31:
482:
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crystallizes on the pond's floor. Currently, the main salt-producing industries use this system. The largest saltworks in the world, both in size and production, is the so-called
Guerrero Negro, located in the Ojo de Liebre coastal lagoon, in the municipality of Mulejé, Baja California, Mexico. Other important saltworks are found on the coast of Australia, as well as on the Mediterranean coasts of France and Spain.
2629:
47:
377:
39:
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share of the market. Although mining salt was generally more expensive than extracting it from brine via solar evaporation of seawater, the introduction of this new source reduced the price of salt due to a reduction of monopolization. Extraction of salt from brine is still heavily used; for example,
840:. Later examples were made from iron. This change coincided with a change from wood to coal for the purpose of heating the brine. Brine would be pumped into the pans and concentrated by the heat of the fire burning underneath. As crystals of salt formed, these would be raked out and more brine added.
572:
was one of the reasons for the French
Revolution. Logically, one of the first economic measures taken was the abolition of the gabelle. In 1806, Napoleon reinstated the monopoly, but applied it uniformly across all of France. Additionally, tax categories were established based on the intended use of
642:
Evidence of Early
Neolithic salt pans, dating to 3766â3647 BCE, have been unearthed in Yorkshire. Evidence of Bronze Age production, c. 1,400 BCE, has been identified in Somerset, Iron Age production in Hampshire, and Roman rock salt production in Cheshire. Salt was produced from both mines and sea
567:
had to pay for salt at an official price and were also required to purchase a fixed amount annually, while in other areas, no taxes were paid at all. As a result, in the 18th century, the price of salt in Paris was 20 times higher than its price in
Brittany, encouraging smuggling between regions.
91:. It helped eliminate dependence on seasonal availability of food, and made it possible to transport food over large distances. However, salt was often difficult to obtain, so it was a highly valued trade item, and was considered a form of currency by many societies, including Rome. According to
816:
In the correct climate (one for which the ratio of evaporation to rainfall is suitably high), it is possible to use solar evaporation of sea water to produce salt. Brine is evaporated in a linked set of ponds until the solution is sufficiently concentrated by the final pond so that the salt
831:
One of the traditional methods of salt production in more temperate climates is using open pans. In open-pan production, salt brine is heated in large, shallow open pans. The earliest examples of this date back to prehistoric times and the pans were made of either a type of ceramic called
699:, meaning "place", by the 11th century use of the 'wich' suffix in place names was associated with places with a specialised function including that of salt production. Several English places carry the suffix and are historically related to salt, including the
527:. During times of prosperity the mines controlled by the enterprise of Cracow Saltmines supplied up to 1/3 of the income to the treasury. The extraction of salt existed since 13th century and lasted up to 1964. In 1996 the exploitation was ceased entirely.
568:
This tax was particularly despised due to both the regional differences in its application and the disproportion between the value of the product, which in many places could be obtained almost for free, and the amount demanded for it. The injustice of the
731:
of 1086, "an indication of the significance of the salt-working towns in the economy of the region, and indeed of the country". Salt was very important to Europe because it was hard to trade with Africa and they needed to produce it themselves.
604:
in his address to
Congress mentioned a mountain of salt, 180 miles long and 45 wide, supposed to lie near the Missouri River, which would have been of inconceivable value, as a reason for their expedition.
114:" in a place name sometimes means it was once a source of salt, as in Northwich and Droitwich, although other "-wich" towns are so named from the Saxon 'wic', meaning fortified dwelling or emporium. The
241:
in Bosnia and
Herzegovina was named in Hungarian SĂł (salt) from the twelfth century on and later "place of salt" by the Ottomans, who regarded Tuzla's salt exports for significant regional tax revenue.
1915:
530:
Cities, states and duchies along the salt roads exacted heavy duties and taxes for the salt passing through their territories. This practice even caused the formation of cities, such as the city of
907:
is sometimes added to the brine before evaporation. The practice is endangered due to competition with cheap industrially-produced commercial salt. Only two traditions survive to the present day:
933:
encouraged his fellow healers to use salt water to heal various ailments by immersing their patients in sea water. The ancient Greeks continued this, and in 1753, English author and physician
754:
During modern times, it became more profitable to sell salted food than pure salt. Thus sources of food to salt went hand in hand with salt making. The
British controlled saltworks in the
772:
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries used the technology and methods pioneered by salt miners, even to the degree that they looked for oil where salt domes were located.
573:
the salt, so that the salt used for food paid a higher rate than that used for livestock or industry. The special tax on salt was definitively abolished in France in 1945.
1828:
1945:
903:
for at least several months. These are burned into ash then seawater is run through the ashes on a filter. The resulting brine is then evaporated in containers.
2071:
A dissertation on the use of sea-water in the diseases of the glands. Particularly the scurvy, jaundice, King's-evil, leprosy, and the glandular consumption
1923:
856:
In the second half of the 19th century, industrial mining and new drilling techniques made the discovery of more and deeper deposits possible, increasing
929:
The earliest systematic exposition of the different kinds of salts, its uses, and the methods of its extraction was published in China around 2700 BCE.
253:
using water to dissolve the salt. In solution mining, the salt reaches the surface as brine, from which the water is evaporated, leaving salt crystals.
1379:
1647:
621:
2183:
1981:
1886:
1857:
1016:
1953:
British Salt
Limited and New Cheshire Salt Works Limited: A report on the acquisition by British Salt Limited of New Cheshire Salt Works Limited
2122:
848:
The open pan salt works has effectively been replaced with a closed pan system where the brine solution is evaporated under a partial vacuum.
2149:
1527:
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1812:
1787:
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30:
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Early
Neolithic salt production, dating to approximately 6,000 BCE, has been identified at an excavation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca,
2465:
1836:
2177:
1082:
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in which he declared that salt was a "common defence against the corruption ofâŠbodies" and "contribut greatly to all cures".
585:
2189:
637:
589:
2643:
1956:
1244:
95:, Roman soldiers were paid in salt, from which the word salary is derived, although this is disputed by historians. Many
2544:
2092:
609:
577:
1730:. Council for British Archaeology North West The Lion Salt Works Trust, The University of Manchester Archaeology Unit.
1355:"Anadolu KĂŒltĂŒr OluĆumunda Tuzun RolĂŒ- The Role of Salt in the Formation of the Anatolian Culture | Alper GölbaĆ"
373:
may have been an allowance paid to Roman soldiers for the purchase of salt, but even that is not well established.
581:
75:. All life depends on its chemical properties to survive. It has been used by humans for thousands of years, from
2142:
1406:
2673:
2066:
934:
784:
A 'zouthuisje', i.e. little salt-house, used for salt making today. Many of these structures can be found near
727:. Middlewich, Nantwich, Northwich and Droitwich are known as the "Domesday Wiches" due to their mention in the
1304:"The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania"
2199:
1098:
740:
664:
435:
515:
The salt contributed to the citiesâ and even entire countriesâ wealth. One of the best examples of that is
438:
was both a driver of technological development and a stable source of revenue for the imperial government.
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2039:
1077:
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354:
2011:
1989:
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266:
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681:
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161:, and seas. Salt beds may be up to 350 metres (1,150 ft) thick and underlie broad areas. In the
493:
Salt has played a prominent role in determining the power and location of the world's great cities.
306:, the town is thought by archaeologists to have accumulated wealth by supplying salt throughout the
110:
All through history, availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. In
Britain, the suffix "
2322:
1447:
1422:
1104:
1026:
965:
597:
543:
275:
225:, Austria, was named "the city of salt," for its mines. High-quality rock salt was cut in medieval
2347:
2048:
1708:
1700:
337:, roads were built to make transportation of salt to the capital city easier. An example was the
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to its north, because it supplied it with a kind of salt that came to be called by its name,
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261:
174:
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2116:
992:
953:
884:
617:
593:
535:
250:
119:
92:
60:, also referred to as table salt or by its chemical formula NaCl (sodium chloride), is an
1673:"Roman Salt Production in Chichester Harbour: Rescue Excavations at Chidham, West Sussex"
780:
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2440:
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2302:
2247:
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1359:
Batman Ăniversitesi YaĆam Bilimleri Dergisi, Batman University Journal of Life Sciences
968:, whence traders distributed them throughout the rest of Ethiopia, as far south as the
908:
878:
866:
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salt shipments in an attempt to interfere with their ability to preserve food. Before
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in France varied significantly depending on the region. The provinces subjected to the
539:
358:
330:
322:
314:
210:
84:
61:
1728:
Brine in Britannia - Recent Archaeological Work on the Roman Salt Industry in Cheshire
450:
273:
were probably started in Antiquity and were first mentioned in 804 in the document on
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2445:
2392:
2342:
1712:
1543:
1113:
1036:
808:), or mining. Evaporation can be by solar evaporation, or using some heating device.
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115:
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393:
366:
346:
270:
226:
206:
127:
88:
2037:
Bass-Becking, L.G.M. (May 1931). "Historical Notes on Salt and Salt-Manufacture".
230:
1303:
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198:
170:
104:
38:
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1607:"Early Neolithic salt production at Street House, Loftus, north-east England"
1591:
1566:"Early Neolithic salt production at Street House, Loftus, north-east England"
486:
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896:
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234:
154:
150:
139:
126:. Today, salt is almost universally accessible, relatively cheap, and often
96:
80:
1221:
912:
800:
On an industrial scale, salt is produced in one of two principal ways: the
1480:
Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues.
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2397:
2387:
2252:
1623:
1606:
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salt taxâwas enacted in 1286. From its inception, the application of the
502:
429:
350:
326:
303:
222:
214:
182:
69:
2435:
2312:
1648:"Ancient Britons extracted salt from seawater more than 5500 years ago"
1062:
755:
689:
551:
524:
498:
425:
381:
307:
289:
178:
2652:
1946:"Factors affecting rivalry in the relevant market prior to the merger"
1704:
1672:
501:
port to become the prime exporting port for the salt dug in the great
302:, was built around a salt production facility. Located in present-day
2372:
2052:
1805:
China's state-owned enterprises : nature, performance and reform
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417:
385:
342:
318:
299:
246:
194:
166:
143:
123:
65:
17:
2047:(5). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 434â446.
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1354:
1520:
A pinch of salt. Use, production and history of salt in the world.
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29:
1516:
Una pizca de sal. Uso, obtenciĂłn e historia de la sal en el mundo
1500:
2158:
1327:"Bulgarians find oldest European town, a salt production center"
996:
837:
334:
190:
57:
2131:
2012:"Food for Thought: Do You Know The Guimaras Ingredient Tultul?"
1522:] (in Spanish). Zaragoza, Spain: Prames. pp. 284â290.
762:
445:
72:
667:
in Hampshire, where salt production was a notable industry.
146:(also known as rock salt). Rock salt occurs in vast beds of
580:, salt has been a major factor in outcomes of wars. In the
329:
and other peoples of antiquity. In the early years of the
1807:. Vol. 1. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 351.
1514:
Calvo Rebollar, Miguel; Calvo Sevillano, Guiomar (2023).
361:, much closer to Rome. The word "salary" comes from the
2127:
462:
2641:
2123:
The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory
1780:
Salt Production and Social Hierarchy in Ancient China
388:, China extracting brine from deep underground wells.
1427:
Kiwi Hellenist: Modern Myths about the Ancient World
1423:"Salt and salary: were Roman soldiers paid in salt?"
365:
word for salt. The persistent modern claim that the
2584:
2558:
2527:
2474:
2426:
2218:
2165:
1858:"Towards an understanding of open pan salt making"
972:. These salt blocks served as a form of currency.
751:and retained its significance until 20th century.
512:for much of the world's salt in the 19th century.
245:Salt is extracted from underground beds either by
50:Ancient method of boiling brine into pure salt in
1380:"The history of salt production at Droitwich Spa"
1150:"Economics of NaCl: Salt made the world go round"
87:was a founding contributor to the development of
677:are names associated (but not exclusively) with
400:salt was a precious commodity carried along the
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
353:due to its shallow depth, had more productive
2143:
2073:. London: Owen and Goadby. pp. vi, xii.
169:, extensive underground beds extend from the
8:
1452:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
2099:. Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University.
1143:
1141:
1139:
369:were sometimes paid in salt is baseless; a
153:minerals that result from the drying up of
2150:
2136:
2128:
1782:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
1239:
1237:
1235:
719:(a small village south of Northwich), and
1754:The Culture of Food in England, 1200-1500
1622:
1581:
741:Monopolies over salt production and trade
952:, were carved from the salt pans of the
861:vacuum salt produced by British Salt in
412:consisting of as many as forty thousand
2648:
2184:International Salt Co. v. United States
1325:Maugh II, Thomas H. (1 November 2012).
1135:
1017:International Salt Co. v. United States
1891:Lion Salt Works History & Heritage
1862:Lion Salt Works History & Heritage
1501:"Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka"
883:In traditional salt production in the
420:bearing salt to inland markets in the
103:in Italy, had been established by the
1982:"Guimaras: The Sweet Taste of Summer"
546:no longer needed their salt revenue.
7:
2514:List of countries by salt production
1421:Gainsford, Peter (11 January 2017).
416:traversed four hundred miles of the
118:was a key region that supported the
1605:Sherlock, Stephen J. (2021-03-31).
1204:The Bronze Age and the Celtic World
620:protest to demonstrate against the
432:was a noted salt and slave market.
384:and drilling rig from Qing dynasty
1454:. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA:
899:, or other plant matter soaked in
844:Closed pan production under vacuum
142:, and the sodium chloride mineral
138:Salt comes from two main sources:
25:
1546:. Library of Congress. p. 12
869:market for salt used in cooking.
345:trail), leading from Rome to the
333:, with the growth of the city of
2651:
2628:
2627:
1803:Sheng, Hong; Zhao, Nong (2013).
1482:(Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013;
960:, then carried by camel west to
449:
349:. The Adriatic, having a higher
213:, underground beds are found in
2466:Salt and cardiovascular disease
1247:. Domesday Book. Archived from
1174:"A Brief History of Food: Salt"
2113:Salt Institute History of Salt
1083:Salt in the American Civil War
821:Open pan production from brine
692:. Originally derived from the
313:Salt was of high value to the
42:Naturally formed salt crystals
1:
2119: (archived March 3, 2009)
1564:Sherlock, Stephen J. (2021).
812:Solar evaporation of seawater
638:History of salt in Middlewich
424:, sometimes trading salt for
298:, the earliest known town in
185:basin. Other deposits are in
2097:Economic History of Ethiopia
1944:The Competition Commission.
610:Indian independence movement
1353:Alper GölbaĆ (1970-01-01).
1302:Weller, Oliver (Dec 2005).
2695:
1916:"Vacuum Pan Salt Refining"
922:
876:
824:
743:were essential aspects of
651:method was used along the
631:
628:Salt production in England
489:, Denmark (reconstruction)
404:into the heartland of the
2679:History of food and drink
2625:
2178:In the American Civil War
1757:. Yale University Press.
1671:Bradley, Richard (1992).
1407:Oxford English Dictionary
1206:. London: Benn Brothers.
2484:Salt Industry Commission
2093:Pankhurst, Richard K. P.
1726:Nevell, Michael (2005).
1829:"Solar Salt production"
1099:Moscow uprising of 1648
948:blocks of salt, called
534:in 1158, when the then
497:rose from just a small
436:Salt in Chinese history
233:, and southern Poland (
2040:The Scientific Monthly
1778:Flad, Rowan K (2011).
1751:Woolgar, C.M. (2016).
1544:"Account of Louisiana"
1285:. Penguin Books, 2003
1078:Salt industry in Ghana
1058:Red hill (salt making)
797:
701:four Cheshire 'wiches'
519:and its Salt Mines in
490:
389:
280:
181:and under much of the
54:
43:
35:
1332:The Los Angeles Times
1283:Salt: A World History
1068:Salt evaporation pond
939:The Uses of Sea Water
783:
484:
379:
264:
49:
41:
34:Collected salt mounds
33:
27:Role in human culture
2509:Open-pan salt making
2333:Monosodium glutamate
1980:Reynaldo, Jerricho.
1624:10.15184/aqy.2021.25
1583:10.15184/aqy.2021.25
956:, especially around
891:, salt is made from
827:Open pan salt making
663:on the banks of the
649:open-pan salt making
508:and thus became the
83:. Salt's ability to
1992:on 19 December 2018
1887:"Early Salt Making"
1646:Marshall, Michael.
1478:Hans Ulrich Vogel.
1448:Rodriguez, Junius P
1105:Seawater greenhouse
1027:James Ford (pirate)
602:President Jefferson
598:Louisiana Territory
544:bishops of Freising
542:, decided that the
485:Salt production on
396:and throughout the
276:Placitum of Riziano
2348:Potassium chloride
2200:In Chinese history
1042:LĂŒneburg Saltworks
798:
745:government revenue
491:
461:. You can help by
390:
281:
267:SeÄovlje Saltworks
55:
44:
36:
2639:
2638:
2576:Salting the earth
2571:Salt in the Bible
2545:San Francisco Bay
2353:Potassium nitrate
1529:978-84-8321-582-1
1281:Kurlansky, Mark.
1226:Project Gutenberg
1178:Tastes of History
995:(Salt Mountain),
964:and Ficho in the
655:coast and in the
582:Revolutionary War
479:
478:
177:through parts of
173:basin of western
77:food preservation
16:(Redirected from
2686:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2631:
2630:
2489:Evaporation pond
2263:Calcium chloride
2152:
2145:
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2101:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2067:Russell, Richard
2063:
2057:
2056:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1988:. Archived from
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1955:. Archived from
1950:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1922:. Archived from
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1893:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1864:. Archived from
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1835:. Archived from
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1800:
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1617:(381): 648â669.
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1576:(381): 648â669.
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1154:Mr Block Archive
1145:
1110:Anikey Stroganov
1073:Salt in Cheshire
1012:Illinois Salines
983:Alberger process
970:Kingdom of Kaffa
645:Medieval England
622:British salt tax
596:set out for the
578:American history
474:
471:
453:
446:
392:During the late
269:on the Northern
21:
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2674:History of salt
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2612:Ximenes Redoubt
2607:Water softening
2580:
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2451:Salt-cured meat
2422:
2408:Sodium chloride
2383:Salt substitute
2358:River reed salt
2214:
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2156:
2117:Wayback Machine
2109:
2107:Further reading
2104:
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1929:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1490:), pp. 273-275.
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:. p. 636.
1446:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1280:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1245:"Domesday Book"
1243:
1242:
1233:
1214:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1180:. June 16, 2020
1172:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:SĂŒlze Saltworks
993:Cerro de la Sal
978:
954:Afar Depression
935:Richard Russell
927:
921:
919:Other salt uses
885:Visayas Islands
881:
875:
873:Salt from ashes
865:has 57% of the
854:
846:
829:
823:
814:
804:of salt water (
778:
776:Salt production
768:The search for
738:
640:
630:
618:Salt Satyagraha
594:Lewis and Clark
536:Duke of Bavaria
475:
469:
466:
459:needs expansion
444:
442:Cities and wars
286:
259:
251:solution mining
136:
120:Egyptian Empire
93:Pliny the Elder
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Smelling salts
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2519:Salt tectonics
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2461:Health effects
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Sodium nitrate
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Korean brining
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Old Salt Route
2192:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2058:
2029:
2018:. 20 July 2018
2003:
1972:
1936:
1920:Salt Institute
1907:
1878:
1849:
1833:Salt Institute
1820:
1813:
1795:
1788:
1770:
1763:
1743:
1736:
1718:
1689:10.2307/526103
1663:
1638:
1597:
1556:
1535:
1528:
1506:
1492:
1471:
1464:
1439:
1413:
1404:"salary, n.".
1396:
1371:
1361:. Academia.edu
1345:
1317:
1294:
1261:
1231:
1212:
1191:
1165:
1148:Bloch, David.
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
990:
985:
979:
977:
974:
920:
917:
877:Main article:
874:
871:
853:
850:
845:
842:
825:Main article:
822:
819:
813:
810:
777:
774:
760:North American
749:imperial China
737:
734:
725:Worcestershire
661:Bitterne Manor
629:
626:
616:organized the
614:Mahatma Gandhi
565:grande gabelle
540:Henry the Lion
477:
476:
456:
454:
443:
440:
359:Tyrrhenian Sea
341:(originally a
331:Roman Republic
285:
282:
258:
255:
211:United Kingdom
135:
132:
99:, such as the
62:ionic compound
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2691:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:Miscellaneous
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Grain of salt
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Brined cheese
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:In Middlewich
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1986:asianTraveler
1983:
1976:
1973:
1962:on 2007-01-09
1958:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1926:on 2009-02-02
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1897:on 2006-12-22
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1868:on 2006-12-22
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1839:on 2009-01-31
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1814:9789814383844
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1789:9781139497688
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1764:9780300181913
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1737:0-9527813-4-4
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1653:
1652:New Scientist
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:9789004231931
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1465:9780874368857
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:0-14-200161-9
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1251:on 2012-02-27
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:9789356087347
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Peake, Harold
1195:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:Solvychegodsk
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:John Crenshaw
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
926:
918:
916:
915:(or dĂșkdok).
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:coconut husks
890:
886:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
859:
851:
849:
843:
841:
839:
835:
828:
820:
818:
811:
809:
807:
803:
795:
791:
787:
782:
775:
773:
771:
766:
764:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
730:
729:Domesday Book
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
504:
500:
496:
488:
483:
473:
470:November 2022
464:
460:
457:This section
455:
452:
448:
447:
441:
439:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
383:
378:
374:
372:
368:
367:Roman Legions
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
291:
284:Ancient world
283:
278:
277:
272:
268:
263:
256:
254:
252:
248:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:United States
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Natron Valley
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:preserve food
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
40:
32:
19:
2592:Mineral lick
2477:and industry
2293:Fleur de sel
2182:
2172:
2096:
2087:
2070:
2061:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:Bitesized.ph
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1985:
1975:
1964:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1952:
1939:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1919:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1890:
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1861:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1832:
1823:
1804:
1798:
1779:
1773:
1753:
1746:
1727:
1721:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1641:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1538:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1495:
1479:
1474:
1451:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1386:. 2010-01-21
1383:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1358:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1282:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:the original
1224:– via
1203:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1047:Mineral lick
1022:Iodised salt
949:
943:
938:
928:
905:Coconut milk
882:
855:
847:
830:
815:
799:
767:
765:fisheries.
753:
739:
696:
674:
670:
669:
665:River Itchen
657:salt marshes
653:Lincolnshire
641:
607:
588:intercepted
575:
569:
564:
560:
550:
548:
529:
514:
492:
467:
463:adding to it
458:
434:
394:Roman Empire
391:
370:
347:Adriatic Sea
312:
294:
287:
274:
271:Adriatic Sea
244:
227:Transylvania
207:Saskatchewan
137:
109:
89:civilization
56:
2550:In Pakistan
2535:In Cheshire
2494:Salt mining
2456:Salted fish
2378:Salammoniac
2338:Moshio salt
2243:AsĂn tibuok
2022:19 December
1996:19 December
1097:Salt Riot (
1053:Morton Salt
1049:(salt lick)
958:Lake Afrera
931:Hippocrates
909:asĂn tibuok
889:Philippines
879:AsĂn tibuok
858:mine salt's
802:evaporation
794:Netherlands
758:as well as
608:During the
398:Middle Ages
355:solar ponds
339:Via Salaria
217:and around
203:Nova Scotia
171:Appalachian
148:sedimentary
101:Via Salaria
2668:Categories
2504:Sink works
2428:Food usage
2318:Kala namak
2253:Black lava
2205:Salt March
1966:2006-09-10
1930:2006-12-19
1901:2006-12-19
1872:2006-12-19
1843:2006-12-19
1657:2021-03-31
1550:2016-09-10
1432:11 January
1390:2011-03-28
1365:2014-05-29
1338:1 November
1255:2012-02-13
1159:2006-12-19
1131:References
1088:Salt March
1032:Joy Morton
1002:Fish sauce
988:Bath salts
937:published
925:Bath salts
923:See also:
863:Middlewich
852:Salt mines
834:briquetage
736:Salt trade
705:Middlewich
634:-wich town
632:See also:
506:salt mines
402:salt roads
296:Solnitsata
199:New Mexico
105:Bronze Age
97:salt roads
2597:Road salt
2528:By region
2499:Salt well
2303:Himalayan
2210:Salt road
2079:181801978
1713:161705802
1697:0068-113X
1683:: 27â44.
1677:Britannia
1633:0003-598X
1611:Antiquity
1592:0003-598X
1570:Antiquity
1308:Antiquity
1120:salterns)
897:driftwood
721:Droitwich
713:Northwich
586:Loyalists
555:âa hated
521:Wieliczka
495:Liverpool
380:Vertical
357:than the
235:Wieliczka
231:MaramureĆ
219:Droitwich
209:. In the
151:evaporite
140:sea water
81:seasoning
2633:Category
2540:In Ghana
2475:Commerce
2398:Sel gris
2393:Seasoned
2388:Sea salt
2343:Pickling
2238:Alberger
2095:(1968).
2069:(1753).
1456:ABC-CLIO
1450:(1997).
1202:(1922).
976:See also
966:highland
946:Ethiopia
901:seawater
786:Twekkelo
717:Leftwich
709:Nantwich
510:entrepĂŽt
503:Cheshire
430:Timbuktu
410:Caravans
408:tribes.
406:Germanic
382:derricks
371:salÄrium
351:salinity
327:Hittites
304:Bulgaria
249:, or by
223:Salzburg
215:Cheshire
183:Michigan
175:New York
155:enclosed
70:chloride
64:made of
2559:Culture
2441:Salting
2436:Brining
2413:Truffle
2313:Jugyeom
2308:Iodised
2248:Bittern
2173:History
2166:History
2115:at the
1222:3728495
1184:June 7,
1063:Saltern
887:of the
756:Bahamas
690:England
682:springs
590:Patriot
570:gabelle
561:gabelle
552:gabelle
525:Bochnia
499:English
323:Chinese
308:Balkans
290:Romania
257:History
179:Ontario
157:lakes,
134:Sources
128:iodized
2644:Portal
2418:TĂșltul
2403:Smoked
2328:Kosher
2298:Garlic
2278:Cyclic
2273:Curing
2268:Celery
2258:Butter
2228:Abraum
2077:
2051:
1811:
1786:
1761:
1734:
1711:
1705:526103
1703:
1695:
1631:
1590:
1526:
1486:
1462:
1289:
1220:
1210:
950:amoleh
913:tĂșltul
792:, the
790:Twente
647:. The
557:French
532:Munich
517:Poland
426:slaves
418:Sahara
414:camels
386:Zigong
343:Sabine
319:Tamils
315:Greeks
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