649:
473:
620:, with whom Mawson was for some time in partnership. In 1907, he said that he had "practically resided in Colwyn Bay for the last nine years". By 1902 he was president of the town's golf club. He retired to his new residence in 1903, where he indulged in his pastimes of entertaining friends, gardening and yachting. He became president of the Colwyn Bay Chess Club and he praised both the people and the environment, as well as defending the town against charges of unsanitary conditions that were raised in the House of Commons in 1907. He also allowed the
4322:
562:, that hardened as a dressing to give anaesthetic and antiseptic benefits for wounds that were situated in potentially contaminated areas of the body. In its application during his tongue excision procedure, he noted that it enabled the patient "to take food in the ordinary manner almost immediately after the operation"; nowadays, it is used for such things as packing jaw and nasal cavities, and on areas of the body where skin has been removed for grafting.
438:. In this he appealed for an investigation by the medical profession into the potential for adoption of some of the methods used by bonesetters. He said that these people had traditionally been viewed by the profession, including himself, as "anathema" and "technically unqualified" but that Barker's case had demonstrated that there was good cause to investigate their methods and successes rather than be "blinded by professional prejudices".
347:, when it was established in 1892, and also held an active post at the new Skin Hospital. Although retired from the MRI, Whitehead remained a Surgeon at the Lock Hospital until July 1904, when he resigned and was appointed Consulting Surgeon. He was a Consulting Surgeon at the Skin Hospital by 1902 and at that time was still the senior Surgeon at the Cancer Pavilion, where he also eventually held an appointment as Consulting Surgeon.
531:. There is a story that this latter procedure was devised when he was irritable due to a hangover and declined the choice of surgical instruments offered to him with the words "for God's sake give me a pair of scissors". Twenty of the patients described in the 1891 paper died post-operatively; he said that he believed all 300 patients documented his 1887 paper had been "completely and permanently cured".
33:
277:; Bennett alone was attending an average of 860 cases per annum for the Union around this time and Whitehead was thus exposed to work specifically relating to the conditions of the poor as well as general dispensing. The experience gained during this initial period subsequently enabled him to act as a
360:
Although
Whitehead did not teach very often, he was respected by those whom he did educate and his ward classes attracted good attendances. He was appointed Lecturer in Surgery in 1884 and then, between 1892 and 1900, he was the first holder of the Chair of Clinical Surgery at the Victoria University
329:
in 1868. He remained there until he moved to the MRI to be
Honorary Assistant Surgeon in 1873. In 1876 he was a signatory to the almost-unanimous request from MRI medical staff for the hospital to be rebuilt, either on its current site or elsewhere, due to its inadequacies both in size and design. He
398:
in August 1860. He left the force in
September 1862 when he moved from the town. He took an interest in the Royal Army Medical Corps from the time of its formation in 1898. He was appointed Honorary Surgeon-Colonel in 1900 when he became Honorary Commandant in the Manchester Companies section of the
441:
Whitehead was involved with the
Hospital Reform Association for some time. He also favoured an expansion in the number of village hospitals, believing that they would relieve pressure on hospitals such as the MRI, reduce the amount of travel for patients and provide a safer environment than private
342:
Whitehead played a significant role in the establishment of the
Manchester and Salford Hospital for Diseases of the Skin in 1888, which was done by dividing the specialisms of the Manchester and Salford Lock and Skin Hospital. He had been appointed a Surgeon at the Lock Hospital in 1881, became the
281:
at the
Manchester Royal Infirmary (MRI), where he mingled with qualified physicians and surgical staff, watched operations and witnessed the administrative workings of a hospital. So much of his time was spent at the hospital that it became his primary residence; he also spent six months working in
272:
In 1859, Whitehead enrolled at the
Manchester Royal School of Medicine, also known as the Chatham Street Medical School. He did so without telling his parents and by borrowing money from a cousin for the purpose. Concurrent with the early years of his training, and as was usual at the time, he was
497:
Widely respected for his simple, bold and direct operating technique, Whitehead said that "the greatest drawback under which a surgeon can suffer is knowledge of anatomy â it makes him timid". His methods did not use antiseptic but instead relied on soap and water, as was common at the time.
2346:
During
Whitehead's time, William Dove was the headmaster at Making Place, which is variously referred to as Making Place Hall, Making Place Academy, Making Place School and the Ripponden Commercial College. Around the time Whitehead attended, the school had fourteen masters and could accommodate
518:
in 1882, with a further study of 300 patients being published in 1887. The technique is rarely used now because it usually left a deformity, which also bore his name, but this is because those performing the operation misunderstood his description of it. The second procedure, which was a form of
268:
noted otherwise, saying that he was not particularly enamoured with his work. Both agree that he met with medical students in
Manchester while attending chemistry lectures intended to give him more knowledge of the workings of the family business; later, he also met with them while attending the
334:
on 7 February 1881. As was customary, he was appointed an
Honorary Consulting Surgeon at the MRI when he reached his 60th birthday in 1900, at which point regulations demanded he resign his position as the senior Honorary Surgeon. This last appointment at the MRI coincided with the 30th
381:
in 1873. He was Secretary of the Manchester Medical Society between 1874 and 1878, and President in 1884. In 1899â1900 he served as President of the Manchester Ethical Society and in 1902 he was President of the British Medical Association, when its annual conference was held in Manchester.
442:
houses given the development of increasingly complex operations. Another cause saw him play a significant role in the introduction of a bill intended to protect infant life, reflecting his involvement in various charities whose purpose shared a similar goal. He had opened the first
193:
in Bury, Lancashire. He was a son of John Whitehead and Eliza Ellen (nÊe Allanson). According to some sources, his family had been textile bleachers in the Lowercroft area for well over 200 years prior to his birth, while others say that his father came from
170:, which he joined in 1873, with which he was associated for the longest time. His association with the university in Manchester began in 1884 and eventually included governing roles as well as his professorial chair. His career also included acting as an
631:
Whitehead bought at least four other residential properties in Colwyn Bay but the grand mansion house that he had planned at The Flagstaff was never constructed and he lived instead in the estate's gatehouse. He died at Colwyn Bay of a
241:. These latter two schools were much more relaxed in their treatment of pupils and he thrived in that environment; he became head boy at Making Place, where the headmaster believed in placing trust in his pupils to act on their honour.
365:. It was announced in January 1905 that he had been elected to the Court of Governors of the university and, later in the year, also became a member of its Council. He remained a Governor after resigning from the Council in 1909.
492:
Such conditions required him to be a brilliant and most rapid manipulator, and called for an unhesitating courage with the utmost simplicity of technique. Judged by this standard, was one of the most brilliant surgeons of his
510:
that omitted the use of antiseptic on the wound and thus aroused both interest and misgivings. The success of the operation was instrumental in causing a shift of practice within the hospital towards aseptic surgical methods.
706:
Henry Whitehead gave ÂŖ1000 for the endowment of a cot in the new MRI surgical ward that had been named after his brother. In 1937, a Robert Whitehead gave ÂŖ1000 to the MRI for the endowment of a bed in his memory.
411:
In addition to his institutional appointments, Whitehead was sometimes called upon to be an expert witness in court cases relating to medicine, examples of which include an action in 1896 against a known
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on 19 August 1913, and was survived by his second wife and his daughter. He had suffered a stroke at least once previously and had been in poor health since that time. His funeral took place at
330:
was promoted to Honorary Surgeon in 1879 and in the early 1880s he abandoned his remaining involvement in general practice to concentrate entirely on surgical work. He was elected a Fellow of the
4078:
Burgess, Arthur Henry (27 July 1929), "British Medical Association. Ninety-Seventh Annual Meeting, Manchester, 1929. President's Address On The Debt Of Modern Surgery To The Ancillary Sciences",
225:
Whitehead, who extracted the teeth of his younger siblings while a child, described himself as being a wilful character. This trait caused him to be sent at the age of eight to an academy on the
317:. The business of the practice itself was not great but he also held the post of medical officer to the local Poor Law Union. The Union provided him with plenty of work and a gross income of 30
4351:
514:
Whitehead was particularly noted for the invention of two surgical procedures, both of which bear his name. The first related to the surgical removal of haemorrhoids and was described in the
2351:
in 1856 and died aged 53 on 22 October 1865. Whitehead was among those of Dove's pupils who arranged for the installation of a window in Ripponden Church commemorating their former master.
660:
Whitehead is commemorated in Bury with a 20.41-metre high (67.0 ft) clock tower and surrounding gardens near to the Town Hall. Both were donated by his brother, Henry, who had been
502:. He was described as "one of the most go-ahead surgeons of his day" by Arthur Burgess, in his 1929 Presidential Address to the BMA. Burgess also noted that Whitehead's preference for
289:
Whitehead was awarded a Certificate of Merit at the end of his first year in training, when his address was given as 16 Union Square, Bury. In 1864, he was awarded a licentiate by the
273:
apprenticed for 18 months to the general practice of Drs. Harris and Bennett in Bury. These two men also acted as medical officers appointed by the Board of Guardians of the Bury
2246:"President's Address Delivered, At The Seventieth Annual Meeting Of The British Medical Association, Manchester's Early Influence On The Advancement Of Medicine And Medical Education"
399:
Volunteer Medical Staff Corps (VMSC). Within a month he was heading a public fund-raising appeal for at least ÂŖ12,000 to give the Corps, which numbered around 700 men, a suitable new
4381:
2389:
announcement in 1892 is contemporaneous. It is possible that there was a delay between the 1892 announcement and the formal ratification of his tenure by the university's Council.
174:
in court cases, as a co-publisher of a medical magazine and as a member of various committees and a hospital reform organisation. He also held various posts as an officer of the
335:
anniversary of his association with the hospital and was marked with a dinner attended by surgical colleagues such as F. A. Southam and Bilton Pollard; it was described by the
322:
4366:
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546:. This strong-smelling substance is still used, although the chemical composition has been somewhat modified. Devised by him around 1881, it was described in his 1891
3030:"Daniel John Leech, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.P., Professor Of Materia Medica And Therapeutics In The Owens College; Consulting Physician To The Manchester Royal Infirmary"
229:
that promised to improve his character, apparently through coercion. It failed in its purpose and after three years there he was sent for six months to a school in
4376:
598:
313:
Whitehead moved to Mansfield Woodhouse, Nottinghamshire, on completion of his training. There he bought a general practice and in 1866 established an eight-bed
362:
128:
of the tongue using scissors and his formulation of a related ointment became a standard treatment, as did a procedure he developed for the treatment of
2505:"Walter Whitehead, F.R.C.S.Edin., F.R.S.Edin., Consulting Surgeon To The Manchester Royal Infirmary; Ex-President Of The British Medical Association"
361:
of Manchester. He resigned the Chair at the time of his retirement from the MRI, believing that to be in the best interests of the university's
1878:"Manchester Royal Infirmay: Sarcoma Of The Bladder; Incontinence Of Urine; Perineal And Supra-Pubic Cystotomy; Eighteen Months Without Relapse"
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100:
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Several Mancunian hospitals appointed Whitehead to various surgical positions during his career, sometimes concurrently. Of those, it was the
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Whitehead both worked and played hard. Away from medical matters, his primary interest was sailing. He built, maintained and raced yachts on
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techniques in surgery. It was essential to operate quickly and there was little scope for finesse. His colleague, William Thorburn, said:
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472:
144:
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124:
was an impediment to being a good surgeon but was himself a bold, innovative practitioner of international repute. His procedure for
4154:
Frafjord, Roshi; Cascarini, Luke; Brown, Andrew E. (December 2007), "Walter Whitehead: A Brief History of the Man and His Varnish",
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A new headquarters for the Manchester Royal Army Medical Corps (Volunteers) was constructed at Upper Chorlton Road in 1903â1904.
2437:. Although many of the features from Whitehead's day are no longer visible, enough survive that it has Grade II listing status.
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139:. His interest in medicine was piqued when he attended lectures intended to improve his knowledge of the chemical processes of
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and bronze plaques. The stonework was carved by John Jarvis Millson; the effigy was the work of Moreau, although which of the
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a year, out of which he had to fund his own horse for transport and supply all medicines and surgical equipment. He became a
4137:
Some Manchester Doctors: A Biographical Collection to Mark the 150th Anniversary of the Manchester Medical Society 1834â1984
476:
Preparation for excision of the tongue. One in a series of images demonstrating the method originated by Walter Whitehead.
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The cottage hospital he opened at Mansfield Woodhouse in the 1860s was fourteen miles from the nearest public hospital.
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117:
202:. His father was a bleacher and perhaps also a dyer and printer of textiles. Among his relations were the inventors
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in 1866. A year later, he sold his practice and returned to Manchester, where he was appointed Honorary Surgeon at
252:
a week, never progressed beyond being an ordinary workman of the lowest grade, and according to an obituary in the
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The clock tower commemorating Walter Whitehead in Bury. The torpedo in the foreground commemorates his relative,
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and Peter Mohr â give the date of Whitehead's appointment as Professor of Clinical Surgery as 1894 but the
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on 23 August 1913 and his ashes were interred at The Flagstaff. He left a net estate valued at ÂŖ176,892.
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Unlike many surgeons of his generation, he was open to learning and using new techniques, such as those of
1200:"Manchester Royal Infirmary: Traumatic Haemothorax From An Incised Wound Of The Thorax: Recovery, Remarks"
637:
2455:
Several of Whitehead's Colwyn Bay properties were auctioned in 1914; The Flagstaff was auctioned in 1920.
2464:
Prior to gifting the Whitehead Clock Tower and its surrounding lands, which were formerly occupied by a
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2125:"Remarks On Cases Of Lymphangiectasis With Enormous Overgrowth Of Cutaneous And Subcutaneous Structures"
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Between 1870 and 1871, Whitehead was a joint-editor, with Samuel Messenger Bradley (1841â1880), of the
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3484:"The Aitken Bazaar At Ramsbottom: Mr. Walter Whitehead On The Advantages Of Hospital Treatments".
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Whitehead's interred ashes were rediscovered at The Flagstaff at a later date and moved elsewhere.
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2168:"Observations On The "Open Method" Of Treating Exceptional Cases Of Septic Arthritis Of The Knee"
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612:. This became known as The Flagstaff and there he engaged the services of the landscape gardener
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Some time in the late 1890s, Whitehead bought 37 acres (15 ha) of land at Flagstaff Hill in
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432:, in 1911). In 1911, Whitehead referred again to this latter case in an article published in
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3512:"MMC/2 â Manchester Medical Collection: Biographical Files R-Z (GB 133 MMC/2/WhiteheadW/1/)"
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Both Whitehead's training and the earlier part of his career pre-dated the introduction of
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state that Whitehead's appointment as Consulting Surgeon was in 1879. The accounts in the
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in 1903 and who, like his father, was a prominent local industrialist. It was designed by
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and earned him international repute, is also not much used today. It concerned removal of
160:
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2057:"Diverticulum Of Oesophagus Causing Obstruction; Gastrostomy; Death Six Years Afterwards"
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Walter Whitehead was born on 12 October 1840 at Haslam Hey, between Lowercroft and
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Whitehead was born to a family with a long-standing interest in textile manufacture in
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108:, (12 October 1840 â 19 August 1913) was a surgeon at various hospitals in
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868:"Partial Amputation Of The Glans Penis By The Accumulated Detritus Of Underclothing"
2372:
say that he retired from the MRI in 1900 and then was appointed Consulting Surgeon.
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A clock tower commemorating Whitehead was erected in Bury after his death in 1913.
147:
without telling his parents and thus embarked on his medical career. He began as a
4135:
699:, who described Whitehead as a "Lancastrian among surgeons". It was designated a
534:
In addition to his surgical innovations, which also included a new technique for
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is uncertain. The dial clocks that are present on each side were constructed by
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3187:"Samuel Messenger Bradley, F.R.C.S., Surgeon To The Manchester Royal Infirmary"
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1373:"The Surgical Treatment Of Tumours And Other Obscure Conditions Of The Bladder"
1337:"The Surgical Treatment Of Tumours And Other Obscure Conditions Of The Bladder"
1293:"The Surgical Treatment Of Tumours And Other Obscure Conditions Of The Bladder"
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Whitehead began work in his father's business when he was sixteen. He earned 2
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1921:"The Treatment Of Confirmed Catheter Life By A Permanent Perineal Opening"
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3838:. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 2015
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from the mobile tongue and was described by him in an 1891 paper titled
4202:
Lim, M.; Lew-Gor, S.; Sandhu, G.; Howard, D.; Lund, V. J. (June 2007),
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The Honorary Medical Staff of the Manchester Royal Infirmary, 1830â1948
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in 1899. In 1910 he donated a cup to be used as an annual club prize.
163:. In 1867 he returned to Manchester to begin his career as a surgeon.
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Whitehead, Walter (27 June 1907), "Colwyn Bay's Sanitary Condition",
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Mohr, Peter D. (May 2010), "Professor Walter Whitehead (1840â1913)",
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1478:"Excision Of The Caecum For Epithelioma: Death On The Thirteenth Day"
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3139:"Manchester University: Developments and Changes In The Past Year".
2563:"British Medical Association: Opening Of The Congress In Manchester"
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3064:"At the last meeting of the Council of Owens College, Manchester",
1631:"Three Hundred Consecutive Cases Of Haemorrhoids Cured By Excision"
569:, a renowned professional swimmer of the time, and the footballers
4182:
Geikie, James (January 1914), "Opening Address by the President",
954:"Removal Of The Entire Tongue For Cancer By The Galvanic Ecraseur"
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2032:"Report of 104 Cases Of Entire Excision Of The Tongue For Cancer"
3963:"By Direction of the Trustees of the late Walter Whitehead, Esq"
3789:"Welsh National Eisteddfod: Manchester Man's Tribute To Wales".
3007:"Manchester Lock Hospital: Increased Financial Help Much Needed"
1751:"Abstract Of A Clinical Lecture On The Surgery Of The Thyroid".
1013:"The Painless And Bloodless Method Of Excising The Whole Tongue"
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Whitehead, Walter (28 January 1888). "Excision Of The Tongue".
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Whitehead, Walter (29 October 1881). "Excision of the Tongue".
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Whitehead, Walter (22 October 1881). "Excision of the Tongue".
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journal. The exercise was short-lived, being superseded by the
4033:"Royal Infirmary: A Whitehead Endowment: The Building Fund".
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2683:"Death of Mr. Walter Whitehead: A Noted Manchester Surgeon".
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The tower was formally dedicated on 27 June 1914 by Sir
233:. Thereafter, he attended Making Place, a boarding school in
3359:"The Manchester R.A.M.C. Volunteers: The New Headquarters".
3810:"By Order Of The Trustees Of The Late Mr. Walter Whitehead"
2609:"The Council and Officers for the 108th Session, 1861â62".
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112:, England, and held the chair of Clinical Surgery at the
3124:"Manchester University: The Court And The Year's Work".
2878:"Manchester Royal Infirmary: Annual Meeting of Trustees"
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Whitehead and his wife were listed as supporters of the
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in Manchester and because of this he gave evidence to a
4134:
Elwood, Willis J.; Tuxford, Ann FÊlicitÊ, eds. (1984),
3757:
Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
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Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
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Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
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Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
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Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
3012:
Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
2988:
Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
2942:
Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
2883:
Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
2643:
Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
2592:
Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
2568:
Manchester Courier, & Lancashire General Advertiser
1407:
Whitehead, Walter; Pollard, Bilton (15 December 1883).
506:
was demonstrated at the MRI in 1895 with an unorthodox
2750:"Bury Board of Guardians: Letter From Medical Officer"
2736:
1371:
Whitehead, Walter; Pollard, Bilton (20 October 1883).
1335:
Whitehead, Walter; Pollard, Bilton (13 October 1883).
4362:
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
1291:
Whitehead, Walter; Pollard, Bilton (6 October 1883).
550:
paper. In its original version, it was a solution of
379:
Liverpool and Manchester Medical and Surgical Reports
2347:
around 100 pupils. Dove was elected a member of the
1157:"The Use Of Iodoform In The Treatment Of Soft Sores"
692:. Despite appearances, the tower contains no bells.
323:
Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
4007:"Clock Tower, Whitehead or Tower Gardens (1067232)"
2211:"The "Open Method" In Septic Arthritis Of The Knee"
81:
73:
65:
57:
45:
23:
4352:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
3961:
3808:
3750:
3662:
3638:
3614:
3590:
3335:
3293:
3260:. No. 22667. 30 September 1862. p. 4686.
3005:
2981:
2935:
2876:
2748:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2636:
2585:
2561:
1989:"A Hundred Cases Of Entire Excision Of The Tongue"
1435:"Radical Cure of a Large Spina Bifida in an Adult"
1409:"The Surgical Treatment Of Tumours Of The Bladder"
911:"Absence Of The Uterus After Repeated Pregnancies"
4156:British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
3324:. No. 27246. 13 November 1900. p. 6933.
3242:. No. 22420. 7 September 1860. p. 3290.
2790:"Manchester Royal Infirmary. The Site Question".
2773:"Manchester Royal School of Medicine and Surgery"
339:as "probably the first of its kind" in the city.
3836:"Colwyn Bay: The Flagstaff (Welsh Mountain Zoo)"
3337:"Volunteer Medical Staff Corps: New Home Wanted"
1964:"Injecting The Bladder In Supra-Pubic Cystotomy"
529:A Hundred Cases Of Entire Excision Of The Tongue
269:market in Manchester on behalf of the business.
490:
155:inmates, including while working for a time in
3645:The Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette
2819:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2587:"Making Place Hall, Ripponden (Advertisement)"
2472:and surrounding gardens to the people of Bury.
4382:Presidents of the British Medical Association
4184:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
4073:, Manchester University Press, pp. 61â63
3222:
1571:"Mesmerism At The Manchester Medical Society"
628:to be built in the grounds at The Flagstaff.
589:in 1901, and in 1891 Whitehead had supported
262:), enjoyed what he did. A similar tribute in
8:
3548:"Yachting: Royal Windermere Champion Race".
2368:, however, are contemporaneous notices. Lim
3914:"The Will of the late Mr. Walter Whitehead"
3647:. 26 September 1903. p. 5 – via
680:, with a copper canopy, a bronze effigy of
416:who claimed specialism in the treatment of
120:in 1902. He once claimed that knowledge of
3830:
3828:
3302:. 14 November 1900. p. 8 – via
3059:
3057:
2990:. 5 February 1909. p. 12 – via
2969:
2898:
2896:
2645:. 4 November 1865. p. 12 – via
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
31:
20:
4367:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
4099:
3989:
3937:
3899:
3881:
3737:
3716:. Dictionary of Scottish Architects. 2014
3599:. 2 February 1900. p. 5 – via
3438:
3398:
3344:. 4 December 1900. p. 9 – via
3202:
3170:
3108:
3077:
3045:
2919:
2885:. 9 February 1901. p. 5 – via
2860:
2520:
2269:
2234:
2191:
2148:
2105:
2012:
1944:
1901:
1867:
1832:
1797:
1654:
1594:
1501:
1458:
1396:
1360:
1316:
1248:
1180:
1137:
1052:
993:
934:
891:
848:
789:
746:
327:St Mary's Hospital for Women and Children
4211:The Journal of Laryngology & Otology
3671:. 5 October 1901. p. 8 – via
3623:. 28 August 1902. p. 6 – via
2433:The Flagstaff estate is now home to the
4372:Grade II listed buildings in Lancashire
3565:
2944:. 19 April 1901. p. 2 – via
2483:
2424:'s principles of antiseptic to the MRI.
2315:
1114:"The Surgical Treatment Of HÃĻmorrhoids"
375:Manchester Medical and Surgical Reports
4298:Public Sculpture of Greater Manchester
3970:. 6 March 1920. p. 5 – via
3807:Birmingham Daily Post (4 April 1914).
3759:. 11 July 1902. p. 9 – via
3700:
3686:"Viscount Emlyn In South Manchester".
3577:
3498:
3236:"8th Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps"
3014:. 21 July 1904. p. 9 – via
2804:
2737:Frafjord, Cascarini & Brown (2007)
2570:. 30 July 1902. p. 9 – via
1962:Whitehead, Walter (13 December 1890).
1705:Whitehead, Walter (19 November 1887).
1519:Whitehead, Walter (5 September 1885).
1268:"Successful Extirpation Of The Larynx"
978:"Entire Removal Of Tongue By Scissors"
69:Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
4120:, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
3533:"Yachting: Fine Race On Windermere".
2594:. 1 July 1854. p. 1 – via
1266:Whitehead, Walter (4 November 1882).
952:Whitehead, Walter (8 February 1873).
468:Contributions to medicine and surgery
7:
4377:People from Bury, Greater Manchester
2757:. 7 May 1864. p. 3 – via
2708:
2082:"The Surgical Treatment Of Migraine"
2055:Whitehead, Walter (3 January 1891).
1809:"The Arterial Origin Of HÃĻmorrhoids"
1544:Whitehead, Walter (3 October 1885).
392:8th Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps
3385:(1835): 568â569. 29 February 1896.
2280:"Excision Of The Tongue For Cancer"
1672:Whitehead, Walter (30 April 1887).
1225:"New Method Of Urethral Irrigation"
809:"Strange Course Of A Uterine Sound"
145:Manchester Royal School of Medicine
4323:Works by or about Walter Whitehead
4295:Wyke, Terry; Cocks, Harry (2004),
4243:The Art and Craft of Garden-Making
4012:National Heritage List for England
2611:The Journal of the Society of Arts
2468:, Henry Whitehead had donated the
1629:Whitehead, W. (26 February 1887).
1604:Whitehead, Walter (17 July 1886).
1047:(1043): 1013â4. 25 December 1880.
1037:"The Treatment Of Fine Strictures"
1011:Whitehead, Walter (12 July 1879).
764:Whitehead, W. (18 February 1871).
715:Whitehead's publications include:
538:, Whitehead created the eponymous
14:
3752:"The Holiday Resorts: Colwyn Bay"
3514:. John Rylands University Library
3375:"Medico-Legal And Medico-Ethical"
2515:(2747): 523â526. 23 August 1913.
2080:Whitehead, W. (9 February 1901).
1888:(3417): 13â14. 23 February 1889.
1842:Whitehead, W. (26 January 1889).
1772:Whitehead, W. (8 December 1888).
1569:Whitehead, W. (10 October 1885).
1476:Whitehead, W. (24 January 1885).
1433:Whitehead, W. (22 January 1884).
1112:Whitehead, W. (4 February 1882).
909:Whitehead, W. (12 October 1872).
843:(563): 432â433. 14 October 1871.
807:Whitehead, Walter (13 May 1871).
686:many sculptors who bore that name
214:(drop box for weaving looms) and
151:and gained experience caring for
114:Victoria University of Manchester
4204:"Whitehead's Varnish Nasal Pack"
3912:Bell, W. B. (15 November 1913).
3072:(1667): 1301, 10 December 1892,
2855:(2077): 1210. 20 October 1900a.
2030:Whitehead, Walter (9 May 1891).
1807:Whitehead, W. (5 January 1889).
1759:(3367): 459â461. 10 March 1888.
565:Among Whitehead's patients were
542:, which is now sometimes called
4140:, Manchester University Press,
4116:Corman, Marvin L., ed. (2005),
3858:"The Late Mr. Walter Whitehead"
3793:. 8 September 1909. p. 12.
3664:"Great Speech By Mr. Churchill"
3469:"Hospital Reform Association".
3425:(2618): 532â535. 4 March 1911.
3318:"Volunteer Medical Staff Corps"
3128:. 17 November 1905. p. 12.
2845:"Mr. William Thorburn, FRCSEng"
2295:"Bonesetting and the Faculty".
2244:Whitehead, W. (2 August 1902).
2123:Whitehead, W. (29 March 1902).
1919:Whitehead, W. (13 April 1889).
1439:Medico-Chirurgical Transactions
1155:Whitehead, W. (11 March 1882).
988:(884): 803â4. 8 December 1877.
721:Browne, JC (11 February 1871).
424:(an action for damages against
394:in 1859 and was gazetted as an
4301:, Liverpool University Press,
4052:. 20 November 1937. p. 1.
4048:"Manchester Royal Infirmary".
4037:. 30 December 1908. p. 2.
3703:, pp. 33â34, 229â230, 234
3690:. 14 November 1891. p. 8.
3363:. 10 December 1903. p. 4.
3197:(1014): 870â871. 5 June 1880.
3165:(557): 270. 2 September 1871.
3143:. 18 November 1909. p. 5.
3103:(2300): 218. 28 January 1905.
2937:"Interesting Social Gathering"
2794:. 16 December 1876. p. 9.
2779:. 18 January 1862. p. 73.
2209:Whitehead, W. (12 July 1902).
2166:Whitehead, W. (21 June 1902).
1774:"The Arterial Origin Of Piles"
1223:Whitehead, W. (8 April 1882).
1198:Whitehead, W. (8 April 1882).
866:Whitehead, W. (20 July 1872).
1:
3868:(2748): 583. 30 August 1913.
3778:. 11 October 1910. p. 4.
3454:"Surgeons and Bone-Setting".
2914:(2104): 1040. 27 April 1901.
2073:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)15669-8
2048:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)00049-1
1980:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)86725-8
1894:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)30105-2
1765:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)26779-3
1744:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)25415-X
1723:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)30884-4
1690:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)27933-7
1622:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)10584-8
1562:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)28466-4
1537:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)28119-2
1425:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)23183-9
1389:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)36128-2
1353:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)36048-3
1309:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)32306-7
1284:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)04284-8
1216:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)21826-7
1105:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)24268-3
1084:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)22788-9
1029:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)47672-6
970:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)72388-X
825:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)51177-6
4253:Journal of Medical Biography
3488:. 20 April 1900. p. 10.
3040:(2062): 63â65. 7 July 1900.
2825:(3): 649â650. January 1883.
2687:. 21 August 1913. p. 6.
2617:(521): 8. 14 November 1862.
1987:Whitehead, W. (2 May 1891).
1546:"Mesmerism At Owens College"
833:"Exfoliation Of The Bladder"
626:National Eisteddfod of Wales
178:and related military units.
4246:(Fourth ed.), Batsford
4168:10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.08.007
4080:The British Medical Journal
4067:Brockbank, William (1965),
3918:The British Medical Journal
3552:. 7 August 1911. p. 7.
3537:. 1 August 1910. p. 2.
3419:The British Medical Journal
3379:The British Medical Journal
3223:Elwood & Tuxford (1984)
3191:The British Medical Journal
3159:The British Medical Journal
3097:The British Medical Journal
3066:The British Medical Journal
3034:The British Medical Journal
2908:The British Medical Journal
2849:The British Medical Journal
2509:The British Medical Journal
2420:(1823â1898) who introduced
2250:The British Medical Journal
2215:The British Medical Journal
2172:The British Medical Journal
2129:The British Medical Journal
2086:The British Medical Journal
1993:The British Medical Journal
1925:The British Medical Journal
1848:The British Medical Journal
1813:The British Medical Journal
1778:The British Medical Journal
1635:The British Medical Journal
1575:The British Medical Journal
1482:The British Medical Journal
1229:The British Medical Journal
1161:The British Medical Journal
1118:The British Medical Journal
1041:The British Medical Journal
982:The British Medical Journal
915:The British Medical Journal
872:The British Medical Journal
837:The British Medical Journal
770:The British Medical Journal
727:The British Medical Journal
462:Royal Windermere Yacht Club
118:British Medical Association
4403:
3473:. 26 May 1897. p. 12.
3272:"Royal Army Medical Corps"
3155:"Statistics Of Operations"
1844:"Arterial Origin Of Piles"
1451:10.1177/095952878406700110
662:High Sheriff of Lancashire
332:Royal Society of Edinburgh
168:Manchester Royal Infirmary
116:. He was president of the
4223:10.1017/S0022215106005305
4196:10.1017/S0370164600013213
3972:British Newspaper Archive
3819:British Newspaper Archive
3774:"Colwyn Bay Chess Club".
3761:British Newspaper Archive
3673:British Newspaper Archive
3649:British Newspaper Archive
3625:British Newspaper Archive
3601:British Newspaper Archive
3458:. 3 June 1911. p. 5.
3346:British Newspaper Archive
3304:British Newspaper Archive
3016:British Newspaper Archive
2992:British Newspaper Archive
2946:British Newspaper Archive
2887:British Newspaper Archive
2831:10.1017/S0080456800025138
2777:Medical Times and Gazette
2759:British Newspaper Archive
2647:British Newspaper Archive
2596:British Newspaper Archive
2572:British Newspaper Archive
460:and was Commodore of the
390:Whitehead had joined the
297:and from institutions in
37:Portrait of Whitehead by
30:
4118:Colon and Rectal Surgery
3817:. p. 2 – via
2381:Some sources â Lim
1860:10.1136/bmj.1.1465.213-a
1606:"Excision Of The Coccyx"
1587:10.1136/bmj.2.1293.721-a
1521:"Santonin In Amenorrhea"
1241:10.1136/bmj.1.1110.497-b
701:Grade II listed building
345:Christie Cancer Pavilion
176:Royal Army Medical Corps
4289:The Manchester Guardian
4265:10.1258/jmb.2007.007010
4050:The Manchester Guardian
4035:The Manchester Guardian
3990:Wyke & Cocks (2004)
3930:10.1136/bmj.2.2759.1274
3862:British Medical Journal
3791:The Manchester Guardian
3776:The Manchester Guardian
3688:The Manchester Guardian
3616:"The Death Of Di Jones"
3597:Lancashire Evening Post
3550:The Manchester Guardian
3535:The Manchester Guardian
3486:The Manchester Guardian
3471:The Manchester Guardian
3456:The Manchester Guardian
3361:The Manchester Guardian
3295:"Military Intelligence"
3141:The Manchester Guardian
3126:The Manchester Guardian
2792:The Manchester Guardian
2685:The Manchester Guardian
2366:British Medical Journal
2184:10.1136/bmj.1.2164.1523
1790:10.1136/bmj.2.1458.1311
1707:"Is Cancer Contagious?"
782:10.1136/bmj.1.529.166-a
426:Herbert Atkinson Barker
291:Society of Apothecaries
265:The Manchester Guardian
255:British Medical Journal
185:Early life and training
4092:10.1136/bmj.2.3577.131
3874:10.1136/bmj.2.2748.583
3431:10.1136/bmj.1.2618.532
3391:10.1136/bmj.1.1835.568
2904:"Mr. Walter Whitehead"
2290:: 585â594. April 1903.
2262:10.1136/bmj.2.2170.301
2227:10.1136/bmj.2.2167.155
2141:10.1136/bmj.1.2152.757
2098:10.1136/bmj.1.2093.335
2005:10.1136/bmj.1.1583.961
1937:10.1136/bmj.1.1476.831
1647:10.1136/bmj.1.1365.449
1494:10.1136/bmj.1.1256.171
1173:10.1136/bmj.1.1106.340
1130:10.1136/bmj.1.1101.148
672:and is constructed of
657:
638:Manchester Crematorium
495:
477:
343:senior Surgeon at the
4238:Mawson, Thomas Hayton
3815:Birmingham Daily Post
3714:"Mawson & Gibson"
2349:Royal Society of Arts
2325:is sometimes spelled
1825:10.1136/bmj.1.1462.42
1429:(with Bilton Pollard)
1403:(with Bilton Pollard)
1367:(with Bilton Pollard)
1331:(with Bilton Pollard)
927:10.1136/bmj.2.615.408
739:10.1136/bmj.1.528.143
651:
593:'s attempt to unseat
475:
143:. He enrolled at the
3274:. British Army. 2014
2817:"Ordinary Fellows".
884:10.1136/bmj.2.603.62
690:J. B. Joyce & Co
624:circle for the 1910
614:Thomas Hayton Mawson
595:Henry Enfield Roscoe
544:Whitehead's ointment
149:general practitioner
85:Popularising use of
2178:(2164): 1523â1524.
2042:(3532): 1032â1035.
1419:(3146): 1063â1064.
540:Whitehead's Varnish
157:Mansfield Woodhouse
3992:, pp. 255â256
3568:, pp. 131â138
3225:, pp. 212â213
2435:Welsh Mountain Zoo
2297:The English Review
658:
616:and the architect
558:and the solids of
478:
435:The English Review
351:Other appointments
4308:978-0-85323-567-5
4147:978-0-7190-1754-4
4127:978-0-7817-4043-2
3924:(2759): 1274â80.
3640:"Football Gossip"
2970:Lim et al. (2007)
2256:(2170): 301â313.
2135:(2152): 757â764.
2092:(2093): 335â336.
1999:(1583): 961â964.
1931:(1476): 831â833.
1738:(3361): 167â169.
1641:(1365): 449â451.
1616:(3281): 112â113.
1581:(1293): 721â722.
1556:(3240): 641â642.
1531:(3236): 430â431.
1488:(1256): 171â174.
1383:(3138): 673â675.
1347:(3137): 629â632.
1303:(3136): 582â583.
1278:(3088): 741â742.
1235:(1110): 497â498.
1124:(1101): 148â150.
1099:(3035): 745â747.
1078:(3034): 698â700.
964:(2580): 198â199.
703:in January 1985.
422:Thomas vs. Barker
282:the infirmary at
196:Penwortham Priory
93:
92:
39:Elliott & Fry
4394:
4387:Whitehead family
4357:English surgeons
4327:Internet Archive
4311:
4291:
4283:
4247:
4233:
4208:
4198:
4178:
4150:
4130:
4112:
4103:
4074:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4003:Historic England
3999:
3993:
3987:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3909:
3903:
3902:, pp. 61â63
3900:Brockbank (1965)
3897:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3738:Whitehead (1907)
3735:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
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3554:
3553:
3545:
3539:
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3530:
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3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3489:
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3466:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2711:
2706:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2558:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2501:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2333:is also spelled
2320:
2300:
2291:
2284:The Practitioner
2275:
2273:
2240:
2238:
2205:
2195:
2162:
2152:
2119:
2109:
2076:
2051:
2026:
2016:
1983:
1958:
1948:
1915:
1905:
1873:
1871:
1838:
1836:
1803:
1801:
1768:
1747:
1726:
1701:
1668:
1658:
1625:
1600:
1598:
1565:
1540:
1515:
1505:
1472:
1462:
1428:
1402:
1400:
1366:
1364:
1330:
1320:
1287:
1262:
1252:
1219:
1194:
1184:
1151:
1141:
1108:
1087:
1066:
1056:
1032:
1007:
997:
973:
948:
938:
921:(615): 408â409.
905:
895:
862:
852:
828:
803:
793:
776:(529): 166â168.
766:"Mucous Disease"
760:
750:
733:(528): 143â144.
723:"Mucous Disease"
697:Frederick Treves
666:Maxwell and Tuke
654:Robert Whitehead
599:South Manchester
451:Select Committee
448:House of Commons
315:cottage hospital
216:Robert Whitehead
137:Bury, Lancashire
107:
96:Walter Whitehead
35:
25:Walter Whitehead
21:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4332:
4331:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4294:
4286:
4250:
4236:
4206:
4201:
4181:
4153:
4148:
4133:
4128:
4115:
4086:(3577): 131â8,
4077:
4066:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3979:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3898:
3891:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3592:"Odds and Ends"
3589:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3212:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2983:"Skin Hospital"
2980:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2953:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2714:
2707:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2654:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2560:
2559:
2530:
2503:
2502:
2485:
2476:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2341:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2278:
2243:
2208:
2165:
2122:
2079:
2067:(3514): 11â13.
2054:
2029:
1986:
1961:
1918:
1876:
1841:
1806:
1771:
1750:
1729:
1704:
1671:
1628:
1603:
1568:
1543:
1518:
1475:
1432:
1406:
1370:
1334:
1290:
1265:
1222:
1197:
1154:
1111:
1090:
1069:
1035:
1010:
976:
951:
908:
865:
831:
806:
763:
720:
713:
646:
587:Primrose League
583:
575:Charlie Burgess
504:aseptic surgery
470:
409:
388:
371:
363:medical college
358:
353:
311:
309:Hospital career
187:
161:Nottinghamshire
141:bleaching cloth
99:
53:
52:Bury, Lancaster
50:
49:12 October 1840
41:
26:
17:
16:British surgeon
12:
11:
5:
4400:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4317:External links
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4292:
4284:
4248:
4234:
4217:(6): 592â594,
4199:
4179:
4151:
4146:
4131:
4126:
4113:
4075:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4040:
4025:
3994:
3977:
3968:Yorkshire Post
3953:
3904:
3889:
3849:
3824:
3796:
3781:
3766:
3742:
3727:
3705:
3693:
3678:
3654:
3630:
3606:
3582:
3570:
3566:Burgess (1929)
3555:
3540:
3525:
3503:
3491:
3476:
3461:
3446:
3415:"Medico-Legal"
3406:
3366:
3351:
3327:
3322:London Gazette
3309:
3285:
3263:
3258:London Gazette
3245:
3240:London Gazette
3227:
3210:
3178:
3146:
3131:
3116:
3084:
3053:
3021:
2997:
2973:
2951:
2927:
2892:
2868:
2836:
2809:
2797:
2782:
2764:
2740:
2712:
2690:
2652:
2628:
2601:
2577:
2528:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2466:lunatic asylum
2457:
2448:
2439:
2426:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2374:
2353:
2339:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2276:
2241:
2206:
2163:
2120:
2077:
2052:
2027:
1984:
1974:(3511): 1300.
1959:
1916:
1874:
1839:
1804:
1784:(1458): 1311.
1769:
1748:
1727:
1717:(3351): 1040.
1702:
1669:
1626:
1601:
1566:
1541:
1516:
1473:
1430:
1404:
1368:
1332:
1288:
1263:
1220:
1195:
1152:
1109:
1088:
1067:
1033:
1008:
974:
949:
906:
863:
829:
804:
761:
717:
712:
709:
674:Portland stone
645:
642:
591:Viscount Emlyn
582:
579:
567:Joseph Nuttall
560:Friar's Balsam
469:
466:
408:
405:
387:
384:
370:
367:
357:
354:
352:
349:
310:
307:
275:Poor Law Union
208:flying shuttle
186:
183:
172:expert witness
91:
90:
83:
82:Known for
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
61:19 August 1913
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4399:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3701:Mawson (1912)
3697:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3580:, p. 218
3579:
3578:Corman (2005)
3574:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3501:, p. 212
3500:
3499:Corman (2005)
3495:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:Geikie (1914)
2801:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:Joseph Lister
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:(2167): 155.
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:(1465): 213.
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:(3322): 873.
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:"Tracheotomy"
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:(3058): 567.
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:(1106): 340.
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
903:
899:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
860:
856:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:(2489): 667.
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
718:
716:
710:
708:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
655:
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
512:
509:
505:
501:
500:Joseph Lister
494:
489:
487:
483:
474:
467:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
449:
445:
439:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
406:
404:
402:
397:
393:
385:
383:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
355:
350:
348:
346:
340:
338:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
280:
276:
270:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
184:
182:
179:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
102:
97:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4297:
4288:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4214:
4210:
4187:
4183:
4159:
4155:
4136:
4117:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4060:Bibliography
4059:
4058:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4010:
3997:
3967:
3956:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3865:
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