371:, where he examined a large number of primate teeth from the Pleistocene. He believes that early humans hunted mammals on grasslands and did not live in sub-tropic forests that existed at Longgupo in that period, making it impossible for the set of fossils to have belonged to a human. While Russell Ciochon no longer believes the jaw to belonged to a human, he still claims that the two stone tools found with fossils were created by humans. However, according to him, "They must have been more recent additions to the site."
1756:
27:
1780:
1768:
383:
The discovery of the Wushan Man and its related materials such as stone various vertebrate fossils, and stone artifacts such as cores, points, scrapers, drilling tools, etc. show evidence of human agency. This is important because it suggests that the creators of these tools have made the change from
311:
who first reported the jaw fragment from
Longgupo as human, announced his retraction of the findings. He is convinced that the Longgupo fossil do not belong to a pre-erectus human, but rather to unknown apes that originated from primal forests in Pleistocene Southeast Asia. He mentioned that
204:. Excavations from 1997 to 2006 have found additional stone tools and animal fossils including remains of 120 species of vertebrates, 116 of which are mammals. This suggests that the fossils originally existed in a subtropical forest environment. Remains of
374:
Jeffrey
Schwartz, one of the critics of the original claim, found Ciochon's retraction astonishing since it is not a common occurrence that a scientist announces a retraction after changing his mind, praising the openness as something positive.
295:. The incisor was found to be more consistent with that of an East Asian person, who may have accidentally entered the fissure of the Longgupo Cave deposits because of natural forces such as flowing water.
170:
771:
Han, Fei; Bahain, Jean-Jacques; Deng, Chenglong; Boëda, Éric; Hou, Yamei; Wei, Guangbiao; Huang, Wanbo; Garcia, Tristan; Shao, Qingfeng; He, Cunding; Falguères, Christophe (2017-04-01).
773:"The earliest evidence of hominid settlement in China: Combined electron spin resonance and uranium series (ESR/U-series) dating of mammalian fossil teeth from Longgupo cave"
1818:
3576:
3317:
2913:
1653:
555:
3532:
3041:
3364:
2815:
889:
849:
266:
of the
University of Michigan is not convinced that the partial jaw is a hominid. He believed that the fossils might have belonged of an orangutan or
899:
1741:
1585:
894:
1643:
904:
1648:
1526:
718:
282:. However, it was found that the teeth did not fit in the range of variation of those found in orangutans, which ruled out this possibility.
1811:
1605:
243:
was invited to
Longgupo to examine and provide a reliable age for the jaw. In 1995, Ciochon then published the findings in the journal
1714:
2942:
1848:
1580:
713:
Ciochon RL. Olsen JW. James J. (1990). Other origins : the search for the giant ape in human prehistory New York: Bantam Books
316:
arrived in Asia about 1.6 million years ago, but steered clear of the forest in pursuit of grassland game, which means that the pre-
3036:
3561:
2952:
1990:
1804:
1724:
1620:
1501:
819:
779:. Quaternary Biostratigraphy in East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Research Approach on Gigantopithecus Fauna and Human Evolution.
3678:
1719:
1020:
3688:
3673:
3174:
2704:
1964:
842:
391:
The new evidence suggests that hominids entered Asia before 2 Myr, coincident with the earliest diversification of genus
121:
in 1985. The remains are dated to around 2 million years ago and were originally considered to represent a subspecies of
3169:
2709:
2182:
1590:
1467:
1353:
2135:
1784:
1688:
1506:
1027:
881:
466:(published by People's Education Press), has plans to include the discovery of "Wushan Man" as a part of its content.
2032:
364:
3683:
3437:
3238:
1772:
1546:
1477:
1013:
1006:
999:
571:
Jin, Changzhu; Ciochon, Russell L.; Dong, Wei; Hunt, Robert M.; Liu, Jinyi; Jaeger, Marc; Zhu, Qizhi (2007-06-26).
165:
The "Dragon Bone Slope" at
Longgupo was discovered as a site containing fossils in 1984. From 1985 to 1988, it was
3149:
3058:
1729:
1625:
1521:
3432:
2524:
2069:
1760:
1063:
835:
166:
145:
3549:
3459:
2631:
2398:
2217:
2150:
1882:
1698:
1635:
1595:
1041:
3637:
3511:
3117:
3008:
2996:
2692:
2433:
2272:
1909:
1843:
1827:
1693:
1668:
1663:
1556:
1511:
1472:
1034:
239:
Early reports of these excavation in
Chinese journals did not garner attention outside of China. In 1992,
2579:
3376:
3312:
3186:
2879:
2805:
2574:
2512:
2388:
2336:
2329:
1875:
1077:
262:
report, several doubts about the specimens were raised. Upon seeing the specimens on a trip to China,
3593:
3588:
3571:
3566:
3544:
3334:
3048:
2901:
2793:
2697:
2490:
2175:
2145:
1974:
1917:
1658:
1561:
1462:
1423:
1368:
1273:
977:
970:
784:
656:
584:
485:
440:
evolving in Asia. Recent research finds that its wrist and foot bones are anatomically like those of
3632:
3243:
3102:
2935:
2468:
2341:
2222:
2197:
1070:
271:
32:
1779:
140:
113:, literally "Shaman Mountain Man") is a set of fossilised remains of an extinct, undetermined non-
3583:
3486:
3388:
3201:
2596:
2383:
2113:
2079:
1615:
1482:
1457:
1333:
698:
680:
224:
200:
3625:
3615:
3605:
3554:
3211:
2423:
2408:
2393:
2373:
2264:
2243:
2054:
1897:
1734:
1600:
1541:
1531:
1302:
1266:
1120:
914:
802:
753:
714:
672:
620:
602:
429:
259:
218:
135:
3620:
3527:
3270:
3112:
3053:
2773:
2729:
2529:
2351:
2202:
2162:
1858:
1610:
1363:
1180:
1142:
989:
792:
743:
664:
610:
592:
534:
448:
423:
was not the first human species to leave Africa and supports the argument made by some that
304:
245:
96:
3642:
3501:
3471:
3233:
3161:
3139:
3097:
2992:
2962:
2827:
2822:
2473:
2356:
1927:
1417:
1390:
1288:
1246:
858:
308:
263:
240:
194:
788:
660:
588:
285:
More recently, it had been argued that the jaw fragment was indistinguishable from Late
3610:
3537:
3359:
3324:
3255:
3144:
3016:
2724:
2309:
2299:
2101:
1237:
941:
927:
866:
615:
572:
291:
275:
212:
185:
395:
in Africa. Clearly, the first hominid to arrive in Asia was a species other than true
355:
fauna, I had to envision a chimpanzee-sized ape in its place — either a descendant of
331:
coexisted in the same environment—an argument he had previously made in his book 1990
3667:
3496:
3481:
3427:
3302:
3290:
3206:
3129:
2957:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2606:
2517:
2446:
2187:
2130:
2108:
2017:
1949:
1944:
1922:
1405:
1258:
948:
192:
were unearthed along with animal fossils including teeth from the extinct large ape
26:
3415:
3371:
3352:
3307:
3179:
3107:
3031:
2853:
2788:
2783:
2739:
2366:
2248:
2212:
2192:
2044:
2022:
1934:
1411:
1399:
1341:
1215:
1163:
1128:
1053:
960:
684:
490:
278:
also published a claim in Nature that the teeth found in
Longgupo were those of an
206:
149:
123:
3464:
403:
hominid in China as early as 1.9 Myr provides the most likely antecedents for the
797:
772:
3454:
3444:
3400:
3395:
3347:
3285:
3221:
3122:
2967:
2889:
2810:
2798:
2591:
2559:
2544:
2534:
2505:
2463:
2378:
2346:
2294:
2227:
2064:
1939:
1295:
1222:
1194:
1187:
1135:
500:
495:
475:
229:
697:
Culotta E. (1995). Asian
Hominids Grow Older. Science, 270: (5239), 1116–1117.
577:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3598:
3491:
3449:
3265:
3228:
3191:
2674:
2586:
2451:
2413:
2314:
2287:
2207:
2120:
2037:
2005:
1959:
1870:
1838:
1280:
1201:
480:
442:
419:
fossil critically important to the study of human origins as it suggests that
363:
A key factor in changing his opinion about the fossil was a 2005 visit to the
806:
606:
270:
based on the shape of the missing neighboring tooth of a preserved premolar.
3506:
3405:
3297:
3275:
3260:
3075:
2858:
2843:
2768:
2751:
2669:
2554:
2485:
2480:
2403:
2282:
2170:
2096:
1863:
1853:
1347:
1252:
597:
279:
72:
52:
757:
624:
541:. This piece in Nature is based on a contribution to the forthcoming book"
228:
in the jaw suggested that its remains belonged to the earliest part of the
676:
3280:
3216:
3021:
2761:
2756:
2664:
2539:
2361:
2324:
2304:
1796:
1208:
1173:
1150:
871:
347:
lived together, everything changed: if early humans were not part of the
233:
3342:
3248:
3134:
3092:
3068:
2848:
2654:
2564:
2418:
2319:
2277:
2140:
2059:
2012:
2000:
1358:
934:
702:
437:
368:
286:
178:
174:
114:
3410:
3087:
2947:
2925:
2778:
2714:
2659:
2049:
2027:
1995:
1969:
668:
189:
104:
748:
731:
538:
3476:
3196:
3080:
2930:
2884:
2746:
2601:
2549:
2495:
2125:
2091:
1433:
1324:
1314:
827:
118:
76:
3422:
3383:
3063:
2863:
2719:
2649:
2569:
2441:
1954:
1092:
16:
Fossil of an extinct non-hominin ape of central China from 2 mya
2990:
2629:
1895:
1800:
831:
333:
Other
Origins: The Search for the Giant Ape in Human Prehistory
3026:
2734:
2500:
2458:
144:
or "Dragon Bone Slope"), Zhenlongping Village, Miaoyu Town of
169:
by a team of Chinese scientists, led by Huang Wanpo from the
529:
Ciochon RL. (2009). "The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia.
250:
which brought attention to the fossils on a global scale.
171:
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
459:
in Asia would be consistent with such a possible origin.
399:, and one that possessed a stone-based technology. A pre-
643:
Huang, W; Ciochon, R; Gu, Y; et al. (1995). "Early
427:
evolved in Asia instead of Africa. The discovery of
3520:
3333:
3160:
3007:
2872:
2836:
2685:
2642:
2432:
2263:
2236:
2161:
2078:
1983:
1908:
1707:
1681:
1634:
1572:
1491:
1450:
1443:
1389:
1322:
1313:
1236:
1161:
1108:
1091:
1051:
987:
958:
913:
880:
865:
82:
68:
60:
47:
39:
1337:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
820:Ancient "Wushan Man" written into history textbook
556:Early "Human" Is Ape After All, Discoverer Decides
1812:
843:
573:"The first skull of the earliest giant panda"
8:
19:
545:(eds, Fleagle, J. G. et al. Springer, 2009)
3004:
2987:
2639:
2626:
2084:
1905:
1892:
1819:
1805:
1797:
1447:
1319:
1112:
1105:
919:
877:
850:
836:
828:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
320:species did not appear in southeast Asia.
25:
796:
747:
614:
596:
1742:Human evolutionary developmental biology
638:
636:
634:
323:Russell Ciochon no longer believes that
511:
18:
1527:Evolutionary models of human drug use
647:and associated artefacts from Asia".
543:Out of Africa I: Who, When and Where?
433:is significant to this theory of pre-
184:In 1986, three fore-teeth and a left
7:
1767:
359:, or a previously unknown ape genus.
289:-Pliocene Chinese apes of the genus
732:"News: Early man becomes early ape"
177:and the Chongqing National Museum (
134:The fossils were found in 1985 in
14:
2943:Megalithic architectural elements
1778:
1766:
1755:
1754:
3562:Evolutionary origin of religion
365:Guangxi Natural History Museum
109:
1:
3175:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2705:British megalith architecture
303:In the 18 June 2009 issue of
3170:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2710:Nordic megalith architecture
798:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.025
339:Without the assumption that
1785:Evolutionary biology Portal
822:(11 December 2003) EedOrbit
415:This makes its status as a
384:tool-using to tool-making.
3705:
3318:British Isles and Brittany
3239:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
462:A middle school textbook,
3003:
2986:
2638:
2625:
2087:
1904:
1891:
1834:
1750:
1730:Evolutionary anthropology
1115:
922:
139:
100:
24:
777:Quaternary International
559:National Geographic News
146:Wushan County, Chongqing
3550:Evolutionary musicology
2953:Oldest extant buildings
2880:Archaeological features
2399:Prepared-core technique
1636:Origin of modern humans
598:10.1073/pnas.0704198104
3512:Unchambered long cairn
3360:Mound Builders culture
2693:Neolithic architecture
1828:Prehistoric technology
413:
361:
198:and pygmy giant panda
3679:Early species of Homo
3187:List of Stone Age art
2389:Microblade technology
2337:Langdale axe industry
1935:Ard / plough
1644:Recent African origin
882:Last common ancestors
389:
337:
117:ape found in central
31:Wushan Man fossil at
3689:History of Chongqing
3674:Archaeology of China
3594:Prehistoric medicine
3589:Prehistoric counting
3572:Prehistoric religion
3567:Paleolithic religion
3545:Behavioral modernity
2902:Causewayed enclosure
2794:Abri de la Madeleine
1918:Neolithic Revolution
1659:Behavioral modernity
1649:Multiregional origin
1429:archaic Homo sapiens
1424:Homo heidelbergensis
1369:Red Deer Cave people
554:Handwerk B. (2009).
486:Red Deer Cave people
387:According to Nature:
161:1984–1988: Discovery
3633:Prehistoric warfare
2379:Magdalenian culture
2342:Levallois technique
2273:Earliest toolmaking
1296:H. neanderthalensis
1216:H. e. tautavelensis
789:2017QuInt.434...75H
730:Dalton, R. (2009).
661:1995Natur.378..275W
589:2007PNAS..10410932J
583:(26): 10932–10937.
464:The Chinese History
452:. Evidence for pre-
56:, species uncertain
33:Three Gorges Museum
21:
3584:Origin of language
3577:Spiritual drug use
3487:Rectangular dolmen
3389:Dartmoor kistvaens
3202:Carved stone balls
2914:Circular enclosure
2873:Other architecture
2816:Alp pile dwellings
2404:Solutrean industry
2315:Gravettian culture
1965:Secondary products
1483:Self-domestication
1274:H. heidelbergensis
1223:H. e. yuanmouensis
1188:H. e. lantianensis
915:Australopithecines
225:Ailuropoda microta
201:Ailuropoda microta
3684:Prehistoric China
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3606:Prehistoric music
3555:music archaeology
3212:Cup and ring mark
3037:Clothing/textiles
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2424:Yubetsu technique
2409:Striking platform
2374:Lithic technology
2259:
2258:
2244:Game drive system
2163:Projectile points
2055:Mortar and pestle
1794:
1793:
1735:Paleoanthropology
1677:
1676:
1654:Archaic admixture
1532:Stoned ape theory
1468:Endurance running
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1232:
1231:
1195:H. e. nankinensis
1151:H. tsaichangensis
1087:
1086:
719:978-0-553-07081-1
655:(6554): 275–278.
430:Homo floresiensis
219:Equus yunnanensis
129:H. e. wushanensis
90:
89:
3696:
3621:Divje Babe flute
3528:Archaeoastronomy
3271:Petrosomatoglyph
3005:
2988:
2837:Water management
2640:
2627:
2530:Denticulate tool
2352:Lithic reduction
2085:
1906:
1893:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1782:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1694:Human prehistory
1669:Recent evolution
1664:Early migrations
1606:Thermoregulation
1507:Expensive tissue
1478:Sexual selection
1448:
1320:
1202:H. e. pekinensis
1113:
1106:
1021:A. bahrelghazali
990:Australopithecus
920:
890:Chimpanzee–human
878:
852:
845:
838:
829:
823:
817:
811:
810:
800:
768:
762:
761:
751:
727:
721:
711:
705:
695:
689:
688:
669:10.1038/378275a0
640:
629:
628:
618:
600:
568:
562:
552:
546:
533:. 459: 910-911.
527:
449:Australopithecus
272:Jeffrey Schwartz
143:
111:
102:
69:Place discovered
29:
22:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3649:
3516:
3502:Stone box grave
3472:Megalithic tomb
3377:Cotswold-Severn
3329:
3234:Guardian stones
3162:Prehistoric art
3156:
2999:
2974:
2963:Timber trackway
2868:
2832:
2828:Wattle and daub
2681:
2660:Standing stones
2634:
2613:
2428:
2255:
2232:
2157:
2074:
1984:Food processing
1979:
1928:New World crops
1900:
1887:
1830:
1825:
1795:
1790:
1746:
1703:
1689:Human evolution
1673:
1630:
1574:
1568:
1547:Cooperative eye
1492:Specific models
1487:
1439:
1418:Homo antecessor
1373:
1309:
1303:H. rhodesiensis
1267:H. floresiensis
1228:
1209:H. e. soloensis
1181:H. e. georgicus
1157:
1121:H. gautengensis
1096:
1094:
1083:
1047:
983:
954:
909:
900:Orangutan–human
869:
861:
859:Human evolution
856:
826:
818:
814:
770:
769:
765:
749:10.1038/459899a
729:
728:
724:
712:
708:
696:
692:
642:
641:
632:
570:
569:
565:
553:
549:
539:10.1038/459910a
528:
513:
509:
472:
381:
341:Gigantopithecus
325:Gigantopithecus
309:Russell Ciochon
301:
264:Milford Wolpoff
256:
241:Russell Ciochon
195:Gigantopithecus
163:
158:
83:Date discovered
64:2 million years
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Alligator drum
3603:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3538:lunar calendar
3535:
3524:
3522:
3521:Other cultural
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3325:Venus figurine
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Megalithic art
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3207:Cave paintings
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3009:Material goods
3001:
3000:
2991:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2725:Cliff dwelling
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Fire hardening
2307:
2302:
2300:Clovis culture
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2223:Manis Mastodon
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:throwing stick
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1914:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1699:Human timeline
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:Drunken monkey
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1451:General models
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:Archaic humans
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1143:H. rudolfensis
1139:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1064:P. aethiopicus
1059:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
993:
985:
984:
982:
981:
974:
966:
964:
956:
955:
953:
952:
945:
942:Sahelanthropus
938:
931:
928:Nakalipithecus
923:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
884:
875:
863:
862:
857:
855:
854:
847:
840:
832:
825:
824:
812:
763:
722:
706:
690:
630:
563:
547:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
471:
468:
380:
377:
357:Lufengpithecus
300:
297:
292:Lufengpithecus
276:Ian Tattersall
255:
254:Initial doubts
252:
213:Nestoritherium
162:
159:
157:
154:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3701:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Simple dolmen
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Passage grave
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:Gallery grave
3426:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:Burial mounds
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Statue menhir
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3291:Stone carving
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Sewing needle
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Timber circle
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:Tor enclosure
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:fulacht fiadh
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:spear-thrower
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:Bow and arrow
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Grinding slab
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Domestication
1948:
1946:
1945:Digging stick
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Founder crops
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:New Stone Age
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:Life history
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:Homo ergaster
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1335:H. s. sapiens
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Modern humans
1312:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1289:H. luzonensis
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:H. antecessor
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1174:H. e. erectus
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1028:A. deyiremeda
1025:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
994:
992:
991:
986:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:
968:
967:
965:
963:
962:
957:
951:
950:
949:Kenyanthropus
946:
944:
943:
939:
937:
936:
932:
930:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
916:
912:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Gorilla–human
893:
891:
888:
887:
885:
883:
879:
876:
873:
868:
864:
860:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
833:
830:
821:
816:
813:
808:
804:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
764:
759:
755:
750:
745:
742:(7249): 899.
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
720:
716:
710:
707:
704:
700:
694:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
617:
612:
608:
604:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
564:
561:June 17, 2009
560:
557:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
512:
506:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
467:
465:
460:
458:
455:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
412:
410:
407:evolution of
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
385:
378:
376:
372:
370:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
335:. He states:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
293:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:
221:
220:
215:
214:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
155:
153:
151:
147:
142:
137:
132:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
112:
106:
98:
94:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
28:
23:
3438:wedge-shaped
3423:Funeral pyre
3416:Great dolmen
3372:Chamber tomb
3353:Round barrow
3308:Stone circle
3180:Blombos Cave
3108:Grooved ware
3032:Chalcolithic
2936:Thornborough
2854:Flush toilet
2789:Blombos Cave
2784:Rock shelter
2740:Quiggly hole
2632:Architecture
2607:illustration
2249:Buffalo jump
2070:Storage pits
2033:Aşıklı Höyük
2023:Ground stone
1859:Subdivisions
1783:
1771:
1759:
1626:Gender roles
1621:Intelligence
1434:Homo sapiens
1432:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1412:Homo erectus
1410:
1404:
1400:Homo habilis
1398:
1359:Manot people
1348:H. s. idaltu
1346:
1342:Jebel Irhoud
1334:
1325:Homo sapiens
1323:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1245:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:Homo erectus
1162:
1149:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1109:Proto-humans
1098:
1095:proto-humans
1076:
1069:
1062:
1054:Paranthropus
1052:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1014:A. anamensis
1012:
1007:A. africanus
1005:
1000:A. afarensis
998:
988:
976:
969:
961:Ardipithecus
959:
947:
940:
933:
926:
905:Gibbon–human
815:
780:
776:
766:
739:
735:
725:
709:
693:
652:
648:
644:
580:
576:
566:
558:
550:
542:
530:
491:Tianyuan man
463:
461:
456:
453:
447:
441:
434:
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
409:Homo erectus
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
373:
362:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
338:
332:
328:
324:
322:
317:
313:
302:
290:
284:
267:
257:
244:
238:
223:
217:
211:
207:Sinomastodon
205:
199:
193:
183:
181:Province).
164:
150:Three Gorges
133:
128:
124:Homo erectus
122:
108:
92:
91:
51:
3460:unchambered
3455:Long barrow
3445:Grave goods
3401:Court cairn
3396:Clava cairn
3348:Bowl barrow
3286:Rock cupule
3229:Golden hats
3222:Hill figure
3123:Unstan ware
3103:Cord-marked
2968:Sweet Track
2890:Burnt mound
2811:Stilt house
2799:Sibudu Cave
2592:Tally stick
2560:Quern-stone
2545:Hammerstone
2535:Fire plough
2506:Pesse canoe
2464:Bannerstone
2434:Other tools
2347:Lithic core
2295:Aurignacian
2183:Bare Island
2065:Quern-stone
1557:Grandmother
1512:Shore-based
1473:Aquatic ape
1364:Tam Pa Ling
1259:H. ergaster
1078:P. robustus
501:Zhoukoudian
496:Yuanmou Man
476:Lantian Man
230:Pleistocene
40:Common name
3668:Categories
3599:trepanning
3492:Ring cairn
3450:Jar burial
3433:transepted
3365:U.S. sites
3266:Petroglyph
3192:Bird stone
3150:wine press
2823:Stone roof
2806:Roundhouse
2698:long house
2675:Stonehenge
2643:Ceremonial
2587:Stone tool
2414:Tool stone
2384:Metallurgy
2288:Mousterian
2265:Toolmaking
2203:Cumberland
2176:Transverse
2146:Schöningen
2038:Qesem cave
2006:Earth oven
1960:Irrigation
1871:Technology
1839:Prehistory
1596:Skin color
1581:Bipedalism
1542:Killer ape
1354:Cro-Magnon
1253:Denisovans
1129:H. habilis
1093:Humans and
978:A. ramidus
971:A. kadabba
507:References
481:Peking Man
443:H. habilis
425:H. erectus
421:H. erectus
397:H. erectus
379:Importance
353:Ailuropoda
345:H. erectus
329:H. erectus
314:H. erectus
299:Retraction
258:In a 1995
156:Background
93:Wushan Man
43:Wushan Man
20:Wushan Man
3643:symbolism
3507:Tor cairn
3465:Grønsalen
3406:Cremation
3298:Sculpture
3276:Pictogram
3261:Petroform
3081:amber use
3049:Cosmetics
2859:Reservoir
2844:Check dam
2774:Pueblitos
2769:Pit-house
2752:Longhouse
2686:Dwellings
2555:Microlith
2486:Bow drill
2481:Bone tool
2474:prismatic
2283:Acheulean
2198:Cresswell
2171:Arrowhead
2097:Boomerang
2013:Granaries
1975:Terracing
1854:Stone Age
1715:Theorists
1682:Timelines
1562:Patriarch
1538:Behavior
1463:Gathering
1391:Ancestors
1136:H. naledi
1071:P. boisei
1042:A. sediba
807:1040-6182
783:: 75–83.
607:0027-8424
280:orangutan
188:with two
167:excavated
110:Wūshānrén
73:Chongqing
53:Hominidae
3281:Rock art
3244:painting
3217:Geoglyph
3042:timeline
3022:Beadwork
2762:Mehrgarh
2757:Mudbrick
2665:megalith
2540:Fire-saw
2362:debitage
2357:analysis
2325:Hand axe
2305:Cupstone
1883:Glossary
1844:Timeline
1761:Category
1616:Language
1586:Skeleton
1281:H. longi
1035:A. garhi
872:Hominins
867:Taxonomy
758:19536228
625:17578912
470:See also
411:in Asia.
349:Stegodon
234:Pliocene
232:or late
186:mandible
136:Longgupo
3638:Symbols
3249:pigment
3135:Weaving
3098:Cardium
3093:Pottery
3088:Mirrors
3076:Jewelry
3017:Baskets
2997:culture
2849:Cistern
2655:Pyramid
2597:Weapons
2575:Scraper
2565:Racloir
2525:Cleaver
2513:Chopper
2419:Uniface
2330:Grooves
2320:Hafting
2278:Oldowan
2237:Systems
2188:Cascade
2151:woomera
2141:harpoon
2114:history
2080:Hunting
2060:Pottery
2001:Cooking
1910:Farming
1876:history
1849:Outline
1773:Commons
1725:Fossils
1591:Muscles
1502:Cooking
1458:Hunting
935:Orrorin
785:Bibcode
703:2889189
685:4352713
677:7477345
657:Bibcode
616:1904166
585:Bibcode
454:erectus
438:hominin
435:erectus
405:in situ
401:erectus
369:Nanning
318:erectus
287:Miocene
260:Science
179:Sichuan
175:Beijing
148:in the
115:hominin
97:Chinese
48:Species
3616:flutes
3411:Dolmen
3335:Burial
3145:winery
3118:Linear
2948:Midden
2926:Cursus
2919:Goseck
2779:Pueblo
2730:Dugout
2715:Burdei
2394:Mining
2218:Lamoka
2213:Folsom
2193:Clovis
2050:Metate
2028:Hearth
1996:Basket
1970:Sickle
1708:Others
1611:Speech
1573:Topics
1518:Drugs
1444:Models
805:
756:
736:Nature
717:
701:
683:
675:
649:Nature
623:
613:
605:
531:Nature
305:Nature
268:Pongo,
246:Nature
190:molars
107::
105:pinyin
99::
3533:sites
3477:Mummy
3197:Cairn
3113:Jōmon
3064:shoes
3059:Hides
2931:Henge
2885:Broch
2747:Jacal
2602:Wheel
2550:Knife
2496:Canoe
2491:Burin
2469:Blade
2367:flake
2228:Plano
2136:baton
2126:Spear
2092:Arrow
2045:Manos
1898:Tools
1720:Books
1498:Diet
699:JSTOR
681:S2CID
119:China
77:China
3626:gudi
3384:Cist
3313:list
3140:Wine
3069:Ötzi
3054:Glue
3027:Beds
2995:and
2993:Arts
2864:Well
2720:Cave
2650:Kiva
2580:side
2570:Rope
2518:tool
2452:bone
2442:Adze
2208:Eden
2121:Nets
1991:Fire
1955:Goad
1940:Celt
1601:Hair
1421:) →
1099:Homo
803:ISSN
754:PMID
715:ISBN
673:PMID
645:Homo
621:PMID
603:ISSN
457:Homo
417:Homo
393:Homo
343:and
327:and
274:and
86:1985
2735:Hut
2670:row
2501:Oar
2459:Axe
2447:Awl
1415:(→
1306:(?)
1284:(?)
1262:(?)
1154:(?)
1146:(?)
1124:(?)
793:doi
781:434
744:doi
740:459
665:doi
653:378
611:PMC
593:doi
581:104
535:doi
446:or
367:in
173:in
141:龙骨坡
131:).
101:巫山人
61:Age
3670::
1431:→
1427:→
1409:/
1403:→
801:.
791:.
775:.
752:.
738:.
734:.
679:.
671:.
663:.
651:.
633:^
619:.
609:.
601:.
591:.
579:.
575:.
514:^
307:,
236:.
222:,
216:,
210:,
152:.
103:;
75:,
1820:e
1813:t
1806:v
1101:)
1097:(
874:)
870:(
851:e
844:t
837:v
809:.
795::
787::
760:.
746::
687:.
667::
659::
627:.
595::
587::
537::
351:–
248:,
138:(
127:(
95:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
