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compromise legislation, which allowed abortion within the first trimester if performed by a physician after mandatory pro-life counseling, was sent to the
Constitutional Court, in 1993. The court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it failed to protect the life of the unborn child, and declared abortion to be illegal, but unpunishable. The court declared that only in the case of medical emergency, fetal deformity, or rape, could a physician perform an abortion after mandatory counseling and that health insurance could not pay for the procedure without the doctor's consent. The only concession to women's arguments in favor of abortion was acknowledgment that the choice to obtain an abortion was the woman's decision. Schoppe refused to accept the ruling, and not only attacked the court's decision, vowing to continue the fight, but argued that the 1974 legislation itself had been designed to mitigate abuses of sterilization and abortion which had been hallmarks of the earlier fascist regime. She pointed out that "women were neither the perpetrators of that regime, intent on exterminating whole peoples, nor would their individual decisions to terminate a pregnancy augur a return to totalitarianism".
33:
251:, and Dann and Hickel were appointed as her deputies. It was the first time in Germany that any political party had elected an all-woman board to lead the party. The group was hopeful that other parties would follow suit or that women from across the political spectrum could unite on issues and work together. Schoppe favored more transparency from and compromise between politicians to promote a robust democracy. She also supported parliamentary reforms and backed the creation of an independent body with oversight for Bundestag policies. Because of the rotation system, Schoppe was forced to resign her seat in 1985. At the party conference preceding the next election cycle, she advocated for party reforms, including abandonment of the rotation system, which was adopted for Lower Saxony in 1986.
427:, she built the largest state ministry on women in the country. Schoppe was known for networking across party lines and with other state women's departments to address women's issues. Among the programs she introduced were initiatives to provide women with legal services, to support women's shelters, to assist women who were entrepreneurs and farmers, and to create family planning centers to help mothers and children. At the state level she worked to pass legislation requiring women to make up half of the public service work force and to establish outpatient abortion services. She also worked to create national coordination offices for parental leave policies and mediation, which included career planning and training to enable returning mothers to be ready for re-employment.
471:
finally made a criminal offense in
Germany during her third term in office in 1997. She has also been credited with the statement, "Behind every man who is successful stands a woman who supports him. And behind every successful woman stand three men who want to hold her back". Schoppe was one of the first women's affairs ministers in West Germany, and built her office in Lower Saxony from having no employees to 72 staff members. She created full-time women's representatives in all communities with over 10,000 residents in the state and increased budgeting four-fold for women's shelters. She pioneered parental leave mediation centers and helped 632 women to set up their own businesses. In 2021, the documentary film
273:, to strengthen the ban on violent pornography, and allow women to privately sue pornography producers. When the Bundestag debated changing pornography laws the following year, Schoppe opposed the anti-porn movement on the basis that use of pornography was a personal decision and that films might be deemed innocuous or offensive depending on the viewer. From 1988, she served on the four-member Children's Commission of the Bundestag. The commission had no authority to veto legislation, but could recommend legislation and advise if proposed legislation complied with the principle of the "
277:". One of their first lobbying efforts concerned establishing speed limits for urban areas. Other issues on their agenda were changes to guardianship laws to protect the rights for children in foster care and liability legislation to prevent owners from dodging responsibility for endangering a child merely by posting a sign that danger existed or that land was restricted. They also planned focus on addressing child labor, substance abuse, violence against children, and children's mental health.
193:. In the speech, she pointed out that legislating abortion allowed politicians, who were mostly male, to make health care decisions for women. She observed that making abortion illegal punished only the woman who was pregnant, not the man who was equally responsible for the pregnancy. Based on this, she argued that abortion should not be a legal matter, but left to a woman's moral convictions. She also encouraged legislation which had harsh penalties for
440:
ministry as having concerned itself with "self-help groups for prostitutes" and members of the "housewives' association". Nonetheless, Schoppe returned to the
Bundestag, serving in the 13th legislative session from 1994 to 1998. She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee and a deputy member of the Committee for European Affairs. Schoppe supported German involvement in the
185:. When the Green Party formed, two-year term limits were placed on both officers and sitting representatives. Schoppe's first term in office was from 1983 to 1985. On 5 May 1983, in her first presentation in the Bundestag, Schoppe delivered a speech "Women, Abortion, and Marital Rape" during the legislative debates to revise paragraph
444:, although previously she had opposed military-based foreign policy. Her rationale for changing her position, according to SĂĽssmuth, was that military intervention was needed to prevent expansion of the conflict, that Europeans should work together to establish peace policies, and that participation in the
105:
Schoppe served in the 10th, 11th, and 13th legislative terms. In her first two terms she worked on social legislation, such as decriminalizing abortion, child protection laws, and anti-violence measures, but she opposed the anti-pornography movement on the basis that its use was a personal decision.
439:
By mid-1993, the coalition between the Social
Democrats and Greens had begun to fracture. Schoppe was forced out of the minister's office in 1994, when the Social Democrats won the election, and the Green's state women's caucus branded her as a "pseudo post-feminist", characterizing her work in the
430:
In 1992, the unified German
Bundestag had passed legislation to resolve differences in abortion laws between East Germany, where abortion was legal in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, and West Germany, where it was illegal except in the case of rape, social hardship, or for medical reasons. The
381:
policy which included fathers receiving eight weeks of protected family leave. Schoppe said that, as proposed, the legislation only included married couples, but that it was hoped it could be extended to other partnerships in the future. The measure failed to gain support from her male colleagues.
131:
Waltraud
Sobanek was born on 27 June 1942 in Bremen-Aumund, Germany. Her father was an aircraft engineer and her mother owned and operated a grocery store. Her mother died around 1958, causing Sobanek to leave school after the 10th grade and train as a secretary. Sobanek married in the early 1960s
122:
and then returned to the
Bundestag between 1994 and 1998. In her final term in parliament, she focused primarily on foreign affairs, supporting the rights of nations to self-determination and the development of refugee policies protecting human rights. In 1997, marital rape, an issue she had first
470:
Schoppe's maiden speech to the
Bundestag became "legendary", and is seen as an important landmark for the feminist movement in Germany, as she was the first to bring the demands of women to parliamentary discussion. Her speech also introduced the Bundestag to the topic of marital rape, which was
376:
campaigned for the creation of mothers' centers to help reduce the isolation many mothers experienced. They proposed establishing centers which allowed women to socialize and engage in unpaid or low-paid activities to relieve their social alienation. She also was instrumental in introducing and
208:
Schoppe was appointed to serve as a deputy member on the
Committee for Economic Affairs and the Committee for Labor and Social Order. She was a full member of the Committee for Youth, Family and Health. Her first term in office was marked by her advocacy for women's equality, elimination of the
448:
would strengthen the UN's role in international conflict resolution. She was closely involved in establishing refugee policies during this term and called for clarification of foreign policy in
Germany and Europe atlarge so that intervention did not become interference and human rights were
499:
was released. It documented the lives of the pioneering generation of women who moved into politics and challenged the sexist view that women and power were incompatible. The film presented the accomplishments and struggles of women who ventured into politics from the 1950s until
303:
of the Green Party, which favored collaboration with the Social Democratic Party and recognized that to support the rights of nations to self-determination meant that they had to be able to defend themselves. Unlike some of her colleagues, she did not favor German withdrawal from
529:
Es sei eine 'Anmaßung' und 'sexualfeindlich', für andere Frauen entscheiden zu wollen, was sie schön zu finden hätten und was nicht. Sexualität und Pornographie würden gerade von der 'Grenzüberschreitung' leben; was dabei sexistisch sei, unterliege subjektiver
386:
talks began, the West German Greens favored the idea of the two countries remaining separate, fearing that a unified Germany would be seen as a threat to other Europeans. As a result, the party lost all of their parliamentary seats in the 1990 elections, but
148:. Among the initiatives she was involved in were creation of a child care center and bicycle paths in Bremen. At the completion of her studies, she passed the state examination to teach high school. Schoppe taught as a teacher-trainee at the
422:
and Schoppe, respectively, to serve as State Minister of the Environment and State Minister of Women's Affairs. Schoppe became the first person to serve as the women's affairs minister for Lower Saxony. According to academic and politician,
197:. Her speech was met with "demeaning insults, jeers, and jokes" from members of the other political parties, and general disapproval by the "male-dominated ranks of the traditional parties". Schoppe's address marked the first time that
361:
in Germany in April and again in Israel in October, hoping to encourage investigation of Israeli human rights abuses, recognition of Palestinian rights, and support for Israel. The trip brought the Green Party to the edge of a split.
2125:
78:(born 27 June 1942) has served as a teacher and politician in Germany. She left school at a young age and worked as a secretary, later marrying and earning a teaching certificate. She became involved in university politics and the
102:, challenging for the first time the sexism women encountered in the legislature. She was one of the members of the first all-woman party directorates in Germany, when the Green Party elected six women to head the party in 1984.
1960:
1622:
461:
Schoppe had intended her legislative career to be temporary and did not run again. She turned her antiques' hobby into a career. Former colleagues reported in 2013 that she was living in northern Italy.
1336:
339:. The sitting politicians, including Schoppe, concerned that the statement did not address the question of Israel, drafted their own statement taking a more cautious approach toward the
2234:
1852:
1950:
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Schoppe was elected to a second term in office in 1987, for a full four-year period, and returned to her appointment on the Committee for Youth, Family and Health.
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As a result of the loss, the West German Greens revised their constitution in 1991 and merged with the East German party to form Alliance 90/The Greens in 1993.
32:
2337:
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in Diepholz, which favored environmental protection and opposed war. She served as chair of the local branch. When the Greens first won seats in the
1857:
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504:. Among the women featured were Schoppe and the other five women who led the Green Party from 1984. The film premiered on television in 2023.
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1998:
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1827:
1817:
1602:
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2220:
2089:"13. New Themes in Old Parliaments: Parliamentary Speeches and Party Statements – Waltraud Schoppe: 'Women, Abortion, and Marital Rape'"
132:
and had two sons, Willy and Philip Schoppe in 1965 and 1967, before divorcing. She raised her children alone in the countryside around
1930:
1356:
Farrer, Benjamin (July 2014). "A Theory of Organizational Choice: Interest Groups and Parties as Substitutable Influence Mechanisms".
415:
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115:
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1980:
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had been challenged in the parliament and that taboo-topics dealing with sexuality had been openly addressed in the legislature.
1290:
450:
445:
170:
87:
247:. Schoppe and Vollmer served as the speakers in the Bundestag with Borgmann as their successor. Nickels served as the party's
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introduced to the Bundestag, became a criminal offense. Schoppe retired from politics in 1998 and became an antiques dealer.
1406:
328:
2284:
343:, which acknowledged Palestinians' right to self-determination with Israeli cooperation. Schily and Schoppe, along with
340:
1415:
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and protected children. In April 1984, Schoppe was elected to serve on the directorate of the Green Party, along with
140:
examination in 1969, and decided to train as a teacher. Between 1973 and 1979, she studied German and history at the
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had begun in 1985, prompting discussion in the party on its policies and its stance toward Israel. In early 1987,
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2046:
1702:
317:
1918:
2053:[Open Letter to the RAF, the RZ and the Autonomous and Anti-Imperialist Movement. Part 2: A Polemic].
1311:
2051:"Offener Brief an die RAF, die RZ sowie die autonome und antiimperialistische Bewegung. Teil 2: Eine Polemik"
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https://web.archive.org/web/20130429180950/http://www.zeit.de/2013/14/bundestag-gruene-sexismus-debatte
1875:
473:
2312:
1976:
1731:
1402:"Resonance and Radicalism: Feminist Framing in the Abortion Debates of the United States and Germany"
1293:[Do 'The Greens' Also Have to Atone?: A Chronology of the Israel Dispute within the Greens].
501:
383:
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489:
335:' right to self-determination and the formation of an independent state under the leadership of the
1880:
403:
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186:
83:
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1523:
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1435:
149:
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2016:
2012:
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militia, prompting the executive board of the Greens to issue a statement that they supported
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1909:
1291:"Auch 'Die GrĂĽnen' mĂĽssen sĂĽhnen?: Eine Chronologie zum Israel-Streit innerhalb der GrĂĽnen"
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2020:
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1878:[The Female Executive of the Green Party: What Is So Exotic about These Women?].
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2008:
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349:
290:
274:
2306:
2017:"4. Women, Men and Unification: Gender Politics and the Abortion Struggle since 1989"
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1876:"Der weibliche Vorstand der grĂĽnen Fraktion: Was ist an diesen Frauen so exotisch?"
1713:
KĂĽrschner's People's Handbook of the German Bundestag: 10th Legislative Period 1983
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supporting a change in the maternal leave law to convert the legislation into a
296:
1516:"2. The Evolution of the Greens in Germany: From Amateurism to Professionalism"
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Triumph of the Fatherland: German Unification and the Marginalization of Women
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The Green Factor in German Politics: From Protest Movement to Political Party
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began a campaign, "PorNo" in 1987, to protect women from exploitation by the
118:. Between 1990 and 1994, she served as the first Women's Affairs Minister of
2195:
Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des deutschen Bundestages 1949 – 2002
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1955:
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1518:. In Frankland, E. Gene; Lucardie, Paul; Rihoux, Benoît (eds.).
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2143:"Ecopolitics in Modern Germany: The Rebirth of the Green Party"
1953:['In This Circle, My Lady, You Too Are a Gentleman!'].
1520:
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criminalization of abortion, and legislation which addressed
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1625:. No. 31, 454. Paris, France. 5 April 1984. p. 1
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and was active in university politics, women's groups and
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2201:] (in German). Vol. 2: N – Z. Munich, Germany:
2095:. Translated by Schatzschneider, Michael. Philadelphia:
1951:"'In diesem Kreis, meine Dame, sind auch Sie ein Herr!;"
1732:"The History of the German Left and a Crisis in Context"
699:
697:
2223:[Waltraud Schoppe on Sexism in the Bundestag].
1855:[Greens: Peace Service at the Changing Table].
1772:. Translated by Fagan, Gus (1st ed.). London, UK:
1543:
9 Germany: Successful Quota Rules in a Gendered Society
1337:"The Gang of Four Tackles Little People's Big Problems"
858:
856:
1119:
1117:
1115:
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2254:[Green Border Crossing in the PorNo Jungle].
2093:
The German Greens: Paradox between Movement and Party
1861:(in German). No. 254. Kassel, Germany. p. 3
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308:, but was in support of curtailing the presence of
65:
42:
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1769:The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile
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169:Schoppe was one of the founders in 1979 of the
69:Secretary, teacher, politician, antiques dealer
2252:"GrĂĽne GrenzĂĽberschreitung im PorNo-Dschungel"
2118:['Power Is Perceived as Unfeminine'].
2221:"Waltraud Schoppe ĂĽber Sexismus im Bundestag"
1797:. Translated by Straus, Richard. London, UK:
1343:. No. 1357. Hamburg, Germany. p. 15
312:throughout Europe. A wave of protest against
8:
2025:After Unity: Reconfiguring German Identities
1908:Lees, Charles Stephen John (February 1998).
1884:(in German). No. 21. Hamburg, Germany:
1335:Faeber-Hausemann, Renate (5 February 1989).
1212:
527:
395:green party, won eight seats in parliament.
110:of the West German Greens and supported the
1640:"Germany's Big Green Mood Lacks Radicalism"
972:
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1551:Breaking Male Dominance in Old Democracies
1251:
720:
90:, she made a taboo-breaking speech in the
31:
20:
2260:(in German). Berlin, Germany. p. 5.
2250:Wiedemann, Charlotte (9 September 1988).
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449:protected. She also favored allowing the
1826:(in German). Hamburg, Germany. pp.
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1591:[Pioneering Work Is Difficult].
996:
984:
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847:
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593:
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1851:Laucht, Hans-Ludwig (31 October 1989).
788:
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177:in 1983, she was selected to represent
86:in the 1970s. A founding member of the
2091:. In Mayer, Margit; Ely, John (eds.).
1853:"GrĂĽne: Friedensdienst am Wickeltisch"
1664:from the original on 29 September 2023
1623:"Greens Party Replaces Top Leadership"
1224:
1123:
1092:
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862:
832:
676:
610:
520:Charlotte Wiedemann quoted Schoppe in
2348:20th-century German women politicians
2169:from the original on 22 November 2023
1858:Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine
1638:Hermsmeier, Lukas (25 October 2019).
1159:
1147:
1135:
1080:
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1008:
957:
773:
688:
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7:
1587:Gerste, Margrit (25 February 1994).
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1236:
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2338:20th-century German women educators
2229:(in German). Baden-Baden, Germany:
2147:Penn State Environmental Law Review
1820:[Orgasm in the Bundestag].
1200:
761:
2353:Alliance 90/The Greens politicians
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1874:Lebert, Norbert (3 October 1984).
446:United Nations peacekeeping effort
435:13th Bundestag session (1994–1998)
408:Minister-President of Lower Saxony
255:11th Bundestag session (1987–1990)
106:She was one of the leaders of the
14:
2363:21st-century German businesswomen
2264:from the original on 15 June 2024
2237:from the original on 12 June 2024
2128:from the original on 3 April 2024
2114:Steinbauer, Anna (8 March 2023).
1963:from the original on 27 June 2023
1936:from the original on 12 June 2024
1172:Mushaben, Giles & Lennox 1997
337:Palestine Liberation Organization
187:218, the West German Abortion Law
165:Political involvement (1979–1985)
1464:"Green Politics: A Review Essay"
1364:(4). Thousand Oaks, California:
2368:German women's rights activists
1949:Lutz, Cosima (25 August 2021).
2373:German women environmentalists
2141:Strek, Charlotte (June 1999).
2124:(in German). Munich, Germany.
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1476:University of California Press
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1045:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation 1993
418:and Greens, in 1990. He chose
1:
2343:20th-century German educators
2333:German anti–nuclear activists
2153:(1). Carlisle, Pennsylvania:
1816:Lau, Mariam (27 March 2013).
1468:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
1407:American Journal of Sociology
16:German politician (born 1942)
2285:University of Michigan Press
1549:; Leyenaar, Monique (eds.).
1462:Foran, John (January 1985).
1316:(1st ed.). London, UK:
651:International Herald Tribune
399:Women's Minister (1990–1994)
341:Israeli-Palestinian conflict
2328:University of Bremen alumni
2063:(356). Stuttgart, Germany:
1742:. Los Angeles, California:
1730:Hughes, David (2006–2007).
1541:Geissel, Brigitte (2013). "
1514:Frankland, E. Gene (2008).
1416:University of Chicago Press
1289:Böhme, Jörn (Summer 1991).
1271:Building the Green Movement
275:best interests of the child
2389:
2323:People from Bremen (state)
2087:Schoppe, Waltraud (1998).
1589:"Pionierarbeit ist schwer"
299:, she was a leader in the
94:in 1983 on the subject of
2193:; Herbst, Ludolf (eds.).
2047:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation
1987:The 20th Century of Women
1766:HĂĽlsberg, Werner (1988).
528:
318:Palestinian refugee camps
30:
2277:Young, Brigitte (1999).
1982:Le XXe siècle des femmes
1919:University of Birmingham
1744:University of California
1474:. Berkeley, California:
1414:(2). Chicago, Illinois:
1374:10.1177/1354068811436069
1186:, pp. 181, 192–193.
146:anti-nuclear initiatives
127:Early life and education
2283:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
2155:Dickinson School of Law
2097:Temple University Press
2015:; Lennox, Sara (1997).
1917:(PhD). Birmingham, UK:
1818:"Orgasmus im Bundestag"
1791:Langguth, Gerd (2019).
1685:Oxford University Press
1683:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
1677:Hockenos, Paul (2008).
1582:(subscription required)
1555:Oxford University Press
1553:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
451:former Soviet republics
314:antisemitism in Germany
88:West German Green Party
2027:. New York, New York:
1648:. New York, New York:
1577: – via
1268:Bahro, Rudolf (1986).
1138:, pp. 6, 171–172.
60:Bremen-Aumund, Germany
2065:De Gruyter Oldenbourg
1977:Montreynaud, Florence
1650:Katrina vanden Heuvel
946:Faeber-Hausemann 1989
414:, a coalition of the
365:In 1988, Schoppe and
263:through her magazine
2205:. pp. 777–778.
2099:. pp. 253–255.
2056:Analyse & Kritik
2031:. pp. 137–172.
1557:. pp. 197–218.
502:German reunification
384:German reunification
142:University of Bremen
2187:"Schoppe, Waltraud"
2121:SĂĽddeutsche Zeitung
1888:. pp. 96–100.
1703:Holzapfel, Klaus-J.
1522:. Farnham, Surrey:
1150:, pp. 182–183.
1095:, pp. 632–633.
747:, pp. 255–256.
171:Green Party faction
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1524:Ashgate Publishing
1400:(September 2003).
1341:The German Tribune
1295:Kritik & Krise
835:, pp. 96, 98.
412:Red–green alliance
215:Annemarie Borgmann
112:red–green alliance
2294:978-0-472-10948-7
2212:978-3-598-23782-9
2203:K. G. Saur Verlag
2106:978-1-56639-515-1
2038:978-1-57181-040-3
2000:978-2-09-290064-2
1808:978-0-367-29266-9
1783:978-0-86091-185-2
1736:New German Review
1722:978-3-87576-155-9
1694:978-0-19-518183-8
1609:on 3 January 2017
1572:978-0-19-965389-8
1533:978-0-7546-7429-0
1398:Ferree, Myra Marx
1327:978-0-86291-627-5
1281:978-0-86571-078-8
1213:Archiv Radio 2024
679:, pp. 97–98.
356:Israeli president
136:. She passed her
84:women's movements
73:
72:
2380:
2358:Antiques dealers
2298:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2257:Die Tageszeitung
2246:
2244:
2242:
2226:SWR2 Archivradio
2216:
2191:Vierhaus, Rudolf
2178:
2176:
2174:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2110:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2042:
2021:Jarausch, Konrad
2004:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1916:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:on 29 April 2013
1834:. Archived from
1812:
1787:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1726:
1698:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1605:. Archived from
1583:
1576:
1537:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1393:
1352:
1350:
1348:
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1306:
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1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
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1187:
1181:
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1163:
1157:
1151:
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1127:
1121:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
973:Hughes 2006–2007
970:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
920:
917:Montreynaud 1989
914:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
866:
860:
851:
845:
836:
830:
821:
815:
792:
786:
777:
771:
765:
759:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
707:
701:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
647:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
597:
591:
543:
540:
534:
532:
531:
523:Die Tageszeitung
518:
498:
482:
474:Die Unbeugsameng
416:Social Democrats
410:and head of the
404:Gerhard Schröder
375:
353:
294:
238:
223:
116:Social Democrats
76:Waltraud Schoppe
56:
54:
47:Waltraud Sobanek
35:
25:Waltraud Schoppe
21:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2231:SĂĽdwestrundfunk
2219:
2213:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2113:
2107:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2049:(7 July 1993).
2045:
2039:
2013:Giles, Geoffrey
2009:Mushaben, Joyce
2007:
2001:
1991:Éditions Nathan
1975:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1815:
1809:
1790:
1784:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1729:
1723:
1701:
1695:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1586:
1581:
1579:Oxford Academic
1573:
1547:Dahlerup, Drude
1540:
1534:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1396:
1366:Sage Publishing
1355:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1309:
1288:
1282:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1252:Steinbauer 2023
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
923:
915:
908:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
869:
861:
854:
846:
839:
831:
824:
816:
795:
787:
780:
772:
768:
760:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
721:Hermsmeier 2019
719:
710:
702:
695:
687:
683:
675:
671:
663:
659:
648:
641:
633:
629:
621:
617:
609:
600:
592:
561:
557:
552:
547:
546:
541:
537:
519:
515:
510:
492:
486:The Indomitable
476:
468:
459:
437:
420:Monika Griefahn
401:
369:
367:Gisela WĂĽlffing
347:
345:Dietrich Wetzel
310:nuclear weapons
288:
286:Hubert Kleinert
282:Joschka Fischer
261:Alice Schwarzer
257:
241:Christa Nickels
232:
226:Heidemarie Dann
217:
211:family violence
167:
162:
129:
61:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
37:Schoppe in 1989
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2274:
2247:
2217:
2211:
2183:SĂĽssmuth, Rita
2179:
2138:
2111:
2105:
2084:
2043:
2037:
2029:Berghahn Books
2005:
1999:
1973:
1946:
1905:
1871:
1848:
1813:
1807:
1788:
1782:
1763:
1727:
1721:
1699:
1693:
1674:
1635:
1619:
1584:
1571:
1538:
1532:
1511:
1459:
1440:10.1086/378343
1424:10.1086/378343
1394:
1358:Party Politics
1353:
1332:
1326:
1307:
1286:
1280:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1241:
1229:
1227:, p. 337.
1217:
1205:
1188:
1176:
1174:, p. 157.
1164:
1162:, p. 184.
1152:
1140:
1128:
1109:
1107:, p. 163.
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
999:, p. 174.
989:
987:, p. 145.
977:
962:
960:, p. 217.
950:
938:
934:Wiedemann 1988
921:
919:, p. 694.
906:
902:Frankland 2008
894:
892:, p. 168.
882:
867:
852:
850:, p. 181.
837:
822:
820:, p. 778.
793:
791:, p. 202.
778:
776:, p. 173.
766:
749:
737:
735:, p. 254.
725:
708:
706:, p. 253.
693:
681:
669:
657:
639:
637:, p. 214.
627:
625:, p. 179.
623:Holzapfel 1985
615:
598:
596:, p. 777.
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
545:
544:
535:
512:
511:
509:
506:
490:Torsten Körner
467:
464:
458:
455:
453:to join NATO.
436:
433:
400:
397:
379:parental leave
256:
253:
166:
163:
161:
158:
128:
125:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2385:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
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2356:
2354:
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2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Living people
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:(in German).
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:Gruner + Jahr
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
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1681:
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1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1083:, p. 41.
1082:
1077:
1074:
1071:, p. 40.
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:, p. 28.
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:, p. 60.
1034:
1029:
1026:
1023:, p. 59.
1022:
1017:
1014:
1011:, p. 58.
1010:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:HĂĽlsberg 1988
993:
990:
986:
985:HĂĽlsberg 1988
981:
978:
975:, p. 81.
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
954:
951:
948:, p. 15.
947:
942:
939:
935:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
904:, p. 30.
903:
898:
895:
891:
890:HĂĽlsberg 1988
886:
883:
880:, p. 11.
879:
878:Langguth 2019
874:
872:
868:
865:, p. 96.
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
848:Hockenos 2008
844:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:SĂĽssmuth 2002
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
767:
763:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
691:, p. 39.
690:
685:
682:
678:
673:
670:
667:, p. 36.
666:
661:
658:
654:
652:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
628:
624:
619:
616:
613:, p. 98.
612:
607:
605:
603:
599:
595:
594:SĂĽssmuth 2002
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
560:
554:
549:
539:
536:
525:
524:
517:
514:
507:
505:
503:
496:
491:
487:
483:
480:
475:
465:
463:
456:
454:
452:
447:
443:
434:
432:
428:
426:
425:Rita SĂĽssmuth
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
396:
394:
390:
385:
380:
373:
368:
363:
360:
357:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
301:Realo faction
298:
292:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
245:Antje Vollmer
242:
236:
231:
227:
221:
216:
212:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:criminal code
188:
184:
181:and moved to
180:
176:
172:
164:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
126:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:Realo faction
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
66:Occupation(s)
64:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2279:
2266:. Retrieved
2255:
2239:. Retrieved
2224:
2198:
2194:
2171:. Retrieved
2150:
2146:
2130:. Retrieved
2119:
2092:
2076:. Retrieved
2060:
2054:
2024:
1986:
1981:
1965:. Retrieved
1954:
1938:. Retrieved
1910:
1897:. Retrieved
1879:
1863:. Retrieved
1856:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1821:
1793:
1768:
1755:. Retrieved
1739:
1735:
1712:
1707:
1679:
1666:. Retrieved
1643:
1627:. Retrieved
1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1592:
1550:
1519:
1503:. Retrieved
1471:
1467:
1451:. Retrieved
1411:
1405:
1361:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1340:
1312:
1294:
1270:
1261:Bibliography
1232:
1220:
1208:
1203:, p. 2.
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1126:, p. 1.
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1059:, p. 3.
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
953:
941:
936:, p. 5.
897:
885:
789:Geissel 2013
769:
764:, p. 1.
745:Schoppe 1998
740:
733:Schoppe 1998
728:
704:Schoppe 1998
684:
672:
660:
655:, p. 1.
650:
635:Dolling 1991
630:
618:
538:
526:as saying, "
521:
516:
485:
472:
469:
460:
438:
429:
402:
364:
359:Chaim Herzog
333:Palestinians
279:
271:sex industry
264:
258:
230:Erika Hickel
207:
195:marital rape
179:Lower Saxony
168:
130:
120:Lower Saxony
104:
100:marital rape
80:anti-nuclear
75:
74:
57:27 June 1942
18:
2313:1942 births
1774:Verso Books
1478:: 167–187.
1418:: 304–344.
1368:: 632–645.
1318:Bowker-Saur
1225:Ferree 2003
1124:Gerste 1994
1093:Farrer 2014
1057:Laucht 1989
863:Lebert 1984
833:Lebert 1984
677:Lebert 1984
611:Lebert 1984
493: [
477: [
442:Bosnian War
393:East German
389:Alliance 90
370: [
348: [
297:Otto Schily
289: [
280:Along with
233: [
218: [
2307:Categories
1927:1180801259
1645:The Nation
1500:9975345428
1390:9536625068
1160:Young 1999
1148:Young 1999
1136:Young 1999
1081:Strek 1999
1069:Strek 1999
1033:Böhme 1991
1021:Böhme 1991
1009:Böhme 1991
958:Bahro 1986
774:Foran 1985
689:Strek 1999
665:Strek 1999
550:References
457:Later life
199:patriarchy
53:1942-06-27
2163:1546-3427
2157:: 33–59.
2073:0171-5860
2067:: 27–28.
1894:0931-8763
1799:Routledge
1752:0889-0145
1746:: 66–89.
1658:0027-8378
1484:0067-5830
1448:193077912
1432:0002-9602
1382:1354-0688
1303:0948-3888
1237:Lutz 2021
1184:Lees 1998
1105:Lees 1998
555:Citations
354:met with
189:, of the
175:Bundestag
156:in 1982.
154:Oldenburg
150:gymnasium
114:with the
92:Bundestag
2262:Archived
2235:Archived
2233:. 2024.
2185:(2002).
2167:Archived
2126:Archived
1979:(1989).
1961:Archived
1956:Die Welt
1931:Archived
1881:Brigitte
1823:Die Zeit
1705:(1985).
1662:Archived
1594:Die Zeit
1492:41035348
1201:Lau 2013
762:Lau 2013
530:Wertung.
322:attacked
134:Diepholz
96:abortion
2268:15 June
2241:12 June
2078:16 June
2023:(ed.).
1940:12 June
1865:16 June
1842:12 June
1757:15 June
1668:11 June
1613:12 June
1505:11 June
1453:16 June
1347:15 June
406:became
324:by the
2291:
2209:
2173:8 June
2161:
2132:9 June
2103:
2071:
2035:
1997:
1967:9 June
1925:
1899:7 June
1892:
1805:
1780:
1750:
1719:
1691:
1656:
1629:8 June
1569:
1545:". In
1530:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1388:
1380:
1324:
1301:
1278:
466:Legacy
391:, the
295:, and
243:, and
203:sexism
160:Career
138:abitur
2197:[
2189:. In
2019:. In
1985:[
1934:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1711:[
1488:JSTOR
1436:JSTOR
508:Notes
497:]
488:) by
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