797:. The work, apparently unpaid, involved organising emigration from France to the United States of America for refugees from Nazi persecution. Jewish sources stress the extent to which those rescued were Jews while leftwing political sources stress they extent to which they were political refugees. Many, like Walter Fabian himself, were both, but those charged with prioritising whom to help first always insisted that the only criterion was the extent of the danger which each individual would be in so long as he or she remained in Europe. Organising entry visas for the United States, transit visas for Spain and Portugal and - often most difficult of all to obtain - French exit visas was hugely time consuming, especially because victims of Nazi persecution often arrived in Marseilles without identity papers.
500:. Many on the left remained confident that the "terrorist government" launched at the end of January 1933, though tolerated or in some cases supported by other "conservative" forces, would be short-lived. However, Fabian calculated that it would be foolish to place much confidence in the prospect of a rapid collapse of the Nazi régime. Although political activity was not actually banned until March 1933, the broad ground rules for the government's approach to political opposition were already on display by the end of January. He moved from Breslau to Berlin where, using the name Kurt Sachs, he managed to live in "relative anonymity" and continue with his (now illegal) political activities. Meanwhile,
816:, warning that there was hardly any work for German emigrants arriving stateside. It is not clear whether Fabian himself ever seriously considered moving to America. The family settled in southern France. Ruth, once a junior lawyer in Berlin, now earned money by teaching German to French school children. Walter Fabian combined journalism with his other activities but money was short. He undertook writing and translating contracts for publishers in the US and in Switzerland. There was talk of taking a job selling lottery tickets in the local library and there were times when, reportedly, he seriously considered volunteering for a return to North Africa and service in the French army.
439:. Within the SAPD Walter Fabian was elected regional chair for East Saxony. Then, in March 1932 at the party's launch conference in Berlin, he was elected to the party national executive. Despite being set up as a national party, the SAPD in reality depended on two regional power bases. Due in part to the reputation and actions of Walter Fabian, one of these was East Saxony. The other, also a major industrial region (and also an area where the Nazis enjoyed strong support), was in the western part of
341:. He perceived Chemnitz as a more appropriate fulcrum for his own interests in the promotion of the labour movement and pacificst politics. In Chemnitz Fabian also became a member of the SPD's regional party executive. Additionally, from 1928 he was producing two Dresden based SPD opposition news sheets, "Sachsendienst" and "Sozialistische Information". He used these "pulpits" to attack the Coalition Chancellor,
934:, came to visit Fabian in Switzerland. Blachstein, as he later wrote, had always thought that Walter Fabian would return to Germany as soon as possible, and greatly regretted that his old friend chose to live in Switzerland till 1957. However, Fabian was by this time well settled in Switzerland, and not at all convinced that democracy imposed by "the bayonets of occupying armies" or the events unfolding in the
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reading and writing. He wrote - according to his own recollections 40 years later - "hundreds of letters to Ruth and to his friends", and also kept a diary. However, his unsuitability for military service having been conclusively demonstrated, Ruth Fabian was able to extract her husband from the French
Foreign Legion by the end of the year. He returned from North Africa, disembarking at
884:. However, with the help of Walter Bösch, a senior editor at the Zürcher Tagesanzeiger (newspaper), he was able to work both as a translator and as an author under the pseudonym "Theo Prax" (a conscious contraction of the words "Theorie" and "Praxis"). He also embarked on a parallel career as a translator of French literature, with translations of works by
946:). In postwar Germany the focus was on survival, and then on reconstruction, rather than on the unfolding of a Marxist socio-political trajectory. Fabian received and repeatedly turned down a succession of apparently attractive job offers from Germany. On 8 October 1946 he rejected an offer from the former head of the socialist regional government in
827:: Gestapo officers were a growing presence on the city streets. Obtaining French exit visas for refugees seeking to emigrate across the Atlantic was becoming harder. Acting on the instructions of the Gestapo, during the Summer of 1942 the French police closed down the escape programme operated by Varian Fry's
397:, and viewed with suspicion by many in the party hierarchy. He also attracted a growing band of mostly young leftwing followers from inside the party. In the end the leadership lost patience. He was subjected to a "speaking ban" at the end of 1930, and in September 1931 he was excluded from the
563:
had established their exiled leadership team which Walter joined. Ruth also worked with the party and during 1935 was deprived, in her absence, of her German citizenship by the government back in Berlin. It not clear why Walter Fabian suffered the same sanction only on 5 August 1937. In Paris
847:
Through his international journalistic contacts Walter Fabian already had contacts in
Switzerland. Nevertheless, it is possible that he was only on account of his daughter that he was permitted to cross the frontier into the country. According to a rule provided by the Swiss Justice and Police
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His commitment to pacifism and his intellectual approach meant that Walter Fabian was very far from being an ideal recruit for the
Foreign Legion. In the end he spent three months imprisoned in a "military library": he later spent two months in a "small hospital". There was plenty of time for
615:
of his political opponents, whether actual, potential or merely suspected. Walter Fabian was still contributing as a journalist in the German language news publications produced in Paris, and as stories seeped out about the developments in Moscow he was disinclined to avoid reporting them. He
705:. He was also able to produce a few articles for newspapers in Switzerland. Some 25,000 German and Austrian political internees were by now being transferred to vast internment camps in the southwest of the country. In order to avoid that fate Walter Fabian volunteered for service in the
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party executive. By 1934, many party comrades, having been arrested, he had emerged as leader in
Germany of the underground party. He succeeded in continuing to live in anonymity, as far as the authorities were concerned, and during that year he travelled regularly between Berlin and
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at the start of 1943 and relaunched his journalistic career. He and Ruth would remain lifelong friends. A brief tempestuous marriage to
Charlotte "Carlotta" Gries appears to have been over by March 1944 (according to a diary entry) although a formal break was deferred to 1947.
542:
In
January 1935 Fabian was lucky to avoid arrest after a party comrade passed him a message that, under torture, the comrade had found himself unable to remain silent as to Fabian's whereabouts and false identity. Unable to return to his own apartment, he managed to avoid the
379:
He was an outstanding speaker, in terms both of his presentation and the substance of his arguments. Bombastic rhetoric was completely alien to him. Walter Fabian spoke quietly and persuasively, like a good teacher or lecturer. He delivered information, not propaganda
434:
was born of that conviction even though, with the benefit of hindsight, its emergence is frequently seen simply as a further example of the way the Nazis were able to encourage and exacerbate fragmentation of
Germany's political left during the run-up to their own
363:
Er war ein ausgezeichneter Redner, sowohl in seiner
Rhetorik wie im Wesen. Dabei war ihm die bombastische Rhetorik absolut fremd. Walter Fabian sprach ruhig und ueberzeugend wie ein guter Lehrer oder Dozent. Er war der typischer Wissensvermittler und kein
508:
during the first few weeks of 1933. She was arrested in Berlin in March 1933, but released a few days later. Her belief that plans existed for her imminent re-arrest was almost certainly correct, and her decision to forestall re-arrest by escaping to
860:. Conditions in the refugee camp were poor, and it was only with help from the local religious community that Fabian was able to extricate his family from the place, after he had written a letter pleading for help to the Swiss education reformer,
429:
persuaded many of the expelled party members, (as well as some of the more thoughtful party activists who had not been expelled) that the only way to avert a Nazi government was for the political left to unite in opposition to the Nazi tide. The
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had, by the later 1920s, become increasingly shrill in their mutual antagonism and contempt, to the point where by 1931 both party leaderships had expelled large numbers of their "extremist" members. Meanwhile, the seemingly unstoppable rise of
320:
educational work. The next year he took on the responsibilities of political editor with the party newspaper, "Chemnitzer
Volksstimme". Unlike Dresden, the home of the Royal Saxon Court and Saxony's traditional administrative capital, he saw
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department and dated 18 June 1940, "fleeing civilians to be turned back with the exception of women and children up to 16". Nevertheless, all three of them were able to cross the border, and after brief internment in a transit camp near
835:. As Jewish socialists the Fabians were doubly at risk from the Nazi persecution programme. As the risk of arrest and internment (and, from 1942, deportation to a death camp in Germany) intensified, they undertook a dramatic escape to
525:
which, together with Moscow, was becoming the destination of choice for
Germany's exiled opposition politicians. It was also during this period that Fabian began a long period of political cooperation with the man who later became the
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remained deadlocked, with no obvious way that any coalition could emerge with sufficient parliamentary backing to support a stable government. Despite the parliamentary stalemate, however, following deft political machinations the
504:, who had been campaigning alongside her husband for a united left to confront the Nazi menace since at least as far back as 1931, despaired of the continuing bickering between the leftwing political forces and resigned from the
187:
Auch ich träume manchmal davon dass es Deutschlands Bestimmung sein möge, den Abgrund zwischen Ost und West zu überbrücken, indem es die sozialistische Wirtschaftsbasis des Ostens mit der politischen Demokratie des Westens
471:
vote share fell back from 37% to 33% suggesting that, under the democratic procedures then in place, the Nazi wave might have peaked. Nevertheless, the combined vote share of the Nazis and Communists ensured that the
313:. The marriage, described by one thoughtful writer as "brief but friendly", would be over by the time of Dora's death in London, under circumstances that have never been entirely clear, during the early summer of 1935.
222:. Powerfully progressive political currents in the family home came primarily from his mother, born Else Hosch. The Fabians' social circle also included leftwing intellectual heavyweights such as
199:
Sometimes I dream that it might be Germany's vocation to bridge the space between east and west, by combining the socialist economic framework of the east with the political democracy of the west.
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convictions and rejected union attempts to pressure the "Gewerkschaftliche Monatshefte" into always backing the union line. It was as a result of continuing differences of approach that in 1970
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564:
he was involved, above all, in the party's press section. As part of this he set up the SAPD's "Documentation Office" which gathered, collated and collected helpful cuttings from newspapers.
670:
a few days later, although military assistance to Poland was not significant. For most of the residents of Paris and London there was little immediate impact before May 1940 when the
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and, having fallen foul of Stalin, saw several of its leaders tortured and/or killed by emissaries sent from Moscow. Because of his criticism, in 1937 Fabian was expelled from the
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762:
Annette 100 days old. The whole day without a newspaper. Radio news garbled. Nothing from Ruth. But when does she get time to write? Now I've lost the addresses!
880:
became apparent during the course of 1943. Walter Fabian was initially banned from writing for the Swiss press as the authorities in Bern sought to avoid antagonising
575:
where they held their meetings). This was the context within which, in 1936, he was one of a number of prominent socialists, inspired by the French prime minister
632:. It was the second time in five years that he had been expelled from a political party, and for the rest of his life he avoided further membership of any party.
974:
whose publisher's license was revoked by the US military administration for what were described at the time as unexplained reasons. (However, Carlesbach was a
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itself still felt under dire threat of a German invasion, at least until the destructive extent to the German military machine had been subjected in the decisive
677:. By that time thousands of people who had been forced to escape from Germany to Paris for reasons of political activism and/or race had been identified as
963:
1096:
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218:. Richard Fabian, his father, was a self-employed interior architect who would have much preferred to be a musician. Visitors to the house included
955:
350:
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Annette 100 Tage alt. Tage-lang ohne Zeitung. Zerfetzte Radionachrichten. Nichts von Ruth. Aber wann kann man schreiben? Jetzt fehlen die Adressen!
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Cleaning the rifle and doing exercises, peeling potatoes, washing cabbages, drying the dishes, rolling barrels, sweeping the stairs and the yard
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were taking his home country in a positive direction. According to one source, at the heart of Fabian's hesitation about returning home was
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919:. At one point he led the SDS group in Switzerland, focusing his efforts on trades union training and the refugee organisation "ProAsyl".
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As a member of the leadership of an illegal (in Germany) opposition party exiled in Paris, Walter Fabian was also part of the antifascist "
451:
set about creating a party newspaper: the "Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Zeitung" (SAZ) was launched in September 1932 with Walter Fabian its
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During the 1940s and 1950s, he had built up excellent contacts with the Swiss trades union movement, and this opened the door to the
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From his own diary it appears that as early as December 1940 Walter Fabian received notification that the family's own tickets from
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Gewehr putzen und Exerzieren, Kartoffel schälen, Kohl waschen, Küche säubern, Geschirr trocknen, Fass rollen, Stufen und Hof fegen.
713:
where Annette, the couple's daughter, was born early in March 1940. She then headed back south with her baby and settled in the
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864:. It was in Adliswil that the marriage between Walter and Ruth Fabian broke apart. Walter Fabian relocated up the road to
255:
71:
393:. His uncompromising pacifism and his talent for public speaking meant he was always seen as a leftwing comrade within
287:
551:, still, at this point, an independent country. He was accompanied by his second wife, Ruth. They made their way to
1528:
Historischen Lexikon der Schweiz / Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse / Dizionario Storico della Svizzera, Bern(e/a)
1079:
823:. The police - with honourable exceptions - were increasingly operating according to instructions received from the
639:), and devoted himself to producing the movement's eponymous news-magazine. Others involved in "Neuer Weg" included
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which emerged after 1949 and the lifting of the Nazi ban on trades union activity. In 1957, at the instigation of
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Since returning in 1957 Walter Fabian had engaged in the West German peace movement. He spoke out against the
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Walter Fabian's first visit to postwar Germany took place only on 10 October 1949. When he finally settled in
958:
had now appointed Lord Mayor of Leipzig. Zeigner wanted him to become editor in chief of the mass-circulation
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were "paid for", but in February 1941, still in Marseilles, he received a letter from his father's old friend,
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at the start of January 1940, which involved service in North Africa. Ruth seems to have returned briefly to
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by a puppet government and still, at this stage, permitted a significant measure of autonomy by the Germans.
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had lost its principal purpose after 1945 and most of its former members had switched to the more mainstream
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In Switzerland he also worked at one point as a music critic. He was an active member of the exiled German
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455:. The first few editions were produced in Berlin after which the SAZ operation was transferred to Breslau.
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345:, over the government re-armament programme, producing slogans such as "school meals before battle ships" (
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959:
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1074:(of which he became honorary president in 1977). In 1966 he also accepted an honorary professorship in
942:
precept "Liberation of the working class can only be achieved through the efforts of the working class" (
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727:
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In 1924 he also became an editor at the Ernst-Oldenburg Verlag (publisher) at Leipzig, supporting the
1166:
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274:, entitled "Das Problem der Autorität bei Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster". He had been contributing to
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broke out, and by the time he left school he was already a vocal backer of those calling for peace.
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in 1928. There he was increasingly in demand as a lecturer and speaker, notably among the city's
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newspapers since 1920. After receiving his doctorate he became a committed member of the
1476:. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin
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publication, a role which he held till 1970. Between 1958 and 1964 he also chaired the
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701:, a prescient and subsequently well regarded novel by a then little known novelist called
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After leaving school he went on to study Philosophy, Pedagogy, History and Economics at
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At a clandestine "party conference" in March 1933 Walter Fabian was re-elected to the
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in September 1939: The French and British governments responded by declaring war on
624:, a Spanish Marxist party and quasi-military movement that came to prominence in the
584:
583:(in exile) in order more effectively to oppose the Nazis. Others involved included
580:
270:. In 1924 he concluded his studies with a doctoral dissertation on the philosopher
45:
944:"Die Befreiung der Arbeiterklasse kann nur das Werk der Arbeiterklasse selbst sein!"
685:
were taken by the London government.) Walter and Ruth Fabian were briefly held in
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603:, was moving decisively to the political left and, possibly more importantly, to a
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595:. The idea came to nothing, however. Meanwhile, the exiled leadership of the
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1047:, relieved Fabian of his responsibilities at the journal after thirteen years.
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Wilma Aden-Grossmann (compiler-editor); Berthold Simonsohn (author) (2007).
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comrades who had been expelled from the party at the same time as Fabian.
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in 1957, he did so without giving up his right of abode in Switzerland.
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He did, however, form a "resistance group" under the title "Neuer Weg" (
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line, taking their lead from the Soviet Communist Party in Moscow where
824:
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Meanwhile, the Germans were progressively tightening their grip on the
544:
440:
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59:
1623:"Bert-Donnepp-Preis, Deutscher Preis für Medienpublizistik .... 1991"
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In 1991 he received a special honour from the prize committee of the
1055:
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Deutsche Journalistinnen- und Journalisten-Union (Journalists' Union)
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801:
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Walter Fabian found time to record the highlights of his time in the
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as a workers' city, without the liberal intellectual pretensions of
1625:. Verein der Freunde des Adolf-Grimme-Preises e. V., Recklinghausen
195:
Walter Fabian in conversation with Jörg Wollenberg, 15 October 1985
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in 1951 and, at the start of 1956, a job as political editor with
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Arno Behrisch in Festschrift fur Walter Fabian zum 75. Geburtstag
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in a diary which, many decades later, his daughter discovered:
1498:
Between Sorrow and Strength: Women Refugees of the Nazi Period
1035:: Walter Fabian had not. He remained true to his left wing
513:
well founded. By September 1933 she had ended up in London.
547:
and a few days later crossed the snow-covered mountains into
1008:, Walter Fabian was appointed editor in chief of the DGB's
930:
for Germany ended in May 1945. In 1947 his comrade of old,
309:
It was also in 1924 that he married the author-journalist
1176:. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e. V., Bonn. pp. 409–420
697:. Walter Fabian was able to use his time here to read
962:(newspaper). Fabian also turned down an offer from the
16:
German socialist politician, journalist, and translator
337:
undertook his socio-political researches in England's
1603:. Internationale Liga für Menschenrechte e.V., Berlin
173:
politician, journalist and translator. During the
1437:
Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
1070:, which he chaired from 1969 till 1973, and of the
416:launched, formally, shortly afterwards. Both the
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141:
115:
101:
89:
67:
52:
30:
23:
1193:
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1427:
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169:(24 August 1902 – 15 February 1992) was a German
616:also wrote critically about Moscow's attacks on
555:and from there, via Austria and Switzerland, to
1670:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians
978:member.) Fabian turned down a job offer from
724:
489:at the end of January 1933 and lost no time in
360:
184:
1665:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
1378:"Walter Fabian - Brückenbauer der Linken (2)"
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1262:"Walter Fabian - Brückenbauer der Linken (1)"
913:Society of the protection of German authors (
8:
1695:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
1355:
1353:
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1345:
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1341:
1339:
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412:"Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands"
1456:
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1160:
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1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
288:Association of Committed School Reformers (
1601:"Verleihungen Carl von Ossietzky Medaille"
1501:. Cambridge University Press. p. 61.
1380:. Franz Kersjes i.A. Welt der Arbeit, Köln
1264:. Franz Kersjes i.A. Welt der Arbeit, Köln
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
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1128:
1126:
1091:In 1970 Walter Fabian was a winner of the
20:
1470:"Enderle, August * 5.8.1887, † 2.11.1959"
302:"Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"
1066:ended he became a leading figure in the
915:"Schutzverband deutscher Schriftsteller"
689:and then moved to a detention centre at
620:"Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista"
408:in Saxony, Walter Fabian now joined the
329:, but rather Saxony's equivalent to the
242:quarter. He was not quite twelve when
1208:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 164–165.
1122:
1323:
1312:
1302:
1231:
1221:
852:they were placed in a refugee camp at
1097:International League for Human Rights
777:During 1941/42 the Fabians worked in
611:was embarking on an industrial scale
579:, who tried to put together a German
7:
1027:came with its own challenges. The
481:, with the conditional agreement of
445:Bresalau (as Wrocław was then known)
232:Mommsen Gymnasium (secondary school)
1289:. Campus Verlag. pp. 286–290.
1054:, in support of rapprochement with
966:to take over the editorship of the
347:"Schulspeisung statt Panzerkreuzer"
1474:Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten
998:German Trade Union Confederation (
290:"Bund Entschiedener Schulreformer"
14:
1522:Hermann Wichers (27 March 2006).
1495:Sibylle Quack (7 November 2002).
1072:West German German-Polish Society
1058:and in opposition to the various
793:on the initiative, some said, of
353:was, like Fabian a member of the
230:. He attended what was then the
1043:, recently elected to chair the
1700:20th-century German translators
1010:Gewerkschaftliche Monatshefte (
465:second general election of 1932
333:of a few decades earlier, when
282:"Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft"
1174:Gewerkschaftlichen Monatshefte
294:. In addition he joined the
214:Walter Max Fabian was born in
1:
1000:"Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund"
135:3. Charlotte "Carlotta" Gries
1680:German Peace Society members
1167:"Walter Fabian (1902-1992)"
1062:. After his work on the
1721:
1433:"Fabian, Dora (1901–1935)"
829:Emergency Rescue Committee
787:Emergency Rescue Committee
693:, a run down village near
410:Socialist Workers' Party (
272:Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster
1690:German resistance members
1165:Detlef Oppermann (2003).
300:Social Democratic Party (
1555:(online). 5 October 1970
1408:. Penguin. p. 184.
1093:Carl von Ossietzky Medal
923:Return to (West) Germany
843:Sanctuary in Switzerland
404:Along with around 1,000
385:Fabian had relocated to
145:Annette (8 March 1940-?)
1705:German magazine editors
1675:Journalists from Berlin
1660:Politicians from Berlin
530:'s most famous member,
1685:German trade unionists
1405:All that I Am: A Novel
1012:"Trades Union Monthly"
984:Norddeutscher Rundfunk
960:Leipziger Volkszeitung
936:Soviet occupation zone
882:the northern neighbour
766:
599:, by now headed up by
382:
280:German Peace Society (
201:
149:later Annette Antignac
132:later Ruth Aris-Fabian
1068:German Humanist Union
1060:Emergency Powers Acts
968:Frankfurter Rundschau
728:French Foreign Legion
707:French Foreign Legion
437:successful power-grab
181:and political exile.
1080:Frankfurt University
878:Battle of Stalingrad
774:on 8 December 1940.
717:, administered from
483:President Hindenburg
559:, where by now the
467:, in November, the
179:resistance activist
137:4. Annemarie Lorenz
1549:"An Ärger gewöhnt"
1439:. Encyclopedia.com
1315:has generic name (
1205:Fabian, Walter Max
1202:(1 January 1980).
1200:Herbert A. Strauss
1086:Awards and honours
1041:Heinz Oskar Vetter
964:US occupation zone
890:Charles Baudelaire
589:Rudolf Breitscheid
126:2. Ruth Loewenthal
1581:. 1 November 1966
1579:Neues Deutschland
1508:978-0-521-52285-4
1415:978-0-670-92042-6
1376:Jörg Wollenberg.
1296:978-3-593-38340-8
1286:Dr. Walter Fabian
1260:Jörg Wollenberg.
1215:978-3-11-097028-9
1106:, awarded by the
1104:Bert Donnep Prize
1023:Working with the
911:group and of the
909:PEN International
839:in October 1942.
795:Eleanor Roosevelt
763:
746:
681:and arrested. (
645:Erwin Ackerknecht
626:Spanish Civil War
164:
163:
35:Walter Max Fabian
1712:
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1524:"Fabian, Walter"
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1171:
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1108:Grimme Institute
932:Peter Blachstein
898:François Mauriac
862:Elisabeth Rotten
761:
744:
703:Jean-Paul Sartre
641:Peter Blachstein
593:Willi Münzenberg
443:, in and around
406:Young Socialists
391:Young Socialists
56:15 February 1992
21:
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1575:"Aus den Foren"
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1120:
1114:
1088:
1037:"Luxemburgisch"
976:Communist Party
925:
904:to his credit.
856:, just outside
845:
783:Aix-en-Provence
767:
657:
573:the Paris hotel
571:" (named after
540:
493:Germany into a
461:
453:editor-in-chief
447:. Fabain and
418:Communist Party
383:
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68:Alma mater
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1313:|author1=
1295:
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1198:Werner Röder;
1187:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1087:
1084:
972:Emil Carlebach
924:
921:
894:Romain Rolland
844:
841:
810:Kurt Rosenfeld
765:
764:
753:
752:
748:
747:
736:
735:
723:
675:invaded France
664:invaded Poland
656:
653:
569:Lutatia Circle
549:Czechoslovakia
539:
536:
460:
457:
449:August Enderle
368:
359:
351:Hermann Müller
343:Hermann Müller
339:cotton capital
298:branch of the
251:
250:Weimar Germany
248:
240:Charlottenburg
228:Kurt Rosenfeld
211:
208:
206:
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183:
162:
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158:Richard Fabian
156:
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38:24 August 1902
34:
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15:
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1462:Hermann Weber
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734:18 April 1940
733:
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688:
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683:Similar steps
680:
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647:, two former
646:
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601:Jacob Walcher
598:
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585:Heinrich Mann
582:
581:Popular Front
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167:Walter Fabian
157:
153:
150:
144:
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133:
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118:
114:
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107:
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92:
90:Occupation(s)
88:
85:
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77:
73:
70:
66:
61:
55:
51:
47:
43:
33:
29:
25:Walter Fabian
22:
19:
1627:. Retrieved
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1517:
1497:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1441:. Retrieved
1436:
1404:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1285:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1204:
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
1113:
1052:Viet Nam War
1049:
1022:
1011:
1006:Otto Brenner
999:
995:
991:West Germany
988:
980:Radio Bremen
943:
926:
914:
906:
871:
846:
818:
799:
776:
768:
755:
754:
751:16 June 1940
738:
737:
725:
679:enemy aliens
672:Germany army
661:Germany army
658:
636:
634:
619:
566:
541:
532:Willy Brandt
515:
498:dictatorship
491:transforming
462:
459:Nazi Germany
411:
403:
384:
378:
374:
370:
362:
361:
346:
315:
308:
301:
289:
281:
260:Freiburg iB.
253:
220:Bruno Walter
213:
198:
194:
186:
185:
177:he became a
166:
165:
148:
131:
76:Freiburg iB.
18:
1655:1992 deaths
1650:1920 births
1553:Der Spiegel
1400:Anna Funder
1324:|work=
1232:|work=
954:, whom the
902:Eugen Tarle
886:Victor Hugo
874:Switzerland
872:Meanwhile,
837:Switzerland
821:"Free zone"
715:"Free zone"
538:Paris exile
502:Dora Fabian
311:Dora Fabian
286:and of the
210:Early years
128:(1907-1996)
124:(1901-1935)
121:Dora Fabian
1644:Categories
1118:References
833:Marseilles
791:Varian Fry
789:set up by
779:Marseilles
772:Marseilles
618:the POUM (
605:pro-Stalin
487:took power
331:Manchester
224:Hugo Haase
188:verbindet.
175:Nazi years
160:Else Hosch
95:politician
93:journalist
1629:9 October
1607:9 October
1585:9 October
1559:9 October
1533:7 October
1443:6 October
1384:6 October
1326:ignored (
1305:cite book
1268:6 October
1234:ignored (
1224:cite book
1180:6 October
1095:from the
950:of 1923,
785:with the
655:War years
637:"New Way"
577:Léon Blum
495:one-party
474:Reichstag
395:the party
171:socialist
155:Parent(s)
116:Spouse(s)
62:, Germany
1402:(2012).
1076:Pedagogy
854:Adliswil
814:New York
806:New York
691:Marolles
427:populism
420:and the
323:Chemnitz
306:itself.
142:Children
1480:24 June
956:Soviets
831:out of
825:Gestapo
812:now in
781:and in
668:Germany
545:Gestapo
463:At the
441:Silesia
414:/ SAPD)
387:Dresden
327:Leipzig
318:party's
292:/BESch)
268:Leipzig
84:Leipzig
60:Cologne
46:Germany
1505:
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1293:
1212:
1056:Poland
1014:/ GMH)
1002:/ DGB)
948:Saxony
940:Marx's
917:/ SDS)
866:Zürich
858:Zürich
850:Geneva
802:Lisbon
699:Nausea
609:Stalin
553:Prague
511:Prague
349:). (
335:Engels
304:/ SPD)
296:Saxony
284:/ DFG)
264:Gießen
256:Berlin
236:Berlin
216:Berlin
97:author
82:&
80:Gießen
72:Berlin
42:Berlin
1170:(PDF)
1078:from
970:from
719:Vichy
711:Paris
695:Blois
687:Paris
613:purge
557:Paris
523:Paris
479:Nazis
1631:2017
1609:2017
1587:2017
1561:2017
1535:2017
1503:ISBN
1482:2017
1445:2017
1410:ISBN
1386:2017
1328:help
1317:help
1291:ISBN
1270:2017
1236:help
1210:ISBN
1182:2017
1029:SAPD
900:and
659:The
649:SAPD
643:and
630:SAPD
597:SAPD
591:and
561:SAPD
528:SAPD
518:SAPD
506:SAPD
469:Nazi
432:SAPD
266:and
226:and
205:Life
110:SAPD
53:Died
31:Born
1064:GMH
1045:DGB
1033:SPD
1025:DGB
928:War
804:to
422:SPD
399:SPD
369:--
357:.)
355:SPD
276:SPD
244:war
238:'s
234:in
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119:1.
106:SPD
1646::
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1464:;
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1218:.
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622:)
147:-
130:-
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