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126:-based constructions, there is an outward thrust generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault. There are several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust. One is to make the walls exceedingly thick and strong – this is a primitive and sometimes unacceptable method. A more elegant method is to build two or more vaults parallel to each other; the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate each other. This method was most often used in construction of churches, where several vaulted
503:
455:
241:. However, it apparently was not a very popular or common method of construction within these civilizations. The Persians and the Romans were the first to make significant architectural use of them. The technique probably evolved out of necessity to roof buildings with masonry elements such as bricks or stone blocks in areas where timber and wood were scarce. The earliest known example of a vault is a
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78:
54:
107:, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a
466:
punctures in stonework barrel vaults. Such openings could compromise the integrity of the entire arch system. Thus the
Romanesque medieval builders had to resort to techniques of small windows, large buttresses, or other forms of interior wall cross-bracing to achieve the desired lighting outcomes.
442:
With a barrel vault design the vectors of pressure result in a downward force on the crown while the lower portions of the arches realise a lateral force pushing outwards. As an outcome this form of design is subject to failure unless the sides are anchored or buttressed to very heavy building
857:
Beyond the classical use of the barrel vault in macro-architectural design (e.g. as a major structural roofing element), there are a variety of derivative applications clearly based on the original concept and shape of the barrel vault. These applications arise in the fields of
866:
design, children's toys and microstructure design (such as bus shelters). While none of these applications rival the majesty of the ancient and
Classical predecessors, they demonstrate the pervasiveness of the barrel vault as an architectural concept in contemporary times.
389:
period, a return to stone barrel vaults was seen for the first great cathedrals; their interiors were fairly dark, due to thick, heavy walls needed to support the vault. One of the largest and most famous churches enclosed from above by a vast barrel vault was the church of
713:
372:; though more complex to erect, this type of vault did not require heavy, thick walls for support (see below), and thus allowed for more spacious buildings with greater openings and much more light inside, such as
482:
algorithm to calculate gravity induced stresses from the self weight of an arched system. In fact, for structural engineers, analysis of the barrel vault has become a benchmark test of a structural engineering
413:
style, and revived interest in art and architecture of antiquity, barrel vaulting was re-introduced on a truly grandiose scale, and employed in the construction of many famous buildings and churches, such as
405:
reinforced by stone ribs were mostly used in the beginning, and later on various types of spectacular, ornate and complex medieval vaults were developed. However, with the coming of the
494:. The barrel vault structure must rest on long walls creating less stable lateral stress, whereas the groin vault design can direct stresses almost purely vertically on the apexes.
1122:
467:
In many of the monasteries, a natural solution was cloisters which could have high barrel-vaulted construction with an open courtyard to allow ample lighting.
451:, adjacent walls to the barrel vaulted chambers are up to 4.6 m (15 ft) thick, adding the buttressing strength needed to secure the curved design.
462:
The inherent difficulty of adequately lighting barrel vaulted structures has been widely acknowledged. The intrinsic engineering issue is the need to avoid
1002:
368:
to aid them in construction of vaults spanning over widths greater than anything seen before. However, Roman builders gradually began to prefer the use of
659:
364:
and the Near East. Persians and Romans were the first to use this building method extensively on large-scale projects and were probably the first to use
134:. The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles, thus forming a
130:
ran parallel down the length of the building. However, the outer walls of the outermost vault would still have to be quite strong or reinforced by
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In terms of comparison to other vaulting techniques, the barrel vault is inherently a weaker design compared to the more complex
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of only two metres. In these early instances, the barrel vault was chiefly used for underground structures such as drains and
1319:
898:
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mechanics to calculate numeric stress loads for ancient stonework barrel vaults. These analyses have typically used a
1314:
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385:, few buildings large enough to require much in the way of vaulting were built for several centuries. In the early
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In the field of bone surgery the technique of a "barrel vault" shaped incision is not only a well-defined
725:
419:
42:
502:
1271:
High tibial barrel-vault osteotomy. A clinical study and statistical analysis of 91 long-term results
603:
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108:
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dated 1900 BC-1300 BC which formed the roof of the metal working furnace, the discovery was made by
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Summaries of Five
Seasons of Research at Harappa (District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan) 1986-1990
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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style, barrel vaulting became almost extinct in constructions of great Gothic cathedrals;
1234:
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with a system of underground sewers. Other early barrel vault designs occur in northern
885:. The Wohlfahrt study cited documents results of this surgical procedure on the human
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736:
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487:"because of the complex membrane and inextensional bending states of stress" involved.
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1167:"Mount Holyoke college, The Art of Cathedrals: Stresses in barrel vaulted design"
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260:, ascribed to about 4000 BC, which was built from fired bricks amalgamated with
238:
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in Rome, where a huge barrel vault spans the 27 m (89 ft)-wide nave.
360:
Ancient Romans most probably inherited their knowledge of barrel vaulting from
1124:
Metal
Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India
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315:
210:
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322:) shows that the aboveground barrel vault was known and used in Hellenistic
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Europe, the barrel vault was an important element of stone construction in
77:
17:
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599:
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448:
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The vaulted roof of an early
Harappan burial chamber has been noted from
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280:
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249:
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Barrel vaulting was known and utilized by early civilizations, including
206:
194:
178:
131:
1006:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 956.
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1222:
The Gothic
Enterprise: A Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral
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There are numerous contemporary examples of barrel vault design in
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in 3rd century BC, indicating that the technique was also known to
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Rao, Shikaripur
Ranganatha; Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna (1973).
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placed side by side (i.e., one after another). It is a form of
27:
Architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve
522:
The great archway of the entrance to the palace of
Ardeshir I
940:
Understanding
Architecture: Its Elements History and Meaning
717:
Barrel vault in the early 20th century main post office of
443:
elements or substantial earthwork sidings. For example, at
458:
Pointed barrel vault showing direction of lateral forces.
193:
and other structures. This form of design is observed in
615:, numerous occurrences at this early 2nd century AD site
397:
In 13th and 14th centuries, with the advance of the new
341:
reports vaulted roof of a small chamber in a house from
295:, though several buildings of the great Late Egyptian
1288:
Barrel vault design description of static force loads
1192:
Traditional
Domestic Architecture of the Arab Region
1086:"METALS AND METALLURGY IN THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION"
345:. Barrel vaults were also used in the Late Harappan
1273:
PZ Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1991 Jan–Feb; 129(1):72–79
267:. The earliest tunnel vaults in Egypt are found at
1269:A. Wohlfahrt, P. Heppt, A. Goldmann and P. Wirtz,
394:, built between the 11th and 12th centuries.
8:
283:in three rings over passages descending to
1259:Indiana University new library description
1033:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
784:room with barrel vault ceiling 1896–1906,
660:Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda
69:, all of the light being provided by the
968:
568:, most notably at the Temple of Anahita
1194:, American University of Shadah (2003)
943:. Oxford, UK: Westview Press. p.
310:were also vaulted in this way. Recent
1224:University of California Press (2003)
1205:Mesh Free Methods: Moving Beyond the
1121:Kenoyer, J.M.; Miller, Heather M..L.
1110:. Prehistory Press. pp. 185–262.
1063:. Asia Publishing House. p. 77.
161:. They were also used to replace the
7:
1093:Indian Journal of History of Science
1084:Tripathi, Vibha (27 February 2018).
1018:Egypt, From Prehistory to the Romans
430:, and perhaps most glorious of all,
416:Basilica di Sant'Andrea di Mantova
37:of the barrel-vaulted nave in the
25:
1300:Glossary of medieval architecture
1060:Lothal and the Indus Civilization
874:surgical procedure, but the name
824:Forest Hill Chase Shopping Centre
141:Barrel vaults are known from the
1237:. Victorianweb.org. 2006-09-12.
976:
229:Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany.
1241:from the original on 2015-02-18
1173:from the original on 2014-05-02
1148:from the original on 2006-10-14
812:, spanning a width of 174 feet.
582:below south tower of west range
157:, and were used extensively in
878:is given to this technique by
1:
353:in 1940 during excavation at
275:, from around 3500 BC in the
899:List of architectural vaults
1106:Kenoyer, J.M; Dales, G. F.
619:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
314:evidence discovered at the
279:era. These were built with
1336:
225:Roman barrel vault at the
111:: effectively a series of
49:. Built early 4th century.
1036:. ABC-CLIO. p. 293.
843:Fremont Street Experience
514:, Buenos Aires, Argentina
318:site (in the province of
151:Indus Valley civilization
1235:"Victorian architecture"
1142:"St. Peter's - the Nave"
792:Huntington Bank Building
681:Cappella degli Scrovegni
217:Theory and early history
177:, and other regions. In
73:at one end of the vault.
1030:McIntosh, Jane (2008).
1003:Encyclopædia Britannica
937:Roth, Leland M (1993).
914:Romanesque architecture
889:in 91 such operations.
853:In unconventional usage
721:
523:
515:
459:
420:Leone Battista Alberti
381:After the fall of the
230:
88:
74:
65:. Note the absence of
61:with a barrel vaulted
50:
1320:Medieval architecture
990:Spiers, Richard Phené
716:
670:of this 12th-century
521:
505:
457:
224:
80:
56:
33:
770:(early 19th century)
472:structural engineers
432:St. Peter's Basilica
424:San Giorgio Maggiore
1190:Friedrich Ragette,
730:modern architecture
43:Diocletian's Palace
1293:2014-05-02 at the
1211:, CRC Press (2003)
1016:Dietrich Wildung,
834:Indiana University
802:Kimbell Art Museum
760:Williamson Tunnels
722:
531:Palace of Ardeshir
524:
516:
506:Barrel vault in a
460:
438:Engineering issues
347:Cemetery H culture
231:
159:Roman architecture
95:, also known as a
89:
75:
67:clerestory windows
51:
1315:Arches and vaults
1220:Robert A. Scott,
1169:. Mtholyoke.edu.
1070:978-0-210-22278-2
1043:978-1-57607-907-2
806:Fort Worth, Texas
512:Recoleta Cemetery
498:Early occurrences
39:Temple of Jupiter
16:(Redirected from
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1020:, Taschen, 2001.
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980:
979:
973:
958:
872:state-of-the-art
778:Northern Ireland
677:Scrovegni Chapel
629:(c. 500 AD)
596:Dunnottar Castle
572:Beverston Castle
553:Sarvestan Palace
245:found under the
59:Lisbon Cathedral
35:Coffered ceiling
21:
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709:Modern examples
633:Muchalls Castle
609:Hadrian's Villa
548:Firuzabad, Fars
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445:Muchalls Castle
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428:Andrea Palladio
281:sun-dried brick
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105:wagonhead vault
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1207:Finite Element
1203:Gui-Rong Liu,
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1130:. p. 124.
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312:archaeological
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83:
82:The Cloisters
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36:
32:
19:
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1243:. Retrieved
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1191:
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1161:
1150:. Retrieved
1136:
1123:
1116:
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1079:
1059:
1052:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1001:
971:
939:
904:Chandrashala
876:barrel vault
875:
869:
856:
780:, City Hall
741:Vatican City
723:
719:Toledo, Ohio
703:Vatican City
647:Myres Castle
525:
489:
469:
464:fenestration
461:
441:
403:groin vaults
396:
383:Roman empire
380:
373:
359:
332:
243:tunnel vault
232:
226:
191:tower houses
143:Ancient Iran
140:
122:As with all
121:
104:
100:
97:tunnel vault
96:
93:barrel vault
92:
90:
492:groin vault
470:Since 1996
407:Renaissance
392:Cluny Abbey
370:groin vault
366:scaffolding
277:predynastic
239:Mesopotamia
211:great halls
183:monasteries
136:groin vault
132:buttressing
117:barrel roof
101:wagon vault
71:Rose window
1309:Categories
1245:2014-05-01
1177:2014-05-01
1152:2006-11-19
1095:: 279–295.
925:References
880:orthopedic
826:, made of
580:undercroft
387:Romanesque
335:Rakhigarhi
316:Morgantina
149:), Indian
18:Wagon roof
992:(1911). "
847:Las Vegas
820:Australia
816:Melbourne
764:Liverpool
726:Victorian
695:(1303 AD)
672:monastery
668:cloisters
592:, Tuscany
586:Cathedral
557:Sarvestan
508:mausoleum
476:Newtonian
362:Etruscans
308:Ramesseum
269:Requagnah
258:Babylonia
209:and even
207:cloisters
1291:Archived
1239:Archived
1171:Archived
1146:Archived
963:Specific
909:Keystone
893:See also
883:surgeons
864:skylight
651:Scotland
637:Scotland
602:, Whigs
600:Scotland
564:, Iran,
562:Bishapur
555:, Iran,
546:, Iran,
449:Scotland
409:and the
297:mortuary
273:Denderah
250:ziggurat
247:Sumerian
203:hallways
179:medieval
57:Nave of
1000:(ed.).
987::
931:General
919:Chartaq
860:surgery
838:library
786:Donegal
782:Banquet
774:Belfast
768:England
754:Morocco
655:cellars
623:Ravenna
590:Cortona
576:England
566:Kazerun
510:at the
411:Baroque
375:thermae
355:Harappa
339:S.R Rao
287:with a
201:, long
195:cellars
187:castles
175:Morocco
1209:Method
1067:
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981:
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788:Square
750:Meknes
689:Veneto
399:Gothic
343:Lothal
324:Sicily
304:temple
300:palace
293:sewers
265:mortar
254:Nippur
199:crypts
171:Turkey
167:Europe
113:arches
63:soffit
1128:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
994:Vault
887:tibia
693:Italy
685:Padua
664:Spain
641:crypt
627:Italy
604:Vault
285:tombs
128:naves
109:vault
1065:ISBN
1038:ISBN
949:ISBN
836:new
832:The
728:and
535:Iran
351:Vats
320:Enna
289:span
271:and
262:clay
237:and
153:and
147:Elam
124:arch
653:,
588:of
447:in
426:by
418:by
306:of
256:in
252:at
103:or
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