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910:, but on an indicator attached to a weight that descended in a track. Movable time indicators ran alongside the track of the weight and its attached indicator. These indicators could be adjusted for the seasons to show the length of the day and nighttime hours. When the clock was wound, the indicator was moved back up the track to the appropriate marker. This setup had the advantage of being independent of the rate of the clock itself.
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134:, which began in 1641. The isolationist period meant that Japanese clockmakers would have to find their own way without significant further inputs from Western developments in clockmaking. Nevertheless, the Japanese clockmakers showed considerable ingenuity in adapting the European mechanical clock technology to the needs of traditional Japanese timekeeping.
246:(1603–1868) saw the adaptation of Western techniques to form a unique method of clock making in Japan. A double escapement was designed by Japanese clockmakers in order to develop a clock that followed the uneven, traditional Japanese time schedule. These clocks, called wadokei, were built with different methods in order to follow the temporal hour system (
422:
211:
234:
Near the turn of the 17th century, the first
Western-styled, mechanical clocks were produced by Japanese natives. Tsuda Sukezaemon is reported to have made a mechanical clock in 1598 after he had examined and repaired many imported clocks on his own. Japanese clock making was facilitated in the 17th
913:
The use of clock faces was part of the
European technology received in Japan, and a number of arrangements were made to display Japanese hours on clock faces. Some had movable hours around the rim of a 24-hour clock dial. Others had multiple clock faces that could be changed with the seasons. To
311:
in the second and third volumes. The volume on clockmaking contained highly detailed instructions for the production of a weight-driven, striking clock with a verge escapement controlled by a foliot. Relatively high literacy rates and an enthusiastic, book-lending society contributed greatly to the
254:
of the clocks have several divisions allowing the user to set a relatively accurate rate. Foliot-controlled clocks, despite being widely replaced in Europe by circular-balanced clocks, were utilized in Japan due to their adaptability to the temporal hour system. Constant weight and dial adjustments
344:
in 1868, Japan eventually abolished the use of its temporal hour system. The Meiji
Cabinet issued Ordinance No. 453 in 1872 which switched Japan from the lunar calendar to the western, solar calendar. The switch led to the decline of wadokei and the emergence of a western-styled clock industry in
337:. This has six faces that feature a western clock, a lunar phase indicator, the oriental zodiac, a Japanese temporal clock, the ancient Japanese 24-phase division indicator, and an indicator for the day of the week. The clock was said to be able to run for a year on a single winding.
388:. Like the western lantern clocks that inspired their design, the weight driven clocks were often held up by specially built tables or shelves that allowed the weights to drop beneath them. Spring driven Japanese clocks were made for portability; the smallest were the size of large
933:
uses a series of arms linked to the individual hours. These arms are connected to a single cam with a groove cut in it tuned to the latitude of each watch's individual buyer. The movement of the cam over a single year changes the position of the hours on the watch face.
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The typical clock had six numbered hours from nine to four, which counted backwards from noon until midnight; the hour numbers one, two and three were not used in Japan for religious reasons, because these numbers of strokes were used by
905:
to provide differing hour lengths for different parts of the year. Japanese clocks used various mechanisms to display the changing temporal hours. The most practical way was with a pillar clock, where the clock indicated time not on a
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As such, Japanese timekeepers varied with the seasons; the daylight hours were longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the opposite at night. European mechanical clocks were, by contrast, set up to tell equal
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204:, one in 1606 by a missionary and one in 1611 by a Portuguese envoy. The oldest surviving western clock in Japan dates back to 1612; it was given to Shōgun Ieyasu by the viceroy of Mexico (then
918:
that told
Japanese time, clockmakers used a system that ran two balances, one slow and one fast. The appropriate escapement was changed automatically as the time moved from day to night. The
369:. Japanese traditional timekeeping practices required the use of unequal time units: six daytime units from local sunrise to local sunset, and six night-time units from sunset to sunrise.
30:
1371:
1178:
Fernandez, M. P., and P. C. Fernandez. 1996. "Precision
Timekeepers of Tokugawa Japan and the Evolution of the Japanese Domestic Clock". TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE. 37 (2), 225.
1152:
Fernandez, M. P., and P. C. Fernandez. 1996. "Precision
Timekeepers of Tokugawa Japan and the Evolution of the Japanese Domestic Clock". TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE. 37 (2), 224.
73:, a system in which daytime and nighttime are always divided into six periods whose lengths consequently change with the season. Mechanical clocks were introduced into
952:
126:
were in use among
European clocks of the period, and as such they were not included among the technologies available to the Japanese clockmakers at the start of the
1311:
406:
The traditional
Japanese time system divided daytime and nighttime into six periods. This meant the lengths of the periods consequently change with the season.
1087:
Yokota, Yasuhiro. "A Historical
Overview of Japanese Clocks and Karakuri." International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms (2008), 176.
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In 1873 the
Japanese government adopted Western style timekeeping practices, including equal hours that do not vary with the seasons, and the
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1139:
Fernandez, M. P., and P. C. Fernandez. 1996. "Precision Timekeepers of Tokugawa Japan and the Evolution of the Japanese Domestic Clock".
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century by missionaries living in Japan. Christian missionaries were the first to instruct the Japanese on clockmaking in the
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to count down the time. Dawn and dusk were therefore both marked as the sixth hour in the Japanese timekeeping system.
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Adapting the European clock designs to the needs of Japanese traditional timekeeping presented a challenge to Japanese
192:, a mechanical clock in 1551. Other missionaries and embassies soon followed, with a mechanized clock being given to
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to call to prayer. The count ran backwards because the earliest Japanese artificial timekeepers used the burning of
112:
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were automatically set for the correct time of day or night with the use of two governors or balances, called
1130:
Pacey, Arnold. Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1990. Page 88.
174:
Christian missionaries were among the first to introduce Japan to Western mechanical spring driven clocks.
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balances allow this 18th-century Japanese clock to run at two different speeds to indicate unequal hours.
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European lantern clocks such as this one were the starting point for the design of Japanese clocks.
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A key component of the development of Japanese clocks was the publication of Hosokawa Hanzo's
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Clocks have existed in Japan since the mid-7th century AD in the form of water clocks. The
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History of the Japanese Horological Industry. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 April 2013. Section 1.
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in 1796, in which he explains production methods of clocks in the first volume, and
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In addition to the numbered temporal hours, each hour was assigned a sign from the
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1187:
Yokota, Yasuhiro. "A Historical Overview of Japanese Clocks and Karakuri".
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International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms' (2008), 179.
1166:
Yokota, Yasuhiro. "A Historical Overview of Japanese Clocks and Karakuri".
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Yokota, Yasuhiro. "A Historical Overview of Japanese Clocks and Karakuri".
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Mechanical clock that has been made to tell traditional Japanese time
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Toshiba: Press Releases 8 March 2005. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
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For the temporal hour complication on some of his wrist watches,
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are the basis for the zodiacal assignments of the Japanese hours.
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The production and complexity of clocks reached its peak with
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or "two-bar governor clock", around 1780. The weights in the
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International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
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International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
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displays Japanese, equal hour, and calendar information.
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wristwatch that tells Japanese time and modern time by
1347:The history of clocks technology transfer in Japan
440:. Starting at dawn, the six daytime hours were:
200:in 1571 by Papal envoys, and two clocks given to
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88:(in the 17th century). These clocks were of the
1236:Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Culture
1216:"History of the Japanese Horological Industry".
1119:"History of the Japanese Horological Industry."
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1204:"Toshiba : Press Releases 8 March, 2005".
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182:saint and missionary, gave Ouchi Yoshitaka, a
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1353: (archived 2008-02-10) by Yasuyuki Shirai
165:, literally "leaking" + "cutting, measuring")
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1219:History of the Japanese Horological Industry
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1264:Mapping Time: The Calendar and Its History
1221:. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 April 2013. Section 3.
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255:led Japanese clock makers to develop the
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987:(pedestal clock) with circular balance.
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239:around the turn of the 17th century.
113:lantern clock of European manufacture
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380:Most Japanese clocks were driven by
377:that did not vary with the seasons.
100:, and used the relatively primitive
889:The problem of varying hour lengths
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1250:The History of Clocks and Watches
392:, and carried by their owners in
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402:Traditional Japanese time system
979:(pillow clock) with music box.
312:work's widespread readership.
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1292:Japanese Automata Krakuri Zui
1377:Technology in Medieval Japan
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447:The traditional Chinese 12
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1337:A Japanese Daimyo Clock
1294:(Murakami Kazuo, 2012)
1238:(Univ. Colorado, 2002)
309:) or "mechanical dolls"
152:made a water clock, or
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901:Beginning in 1844 the
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171:in the 16th century.
169:Christianity in Japan
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922:designed in 1850 by
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230:. Completed in 1851.
1387:Japanese inventions
1046:Daimyo Clock Museum
453:Cardinal Directions
215:Tanaka Hisashige's
128:isolationist period
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1060:timekeeping
1015:Taiko-dokei
696:Solar time
684:Zodiac sign
468:Zodiac sign
367:clockmakers
250:不定時法). The
145:Nihon Shoki
1361:Categories
1072:References
908:clock face
640:afternoon
483:Solar time
340:After the
248:futei jiho
244:Edo period
105:escapement
985:Dai-dokei
455:; the 12
412:Buddhists
398:pouches.
206:New Spain
1328:Archived
1040:See also
820:midnight
760:evening
548:morning
428:'s 1851
122:nor the
120:pendulum
111:owned a
1349:at the
1339:at the
1325:和時計の暮らし
1314:at the
1280:(機巧圖彙)
945:Gallery
914:make a
702:Rooster
693:Strikes
516:sunrise
479:Strikes
451:and 24
416:incense
390:watches
386:springs
382:weights
361:, 1796.
345:Japan.
252:foliots
188:of the
138:History
58:wadokei
18:Wadokei
1298:
1284:
1270:
1256:
1242:
982:Right:
728:sunset
646:Monkey
523:Dragon
490:Rabbit
265:二挺天府時計
185:daimyō
155:rōkoku
79:Jesuit
36:foliot
974:Left:
858:Tiger
582:Horse
554:Snake
375:hours
332:) or
277:tenpu
94:brass
75:Japan
67:clock
1296:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1240:ISBN
615:Goat
608:noon
395:inrō
329:万年時計
306:絡繰人形
242:The
225:万年時計
98:iron
794:Rat
766:Pig
735:Dog
319:'s
208:).
130:in
96:or
77:by
51:和時計
1363::
1196:^
1157:^
1092:^
1080:^
941:.
880:7
827:Ox
788:4
668:7
576:4
289:.
284:天府
162:漏刻
115:.
107:.
55:,
42:A
1062:)
874:七
865:寅
849:8
843:八
834:丑
816:9
810:九
801:子
782:四
773:亥
757:5
751:五
742:戌
724:6
718:六
709:酉
662:七
653:申
637:8
631:八
622:未
604:9
598:九
589:午
570:四
561:巳
545:5
539:五
530:辰
512:6
506:六
497:卯
326:(
303:(
287:)
281:(
268:)
262:(
228:)
222:(
159:(
62:)
47:(
20:)
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