440:. Between 1984 and 1986, the maximum number of visitors was increased to 135 per year. A draft management plan produced in 1986 allowed for the possibility of a tourism operation in the reserve. Because the existing visitor numbers had no noticeable effects on the colony, a concession was granted in 1988 for a commercial operator, White Heron Sanctuary Tours, to take visitors to the reserve. Established in 1987, White Heron Sanctuary Tours is operated by the Arnold family, a fifth-generation settler family in Whataroa. In 1989, the conditions of the concession allowed 6,000 visitors to be taken to the reserve each year. Originally access to the colony was by
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to the lagoon, then up the mouth of the
Waitangiroto to a boardwalk that led to the viewing station. Both rivers, however, have unpredictable and changing channels, and tourist access was dependent on tides and river conditions. In 2020 the Arnolds negotiated with local landowners to build an access
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The first attempts to protect the area began in 1924, when an honorary ranger was appointed to monitor a 60-metre-wide (200 ft) strip on each bank of the
Waitangiroto River. By 1940, there were only four nests at the colony. A paid ranger was appointed to monitor and protect the colony and
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In the 1940s around a dozen pairs of herons would nest each year, but the colony numbers are now fairly stable at about 100–120 breeding birds (50–60 nests), following periods of growth in the 1960s and 1980s; 65 pairs were recorded in 1981. On average 0.6–2.0 chicks fledge per nest, with the
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Of these birds (near 4 ft. high) imagine seeing around you from 50 to 60, sitting on high pines and lower trees, in a circle of about 150 yards, their pure white feathers shining in the sun. It was a glorious sight—I gave up pulling, and watched the tribe for a long time. They were not at all
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About 2500 tourists visit the colony each year during the breeding season—from mid-September when pairs are forming through to the end of fledging in
February, after which birds disperse throughout New Zealand. Occasionally over autumn and winter the tourism company has offered tours of the
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escort visitors in 1944. The area was gazetted as a
Waitangiroto Wildlife Refuge in 1957 after an adjacent Māori nature reserve had been acquired. The reserve was reclassified into the Waitangiroto Nature Reserve in 1976, and access to the colony was restricted to by permit only.
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percentage surviving to fledging gradually decreasing as the colony size increased; chick survival also depends on the frequency of storms and levels of summer rainfall, which has been increasing over the last 70 years. In the breeding season herons feed in the river and nearby
373:) in New Zealand. White herons, also known as Eastern great egrets, are common in Australia and South-East Asia but reach their south-eastern limits in New Zealand. The Waitangiroto colony was likely founded by Australian birds blown across the Tasman; it has persisted because
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found only six nests remaining, and because "certain miscreants destroyed a quantity of nearly-hatched eggs", tearing down saplings to procure them, the birds had abandoned the colony; Hamilton hoped the birds would "find a more secure place for their new home".
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453:, built in the 1980s on the opposite side of the river so that visitors do not disturb the birds. A study of the effect of visitors on the colony concluded the hide protected the adults and chicks from disturbance on the nest.
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and paddled up the "Waitangi-Roto" River, in search of a lake he was told was fifteen or twenty miles inland. A few miles up the river, he came across the "cranery", and described the white herons there in a letter to his wife
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also breed alongside the kōtuku. The breeding colony is a visitor attraction during the breeding season, but access to the entire nature reserve is by permit only. Visitors can view the birds from a
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In 2023, there were 56 pairs of kōtuku nesting in the reserve, an increase compared with recent years. The increase was attributed mainly to the effects of predator control around the reserve.
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road across farmland to the edge of the nature reserve, and visitors now travel by minibus from
Whataroa, and take a short walk through kahikatea forest to an enclosed
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381:) and will return to the same nesting site each year. Outside of the breeding season, the adult birds disperse throughout New Zealand and are solitary.
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Ecological and human dimensions of tourism-related wildlife disturbance at the
Waitangiroto white heron (kotuku) colony, South Westland, New Zealand
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362:) trees. The Waitangiroto River which flows through the reserve is slow, peat-stained, and swamp-fringed, typical of coastal West Coast waterways.
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forest, bog, lake, lagoon, and other coastal habitats. Mueller remarked on the dense bush either side of the river, with "beautiful
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made hunting of white herons illegal, and adult birds have no natural predators in New
Zealand, though chicks are preyed on by
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421:. There are over 150 traps in the reserve, run by White Heron Sanctuary Tours, to protect the colony from stoats, rats and
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814:"Ecological and human dimensions of tourism‐related wildlife disturbance: White herons at waitangiroto, New Zealand"
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Panorama of the heron colony from inside the viewing hide, at the beginning of the nesting season in
October
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shy—kept up a continual 'plappering' amongst themselves, and seemed to be astonished at me more than afraid
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Restrictions on visitor numbers and a full-time warden have kept the colony safe from disturbance. The
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trees abounding and almost all shrubs in flower…". At the colony, kōtuku and little shags / kawaupaka (
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268:... I am glad now I had no gun with me—it would have been a pity to disturb this peaceful community.
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In 1986, there were typically less than 100 visitors to the colony each year, most of these were
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This was the first sighting of the kōtuku colony by
Europeans. Six years after Mueller's account
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1100:"Protecting the Kōtuku: West Coast tourism company's winter war against predators"
198:. It is notable as the site of the only breeding colony of kōtuku or white heron (
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Although the kōtuku nesting colony is commonly known as the "Ōkārito colony",
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880:(2nd ed.). Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. pp. 254–255.
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in a different drainage basin. White herons can be commonly seen feeding in
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across the
Waitangiroto River. Tours of the reserve operate from a base in
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Dion Arnold checking a pest control trap at Waitangiroto Nature Reserve
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934:"The Location and Status of Egret Colonies in Coastal New South Wales"
903:"First critically endangered kōtuku return to West Coast nesting site"
812:
Kazmierow, Bronek J.; Hickling, Graham J.; Booth, Kay L. (June 2000).
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rainforest or estuary for visitors interested in natural history.
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My Dear Bannie: Gerhard Mueller's letters from the West Coast 1865–6
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The Waitangiroto Nature Reserve is the only known nesting area for
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1130:"Nesting season looks promising for critically endangered kōtuku"
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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
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719:"Long-term monitoring of a breeding colony of white herons (
723:) on the Waitangiroto River, South Westland, New Zealand"
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is a protected area of 1,534 ha (3,790 acres) near
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Dion Arnold and the White Heron Sanctuary Tours minibus
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Dion Arnold with a stoat caught in a pest control trap
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The kōtuku colony from inside the viewing hide, 1991
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1370:A Tour of New Zealand's Only White Heron Sanctuary
190:of New Zealand. The reserve consists of lowland
763:. Christchurch: Pegasus Press. pp. 98–99.
759:Mueller, Gerhard (1958). Mueller, M.V. (ed.).
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204:) in New Zealand, comprising 100–120 birds.
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1196:. 13 December 1986. p. 2 – via
1188:"Heron colony could attract tourists—plan"
20:
1706:Protected areas of the West Coast Region
877:West Coast Walking: A naturalist's guide
356:) nest higher up in emergent kahikatea (
350:). Royal spoonbills / kōtuku ngutupapa (
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459:
75:Location of Waitangiroto Nature Reserve
1079:from the original on 20 September 2023
1049:from the original on 20 September 2023
1019:from the original on 20 September 2023
964:from the original on 20 September 2023
913:from the original on 30 September 2022
852:from the original on 20 September 2023
790:from the original on 20 September 2023
681:from the original on 20 September 2023
650:from the original on 20 September 2023
276:visited and counted 25 nests. In 1876
227:is some distance to the south, over a
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1236:"Sir Paul has rare white heron treat"
737:from the original on 1 September 2023
243:The kōtuku colony was known to local
235:, a possible cause of the confusion.
49:Kōtuku at Waitangiroto Nature Reserve
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134:1,534 ha (5.92 sq mi)
1289:"White Heron of the Waitangiroto".
901:Allott, Amber (19 September 2022).
776:"The District of Okarito, Westland"
377:is faithful to its place of birth (
1654:Westland Tai Poutini National Park
1644:Waiau Glacier Coast Marine Reserve
326:nest in the crowns of tree ferns (
14:
1716:Birdwatching sites in New Zealand
1263:"Westland herons easier to reach"
1110:from the original on 28 June 2023
1336:Kazmierow, Bronislaw J. (1996),
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194:swamp forest either side of the
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1313:. 26 September 1989. p. 29
1293:. 13 September 2023. p. 7.
1075:. 30 November 1949. p. 6.
1045:. 15 November 1944. p. 8.
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1701:Nature reserves in New Zealand
1271:. 31 January 1989 – via
1244:. 2 November 1989 – via
1220:. 1 December 1988 – via
1156:"More Okarito visitors ?"
1098:Naish, Joanne (29 June 2023).
638:Allan, Peter (19 March 1988).
1:
1627:Haast to Paringa Cattle Track
1384:profile of the heron colony,
1009:"Waitangiroto Nature Reserve"
250:On 30 December 1865 surveyor
16:Nature reserve in New Zealand
1375:White Herons of Waitangiroto
1212:"Compromise on heron colony"
1164:. 25 October 1986. p. 6
874:Wilson, Kerry-Jayne (2017).
818:Human Dimensions of Wildlife
669:Wood, G.C. (11 March 1988).
617:Land Information New Zealand
517:Boardwalk through the forest
1649:Waitangiroto Nature Reserve
774:Hamilton, Augustus (1878).
180:Waitangiroto Nature Reserve
24:Waitangiroto Nature Reserve
1732:
1639:Tauparikākā Marine Reserve
1615:Facilities and attractions
171:Department of Conservation
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830:10.1080/10871200009359176
54:
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1039:"Habits of White Herons"
359:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
1633:Te Kopikopiko o te Waka
481:Nature Reserve entrance
322:Microcarbo melanoleucos
307:) from the viewing hide
1305:"Nature tourism grows"
717:Miller, Craig (2001).
493:Approaching the colony
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932:Baxter, G.S. (1994).
419:Australasian harriers
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311:The reserve includes
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35:strict nature reserve
1340:, Research@Lincoln,
1291:West Coast Messenger
1069:"White Heron Colony"
446:Waitangitāhuna River
347:Melicytus ramiflorus
341:Pterophylla racemosa
115:43.1475°S 170.2850°E
1547:Franz Josef / Waiau
983:"Kotuku watching".
379:natal site fidelity
335:Sophora microphylla
329:Dicksonia squarrosa
111: /
1073:Te Awamutu Courier
989:. 17 August 1999.
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371:Ardea alba modesta
309:
304:Ardea alba modesta
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201:Ardea alba modesta
196:Waitangiroto River
161:Waitangiroto River
120:-43.1475; 170.2850
1711:Westland District
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1422:Westland District
1136:. 8 November 2023
950:10.1071/MU9940255
887:978-1-927145-42-5
612:"Protected Areas"
411:Wildlife Act 1953
369:or white herons (
278:Augustus Hamilton
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84:Nearest town
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1670:District Council
1552:Gillespies Beach
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1386:9 October 2023
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677:. p. 20.
671:"Heron colony"
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1542:Fox Glacier
1426:New Zealand
1381:Seven Sharp
1323:Papers Past
1273:Papers Past
1246:Papers Past
1222:Papers Past
1198:Papers Past
1174:Papers Past
824:(2): 1–14.
786:: 386–391.
733:: 157–163.
338:), kāmahi (
332:), kōwhai (
139:Designation
118: /
106:170°17′06″E
94:Coordinates
1695:Categories
1663:Government
1354:Q112783635
1346:10182/2428
1140:8 November
596:14 October
571:References
505:Stoat trap
375:Ardea alba
188:West Coast
149:Designated
103:43°08′51″S
1597:The Forks
1562:Hari Hari
1537:Bruce Bay
1511:Blue Spur
1317:7 October
1310:The Press
1268:The Press
1241:The Press
1217:The Press
1193:The Press
1168:7 October
1161:The Press
1104:The Press
1043:The Press
995:314199988
986:The Press
958:0158-4197
846:144490256
838:1087-1209
675:The Press
644:The Press
623:7 October
444:down the
313:kahikatea
192:kahikatea
186:, in the
157:Named for
1602:Whataroa
1587:Pukekura
1516:Hokitika
1465:Kokatahi
1460:Jacksons
1439:Hokitika
1350:Wikidata
1108:Archived
1077:Archived
1047:Archived
1017:Archived
991:ProQuest
962:Archived
911:Archived
850:Archived
788:Archived
735:Archived
727:Notornis
679:Archived
648:Archived
301:Kōtuku (
218:Whataroa
184:Whataroa
88:Whataroa
1592:Te Taho
1577:Ōkārito
1521:Kaniere
1495:Ruatapu
442:jetboat
432:Tourism
423:possums
293:Biology
259:Bannie:
254:took a
239:History
225:Ōkārito
1470:Kumara
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956:
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415:stoats
367:kōtuku
317:Kowhai
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1675:Mayor
1582:Okuru
1557:Haast
1480:Otira
907:Stuff
842:S2CID
245:Māori
1490:Ross
1485:Rimu
1435:Seat
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1170:2023
1142:2023
1116:2023
1085:2023
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970:2023
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882:ISBN
858:2023
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796:2023
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687:2023
656:2023
625:2023
598:2023
417:and
256:waka
214:hide
208:and
178:The
152:1976
131:Area
33:Ia (
1342:hdl
1134:RNZ
946:doi
938:Emu
826:doi
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