Knowledge (XXG)

Wadi Howar

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as a once ecologically favoured area of settlement and a communication route between the inner regions of Africa and the Nile Valley. The hitherto most thoroughly investigated archaeological site in the wadi is
304: 403: 288: 63: 408: 324:; Pachur, Hans-Joachim (1987). "Wadi Howar: Paleoclimatic Evidence from an Extinct River System in the Southeastern Sahara". 393: 398: 383: 212: 413: 143: 335: 241: 188: 359: 298: 321: 203:
was some 500 kilometres (310 mi) further north than it is today. When the Sahara underwent
351: 326: 284: 343: 276: 204: 154:. Stretching over 1100 km in west–east direction across the southern fringes of the 339: 229: 388: 377: 155: 128: 363: 246: 139: 28: 347: 151: 44: 78: 65: 166: 355: 192: 280: 200: 196: 211:
first became a chain of freshwater lakes and marshes, as shown by
112: 208: 184: 178: 147: 132: 116: 108: 49: 158:, it ordinarily receives 25 mm of rainfall per year. 55: 43: 38: 21: 199:occupied this region and the southern edge of the 191:from about 9500 to 4500 years ago. At that time, 215:, then it became extinct about 2000 years ago. 271:Soghayroun, Intisar Soghayroun Elzein (2010). 8: 303:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 273:Trade and Wadi System(s) in Muslim Sudan 165: 258: 170:Map of Nile tributaries in modern Sudan 296: 266: 264: 262: 18: 207:between 6000 and 4000 years ago, the 7: 316: 314: 138:runs through the Sudanese states of 223:Abundant prehistoric sites certify 14: 27: 404:International rivers of Africa 177:is the remnant of the ancient 146:to join the Nile north of the 57: • coordinates 1: 39:Physical characteristics 348:10.1126/science.237.4812.298 430: 33:Map of Sudan (after 2011) 26: 171: 183:, a tributary of the 169: 79:18.19889°N 30.74056°E 242:African humid period 189:African humid period 340:1987Sci...237..298P 213:Ptolemy's world map 127:Originating in the 75: /  172: 84:18.19889; 30.74056 409:Chad–Sudan border 334:(4812): 298–300. 290:978-9970-25-005-9 195:fauna and cattle 94: 93: 421: 368: 367: 322:Kröpelin, Stefan 318: 309: 308: 302: 294: 268: 90: 89: 87: 86: 85: 80: 76: 73: 72: 71: 68: 31: 19: 429: 428: 424: 423: 422: 420: 419: 418: 394:Rivers of Sudan 374: 373: 372: 371: 320: 319: 312: 295: 291: 270: 269: 260: 255: 238: 221: 205:desertification 164: 162:Holocene period 125: 83: 81: 77: 74: 69: 66: 64: 62: 61: 58: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 427: 425: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 399:Rivers of Chad 396: 391: 386: 384:Wadis of Sudan 376: 375: 370: 369: 310: 289: 257: 256: 254: 251: 250: 249: 244: 237: 234: 230:Gala Abu Ahmed 220: 217: 163: 160: 124: 121: 92: 91: 59: 56: 53: 52: 47: 41: 40: 36: 35: 32: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 426: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 379: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 328: 323: 317: 315: 311: 306: 300: 292: 286: 282: 278: 274: 267: 265: 263: 259: 252: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 235: 233: 231: 226: 218: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181: 176: 168: 161: 159: 157: 156:Libyan Desert 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 130: 129:Ennedi Region 122: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 88: 60: 54: 51: 48: 46: 42: 37: 30: 25: 20: 414:North Darfur 331: 325: 272: 247:Lake Ptolemy 224: 222: 179: 174: 173: 140:North Darfur 135: 126: 104: 100: 96: 95: 275:. Kampala. 219:Archaeology 187:during the 180:Yellow Nile 152:Old Dongola 105:Yellow Nile 82: / 378:Categories 253:References 225:Wadi Howar 175:Wadi Howar 148:great bend 136:Wadi Howar 97:Wadi Howar 70:30°44′26″E 67:18°11′56″N 22:Wadi Howar 299:cite book 281:1956/3994 150:opposite 123:Geography 101:Wadi Howa 356:17772057 236:See also 144:Northern 364:3894313 336:Bibcode 327:Science 197:herders 193:savanna 107:) is a 362:  354:  287:  201:Sahara 360:S2CID 113:Sudan 45:Mouth 16:River 389:Nile 352:PMID 305:link 285:ISBN 209:wadi 185:Nile 142:and 133:Chad 117:Chad 115:and 109:wadi 50:Nile 344:doi 332:237 277:hdl 131:of 111:in 103:or 380:: 358:. 350:. 342:. 330:. 313:^ 301:}} 297:{{ 283:. 261:^ 232:. 119:. 366:. 346:: 338:: 307:) 293:. 279:: 99:(

Index


Mouth
Nile
18°11′56″N 30°44′26″E / 18.19889°N 30.74056°E / 18.19889; 30.74056
wadi
Sudan
Chad
Ennedi Region
Chad
North Darfur
Northern
great bend
Old Dongola
Libyan Desert

Yellow Nile
Nile
African humid period
savanna
herders
Sahara
desertification
wadi
Ptolemy's world map
Gala Abu Ahmed
African humid period
Lake Ptolemy


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