Wyandot people - Knowledge

771:. The surviving Jesuits burned the mission after abandoning it to prevent its capture. The extensive Iroquois attack shocked and frightened the surviving Huron. The Huron were geographically cut off from trade with the Dutch and British by the Iroquois Confederacy, who had access to free trade with all the Europeans in the area especially the Dutch. This forced them to continue to use lithic tools and weapons like clubs, bows and arrows, stone scrapers, and cutters. This is compared to the near-universal use of European iron tools by Iroquois groups in the area. Huron trade routes were consistently pillaged by raiders, and the lack of firearms discouraged the Hurons' trade with the French, at least without French protection. As a result of their lack of exposure, the Huron did not have as much experience using firearms compared to their neighbors, putting them at a significant disadvantage when firearms were available to them, and when available, their possession of firearms made them a larger target for Iroquois aggression. 1352:") as the mainstay of their diet, saving seeds of various types, and working to produce the best crops for different purposes. They have also collected nuts, fruit, and wild root vegetables, with their preparation of this produce supplemented primarily by fish caught by the men. The men historically hunt deer and other animals available during the game seasons. Women have traditionally done most of the crop planting, cultivation, and processing, although men help with the heaviest work of clearing fields or, historically, fortifying villages with wooden palisades. Wood has traditionally been gathered and brush cleared by the 60: 671: 1174: 1360:

tree bark similar to other Iroquoian cultural groups, which could house twenty or more families in one dwelling, and were in different lengths, some being thirty or forty feet in length. A typical village or town historically had 900 to 1,600 people organized into 30 or 40 longhouses. Villages were moved about every ten years as the soil became less fertile and the nearby forest – from which they took firewood – grew thin. The Huron engaged in trade with neighboring nations, notably for tobacco with the neighboring Petun and

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people. Boys are given miniature bows so they may practice hunting very small game. All young children are integrated into society, and given small tasks and responsibilities based on their age. Boys accompany men on some hunting events to learn firsthand how to hunt, receive tips on what to do while hunting, and develop needed skills for when they are older. Girls learn the same way, by following and watching the women conduct their daily routines, mimicking them on a smaller scale.

1046:. The tribes were allowed to keep small pockets of land in the territory. The Treaty of Brownstown was signed by Governor Hull on November 7, 1807, and provided the Indigenous nations with a payment of $ 10,000 in goods and money along with an annual payment of $ 2,400 in exchange for an area of land that included the southeastern one-quarter of the lower peninsula of Michigan. In 1819, the Methodist Church established a mission to the Wyandot in Ohio, its first to Native Americans. 931: 1115:, which included Kansas. He was elected by Wyandot, white traders, and outside interests who wished to preempt the federal government's organization of the territory and to benefit from the settlement of Kansas by white settlers. Walker and others promoted Kansas as the route for the proposed transcontinental railroad. Although the federal government did not recognize Walker's election, the political activity prompted the federal government to pass the 922: 4193: 3306: 3491: 1090:. Big Turtle commented on the agricultural yield, which produced an annual surplus for the market. He said that the thrift of the Wyandot exceeded that of any tribe north of the Arkansas line. According to his account, the Wyandot nation was "contented and happy", and enjoyed better living conditions in the Indigenous territory than they had in Ohio. 1265:, now within the Quebec City limits. The Firsst Nation had approximately 6,980 members in 2021, who primarily speak French as their first language and are Roman Catholic. They have begun to revitalizing Wyandot language among their children. For many decades, a leading source of income for the Wendat of Quebec has been selling pottery, 755: 1474:(Petun). Each of these two peoples were Iroquoian-speaking and near relatives of the Huron. The Tobacco people are known to have also occupied the western 65 miles (105 km) stretch of the south shore of Lake Ontario. Their survivors are known to have consolidated populations with the Huron, later developing as the Wyandot. 1066:. A United States government treaty granted the Wyandot Nation a small portion of fertile land located in an acute angle of the Missouri River and Kansas River, which they purchased from the Delaware in 1843. Also, the government granted 32 "floating sections", located on public lands west of the Mississippi River. 1181:

Archeological work in Canada and the United States has revealed the Wyandot's ancestral roots in what are now Canada and the United States. It also has provided evidence about the peoples' migrations and interactions with other Indigenous groups, as well as the French and British colonists. Beginning

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regarding the current condition of his tribe. The Wyandot had received nearly $ 127,000 for their lands in 1845. Big Turtle noted that, in the spring of 1850, the tribal chiefs retroceded the granted land to the government. They invested $ 100,000 of the proceeds in 5% government stock. After removal

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Historically, the Huron have lived in villages spanning from one to ten acres (40,000 m), most of which were strongly fortified and enclosed by high and strong palisades of wood in double and sometimes triple rows for defense against enemy attack. They have also lived in longhouses covered with

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Although Congress intended to have a deadline by which Indigenous claims had to be settled, Federal district courts continued to hear land claims and other cases for compensation. In February 1985, the US government finally agreed to pay descendants of the Wyandot $ 5.5 million to settle the tribe's

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THESE are to certify that the CHIEF of the HURON tribe of Indians, having come to me in the name of His Nation, to submit to His BRITANNICK MAJESTY, and make Peace, has been received under my Protection, with his whole Tribe; and henceforth no English Officer or party is to molest, or interrupt them

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The total population of the Huron at the time of European contact has been estimated at 20,000 to 40,000 people. From 1634 to 1640, the Huron were devastated by Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles and smallpox, which were endemic among the Europeans. The Indigenous peoples of North America

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They are robust, and all are much taller than the French. Their only covering is a beaver skin, which they wear upon their shoulders in the form of a mantle; shoes and leggings in winter, a tobacco pouch behind the back, a pipe in the hand; around their necks and arms bead necklaces and bracelets of

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The earliest written accounts of the Huron were made by the French, who began exploring North America in the 16th century. News of the Europeans reached the Huron, particularly when Samuel de Champlain explored the Saint Lawrence River in the early 17th century. Some Huron decided to go and meet the

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peoples. Wendat is an Iroquoian language. Early 21st-century research in linguistics and archaeology confirm a historical connection between the Wendat and the St. Lawrence Iroquois. But all of the Iroquoian-speaking peoples shared some aspects of their culture, including the Erie people, any or all

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or Tobacco to become the Wyandot. Afterward, they occupied territory extending into what is now the United States, especially Michigan, and northern Ohio. In the 1830s, they were forced west to Indian Territory (Kansas and finally northeastern Oklahoma) due to U.S. federal removal policies. They are

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says the Wyandot name may have evolved after the union of the two related peoples, the Tobacco (Petun) and the Huron, who consolidated after the mid-17th-century invasions and conquests by Iroquois League nations from south of the Great Lakes. The editors imply that the Tobacco people were directly

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would visit him in the form of a fire, ghost, or bird (such as a crow or eagle) and explain the cause of the illness and its cure. These medicine men also administered to the dying, interpreting their dreams and visions. The Hurons believed that those who were dying had a special connection to the

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reported that the judges of the election were three elders who were trusted by their peers. The Wyandot offered some of the floating sections of land for sale on the same day at $ 800. A section was composed of 640 acres (2.6 km). Altogether 20,480 acres (82.9 km) were sold for $ 25,600.

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Three Huron-Wyandot chiefs from the Huron reservation (Lourette) now called Wendake in Quebec, Canada. After their defeat by the Iroquois, many Huron fled to Quebec for refuge with their French allies, where a reserve was set aside for their use. Others migrated across Lake Huron and the St. Clair

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gained fame from 1682 through 1701 as a skilled diplomat and brilliant negotiator of the Huron-Wendat, famed for his skilled argumentation. Initially, Kondiaronk played a game with the French to ensure that they would ally with the Huron-Wendat against Haudenosaunee-Iroquois aggression. Later, and

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The Attinniaoenten and Hatingeennonniahak first allied in the 15th century. Arendaenronnon joined them about 1590, and the Atahontaenrat join around 1610. The fifth group, the Ataronchronon may not have attained full membership in the confederacy, and may have been a division of the Attignawantan.

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The introduction of European weapons and the fur trade increased competition and the severity of inter-tribal warfare. While the Haudenosaunee could easily obtain guns in exchange for furs from Dutch traders in New York, the Wendat were required to profess Christianity to obtain a gun from French

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editors write that the Huron suffered an attack during the depths of winter in March 1649, when the Iroquois had established a war camp within Huron territory. The Iroquois attacked with more than 1,000 warriors, destroying two Huron towns, and severely damaging most of a third. When other Huron

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in the 1940s to address grievances filed by various Native American tribes. The court adjudicated claims, and Congress allocated $ 800 million to compensate tribes for losses due to treaties broken by the US government, or losses of land due to settlers who invaded their territories. The Wyandot

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and the Petun joined and became known as the Wyandot (or Wyandotte), a variation of Wendat. (This name is also related to the French transliteration of the Mohawk term for tobacco.) The western Wyandot re-formed in the area of southern Michigan but migrated to Ohio after their alliance with the

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Their beliefs surrounding visions and dreams likely carried over when Hurons began converting to Christianity. Several accounts of seventeenth-century Christianized Hurons on their deathbed include visions of Heaven and Jesus Christ, which influenced believers' lives on earth. For example, one

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As children grow older, they slowly grow into their roles within their society. Both genders learn from adults how to do certain things that later will help the community. For example, as children, girls learn how to make doll clothing, which teaches them the skills needed to make garments for

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So many Huron died that they abandoned many of their villages and agricultural areas. About half to two-thirds of the population died in the epidemics, decreasing the population to about 12,000. Such losses had a high social cost, devastating families and clans, and disrupting their society's

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Like other Iroquoian peoples, the Wyandot have traditionally followed a matrilineal kinship system, with children considered born to the mother's lineage, their status inherited from hers. In this way her older brother is traditionally more important to her sons than their biological father.

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in returning to their Settlement at LORETTE; and they are received upon the same terms with the Canadians, being allowed the free Exercise of their Religion, their Customs, and Liberty of trading with the English: – recommending it to the Officers commanding the Posts, to treat them kindly.

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from the Lenape. The Lenape had been grateful for the hospitality which the Wyandot had given them in Ohio, as the Lenape had been forced to move west under pressure from Anglo-European colonists. The Wyandot acquired a more-or-less square parcel north and west of the junction of the

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After 1634 their numbers were drastically reduced by epidemics of new infectious diseases carried by Europeans, among whom these were endemic. The weakened Wendat were dispersed by the war in 1649 waged by the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, then based largely south of the Great Lakes in

790:(now also called Christian Island). Most who fled to the island starved over the winter, as it was an unproductive settlement and could not provide for them. After spending the bitter winter of 1649–50 on the island, surviving Huron relocated near Quebec City, where they settled at 634:(Tobacco), for their cultivation of that crop. They lived further south and were divided into two moitiés or groups: the Deer and the Wolves. Considering that they formed the nucleus of the nation later known as the Wyandot, they too may have called themselves Wendat. 2283:"William N. Fenton. <italic>The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy</italic>. (The Civilization of the American Indian Series, number 223.) Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1998. Pp. xxii, 786. $ 70.00" 651:

became endemic among the Huron, aggravated by their close and smoky living conditions in the longhouses. Despite this, the Huron on the whole were healthy. The Jesuits wrote that the Huron effectively employed natural remedies and were "more healthy than we".

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During the 20th century, contemporary Wyandot continued to assert their culture and identity. On August 27, 1999, representatives of the far-flung Wyandot bands from Quebec, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Michigan gathered at their historic homeland in

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Like other Iroquoian-speaking peoples, the Wyandot have historically been sedentary farmers who supplemented their diet with hunting and fishing. The women historically cultivated several varieties of maize, squash, and beans (the

280:(or Tobacco/Petun) people, who did not belong to the Wendat (Huron) Confederacy. However, the Wyandotte have connections to the Wendat-Huron through their lineage from the Attignawantan, the founding nation of the Confederacy. 746:

and satisfy European demand. The French allied with the Huron because they were the most advanced trading nation at the time. The Haudenosaunee tended to ally with the Dutch and later English, who settled at Albany and in the

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And the thunder and lightning of his arquebus echoed for 150 years. The bold foe had been Mohawk. The Five Nations nursed a dogged animosity toward the French, with only a few interludes of real peace, from that time

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The Huron way of life was in antiquity very gender-specific in practice. Men set off for war or hunted for game to feed their people. Women made the clothes, cooked and processed game, farmed, and raised the children.

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traders in Canada. Therefore, they were unprepared, on March 16, 1649, when a Haudenosaunee war party of about 1,000 entered Wendake and burned the Huron mission villages of St. Ignace and St. Louis in present-day

4851: 1274: 1299: 1234: 1230: 251: 1157:, known as "Mother Solomon". The daughter of Chief John Grey Eyes, she was born in 1816 and left Ohio in 1843. By 1889 she had returned to Ohio, when she was recorded as a spectator to the restoration of the 1214:

outstanding claim. The decision settled claims related to the 143-year-old treaty. In 1842 the United States had forced the tribe to sell their Ohio lands for less-than-fair value. A spokesman for the

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created the first man and woman and taught them many skills, including all their religious ceremonies and rituals, the ability to fight evil spirits, healing, and the use of the sacrament of tobacco.

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The treaty recognized the Huron (Wendat) as a distinct nation and guaranteed that the British would not interfere with the nation's internal affairs. In 1990, the Supreme Court of Canada, ruling in

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villages learned about this, they panicked, fleeing their homeland and moving west. In the event, the northern shore of Lake Ontario came under the control of the Iroquois. They continued with the

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world of the supernatural and took their dreams and visions very seriously, considering them especially trustworthy sources of information. Requests from the dying were considered "incontestable."

1165:. She died in Upper Sandusky on August 17, 1890. The last full blood Wyandot was Bill Moose Crowfoot who died in Upper Arlington, Ohio in 1937. He stated that 12 Wyandot families remained behind. 4181: 742:

Confederacy (Five Nations) to the south. Once the European powers became involved in trading, the conflict among natives intensified significantly as they struggled to control the lucrative

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in the region, such as their powerful competitors, the Five Nations of the Iroquois who occupied territory mostly on the south side of Lake Ontario but also had hunting grounds along the

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method. Each family has traditionally owned a plot of land which they farmed, which then reverted to the common property of the community when the individual family no longer used it.

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in French, also known as the Tobacco people for their chief commodity crop). They may originally have been a splinter colony of the Huron, to their west to form the historical Wendat.

906: 4589: 798:. Some Huron, along with the surviving Petun, whose villages the Iroquois attacked in the fall of 1649, fled to the upper Lake Michigan region, settling first at Green Bay, then at 1218:

said that the government would pay $ 1,600 each, in July 1985, to 3,600 people in Kansas and Oklahoma who could prove they were descendants of Wyandot affected by Indian Removal.

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and was occupied from the late 16th to early 17th century. It has been renamed as the Jean-Baptiste Lainé Site, in honor of a decorated Wendat-Huron soldier of World War II.

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The Great Voyage of the Huron Country Located in America towards the Sweet Sea, in the last reaches of the New France known as Canada: with a dictionary of the Huron language

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The Great Voyage of the Huron Country Located in America towards the Sweet Sea, in the last reaches of the New France known as Canada: with a Dictionary of the Huron language

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spanned the region from downriver of the source of the St. Lawrence River, along with three-quarters of the northern shore of Lake Ontario, to the territory of the related

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porcelain; they also suspend these from their ears, and around their locks of hair. They grease their hair and faces; they also streak their faces with black and red paint.

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Since the mid-century, the Wyandot pursued land claims in the United States since they had not been fully compensated for lost lands. The US federal government set up the

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Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons Situé en l'Amérique vers la Mer Douce, ès Derniers Confins de la Nouvelle France dite Canada: avec un Dictionnaire de la Langue Huronne

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Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons Situé en l'Amérique vers la Mer Douce, ès Derniers Confins de la Nouvelle France dite Canada: avec un Dictionnaire de la Langue Huronne

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reported that the Wyandot were free (that is, they had been accepted as US citizens) and without the restrictions placed on other tribes. Their leaders were unanimously

324:, but traditional enemies of the Five Nations of the Iroquois. At various points in history these other nations have also engaged in trade and warfare with one another. 727:

have shown that beginning in 1634, more European children emigrated with their families to the New World from cities in France, Britain, and the Netherlands, which had

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By May 1, 1649, the Huron had burned 15 of their villages to prevent their stores from being taken and fled as refugees to surrounding areas. About 10,000 fled to

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By 1855 the number of Wyandot had diminished to 600 or 700 people. On August 14 of that year, the Wyandot Nation elected a chief. The Kansas correspondent of the

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who demanded that he assist them in their ongoing conflict against their hated enemy. The Iroquois regarded the French as enemies for nearly one hundred years.

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Note: Both the Draper Site, near Pickering, Ontario, and the larger Mantle Site villages are in territory that may have historically been lands of either the

939: 448:("crooked coast"). In the late 17th century, elements of the Huron Confederacy and the Petun joined and became known as the Wyandot, a variation of Wendat. 4846: 4836: 4167: 4159: 3856: 3326: 4582: 4197: 1127: 542:

Indeed, there is now every indication that the late precontact Huron and their immediate antecedents developed in a distinct Huron homeland in southern

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They were located in Kansas, Nebraska, and unspecified sites. Surveys were not required, with the title becoming complete at the time of location.

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The Wendat emerged as a confederacy of five nations in the St. Lawrence River valley, especially in Southern Ontario, including the north shore of

4831: 4729: 4004: 535:. Based on radiocarbon dating, it has been determined to have been occupied from 1587 to 1623. Its population was estimated at 1500–2000 persons. 3472: 3351: 836:, extending north from both ends to wrap around Georgian Bay. This became their territorial center after their 1649 defeat and dispossession. 4575: 3889: 3518: 3336: 3293: 3272: 3207: 3143: 3123: 3100: 3075: 3022: 2595: 2524: 2416: 2077: 1794: 1182:

in 1907, archaeological excavations were conducted at the Jesuit mission site near Georgian Bay. The mission has since been reconstructed as

1053:. Using the funds they received for their lands in Ohio, the Wyandot purchased 23,000 acres (93 km) of land for $ 46,080 in what is now 465:. Some historians or anthropologists proposed the people were located near the present-day site of Montreal and former sites of the historic 4416: 3655: 4336: 2701: 2483: 2169:"Letter of Father Francois du Peron of the Society of Jesus, to Father Joseph Imbert du Peron, his Brother, Religious of the same Society" 1049:

In the 1840s, most of the surviving Wyandot people were displaced to Kansas Indigenous territory through the US federal policy of forced

4616: 4209: 2559: 1210:. Originally the United States paid the Wyandot for their land at the rate of 75 cents per acre, but the land was worth $ 1.50 an acre. 4356: 3321: 3091: 848:

directly before his death at 52, he led the 1701 final Indian congress between many of the different Indigenous nations, creating the

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smallpox. Historians believe the disease spread from the children to the Huron and other nations, often through contact with traders.

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filed a land claim for compensation due to the forced sale of their land in the Ohio region to the federal government under the 1830

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Closely related to the people of the Huron Confederacay were the Tionontate, an Iroquoian-speaking group whom the French called the

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which means "Dwellers of the Peninsula" or "Islanders". The Wendat historic territory was bordered on three sides by the waters of

670: 59: 4826: 2631: 661: 3457: 1945: 1600: 1238: 1108: 942: 767:, Ontario, killing about 300 people. The Iroquois also killed many of the Jesuit missionaries, who have since been honored as 1187: 4491: 1183: 4598: 3974: 3943: 3899: 1103:

The Wyandot played an important role in Kansas politics. On July 26, 1853, at a meeting at the Wyandot Council house in

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Main body of Georgian Bay highlighted on the map of the Great Lakes directly above Lake Ontario, with its outlet on the

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The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610–1791

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The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610–1791

1042:) ceded to the United States a part of their territory in today's [outheastern Michigan and a section of Ohio near the 4811: 4371: 4246: 3994: 3696: 3691: 1916: 1349: 1988:

Warrick, Gary (October 2003). "European Infectious Disease and Depopulation of the Wendat-Tionontate (Huron-Petun)".

1405:, because she had learned in a dying vision that her recently deceased sister had received such a bracelet from him. 2317: 4306: 4256: 3969: 3701: 1329: 1315: 1154: 997: 787: 243: 35: 2946:

Seeman, Erik R. (June 2001). "Reading Indians' Deathbed Scenes: Ethnohistorical and Representational Approaches".

2813: 4276: 4261: 3356: 3252: 2322: 1515:, attacking and defeating the Tobacco, Neutral, and Erie peoples in present-day western Pennsylvania and beyond. 4521: 4376: 4386: 4341: 4090: 4066: 3979: 1306: 1215: 1054: 414: 31: 1116: 2369: 1693:. (Studies of Amerindian Linguistics). Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10473483. Pg 1051 1497:

and closely related to the Huron, and had possibly developed from the four main tribes of the Huron/Wyandot.

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Samuel de Champlain made mortal enemies of the Iroquois when he fought alongside a war party of Hurons and

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Some Iroquoian longhouses were over 100 feet (30.5 m) in length, and 80 feet (24 m) was common.

1034:, which resulted in a major land cession to the United States. This agreement between the tribes and the 354:"Island dwellers". Early French explorers referred to these natives as the Huron, either from the French 4060: 3341: 2226:

Carpenter, Roger. "Making War More Lethal: Iroquois vs. Huron in the Great Lakes Region, 1609 to 1650."

816: 4078: 4054: 1763:(Autumn 2012). "Trade Goods and Nations in Sagard's Dictionary: A St. Lawrence Iroquoian Perspective". 1845:

Pendergast, James F. (Winter 1998). "The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga".

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On September 5, 1760, just prior to the capitulation of Montreal to British forces, Brigadier-General

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Origin and Traditional History of the Wyandotts: And Sketches of Other Indian Tribes of North America

2175:. Hurons and Quebec: 1638–1639. Vol. XV. Cleveland, Ohio: Burrows Brothers Company. p. 155. 1131: 1016: 1008: 821: 618: 372:("boar's head"). According to tradition, French sailors thought that the bristly hairstyle of Wendat 2389:

Black Robes at the Edge of Empire: Jesuits, Natives, and Colonial Crisis in Early Detroit, 1728–1781

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Wendlas The Wyandot people or Wendat, also called the Hu-ron(on)= Nation and Hu-ron(on) Catti people

930: 602: 4620: 4526: 3861: 3811: 3767: 3645: 3584: 3510: 2684: 2141: 2113:. Scientific Papers. Vol. 5. Northwestern University Archeological Program. pp. 141–160. 1915:

Brant-Birioukov, Kiera; Brant-Terry, Gail; Birioukov-Brant, Anton; Maracle, Karissa; Currie, Mark.

1310: 1286: 1258: 1198: 1104: 1095: 950: 938: 795: 780: 606: 486: 462: 321: 247: 221: 214: 96: 2168: 523:, as was typical of regional cultures. Four Wendat ancestral village sites have been excavated in 4476: 4456: 4366: 3953: 3867: 3850: 3801: 3673: 3502: 2963: 2013: 2005: 1862: 1203: 1135: 1112: 1087: 1083: 1035: 1011:, the Wyandot fought alongside British allies against the United States. Under the leadership of 876:

signed a "Treaty of Peace and Friendship" with a Wendat chief then residing in the settlement of

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In 1975 and 1978, archaeologists excavated a large 15th-century Huron village, now called the

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throughout the territory frequented by the tribe during the period the treaty was concluded.

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In the late 17th century, the Huron (Wendat) Confederacy merged with the Iroquoian-speaking

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diagnosed diseases by consulting dreams; during or after his dreams, a spirit known as an

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The largest Wendat settlement and capital of the confederacy, at least during the time of

401:("Cat Nation"), a name also applied to the Erie nation. The French pronounced the name as 345: 232: 139: 2997:. The Renaissance, Reformation, and Growth of Nations. Vol. III. Bright Ideas Press. 2135: 1401:

account describes a dying woman requesting a bead bracelet from a local missionary named

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and Pennsylvania. Archaeological evidence of this displacement has been uncovered at the

3168: 945:(1800–1874), a leader of the Wyandot people and a prominent citizen of early-day Kansas. 4556: 4511: 4506: 4436: 4401: 3149: 3053: 2776: 2580: 2405: 1467: 1361: 1353: 1162: 1079: 1063: 1050: 833: 678: 598: 390: 228: 3414: 2638: 2387: 4795: 4676: 4381: 4351: 4346: 4231: 4036: 3984: 3832: 3761: 3731: 3317: 3182: 2752: 2664: 2202: 2017: 1866: 1828: 1760: 1027: 989: 970: 764: 748: 739: 638: 313: 284: 202: 104: 3153: 1641: 1581: 4628: 4496: 4331: 4321: 3838: 3816: 3755: 3749: 3575: 3569: 3538: 3514: 1338:, several Wyandot communities in Pennsylvania and Ohio, during the mid-18th century 1059: 1043: 1039: 978: 901: 723:

had no acquired immunity to these diseases and suffered very high mortality rates.

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in Kentucky (near present-day Lexington). They drew the Kentucky militia to Lower

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The Wendat were not a single nation, but a confederacy of several nations who had

332:

In the early 17th century, this Iroquoian people called themselves the Wendat, an

3134: 3118:. Vol. 15, Northeastern Indians. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 368–388. 3095:. Vol. 15, Northeastern Indians. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 394–397. 2788: 1186:, a living museum to interpret Wyandot and Jesuit history; it is adjacent to the 969:, a British soldier. On August 15 through 19, 1782, they unsuccessfully besieged 283:

After their defeat in 1649 during prolonged warfare with the Five Nations of the

4641: 4030: 3779: 3725: 3614: 3604: 3554: 2407:

President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795

2203:"'They Only Spoke in Sighs': The Loss of Leaders and Life in Wendake, 1633–1639" 2001: 1824: 1512: 966: 861: 691: 513: 508:. In 2003 a larger village was discovered five kilometres (3.1 mi) away in 497: 477:

Wendat occupied the large area from the north shores of most of the present-day

341: 305: 273:

in Ontario, Canada and occupying territory around the western part of the lake.

270: 4567: 3135:

Dispersed but Not Destroyed: A History of the Seventeenth-Century Wendat People

2103:"Tuberculosis Lesions in a Prehistoric Population Sample from Southern Ontario" 4296: 3932: 3912: 3904: 3626: 3564: 3419:– The earliest and one of the most complete dictionaries of the Huron language 3305: 2242:

Rock Island: Historical Indian Archaeology in the Northern Lake Michigan Basin

1735:

Huron County Centennial History, 1859–1959: Hi-lights in 100 Years of Progress

1651: 1448: 1436: 1023: 1001: 974: 853: 844: 614: 317: 292: 277: 266: 17: 2302: 2087: 1694: 291:

with the Jesuits and others were adopted by neighboring nations, such as the

287:, the surviving members of the confederacy dispersed; some took residence at 4646: 3737: 3590: 2294: 1266: 743: 641:, another Iroquoian confederacy, but the Wendat had good relations with the 2666:

Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes, an Encyclopedia of the State

2282: 1235:

List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes#Michigan

738:

Before the French arrived, the Huron had already been in conflict with the

366: 3360:. Vol. 5. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company. p. 88. 2230:

27, no. 2 (2001): 33–51. Accessed February 25, 2020. DOI:10.2307/20173927.

2067: 1078:

to Kansas, the Wyandot had founded good libraries along with two thriving

4707: 4666: 4266: 4201: 4192: 3773: 3743: 3558: 3226: 3014:

The Indian Peoples of Eastern America: A Documentary History of the Sexes

1858: 1335: 1231:

List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes#Kansas

1147: 520: 118: 110: 3885:

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

3330:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 861. 4681: 4636: 4391: 3632: 2967: 2009: 1662: 985: 543: 373: 333: 30:"Wyandots", "Wendats", and "Hurons" redirect here. For other uses, see 27:

Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands in Canada and the U.S.

2637:. Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011. p. 39. Archived from 2433:"Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians" 2140:. Vol. XIII. Cleveland, Ohio: Burrows Brothers Company. pp. 1689:

Dyck, Carrie, Froman, Frances, Keye, Alfred & Keye, Lottie. 2024.

432:

Other etymological possibilities are derived from the Algonquin words

4602: 4531: 4361: 3620: 3600: 3548: 3435: 1143: 993: 550:. Subsequently, they moved from there to their historic territory on 288: 206: 114: 88: 82: 3452: 2959: 2044: 981:. The Wyandot gained the high ground and surrounded Boone's forces. 637:

There were ongoing hostilities between the Iroquoian Wendat and the

3377: 3345:. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 565–583. 2669:. Vol. II. Cincinnati, Ohio: C.L. Krehbiel & Co. pp. 2432: 1967: 1663:

The Emigrant Tribes. Wyandot, Delaware & Shawnee. A Chronology.

754: 4661: 4311: 4236: 3610: 3580: 2582:

Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West

1471: 1172: 1012: 959: 937: 929: 920: 905:, found that the Huron-British Treaty of 1760 was still valid and 888:

Given under my hand at Longueuil, this 5th day of September 1760.

806: 753: 669: 630: 309: 276:

The Wyandotte Nation (the US tribe) descends from remnants of the

3199:

The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660

1646:"At the Bottom of Lake Huron, an Ancient Mystery Materializes"], 1269:, summer and winter moccasins, and other locally produced crafts. 1130:, which meant 900 or 1,000 additional votes in opposition to the 4656: 4651: 3490: 2069:

Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America

1332:(1818–1842), a former Wyandot reservation in Ohio, United States 377: 4571: 4163: 3461: 3038:. American Heritage – Simon & Schuster. pp. 174–219. 2538: 2536: 2253: 2251: 2184: 2182: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1226:. There they formally re-established the Wendat Confederacy. 1388:, a term denoting a person with great supernatural power. A 1022:

In 1807, the Wyandot joined three other tribes – the Odawa,

690:, the principal headman of the Arendarhonon nation, went to 572:

Atahontaenrat (“two white ears,” referring to “deer people”)

519:

Each of the sites had been surrounded by a defensive wooden

442: 434: 380:. French fur traders and explorers referred to them as the " 4852:

Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America

3445: 2045:"Wendat Dialects and the Development of the Huron Alliance" 1082:. They were in the process of organizing a division of the 485:. From this homeland, they encountered the French explorer 423: 395: 3396: 1300:

organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes

3383: 926:

River, settling in the northern Ohio and Michigan region.

3177:] (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Librairie Tross. 1142:. Today more than 4,000 Wyandot can be found in eastern 3162:] (in French). Vol. I. Paris: Librairie Tross. 2560:"Wyandot Indians holding an Election-Their Land Claims" 1817:(Report). Archaeological Services, Inc. December 2012. 1673: 1671: 1190:. This Roman Catholic shrine is consecrated to the ten 2896: 2894: 2727: 2696: 2694: 1138:, additional members were removed from the Midwest to 605:

was the principal village of the Attignawantan, when

2632:"Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory" 538:

Canadian archaeologist James F. Pendergast states:

393:

in 1885 is that the name is from the Iroquoian term

4771: 4757: 4745: 4716: 4695: 4627: 4415: 4208: 4136: 4023: 3962: 3925: 3877: 3825: 3789: 3718: 3672: 3654: 3529: 470:of the later Haudenosaunee, and the Susquehannock. 162: 149: 129: 103: 81: 76: 3057: 2611: 2579: 2558: 2404: 1691:A grammar and dictionary of Gayogo̱hó:nǫˀ (Cayuga) 984:Also in late 1782, the Wyandot joined forces with 934:Huron-Plume group – Spencerwood, Quebec City, 1880 344:. Similarly, in other Iroquois languages, such as 3032:Brandon, William (1961). Alvin M. Josephy (ed.). 2030: 824:. This is where the Huron encountered the French. 461:Early theories placed the Wendat's origin in the 4817:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 3523:History of Native Americans in the United States 3085:Garrad, Charles; Heidenreich, Conrad E. (1978). 2459:"Brownstown History – The Origins of Brownstown" 977:, where the Wyandot defeated the militia led by 613:were among the Hurons in 1615, a village called 581:Hatingeennonniahak (“makers of cords for nets”). 199:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 1795:Stouffville history hits home in TV documentary 1419: 965:In August 1782, the Wyandot joined forces with 958:got them in trouble with their former ally the 882: 705: 540: 3285:An Ethnography of the Huron Indians, 1615-1649 2941: 2939: 2930:An Ethnography of the Huron Indians, 1615-1649 2702:"Wyandot Indians Win $ 5.5 Million Settlement" 2519:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 399–400. 1732:Hey, Chester Andrew; Eckstein, Norman (1959). 1111:(Wyandot) was elected provisional governor of 4583: 4175: 3473: 2072:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 26–30. 1812:The Archaeology of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334) 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1119:to organize Kansas and Nebraska territories. 481:, northward up to the southeastern shores of 8: 2932:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 91–92. 1711:. University of Michigan Press. p. 12. 1153:The last known original Wyandot of Ohio was 794:. Absorbing other refugees, they became the 381: 364: 356: 349: 50: 4842:Native Americans in the American Revolution 3857:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2188: 2154: 880:. The text of the treaty reads as follows: 569:Arendaenronnon (“people of the lying rock”) 554:, where Champlain encountered them in 1615. 421:was at least related to the Iroquoian root 409:, and finally spelled in its present form, 304:. They are also related to the neighboring 4754: 4590: 4576: 4568: 4182: 4168: 4160: 3480: 3466: 3458: 2488:General Commission on Archives and History 1302:in the United States identify as Wyandot: 949:In the late 17th century, elements of the 49: 3990:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 2490:. United Methodist Church. Archived from 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1289:, and in 2023 had 6,883 enrolled members. 3264:Huron-Wendat: The Heritage of the Circle 2685:"Bill Moose Memorial – UA History Trail" 2316:Jaenen, Cornelius J. (August 21, 2014). 2111:Prehistoric Tuberculosis in the Americas 1890: 1740:The Indian language contained the word, 815: 565:These self-governing nations included: 4730:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement 4005:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum 2980: 2543:"Civilization of the Wyandot Indians". 2269: 2257: 1902: 1781: 1677: 1531: 1459: 261:. Their original homeland extending to 3246:Heidenreich, C.E. (October 10, 2018). 3064:Encyclopedia of North American Indians 2912: 2900: 2586:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2201:Labelle, Kathryn Magee (Autumn 2009). 617:may have been the capital. Modern-day 3519:Native Americans in the United States 3116:Handbook of the North American Indian 3035:The American Heritage Book of Indians 1946:"History of the Simcoe County Region" 1177:Interior of a longhouse, near Toronto 656:European contact and Wendat dispersal 578:Attinniaoenten (“people of the bear”) 489:in 1615. They historically spoke the 457:Origin, and organization: before 1650 7: 3256:(online ed.). Historica Canada. 1821:from the original on March 10, 2012. 1325:Defunct Wendat communities include: 694:and allied with the French in 1609. 77:Regions with significant populations 4144:Native American place names in Ohio 3350:Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). " 3202:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2167:Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. (1896). 2134:Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. (1898). 1665:Larry K. Hancks. Kansas City, 1998. 1620:Southern Plains Tribal Health Board 1596:"First Nations Culture Areas Index" 575:Ataronchronon (“people of the bog”) 405:, and it gradually became known as 4847:Native American tribes in Michigan 4837:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 4497:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 3231:. Toronto: Hunter, Rose & Co. 3092:Handbook of North American Indians 2753:"Volume 73, Number 66, Page 18553" 2513:Weslager, Clinton Alfred (1989) . 2484:"United Methodist Church Timeline" 2318:"Murray Treaty of Longueuil, 1760" 1831:Wendat ancestral village sites in 911:Canadian constitutional protection 891:By the Genl's Command, JA. MURRAY. 675:Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons 25: 3339:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3225:Clarke, Peter Dooyentate (1870). 2392:(MA thesis). University of Maine. 2372:, 1 SCR 1025 (24 May 1990), 2342:"The Murray-Huron Treaty of 1760" 1966:Sultzman, Lee (October 2, 2000). 1508:American Heritage Book of Indians 1494:American Heritage Book of Indians 1429:American Heritage Book of Indians 4191: 3878:Prehistoric communities or sites 3489: 3304: 2814:"The Wyandot of Anderdon Nation" 2411:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1408:According to Wyandot mythology, 1294:Unrecognized and defunct groups 1249:In Canada, there is one Wyandot 1073:, a Wyandot chief, wrote to the 860:of North America that ended the 662:Jesuit missions in North America 252:organizations that self-identify 58: 3132:Labelle, Kathryn Magee (2013). 3110:Heidenreich, Conrad E. (1978). 3062:. In Frederick E. Hoxie (ed.). 2948:The Journal of American History 2516:The Delaware Indians: A History 2210:Journal of Historical Biography 2031:Garrad & Heidenreich (1978) 1917:"Indigenous Peoples in Toronto" 1823:; see also the entries for the 1744:, straight coast or shore, and 1601:Canadian Museum of Civilization 1384:Huron medicine men were called 1015:, they were signatories to the 593:and the Jesuits was located at 362:("ruffian", "rustic"), or from 125:6,883, Wyandotte Nation, in OK) 4832:Native American tribes in Ohio 3335:Jones, Arthur Edward (1910). " 3188:The Huron Farmers of the North 2287:The American Historical Review 2244:. Kent State University Press. 2066:McDonnell, Michael A. (2016). 2043:Steckley, John (Autumn 1997). 1134:of Kansas. In 1867, after the 1: 3288:. Syracuse University Press. 3191:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 3066:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 2620:. October 2, 1855. p. 2. 2567:. August 24, 1855. p. 2. 1748:, a crooked or winding coast. 1184:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons 907:binding on the Canadian Crown 751:of their New York territory. 703:of 1639 describes the Huron: 531:had more than 70 multifamily 65: 3975:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 3890:Archaeological sites in Ohio 3416:Sagard's Dictionary of Huron 2993:Hobar, Linda Lacour (2008). 2789:"Wyandotte Nation of Kansas" 2708:. Reuters. February 11, 1985 2101:Hartney, Patrick C. (1981). 1261:is based on two reserves in 868:Huron–British Treaty of 1760 389:An alternate etymology from 320:— all speaking varieties of 3995:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum 3697:Two Mile Square Reservation 3692:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation 3017:. Oxford University Press. 2002:10.1080/0043824032000111416 1847:Journal of Canadian Studies 1273:The United States, has one 1122:An October 1855 article in 4868: 3970:Flint Ridge State Memorial 3702:Upper Sandusky Reservation 3402:Wyandot of Anderdon Nation 3357:Collier's New Encyclopedia 3282:Tooker, Elisabeth (1991). 3261:Sioui, Georges E. (1999). 3196:Trigger, Bruce G. (1987). 3114:. In Bruce Trigger (ed.). 3089:. In Bruce Trigger (ed.). 3087:"Khionontateronon (Petun)" 2547:. June 1, 1853. p. 3. 2228:Michigan Historical Review 1330:Upper Sandusky Reservation 1316:Wyandot of Anderdon Nation 1245:Recognized Wyandot nations 1155:Margaret Grey Eyes Solomon 735:structure and traditions. 659: 348:, refer to this nation as 244:federally recognized tribe 238:In the United States, the 36:Wyandotte (disambiguation) 29: 4609: 3500: 3253:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3167:Sagard, Gabriel (1865) . 2323:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2240:Mason, Ronald J. (1986). 1705:Vogel, Virgil J. (1986). 1554:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1229:There are also groups in 1086:and maintained a sizable 852:, a peace treaty between 546:along the north shore of 473:By the 15th century, the 215:Iroquoian language family 167: 154: 134: 97:Huron-Wendat First Nation 57: 4822:First Nations in Ontario 4717:Treaties and land claims 4091:Battle of Fallen Timbers 4067:Treaty of Camp Charlotte 3980:Fort Hill State Memorial 3682:Blanchard's Fork Reserve 3495:Native Americans in Ohio 3397:Wyandot Nation of Kansas 3372:Official tribal websites 2852:, pp. 380, 382–383. 1708:Indian Names in Michigan 1307:Wyandot Nation of Kansas 1241:as Wyandot descendants. 1216:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1055:Wyandotte County, Kansas 917:Emergence of the Wyandot 601:was among them however, 415:William Martin Beauchamp 32:Wyandot (disambiguation) 4827:First Nations in Quebec 4724:Great Peace of Montreal 4703:Seven Nations of Canada 4462:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 4149:Indian removals in Ohio 4010:SunWatch Indian Village 4000:New Indian Ridge Museum 3949:Thunderbird (mythology) 3710:Indian removals in Ohio 3441:"The Feast of the Dead" 3423:The Huron-Wendat Museum 3327:Encyclopædia Britannica 2578:Bowes, John P. (2007). 2386:Toups, Eric J. (2019). 1799:Stouffville Sun-Tribune 1318:, with headquarters in 1169:20th century to present 850:Great Peace of Montreal 725:Epidemiological studies 443: 435: 424: 417:concurred in 1907 that 396: 350: 4629:Ethnolinguistic groups 4613:Northeastern Woodlands 4198:Native American tribes 4085:Siege of Fort Recovery 3687:Moravian Indian Grants 3011:Axtell, James (1981). 2995:The Mystery of History 2049:Northeast Anthropology 1833:Whitchurch-Stouffville 1738:. Harbor Beach Times. 1433: 1192:North American martyrs 1178: 1159:Wyandot Mission Church 946: 935: 927: 897: 825: 769:North American Martyrs 759: 758:Trek of Huron diaspora 720: 682: 556: 525:Whitchurch-Stouffville 510:Whitchurch-Stouffville 467:St. Lawrence Iroquoian 440:("straight coast") or 382: 365: 357: 40:Huron (disambiguation) 4746:Regional councils and 4061:Yellow Creek massacre 3380:, Wyandotte, Oklahoma 3342:Catholic Encyclopedia 2732:Nation Huronne-Wendat 2494:on September 28, 2011 2437:World Digital Library 2403:Sword, Wiley (1985). 2349:Native Studies Review 2295:10.1086/ahr/104.3.893 1455:Explanatory footnotes 1176: 941: 933: 924: 819: 809:nation (known as the 757: 673: 560:mutually intelligible 512:; it is known as the 163:Related ethnic groups 4708:Iroquois Confederacy 4492:Mescalero-Chiricahua 4247:Cheyenne and Arapaho 4127:Treaty of St. Mary's 4121:Treaty of Fort Meigs 4115:Treaty of Brownstown 4103:Treaty of Grouseland 4097:Treaty of Greenville 4073:Northwest Indian War 4043:Raid on Pickawillany 4015:Zane Shawnee Caverns 3944:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 3900:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 3845:Glacial Kame culture 3826:Prehistoric cultures 3790:Historic communities 3664:Algonquian languages 3453:History of the Huron 2663:Howe, Henry (1898). 2272:, pp. 182, 189. 2260:, pp. 189, 194. 1859:10.3138/jcs.32.4.149 1648:Scientific American, 1285:is headquartered in 1275:federally recognized 1017:Treaty of Greenville 1009:Northwest Indian War 822:Saint Lawrence River 376:resembled that of a 4696:Historical polities 3862:Monongahela culture 3812:Muskingum (village) 3674:Former reservations 3646:Western Confederacy 3511:Northwest Territory 3391:Unrecognized groups 3384:Huron-Wendat Nation 3309:Texts on Wikisource 2613:"Affairs In Kansas" 2439:. November 17, 1807 2326:(online ed.). 1650:June 1, 2021 – see 1311:Kansas City, Kansas 1309:, headquartered in 1287:Wyandotte, Oklahoma 1259:Huron-Wendat Nation 1199:Indian Claims Court 1132:Free State movement 1117:Kansas–Nebraska Act 1096:Missouri Republican 998:siege of Fort Henry 996:in an unsuccessful 781:Rock Island II Site 713:François du Peron, 607:Samuel de Champlain 487:Samuel de Champlain 463:St. Lawrence Valley 386:" (good Iroquois). 322:Iroquoian languages 248:Wyandotte, Oklahoma 222:Huron-Wendat Nation 201:of the present-day 64:Wyandot moccasins, 54: 4812:Great Lakes tribes 4599:Indigenous peoples 4262:Citizen Potawatomi 4079:St. Clair's defeat 4055:Lord Dunmore's War 3954:Underwater panther 3870:(Late Prehistoric) 3868:Whittlesey culture 3841:(Late Prehistoric) 3802:Lenape settlements 3503:Prehistory of Ohio 3443:, Erik R. Seeman, 3005:General references 2886:Heidenreich (1978) 2874:Heidenreich (1978) 2862:Heidenreich (1978) 2850:Heidenreich (1978) 2838:Heidenreich (1978) 2706:The New York Times 2618:The New York Times 2565:The New York Times 2545:The New York Times 2189:Heidenreich (1978) 2155:Heidenreich (1978) 1893:, pp. 263–65. 1616:"Wyandotte Nation" 1548:Heidenreich, C.E. 1204:Indian Removal Act 1179: 1136:American Civil War 1124:The New York Times 1113:Nebraska Territory 1088:temperance society 1084:Sons of Temperance 1075:Ohio State Journal 1036:Michigan Territory 947: 936: 928: 826: 760: 683: 502:Pickering, Ontario 308:, Neutral Nation, 302:St. Lawrence River 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4565: 4564: 4487:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 4227:Alabama-Quassarte 4157: 4156: 4109:Treaty of Detroit 3853:(Middle Woodland) 3807:Lower Shawneetown 3386:, Wendake, Quebec 3295:978-0-8156-2526-1 3274:978-0-7748-0715-9 3209:978-0-7735-0627-5 3183:Trigger, Bruce G. 3144:978-0-7748-2556-6 3125:978-0-1600-4575-2 3102:978-0-1600-4575-2 3077:978-0-395-66921-1 3024:978-0-19-502741-9 2926:Tooker, Elisabeth 2793:Charity Navigator 2597:978-0-521-85755-0 2526:978-0-8135-1494-9 2418:978-0-8061-1864-2 2079:978-0-8090-6800-5 1990:World Archaeology 1825:Aurora (Old Fort) 1427:William Brandon, 1320:Trenton, Michigan 1146:and northeastern 1032:Treaty of Detroit 1030:– in signing the 951:Huron Confederacy 796:Huron Confederacy 298:Iroquoian peoples 296:related to other 250:. There are also 246:headquartered in 175: 174: 170:Iroquoian peoples 122: 92: 16:(Redirected from 4859: 4772:Tribal Council 2 4758:Tribal Council 1 4755: 4611:Cultural areas: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4569: 4417:Tribal languages 4397:United Keetoowah 4327:Muscogee (Creek) 4287:Fort Sill Apache 4222:Absentee Shawnee 4196: 4195: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4161: 3835:(Early Woodland) 3719:Historic figures 3494: 3493: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3449:, August 2, 2011 3378:Wyandotte Nation 3361: 3346: 3331: 3308: 3299: 3278: 3257: 3242: 3213: 3192: 3178: 3163: 3129: 3106: 3081: 3061: 3049: 3028: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2760:Federal Register 2757: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2585: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2463:sites.google.com 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2410: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2377: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2346: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2328:Historica Canada 2313: 2307: 2306: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2207: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2107:Jane E. Buikstra 2098: 2092: 2091: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2021: 1985: 1972: 1971: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1953:Georgian College 1950: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1921: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1871: 1870: 1842: 1836: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1802: 1801:, July 11, 2012. 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1702: 1696: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1622:. April 10, 2017 1612: 1606: 1605: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1550:"Wendat (Huron)" 1545: 1516: 1504: 1498: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1464: 1431: 1283:Wyandotte Nation 1224:Midland, Ontario 1208:Indian Territory 1140:Indian Territory 1038:(represented by 718: 715:Jesuit Relations 700:Jesuit Relations 666:Huronia (region) 491:Wyandot language 446: 438: 427: 399: 385: 370: 360: 353: 240:Wyandotte Nation 211:Wyandot language 108: 86: 70:Bata Shoe Museum 67: 62: 55: 21: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4781: 4767: 4747: 4741: 4736:Paix des Braves 4712: 4691: 4623: 4605: 4596: 4566: 4561: 4419: 4411: 4282:Eastern Shawnee 4272:Delaware Nation 4213: 4211: 4204: 4190: 4188: 4158: 4153: 4132: 4019: 3958: 3921: 3917:Wilderness Road 3873: 3864:(Late Woodland) 3821: 3797:Hell Town, Ohio 3785: 3714: 3668: 3650: 3531:Historic tribes 3525: 3507:History of Ohio 3496: 3488: 3486: 3427:Wendake, Quebec 3369: 3364: 3349: 3334: 3320:, ed. (1911). " 3316: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3224: 3220: 3218:Further reading 3210: 3195: 3181: 3166: 3150:Sagard, Gabriel 3148: 3126: 3109: 3103: 3084: 3078: 3059:"Huron/Wyandot" 3054:Dickason, Olive 3052: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2960:10.2307/2674917 2945: 2944: 2937: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2765: 2763: 2762:. April 4, 2008 2755: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2644:on May 12, 2012 2641: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370:1990 CanLII 103 2364: 2360: 2355:(2): 131. 1990. 2344: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2249: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2180: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2080: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 1987: 1986: 1975: 1968:"Huron History" 1965: 1964: 1960: 1955:. May 17, 2017. 1948: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1891:Dickason (1996) 1889: 1874: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1765:Ontario History 1759: 1758: 1754: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1579: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1533: 1529: 1519: 1505: 1501: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1445: 1432: 1426: 1418: 1403:Jean de Brébeuf 1382: 1345: 1296: 1263:Wendake, Quebec 1247: 1188:Martyrs' Shrine 1171: 1080:Sabbath schools 919: 894: 892: 870: 842: 800:Michilimackinac 719: 712: 668: 658: 611:Joseph Le Caron 591:Jean de Brébeuf 459: 454: 351:Ohwehnagehó:nǫˀ 330: 233:Wendake, Quebec 220:In Canada, the 213:belongs to the 107: 85: 72: 52: 48: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4865: 4863: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4802:Wyandot people 4794: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4420:(still spoken) 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4337:Otoe-Missouria 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4277:Delaware Tribe 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4206: 4205: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3939:Mounds in Ohio 3936: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3895:Mounds in Ohio 3892: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3608: 3598: 3588: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3562: 3552: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3368: 3367:External links 3365: 3363: 3362: 3347: 3332: 3318:Chisholm, Hugh 3313: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3258: 3248:"Huron-Wendat" 3243: 3237: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3193: 3179: 3164: 3146: 3130: 3124: 3107: 3101: 3082: 3076: 3050: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3006: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2985: 2983:, p. 187. 2981:Brandon (1961) 2973: 2935: 2917: 2905: 2890: 2888:, p. 385. 2878: 2876:, p. 381. 2866: 2864:, p. 380. 2854: 2842: 2840:, p. 378. 2830: 2805: 2780: 2744: 2719: 2690: 2676: 2655: 2623: 2603: 2596: 2570: 2550: 2532: 2525: 2505: 2475: 2450: 2424: 2417: 2395: 2378: 2358: 2333: 2308: 2274: 2270:Brandon (1961) 2262: 2258:Brandon (1961) 2247: 2232: 2219: 2193: 2191:, p. 369. 2178: 2159: 2157:, p. 379. 2147: 2126: 2119: 2093: 2078: 2058: 2035: 2033:, p. 394. 2023: 1996:(2): 258–275. 1973: 1958: 1937: 1907: 1903:Trigger (1987) 1895: 1872: 1853:(4): 149–167. 1837: 1803: 1786: 1782:Brandon (1961) 1774: 1761:Steckley, John 1752: 1724: 1717: 1697: 1682: 1678:Trigger (1987) 1667: 1655: 1633: 1607: 1587: 1566: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1499: 1485: 1476: 1472:Tobacco people 1468:Neutral people 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1381: 1378: 1354:slash-and-burn 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1323: 1322: 1313: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1277:Wendat tribe: 1271: 1270: 1246: 1243: 1170: 1167: 1163:Upper Sandusky 1109:William Walker 1069:In June 1853, 1064:Missouri River 1051:Indian removal 943:William Walker 918: 915: 869: 866: 841: 838: 834:Neutral people 783:in Wisconsin. 710: 679:Gabriel Sagard 657: 654: 603:Quienonascaran 599:Gabriel Sagard 583: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 458: 455: 453: 450: 391:Russell Errett 329: 326: 179:Wyandot people 173: 172: 165: 164: 160: 159: 152: 151: 147: 146: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 101: 100: 93: 79: 78: 74: 73: 63: 46: 26: 24: 18:Wyandot Nation 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4864: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 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3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3762:Little Turtle 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3732:Buckongahelas 3730: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3337:Huron Indians 3333: 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UBC Press. 3266: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3238:9780665006692 3234: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3138:. UBC Press. 3137: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3045:9780070012745 3041: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928:(July 1991). 2927: 2921: 2918: 2915:, p. 42. 2914: 2913:Axtell (1981) 2909: 2906: 2902: 2901:Axtell (1981) 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2761: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2712:September 10, 2707: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2656: 2640: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2506: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2374:Supreme Court 2371: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2289:. June 1999. 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2120:9780942118100 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1908: 1905:, p. 30. 1904: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1718:0-472-06365-0 1714: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1680:, p. 27. 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1430: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350:Three Sisters 1342: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1239:self-identify 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:Ojibwe people 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 971:Bryan Station 968: 963: 961: 957: 952: 944: 940: 932: 923: 916: 914: 912: 908: 904: 903: 896: 895:Adjut. Genl. 889: 886: 881: 879: 875: 867: 865: 863: 859: 858:First Nations 855: 851: 846: 839: 837: 835: 831: 823: 818: 814: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 772: 770: 766: 765:Simcoe County 756: 752: 750: 749:Mohawk Valley 745: 741: 740:Haudenosaunee 736: 732: 730: 726: 716: 709: 704: 702: 701: 695: 693: 689: 680: 676: 672: 667: 663: 655: 653: 650: 646: 644: 640: 639:Haudenosaunee 635: 633: 632: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 567: 566: 563: 561: 555: 553: 549: 545: 539: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 468: 464: 456: 451: 449: 447: 445: 439: 437: 430: 428: 426: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 398: 392: 387: 384: 379: 375: 371: 369: 368: 361: 359: 352: 347: 343: 339: 335: 327: 325: 323: 319: 315: 314:Susquehannock 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 290: 286: 285:Haudenosaunee 281: 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 227: 226:First Nations 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 203:United States 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 171: 166: 161: 157: 153: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 106: 105:United States 102: 98: 94: 90: 84: 80: 75: 71: 61: 56: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4686: 4387:Thlopthlocco 4137:Other topics 4039:(1701, 1726) 3909: 3839:Fort Ancient 3817:Pickawillany 3756:Kakowatcheky 3750:Joseph Brant 3706: 3642: 3637: 3539:Chalahgawtha 3515:Ohio Country 3444: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3390: 3389: 3371: 3370: 3355: 3340: 3325: 3284: 3263: 3251: 3227: 3198: 3187: 3174: 3169: 3159: 3154: 3133: 3115: 3090: 3063: 3034: 3013: 2994: 2988: 2976: 2954:(1): 17–47. 2951: 2947: 2929: 2920: 2908: 2903:, p. 8. 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2823:September 6, 2821:. 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