive statement of quaternion science. His son
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Newly appointed to the Observatory, Hamilton set off on a tour in Ireland and England with
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in Paris. John Brinkley remarked of the precocious Hamilton, "This young man, I do not say
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1983:
1962:"tensor" and "scalar", and was the first to use the word "vector" in the modern sense.
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and others in their researches. There is Hamilton's paper on fluctuating functions in
1648:. He proposed it when he first predicted its existence in the third supplement to his
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1947:
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and had tea with Wordsworth. Hamilton returned to Dublin, via Edinburgh and Glasgow.
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3193:. Vol. 2. University Press of America; Pascal Centre for Advanced Studies.
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601:. During this period, he encountered what he believed to be a logical error in
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Dublin University Review and Quarterly Magazine Vol. I, Trinity College Dublin
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A result of this work is a prediction for transparent biaxial crystals (i.e.
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1991:
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3527:
Simon L. Altmann (1989). "Hamilton, Rodrigues and the quaternion scandal".
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3321:
2070:, the extension to eight dimensions by the introduction of complex number
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Math and mathematicians: the history of math discoveries around the world
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Math and mathematicians: the history of math discoveries around the world
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2118:
of the Royal Society the following year. He was to win it again in 1848.
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In 1827, Hamilton presented a theory of a single function, now known as
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School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland
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2137:, and the rare distinction of being made a corresponding member of the
1887:
had reached a result that amounted to their discovery in all but name.
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3465:"The extension of classical dynamics for unstable Hamiltonian systems"
3074:"William Rowan Hamilton and William Wordsworth: the Poetry of Science"
3035:"William Rowan Hamilton and William Wordsworth: the Poetry of Science"
2818:"William Rowan Hamilton and William Wordsworth: the Poetry of Science"
2779:"William Rowan Hamilton and William Wordsworth: the Poetry of Science"
1906:
in Dublin with his wife when the solution in the form of the equation
771:
When Wordsworth visited Dublin in the summer of 1829, in a party with
2734:
Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886
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The Hamilton Building at Trinity College Dublin is named after him.
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Hamilton introduced, as a method of analysis, both quaternions and
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Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
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1942:, a radical step for the time. In the context of this prototype
1113:
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Hamilton, now Royal Astronomer of Ireland, took up residence at
4126:
3498:"How Physics Found a Geometric Structure for Math to Play With"
1659:(23 April 1827), and the first part was printed in 1828 in the
4107:
4102:
3831:"Alice without quaternions: another look at the mad tea-party"
36:
3589:"Cunningham Medal Awarded to Professor John V. McCanny, MRIA"
3563:"Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (V)"
2445:
Lewis, Albert (2004). "Hamilton, William Rowan (1805–1865)".
2288:(quantum) in physics, and, in a different sense, a term from
470:
including its Hamilitonian function are now central both to
4154:
Andrews Professor of Astronomy, Royal Astronomer of Ireland
2061:
Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865): Mathematical Papers
446:, the last of which made him one of the founders of modern
2610:"Our portrait gallery – No. XXVI. Sir William R. Hamilton"
2261:
Numerous other concepts and objects in mechanics, such as
1994:. Of his investigations into the solutions, especially by
4112:
3421:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 65–67.
3221:. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit, Mich.: U X L. p. 209.
2059:
For Hamilton's mathematical papers see David R. Wilkins,
906:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
27:
Irish mathematician, astronomer and physicist (1805–1865)
605:, an observation which led Hamilton to be introduced to
2919:
Blain, Virginia H. "Hamilton, Eliza Mary (1807–1851)".
2679:
The Gentleman's magazine. vol 220, 1866 Jan–Jun, p. 129
1715:
for 1834 and 1835 there are two papers on the subject.
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
3442:
Dictionary of Irish Biography: Hamilton, William Rowan
1734:, in the general class of problems included under the
3415:
Chorin, AlexandreJ; Majda, Andrew J. (8 March 2013).
3166:
Pritchard, Charles (1866). "William Rowan Hamilton".
2316:
870:
681:
that during this period he might have become a poet.
4285:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2982:
The Kaleidoscope: or, Literary and scientific mirror
1655:The Royal Irish Academy paper was finally entitled
377:
365:
346:
324:
312:
294:
258:
247:
224:
103:
93:
77:
62:
34:
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3147:De Morgan, Augustus (1866). "Sir W. R. Hamilton".
2324:
2240:in 2005 to commemorate 200 years since his birth.
905:
591:In mid-1822, Hamilton began a systematic study of
411:(3/4 August 1805 – 2 September 1865) was an Irish
4083:. School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin.
3168:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2391:List of things named after William Rowan Hamilton
2250:List of things named after William Rowan Hamilton
2193:holds an annual public Hamilton lecture at which
2125:which was held that year in Dublin, Hamilton was
677:Over twenty years later, in 1847, he confided in
4265:Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium
2653:"Boyton, Charles, Dictionary of Irish Biography"
2185:is an applied mathematics research institute at
2074:. When his work was assembled in 1853, the book
2041:Hamilton, Sir W.R., Hamilton, W.E. (ed) (1866),
1883:in 1843. Among much prior related work, in 1840
2121:In 1835, being secretary to the meeting of the
1793:
613:by examination, at age 17. His tutor there was
3965:Life of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Volume III
3835:British Journal for the History of Mathematics
3615:"Memorial Address: Sir William Rowan Hamilton"
3019:
3017:
2689:Wayman, P. A. "Brinkley, John (1766/7–1835)".
2566:. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
2160:celebrating the 200th anniversary of his birth
1879:Hamilton made his discovery of the algebra of
1853:advancement of science, without restrictions.
1726:was a powerful new technique for working with
4138:
3952:Life of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Volume II
3469:Computers & Mathematics with Applications
3251:William Rowan Hamilton: Portrait of a Prodigy
1690:. Hamilton found it from the geometry of the
1595:
740:. One call was to Sarah Lawrence's school at
450:. He has made major contributions in optics,
8:
4001:. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit, Mich.: U X L.
3939:Life of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Volume I
2925:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2695:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2533:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2451:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
752:in September of that year, where the writer
4280:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
1890:Hamilton was looking for ways of extending
1614:Hamilton made outstanding contributions to
4145:
4131:
4123:
3800:"The Mad Hatter's Secret Ingredient: Math"
3347:Born, Max; Wolf, Emil (28 February 2000).
3149:Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2575:
2573:
2143:United States National Academy of Sciences
1602:
1588:
849:
54:
31:
4087:Wolfram Research's William Rowan Hamilton
3846:
3480:
3391:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2258:are a formulation of classical mechanics.
1935:(which Hamilton called Brougham Bridge).
887:
881:
872:
871:
869:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3000:. Oxford University Press. p. 355.
2772:
2770:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2211:Hamilton Year, celebrating Irish science
2172:, has organised a pilgrimage called the
2170:National University of Ireland, Maynooth
2152:
2141:. Later, in 1864, the newly established
1938:The quaternions involved abandoning the
569:. By age 16, he had covered much of the
4108:The Hamilton Mathematics Institute, TCD
4067:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2922:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2692:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2591:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2448:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2406:
1661:Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy
921:
857:
720:Personal life, travel and poetic visits
629:, the first mathematician of his age."
575:, as well as some more recent works on
117:
3829:Anne van Weerden (25 September 2022).
3780:from the original on 26 September 2021
3328:from the original on 26 September 2021
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2376:he was happier after some depression.
2280:The Hamiltonian is the name of both a
1978:, examining the results arrived at by
494:who ran a school in Talbots Castle in
4275:Presidents of the Royal Irish Academy
3680:from the original on 10 February 2005
3670:"Hamilton, William Rowan (1805–1865)"
3621:from the original on 18 February 1999
3591:. Royal Irish Academy. Archived from
3569:from the original on 5 September 2015
3463:Petrosky, T; Prigogine, Ilya (1997).
3270:Reville, William (26 February 2004).
2624:from the original on 17 November 2017
2542:
2540:
2168:on 13 November 1958. Since 1989, the
1284:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7:
3639:Graves (1889) Vol. III, pp. 204–206.
2737:. Oxford: Parker and Co – via
2139:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1828:, have extended Hamilton's work, in
653:In 1824, Hamilton was introduced at
462:, particularly his reformulation of
458:. His work is fundamental to modern
3969:. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co.
3956:. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co.
3943:. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co.
3290:from the original on 4 January 2015
2524:"Hamilton, Sir William Rowan"
1706:of the middle of the 20th century,
1265:Mechanics of planar particle motion
873:
716:after hearing one of his lectures.
3810:from the original on 16 March 2010
3272:"Ireland's Greatest Mathematician"
2642:Graves (1882) Vol. I, pp. 124, 128
2047:London: Longmans, Green, & Co.
2015:. It is based on the concept of a
1738:which had been studied earlier by
1719:Context and importance of the work
25:
4245:19th-century Irish mathematicians
3729:from the original on 17 July 2006
3699:Twenty Years of the Hamilton Walk
3508:from the original on 29 July 2020
3151:. Vol. 1. pp. 128–134.
2217:marked the year by launching the
2053:Introductory Lecture on Astronomy
632:The college awarded Hamilton two
4270:Directors of Dunsink Observatory
4260:Irish people of Scottish descent
4255:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
3961:Graves, Robert Perceval (1889).
3948:Graves, Robert Perceval (1885).
3496:Hartnett, Kevin (29 July 2020).
2608:Graves, Robert Perceval (1842).
2563:Dictionary of National Biography
1569:
1568:
1555:
888:
714:The Prayer of the Lonely Student
4103:The Hamilton year 2005 web site
3895:. Charles Mollan. p. 610.
3117:. Clarendon Press. p. 26.
2998:William Wordsworth: A Biography
2959:. Charles Mollan. p. 603.
2557:"Hamilton, William Rowan"
2106:Hamilton was twice awarded the
1665:On a General Method in Dynamics
636:s, or off-the-chart grades, in
237:
4350:People from Trim, County Meath
4305:19th-century Irish astronomers
3925:Johns Hopkins University Press
2854:Graves (1889) Vol. III, p. 404
2219:Hamilton Mathematics Institute
425:Andrews Professor of Astronomy
349:Andrews Professor of Astronomy
1:
4315:19th-century Irish physicists
4208:Henry Crozier Keating Plummer
4051:Mathematics Genealogy Project
3974:Barker, Juliet R. V. (2001).
3848:10.1080/26375451.2022.2085446
3482:10.1016/S0898-1221(97)00116-8
2267:Hamilton's principal function
2007:Hamilton also introduced the
1785:Dictionary of Irish Biography
1638:Hamilton's principal function
1191:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
4355:Scientists from County Meath
4062:"Sir William Rowan Hamilton"
3878:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. xix
3353:. CUP Archive. p. 805.
3137:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 191
2939:UK public library membership
2909:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 230
2890:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 655
2881:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 409
2872:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 285
2863:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 326
2709:UK public library membership
2586:"Sir William Rowan Hamilton"
2465:UK public library membership
2325:{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }
1259:Non-inertial reference frame
3993:Bruno, Leonard C. (2003) .
3919:Hankins, Thomas L. (1980).
3869:Graves (1885) Vol. II, p. 1
3725:. Trinity College, Dublin.
3215:Bruno, Leonard C. (2003) .
2728:"Butler, Richard (3)"
2477:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 1.
2032:Hamilton, Sir W.R. (1853),
1990:, and the invention of the
1800:Many scientists, including
1186:Appell's equation of motion
1056:Inertial frame of reference
559:; and at twelve he studied
4371:
4093:Sir William Rowan Hamilton
4080:Sir William Rowan Hamilton
3617:. Trinity College Dublin.
3452:Cambridge University Press
2614:Dublin University Magazine
2422:Graves (1882) Vol. I, p. 1
2247:
1860:
1759:also belongs to Hamilton.
1712:Philosophical Transactions
1669:Philosophical Transactions
732:, who was coaching him on
532:British East India Company
404:Sir William Rowan Hamilton
4330:People from Cabra, Dublin
4161:
3376:"Making waves in physics"
3111:Paley, Morton D. (1999).
2277:are named after Hamilton.
1970:Hamilton looked into the
1885:Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues
1736:principle of least action
1657:Theory of Systems of Rays
502:already made progress in
397:
393:
389:
354:
342:
338:
334:
287:
178:Coining the word 'scalar'
173:Coining the word 'tensor'
53:
4072:University of St Andrews
3978:. Penguin. p. 411.
3923:. Baltimore and London:
3888:Mollan, Charles (2007).
3749:"William Rowan Hamilton"
3114:Coleridge's Later Poetry
2952:Mollan, Charles (2007).
2596:University of St Andrews
2347:Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
2333:, in honour of Hamilton.
2271:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
2158:Irish commemorative coin
2038:Dublin: Hodges and Smith
1966:Other mathematical works
1894:(which can be viewed as
1667:, which appeared in the
1349:Rotating reference frame
1181:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
802:, who had died in 1831.
649:Personal life and poetry
188:Hamiltonian vector field
138:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
4345:Mathematical physicists
3933:Graves, Robert Perceval
3774:"Hamilton Building TCD"
3374:Berry, Michael (2000).
2530:Encyclopædia Britannica
2275:Cayley-Hamilton theorem
2238:Central Bank of Ireland
2088:Elements of Quaternions
2076:Lectures on Quaternions
2050:Hamilton, W.R. (1833),
2044:Elements of Quaternions
2035:Lectures on Quaternions
1996:numerical approximation
1972:solution of the quintic
1740:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
1290:Newton's laws of motion
1150:Newton's laws of motion
832:Elements of Quaternions
792:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
566:Arithmetica Universalis
213:Cayley–Hamilton theorem
4340:Theoretical physicists
4230:William Rowan Hamilton
4172:William Rowan Hamilton
4047:William Rowan Hamilton
3921:William Rowan Hamilton
3253:, Dublin: Boole Press
3249:Sean O’Donnell (1983)
3078:Studies in Romanticism
3072:Brown, Daniel (2012).
3039:Studies in Romanticism
3033:Brown, Daniel (2012).
2996:Gill, Stephen (1990).
2931:10.1093/ref:odnb/61561
2822:Studies in Romanticism
2816:Brown, Daniel (2012).
2783:Studies in Romanticism
2777:Brown, Daniel (2012).
2457:10.1093/ref:odnb/12148
2369:William Edwin Hamilton
2326:
2299:is usually denoted by
2215:Trinity College Dublin
2161:
2084:William Edwin Hamilton
2001:Philosophical Magazine
1876:
1863:History of quaternions
1834:differential equations
1798:
1732:calculus of variations
1317:Simple harmonic motion
1230:Euler's laws of motion
1024:D'Alembert's principle
907:
820:William Edwin Hamilton
768:
684:In 1825, Hamilton met
611:Trinity College Dublin
429:Trinity College Dublin
316:Trinity College Dublin
98:Trinity College Dublin
41:William Rowan Hamilton
4023:Chow, Tai L. (2013).
3704:16 March 2012 at the
3674:www.daviddarling.info
3322:10.5040/9781350971424
2701:10.1093/ref:odnb/3438
2327:
2232:commemorative silver
2156:
1871:Quaternion Plaque on
1870:
1748:Joseph Louis Lagrange
1724:Hamiltonian mechanics
1696:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
1171:Hamiltonian mechanics
989:Statistical mechanics
908:
840:Mount Jerome Cemetery
783:, where they climbed
762:
581:differential calculus
468:Hamiltonian mechanics
128:Hamiltonian mechanics
4058:Robertson, Edmund F.
3654:1 April 2012 at the
3529:Mathematics Magazine
3447:6 April 2019 at the
2582:Robertson, Edmund F.
2314:
2263:Hamilton's principle
2256:Hamilton's equations
2226:commemorative stamps
1780:quantum field theory
1764:Lagrangian mechanics
1757:Lagrange's equations
1646:mathematical physics
1642:wave theory of light
1394:Angular acceleration
1386:Rotational frequency
1166:Lagrangian mechanics
1159:Analytical mechanics
915:Second law of motion
868:
688:, younger sister of
123:Hamilton's principle
4335:Royal Medal winners
4196:Charles Jasper Joly
4184:Robert Stawell Ball
4077:Wilkins, David R.,
4056:O'Connor, John J.;
2985:. 1828. p. 95.
2580:O'Connor, John J.;
2396:Theoretical physics
2386:List of astronomers
2352:Alice in Wonderland
2284:(classical) and an
2191:Royal Irish Academy
2187:Maynooth University
2135:Royal Irish Academy
2123:British Association
2112:Royal Irish Academy
2092:Charles Jasper Joly
1976:theory of equations
1898:on a 2-dimensional
1838:symplectic geometry
1728:equations of motion
1704:microlocal analysis
1631:Royal Irish Academy
1616:classical mechanics
1246:Harmonic oscillator
1224:Equations of motion
859:Classical mechanics
853:Part of a series on
763:Master Noakes, the
702:Dunsink Observatory
619:École Polytechnique
464:Newtonian mechanics
460:theoretical physics
452:classical mechanics
319:Dunsink Observatory
4325:Optical physicists
4320:Mental calculators
4250:Linear algebraists
4118:Hamilton biography
4113:Hamilton Institute
3976:Wordsworth: A Life
3595:on 31 October 2014
2675:7 May 2019 at the
2670:Sir W. R. Hamilton
2357:Euclidean geometry
2322:
2236:was issued by the
2183:Hamilton Institute
2162:
2102:Honours and awards
1877:
1688:conical refraction
1562:Physics portal
1176:Routhian mechanics
1051:Frame of reference
903:
838:. He is buried in
769:
746:William Wordsworth
667:Trim, County Meath
436:geometrical optics
66:3 or 4 August 1805
4217:
4216:
4180: (1865—1874)
4091:Cheryl Haefner's
3985:978-0-14-026162-2
3902:978-0-86027-055-3
3428:978-1-4613-9583-6
3360:978-0-521-78449-8
3124:978-0-19-818685-4
3007:978-0-19-282747-0
2966:978-0-86027-055-3
2937:(Subscription or
2707:(Subscription or
2463:(Subscription or
2013:Hamilton's puzzle
1980:Niels Henrik Abel
1944:geometric algebra
1776:relativity theory
1772:quantum mechanics
1612:
1611:
1359:Centrifugal force
1354:Centripetal force
1310:Euler's equations
1295:Relative velocity
1071:Moment of inertia
901:
875:
790:Hamilton visited
767:, 1827 lithograph
765:mental calculator
686:Arabella Lawrence
603:Mécanique Céleste
598:Mécanique Céleste
577:analytic geometry
539:mental calculator
476:quantum mechanics
401:
400:
325:Academic advisors
289:Scientific career
230:Helen Marie Bayly
208:Hamiltonian group
198:Universal algebra
16:(Redirected from
4362:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4124:
4074:
4020:
4000:
3989:
3970:
3957:
3944:
3928:
3907:
3906:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3715:
3709:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3668:Darling, David.
3665:
3659:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3460:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3267:
3261:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3212:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3084:(4): 49–50, 52.
3069:
3063:
3062:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2879:
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2870:
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2846:
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2774:
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2762:
2743:
2742:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2686:
2680:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
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2631:
2629:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2544:
2535:
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2515:
2498:
2495:
2478:
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2460:
2442:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2304:
2195:Murray Gell-Mann
2108:Cunningham Medal
2017:Hamiltonian path
1988:Fourier analysis
1927:
1768:electromagnetism
1652:, read in 1832.
1604:
1597:
1590:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1465:Johann Bernoulli
1460:Daniel Bernoulli
1381:Tangential speed
1285:
1261:
1236:Fictitious force
1231:
1083:Mechanical power
1073:
1014:Angular momentum
912:
910:
909:
904:
902:
900:
892:
891:
882:
877:
876:
850:
671:Summerhill House
657:to the novelist
643:Bishop of Cloyne
498:, County Meath.
472:electromagnetism
456:abstract algebra
440:Fourier analysis
410:
380:
368:
359:
266:Cunningham Medal
241:
239:
158:Icosian calculus
153:Hamiltonian path
114:
84:
81:2 September 1865
58:
48:
32:
21:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4300:Irish Anglicans
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4202:E. T. Whittaker
4157:
4151:
4055:
4043:
4009:
3992:
3986:
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3887:
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3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3723:hamilton.tcd.ie
3717:
3716:
3712:
3706:Wayback Machine
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3656:Wayback Machine
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3624:
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3608:
3598:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3541:10.2307/2689481
3526:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3502:Quanta Magazine
3495:
3494:
3490:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3449:Wayback Machine
3440:
3436:
3429:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3310:"The BK Bounce"
3308:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3280:The Irish Times
3274:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3248:
3244:
3229:
3214:
3213:
3202:
3188:
3187:
3183:
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3071:
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2974:
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2776:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2746:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2677:Wayback Machine
2668:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2554:, eds. (1890).
2548:Stephen, Leslie
2546:
2545:
2538:
2517:
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2481:
2476:
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2444:
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2426:
2421:
2417:
2412:
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2382:
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2343:
2312:
2311:
2307:blackboard bold
2300:
2295:The algebra of
2252:
2246:
2166:Éamon de Valera
2151:
2131:lord-lieutenant
2104:
2098:accessibility.
2029:
1968:
1940:commutative law
1910:
1892:complex numbers
1865:
1859:
1846:
1721:
1650:Systems of Rays
1629:in 1824 to the
1608:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1344:Circular motion
1338:
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1250:
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1208:
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1092:
1088:Mechanical work
1081:
1065:
1003:
995:
994:
993:
948:
940:
917:
893:
883:
866:
865:
848:
828:
811:
730:Alexander Nimmo
722:
712:wrote her poem
698:
665:, the vicar of
659:Maria Edgeworth
651:
589:
492:Trinity College
488:Dominick Street
484:
406:
378:
366:
360:
355:
317:
305:
301:
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243:
240: 1833)
235:
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220:
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116:
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94:Alma mater
89:
88:Dublin, Ireland
86:
82:
73:
67:
49:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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4158:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4098:Hamilton Trust
4095:
4089:
4084:
4075:
4053:
4042:
4041:External links
4039:
4038:
4037:
4035:978-1466569980
4021:
4007:
3990:
3984:
3971:
3958:
3945:
3929:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3841:(3): 230–237.
3821:
3791:
3765:
3740:
3710:
3691:
3660:
3641:
3632:
3606:
3580:
3554:
3535:(5): 291–308.
3519:
3488:
3455:
3434:
3427:
3407:
3366:
3359:
3339:
3301:
3262:
3242:
3227:
3200:
3181:
3158:
3139:
3130:
3123:
3103:
3064:
3025:
3013:
3006:
2988:
2972:
2965:
2944:
2911:
2902:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2808:
2789:(4): 475–501.
2766:
2764:Hankins (1980)
2744:
2723:Foster, Joseph
2714:
2681:
2662:
2644:
2635:
2600:
2569:
2536:
2521:, ed. (1911).
2519:Chisholm, Hugh
2499:
2479:
2470:
2424:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2364:
2361:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2320:
2293:
2278:
2259:
2248:Main article:
2245:
2244:Commemorations
2242:
2207:Timothy Gowers
2150:
2147:
2103:
2100:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2028:
2025:
1984:George Jerrard
1967:
1964:
1929:
1928:
1900:Argand diagram
1861:Main article:
1858:
1855:
1845:
1842:
1789:David Spearman
1720:
1717:
1700:singular point
1694:introduced by
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1565:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Coriolis force
1368:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
922:
919:
918:
913:
899:
896:
890:
886:
880:
862:
861:
855:
854:
847:
844:
827:
824:
816:Aubrey De Vere
810:
807:
800:William Roscoe
721:
718:
710:Felicia Hemans
697:
694:
690:Sarah Lawrence
663:Richard Butler
661:, by the Rev.
655:Edgeworthstown
650:
647:
615:Charles Boyton
588:
585:
483:
480:
448:linear algebra
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
375:
374:
369:
363:
362:
352:
351:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
314:
310:
309:
296:
292:
291:
285:
284:
282:
281:
275:
269:
262:
260:
256:
255:
249:
245:
244:
233:
229:
228:
226:
222:
221:
219:
218:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
109:
108:
107:
105:
104:Known for
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
85:(aged 60)
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
43:
40:
35:
26:
24:
18:W. R. Hamilton
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4367:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:Irish knights
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4178:Franz Brünnow
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4166:John Brinkley
4164:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4029:. CRC Press,
4028:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3478:
3475:(2–4): 1–44.
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3393:10.1038/47364
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3340:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:The BK Bounce
3311:
3305:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3259:0-906783-06-2
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3023:Barker (2001)
3020:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2725:(1888–1892).
2724:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:In literature
2340:
2335:
2332:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:Frank Wilczek
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:Hamilton Walk
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:biquaternions
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:cross product
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
944:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
920:
916:
897:
894:
884:
878:
864:
863:
860:
856:
852:
851:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
825:
823:
821:
817:
808:
806:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
781:Lake District
778:
774:
773:John Marshall
766:
761:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
719:
717:
715:
711:
706:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
682:
680:
679:John Herschel
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:John Brinkley
604:
600:
599:
594:
587:Student years
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
546:Zerah Colburn
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
499:
497:
493:
489:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:mathematician
409:
405:
396:
392:
388:
385:
384:Franz Brünnow
382:
376:
373:
372:John Brinkley
370:
364:
358:
353:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:
329:John Brinkley
327:
323:
320:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
261:
257:
254:
251:3, including
250:
246:
227:
223:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:Biquaternions
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
113:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
80:
76:
71:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4171:
4078:
4065:
4024:
3996:
3975:
3964:
3951:
3938:
3920:
3890:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3803:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3752:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3722:
3713:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3673:
3663:
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2021:graph theory
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2006:
1999:
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1937:
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193:Icosian game
183:cis notation
163:Nabla symbol
133:Hamiltonians
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4240:1865 deaths
4235:1805 births
4210:(1912—1921)
4204:(1906—1912)
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3753:colnect.com
3719:"About HMI"
3174:: 109–118.
2552:Lee, Sidney
2297:quaternions
2116:Royal Medal
1952:dot product
1904:Royal Canal
1881:quaternions
1857:Quaternions
1848:Hamilton's
1844:Mathematics
1540:von Neumann
1207:Core topics
842:in Dublin.
750:Rydal Mount
725:in Dublin.
444:quaternions
367:Preceded by
299:Mathematics
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2657:www.dib.ie
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2234:proof coin
1960:neologisms
1950:minus the
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1455:Maupertuis
1418:Scientists
1300:Rigid body
974:Kinematics
777:Birmingham
696:At Dunsink
537:An expert
516:Hindustani
482:Early life
417:astronomer
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3857:2637-5451
3758:8 October
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3294:4 January
3090:0039-3762
3051:0039-3762
2834:0039-3762
2795:0039-3762
1992:hodograph
1875:in Dublin
1830:mechanics
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1802:Liouville
1782:. In the
1762:Both the
1684:triclinic
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1402:frequency
1322:Vibration
1039:potential
964:Continuum
959:Celestial
936:Textbooks
785:Helvellyn
738:longitude
572:Principia
423:. He was
421:physicist
361:1827–1865
357:In office
303:Astronomy
203:Hodograph
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4017:41497065
3935:(1882).
3892:Sciences
3808:Archived
3778:Archived
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1500:Hamilton
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1336:Rotation
1305:dynamics
1255:Inertial
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979:Kinetics
969:Dynamics
947:Branches
931:Timeline
796:Highgate
742:Gateacre
734:latitude
555:copy of
520:Sanskrit
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4049:at the
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