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The Waitākere volcano began erupting 23 million years ago, beginning life as a seamount adjacent to a deep sedimentary basin. Periodically, the volcano would breach the surface, and be capped by a series of volcanic islands. At its peak, the volcano rose from between 3,000 and 4,000 metres above the
451:
While fossils are rarely found in the Waitākere volcano rocks, some
Miocene fossils exist in the Nihotupu Formation of the Manukau Subgroup. These specimens represent deep sea species which lived on the underwater slopes of the volcano.
432:
17 million years ago, tectonic forces in the
Auckland Region changed, and the Waitākere volcano was uplifted from the seafloor. Vulcanism at the site ceased two million years afterwards. The final two vents were along the
778:
Hayward, Bruce W; Triggs, Christopher M (2016). "Using multi-foraminiferal-proxies to resolve the paleogeographic history of a lower
Miocene, subduction-related, sedimentary basin (Waitemata Basin, New Zealand)".
376:
and as a volcanic island, before tectonic forces raised the volcano up from the seafloor 17 million years ago. Volcanism at the site ceased 15 million years ago and the cone has mostly eroded, however the modern
655:
Hayward, Bruce W.; Black, Philippa M.; Smith, Ian E. M.; Ballance, Peter F.; Itaya, Tetsumaru; Doi, Masako; Takagi, Miki; Bergman, Steve; Adams, Chris J.; Herzer, Richard H.; Robertson, David J. (2001).
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are formed from the remnants of the volcano's eastern slopes. A number of visible volcanic sites associated with the Waitākere volcano remain around
Auckland, including
172:
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710:(1979). "Eruptive history of the early to mid Miocene Waitakere volcanic arc, and palaeogeography of the Waitemata Basin, northern New Zealand".
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368:. Erupting intermittently between 23 million and 15 million years ago, the volcano was at one point one of the tallest mountains in
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Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcano name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the
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Most of the volcanic cone eroded five million years ago, except for its uplifted eastern slopes, which form the modern
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Out of the Ocean, Into the Fire: History in the Rocks, Fossils and
Landforms of Auckland, Northland and Coromandel
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883:
581:"Magmatic and Tectonic Interactions Revealed by Buried Volcanoes in Te Riu-a-Māui/Zealandia Sedimentary Basins"
535:"Seismic stratigraphy of a buried volcanic arc, Northland, New Zealand and implications for Neogene subduction"
118:
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Eagle, Michael K (1999). "A new Early
Miocene Pseudarchaster (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) from New Zealand".
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ridge and the modern west coast. Lava from these above sea eruptions form the Lone Kauri
Formation of rock.
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409:. This belt forms the western part of a two part extended volcanic arc, which included vents located at the
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The volcano is part of
Northland-Mohakatino Volcanic Belt which to the south is still potentially active at
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sea floor. The volcano had two cones: the major central vent and a smaller cone to the northwest.
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Bischoff, Alan; Barriera, Andrea; Begg, Mac; Nicola, Andrew; Colea, Jim; Sahoo, Tusar (2020).
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817:(2006). "Fossils: Relics of the Past". In Harvey, Bruce; Harvey, Trixie (eds.).
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448:, are formed from conglomerate rock that is harder and less able to be eroded.
753:(2006). "The Structure of the Land". In Harvey, Bruce; Harvey, Trixie (eds.).
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658:"K-Ar ages of early Miocene arc-type volcanoes in northern New Zealand"
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Waitakere Ranges: Ranges of
Inspiration, Nature, History, Culture
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Waitakere Ranges: Ranges of
Inspiration, Nature, History, Culture
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North New Zealand: a natural history of the upper North Island
24:
Waitākere volcano (also Waitakere volcano, Manukau volcano)
268: undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in
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era volcano that formed off the west coast of the modern
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821:. Waitakere Ranges Protection Society. p. 41.
757:. Waitakere Ranges Protection Society. p. 38.
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16:Former volcano in the Auckland Region, New Zealand
627:. Geoscience Society of New Zealand. title page.
372:. The volcano alternated between periods as a
844:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
662:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
585:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
335:. White shading is selected caldera features.
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781:The Journal of Foraminiferal Research
533:Herzer, Richard H. (1 January 1995).
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512:. Random House. pp. 8–10, 13.
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899:Volcanoes of the Auckland Region
504:(2009). "Land, Sea and Sky". In
242:that are shown with panning is:
894:Stratovolcanoes of New Zealand
724:10.1080/03036758.1979.10419410
510:West: The History of Waitakere
1:
856:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514861
674:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514939
597:10.1080/00288306.2020.1773510
326:is lighter shades of violet),
551:10.1016/0264-8172(95)91506-K
539:Marine and Petroleum Geology
473:. Wairau Press. p. 74.
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909:West Auckland, New Zealand
618:Hayward, Bruce W. (2017).
252:(shades of brown/orange),
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889:Miocene stratovolcanoes
415:Hen and Chicken Islands
311: basaltic andesite
793:10.2113/gsjfr.46.3.285
469:Hadden, Peter (2014).
284: arc ring basalts
119:Northland Volcanic Arc
508:; Kerr, Ruth (eds.).
348:, also known as the
270:Northland Allochthon
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30:Stratigraphic range
397:Geological history
278: arc basalts,
828:978-0-476-00520-4
815:Hayward, Bruce W.
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751:Hayward, Bruce W.
506:Macdonald, Finlay
419:Whangaroa Harbour
346:Waitākere volcano
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220:Type section
193:-36.9; 174.3
150:conglomerate
32:: Miocene, ~
18:
640:20 February
591:: 378–401.
383:Pukematekeo
370:New Zealand
362:New Zealand
259:monogenetic
215:New Zealand
191: /
166:Coordinates
35:23–15
878:Categories
456:References
324:ignimbrite
864:0028-8306
801:0096-1191
732:0303-6758
682:128957126
605:221380777
559:0264-8172
446:Lion Rock
391:Lion Rock
240:volcanics
225:Named for
138:Lithology
132:Greywacke
692:20 April
425:and the
407:Taranaki
387:Karekare
374:seamount
352:, was a
320:rhyolite
303:andesite
207:Auckland
179:174°18′E
160:Location
147:Andesite
125:Overlies
564:30 June
354:Miocene
261:basalts
212:Country
176:36°54′S
154:breccia
143:Primary
115:Unit of
110:Igneous
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249:basalt
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204:Region
678:S2CID
625:(PDF)
601:S2CID
860:ISSN
823:ISBN
797:ISSN
759:ISBN
728:ISSN
694:2010
642:2022
629:ISBN
566:2022
555:ISSN
514:ISBN
475:ISBN
389:and
344:The
328:and
152:and
107:Type
43:PreꞒ
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