1431:
1592:, filling government positions by skills demonstrated in written examinations, and opening them up to men of all classes. She followed this with popular promotions and increased salaries. Wu issued Acts of Grace and other decrees of relief for the commons, and funded religious activities. However, toward the end of her reign she lost popular support due to the influence of the two young Zhang brothers she took as lovers and the resulting corruption in government. When her court officials intervened, they killed the Zhang brothers, Wu Zetian abdicated the next day, and the so-called Zhou dynasty fizzled to an end with the restoration of the Tang. Nevertheless, some of Wu Zetian's achievements have left their mark on history, such as the emphasis in subsequent Chinese history on merit-based examinations, as well as extant monuments, including huge parts of
1331:
348:
1554:
66:
1443:
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1588:. Wu's reign resulted in a greater level of Chinese imperial power both externally and internally. This was accomplished along with diminishing the power of the old official class, drawn from the traditionally powerful clans, thus greatly changing the dynamics of power in China. Wu Zetian greatly enhanced the prestige and effectiveness of the
1565:
1544:
Nevertheless, historically (rather than according to novels) her reign began and continued with extensive violence, combined with the use of secret police and a network of informers. The debate about Wu's use of violence and coercion is more as to how some of it may have been exaggerated and how much
1363:
of Zhou once she became ruler in name also. Beginning in 655, Wu began to preside over court meetings in the name of the emperor, and she co-ruled with
Emperor Gaozong until his death. After Gaozong's death, she ruled in name of her sons, who reigned officially as puppet emperors, and power was
1545:
of it was necessary for her own survival, particularly given the animosity of the clans of old nobility of the northern China plain that adamantly opposed her, together with a social and political system which found a woman of her accomplishments to be anathema solely on the basis of gender.
1430:
1541:. Wu Zetian's rule was long also seen as a period of great tyranny, though in more recent decades this seems to have lessened or reversed, as the appearance of Wu Zetian in countless Chinese works of fiction seems to depict her as a wise ruler.
1479:
claimed to have found a document predicting the reign of a woman of great merit who would become universal ruler In support of her imperial ambitions, Wu Zetian also proclaimed herself "Sage Mother", having statues of
1533:, a Tang royal mausoleum. Furthermore, Wu Zetian was the only emperor of Zhou China, which does not fit the concept of a dynasty. There were, however, other dynasties of a similar length, such as the
1464:). Despite Wu's infamous rise to power, there is evidence that suggests women were granted more privileges during her reign, and China was in a state of great prosperity during her rule.
1495:, which prophesied that a female emperor would eradicate illness, worry and disaster from the world. She sought the support of the Buddhist clergy to this end. In 673 Wu provided 20,000
1568:
The
Unwritten Monument, erected by Wu Zetian without the usual inscribing of text, due to her view that what she had to express was too sublime to be expressed in words. Located in the
1618:. Thus, though the Zhou dynasty failed to take root as an actual dynasty, it was one of the more important eras in Chinese history, and of influence on modern global culture.
1503:. Unlike her predecessor's dynasty, Wu Zetian selected people in her government based on their skills, and not on their status. The Buddhist clergy created a document called
1449:, begun before the life of Wu Zetian, she contributed greatly to them, both as wife of Gaozu and during her subsequent Zhou dynasty. In 2000 the site was inscribed upon the
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1264:
1204:
894:
1364:
completely and solely in her hands. In 690, she deposed her son, Emperor
Ruizong, and declared herself Huangdi (emperor) of her Zhou Dynasty.
1785:
1194:
1359:
regent for her husband, Emperor
Gaozong, or her sons, giving her a head-start in accomplishing her aims, which she then consolidated as
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398:
1515:
as the reincarnation of
Vimalaprabha. This document was presented to Wu Zetian two months before the proclamation of the Zhou Dynasty.
388:
1065:
1802:
1694:《资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪二十》：辛亥，明堂成，高二百九十四尺，方三百尺。凡三层：下层法四时，各随方色。中层法十二辰；上为圆盖，九龙捧之。上层法二十四气；亦为圆盖，上施铁凤，高一丈，饰以黄金。中有巨木十围，上下通贯，栭栌棤藉以为本。下施铁渠，为辟雍之象。号曰万象神宫。
1596:. Wu Zetian was personally an author and poet, with many surviving works, including sixty-one essays under her name recorded in the
1417:
1330:
819:
1576:
The Wu Zhou dynasty had many achievements both in a broader historical sense as well as in contrast to the reigns of
Emperors
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Traditionalist
Chinese historiography considers the dynasty as a period of the Tang dynasty, as Wu was also the former
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1817:
1553:
1522:, also predicting the rise of a female monarch, of which Wu Zetian ordered 100,000 copies be printed and distributed.
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poetry anthology was published, the poets of which were very influential to the subsequent flourishing of
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1177:
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589:
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31:
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Wu Zetian became a very active supporter of
Buddhism. Furthermore, she claimed to be an incarnation of
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30:
This article is about an interregnal period of the Tang dynasty. For other dynasties named Zhou, see
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from the end of Gaozu's reign and even more so during her Zhou dynasty period, during which the
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Chronicle of the
Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China
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1500:
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1438:= 93m tall). Many major construction projects were started during Wu Zetian's time.
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anthology of Tang poetry. Wu Zetian and her court left a remarkable legacy of
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whose reigns bracketed hers, and in contrast to her weak and sickly husband
1475:, both of which Wu Zetian exploited for self-promoting propaganda. The monk
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Before her coronation, Wu Zhao (as she was then known), was often acting as
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1296:
that existed between 690 and 705. The dynasty consisted of the reign of one
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1704:
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The
Realignment of India–China Relations
1488:
1468:
116:
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Model of Bright Hall of Luoyang commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294
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1402: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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95:
1308:, in 690. The dynasty lasted until another one of Wu Zhao's sons, the
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The dynasty's capital was Shendu (神都 "Divine Capital", present-day
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1600:"Collected Tang Essays" and forty-six poems collected in the
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as "an outstanding manifestation of human artistic creativity"
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1505:
Commentary on the Meaning of the Prophecy about Shenhuang
1678:
Chen gui and Other Works Attributed to Emperor Wu Zetian
1658:
Chen gui and Other Works Attributed to Emperor Wu Zetian
1630:, a similarly short-lived interregnum established by
1484:'s mother as "Sage Mother" placed in Daoist temples
1304:(Wu Zetian), who usurped the throne of her son, the
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1316:. Historians generally regard the Wu Zhou as an
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1797:. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson.
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1418:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1520:The Great Spell of Unsullied Pure Light
1323:Wu named her dynasty after the ancient
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1499:for a gigantic statue of Maitreya at
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1780:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1529:of a Tang emperor and was buried in
1400:adding citations to reliable sources
1336:Tang Emperor travels with attendants
1823:Former countries in Chinese history
1467:The dynasty's state religions were
27:Chinese imperial dynasty (690–705)
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1778:The Woman Who Discovered Printing
1752:The Woman Who Discovered Printing
1280:, known in historiography as the
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1603:Complete Tang Poems
1511:who would rule the
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1675:Twitchett, Denis.
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932:Southern Song
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572:
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1771:Bibliography
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1706:, Tansen Sen
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1598:Quan Tangwen
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1549:Achievements
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1539:Shun dynasty
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1509:Chakravartin
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1394:Please help
1389:verification
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1356:
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1342:, depicting
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1325:Zhou dynasty
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1314:Tang dynasty
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1173:LGBT history
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820:Northern and
818:
788:
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756:
724:
714:
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696:(220–280 AD)
690:
677:
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653:(206–202 BC)
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628:(221–207 BC)
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593:(475–221 BC)
566:(771–256 BC)
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277:Tang dynasty
264:Tang dynasty
246:Succeeded by
245:
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230:Chinese cash
226:Chinese coin
125:Confucianism
43:
1636:Han dynasty
1634:during the
1628:Xin dynasty
1616:Tang poetry
1535:Xin dynasty
1318:interregnum
1220:Discoveries
1215:Cartography
1210:Archaeology
1148:Art history
1037:(1644–1912)
1024:(1368–1644)
1011:(1271–1368)
981:(1115–1234)
968:(1038–1227)
964:Western Xia
936:(1127–1279)
768:Eastern Jin
758:Western Jin
683:(25–220 AD)
679:Eastern Han
659:Western Han
538: 1046
518: 1046
514: 1250
491: 1600
467: 2070
408: 8500
389:Paleolithic
380:Prehistoric
241:Preceded by
1812:Categories
1642:References
1612:Zhuying ji
1513:Jambudvipa
1477:Xue Huaiyi
1351:Background
1340:Zhang Xuan
1334:Detail of
1225:Inventions
955:(916–1125)
926:(960–1127)
914:(960–1279)
581: – c.
579: 770
540: – c.
516: – c.
505:Late Shang
493: – c.
469: – c.
410: – c.
135:Government
75: 700
1828:Wu Zetian
1632:Wang Mang
1578:Zhongzong
1408:July 2024
1344:Wu Zetian
901:(907–979)
862:(690–705)
852:(618–907)
839:(581–618)
826:(420–589)
794:(304–439)
772:(317–420)
762:(266–316)
730:(266–420)
673:(9–23 AD)
399:Neolithic
363:Dynasties
207:Wu Zetian
191:Wu Zetian
166:Wu Zetian
113:Religion
98:(Luoyang)
70:Wu Zhou,
1793:(1998).
1622:See also
1489:Maitreya
1469:Buddhism
1357:de facto
1188:Timeline
1115:(Taiwan,
1095:of China
609:Imperial
358:Timeline
332:a series
330:Part of
222:Currency
209:deposed
139:Absolute
117:Buddhism
1582:Ruizong
1462:Luoyang
1368:History
1361:huangdi
1302:Wu Zhao
1286:Chinese
1282:Wu Zhou
859:Wu Zhou
449:Ancient
428:Yangtze
204:Emperor
202:•
176:History
107:Chinese
92:Capital
59:690–705
1801:
1784:
1473:Daoism
1451:UNESCO
1288::
1057:Modern
713:, and
431:, and
422:Yellow
334:on the
305:Balhae
179:
151:
121:Taoism
96:Shendu
86:Empire
82:Status
39:Wu Zhu
1682:(PDF)
1662:(PDF)
1482:Laozi
1338:, by
482:Shang
1799:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1580:and
1497:cash
1471:and
1278:Zhou
1033:Qing
1020:Ming
1007:Yuan
951:Liao
910:Song
848:Tang
529:Zhou
50:Zhou
1436:chi
1398:by
977:Jin
835:Sui
726:Jin
710:Shu
704:Wei
669:Xin
637:Han
624:Qin
520:BC)
458:Xia
1814::
1300:,
1290:武周
716:Wu
707:,
576:c.
535:c.
511:c.
488:c.
464:c.
425:,
405:c.
228:,
127:,
123:,
72:c.
1572:.
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53:周
41:.
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20:)
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