381:(2) the exemptions for religious organizations created only a minimal and remote involvement between church and state, and far less of an involvement than would be created by taxation of churches, and the effect of the exemptions was thus not an excessive government entanglement with religion. The grant of a tax exemption was not sponsorship of the organizations because the government did not transfer part of its revenue to churches but simply abstained from demanding that the churches support the state. The exemption created a more minimal and remote involvement between church and state than did taxation because it restricted the fiscal relationship between church and state and reinforced the desired separation insulating one from the other.
31:
378:(1) exemptions were granted to all houses of religious worship within a broad class of property owned by nonprofit, quasi-public corporations which included hospitals, libraries, playgrounds, and scientific, professional, historical, and patriotic groups, and the legislative purpose was thus not aimed at establishing, sponsoring, or supporting religion, and
317:
This provision states in part: Real property owned by a corporation or association organized exclusively for the moral or mental improvement of men and women, or for religious, Bible, tract, charitable, benevolent, missionary, hospital, infirmary, educational, public playground, scientific, literary,
298:
Under this provision, exemptions from taxation may be granted only by general laws. Exemptions may be altered or repealed except those exempting real or personal property used exclusively for religious, educational or charitable purposes as defined by law and owned by any corporation or association
1871:
1303:
268:. The Court held that grants of tax exemption to religious organizations do not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. It was the first case to articulate the "excessive entanglement doctrine" that one year later became the third prong of the
1346:
956:
769:
4161:
1757:
4483:
398:, each in a separate opinion, while concurring in the court's conclusion that the tax exemptions did not violate the First Amendment, would reach this conclusion by applying different criteria from those applied by the court.
352:
Rejecting this contention, the New York
Supreme Court granted the defendant's motion for summary judgment and dismissed the complaint. The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court and the New York Court of Appeals affirmed.
318:
bar association, medical society, library, patriotic, historical or cemetery purposes and used exclusively for carrying out thereupon one or more of such purposes shall be exempt from taxation as provided in this section.
2797:
1931:
3533:
3303:
6089:
5945:
4459:
4427:
4363:
3408:
1480:
1004:
343:
from granting these exemptions. The plaintiff contended that the exemptions indirectly required him to make a contribution to religious bodies and thereby violated the religion clauses of the First
Amendment.
1677:
2646:
4331:
1907:
4475:
373:
The Court held that there was no nexus between these tax exemptions and the establishment of religion, and that federal or state grants of tax exemption to churches did not violate the First
Amendment:
6242:
4651:
4089:
4073:
3926:
3918:
3416:
1196:
4906:
1621:
4001:
2993:
4467:
3400:
1319:
5507:
3858:
3424:
988:
3581:
2284:
1765:
3697:
3689:
4451:
4278:
3728:
2119:
251:
5539:
4826:
4810:
4707:
2985:
1362:
1036:
668:
496:
450:
418:
119:
72:
6129:
5531:
4989:
4419:
1951:
1204:
4371:
4009:
3657:
4190:
4057:
3850:
3368:
2590:
1826:
1749:
1044:
6161:
6028:
4762:
4547:
3833:
3213:
684:
609:
247:
3902:
3632:
1145:
716:
2961:
5808:
5563:
4914:
1879:
1279:
5141:
3069:
4323:
3597:
996:
2558:
5848:
5764:
5446:
5013:
3789:
3173:
2860:
2670:
5657:
5195:
5048:
4555:
4515:
2678:
1773:
1169:
1161:
6212:
4643:
4379:
3752:
3549:
2622:
2606:
2598:
660:
3557:
2614:
5350:
5252:
4746:
4603:
4270:
3673:
3501:
3149:
2510:
2478:
1834:
1669:
1052:
884:
3205:
2374:
1354:
1220:
868:
600:
4595:
948:
6222:
6036:
5630:
4898:
4818:
4683:
4523:
3376:
3319:
2574:
6169:
4667:
5622:
6217:
6061:
5109:
4834:
4802:
4786:
4294:
3894:
3842:
3821:
3360:
2582:
2005:
1549:
6247:
5665:
4997:
4727:
4041:
3910:
3258:
2542:
1693:
1212:
753:
4659:
6237:
6012:
4874:
4858:
4121:
3950:
3878:
2024:
1797:
1236:
1177:
3327:
1725:
836:
5961:
5710:
5326:
4579:
3477:
3392:
3335:
2805:
1915:
1389:
1105:
5579:
5076:
3517:
2756:
1863:
1405:
1295:
761:
35:
4587:
3525:
1263:
6113:
4153:
4065:
3681:
3509:
3022:
2723:
2534:
2209:
1898:
525:
285:
New York law granted property tax exemptions to religious organizations for religious properties used solely for religious worship.
5342:
4017:
1733:
1472:
908:
5929:
5913:
5598:
4778:
4571:
3886:
3133:
2638:
1448:
924:
171:
3157:
6137:
5921:
5571:
5160:
4627:
4619:
4499:
4286:
3969:
3797:
3573:
2686:
2502:
2414:
2055:
5454:
409:
would have held that the tax exemptions for religious organizations violated the
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
6185:
5499:
5491:
5422:
5393:
4770:
4347:
4222:
4097:
2526:
2252:
2185:
1789:
1081:
777:
4794:
4539:
3493:
2900:
2550:
1717:
6004:
4754:
4403:
3311:
5953:
4930:
4435:
4387:
4230:
4113:
3813:
3720:
2937:
2764:
972:
820:
692:
4507:
4491:
745:
5832:
5318:
4973:
4611:
4262:
3624:
3541:
3141:
3038:
2929:
2892:
2171:
1741:
593:
4246:
1287:
6073:
5719:
5555:
5515:
3760:
3189:
3085:
2430:
2357:
2244:
2193:
1685:
1228:
265:
2836:
516:
3461:
5988:
5905:
5606:
4946:
4675:
3432:
2969:
2292:
2268:
940:
812:
708:
5996:
340:
136:
Grants of tax exemption to religious organizations do not violate the
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
6227:
6105:
5614:
5462:
5310:
5294:
3101:
2654:
2438:
1525:
111:
4563:
5816:
5401:
4339:
4315:
3942:
3287:
3266:
2884:
2662:
2446:
2406:
2201:
2176:
2132:
2063:
2010:
1573:
1271:
1028:
785:
5168:
3485:
6232:
5523:
5483:
4206:
3440:
3165:
3030:
3014:
2977:
2828:
2731:
2337:
2236:
2152:
2111:
2079:
2048:
1565:
1541:
586:
391:
5187:
552:
5789:
5438:
4890:
3863:
3061:
2953:
2366:
2345:
2321:
2127:
1605:
860:
336:
179:
115:
5219:
6020:
5278:
5093:
5040:
4169:
2382:
2095:
2071:
1854:
1709:
900:
500:
454:
123:
64:
6081:
5980:
5756:
5334:
4531:
1960:
1456:
916:
932:
4842:
4254:
4198:
4081:
3469:
3295:
3093:
3077:
2852:
2776:
2494:
2462:
1589:
1513:
1137:
1113:
852:
623:
892:
876:
534:
5727:
5698:
5638:
5133:
4635:
4355:
4049:
4033:
3977:
3229:
3125:
2844:
2398:
2390:
2276:
2147:
1381:
1311:
793:
79:
4443:
5937:
5867:
5748:
5673:
5430:
5385:
5358:
5117:
5064:
4938:
4866:
4411:
3934:
3805:
3117:
2868:
2780:
2707:
2518:
2470:
2454:
2422:
2260:
2087:
1976:
1653:
1637:
1629:
1613:
1424:
1397:
1129:
1012:
676:
406:
299:
organized or conducted exclusively for one or more of such purposes and not operating for profit.
167:
6145:
5547:
5286:
4922:
4699:
4306:
4133:
3985:
3744:
3709:
3384:
3250:
3197:
3181:
2908:
2630:
2566:
2486:
2329:
2227:
1464:
1089:
1020:
980:
844:
652:
644:
395:
195:
6121:
5824:
5203:
5085:
5032:
4981:
4965:
4850:
4738:
4214:
4025:
3665:
3351:
3221:
3109:
2876:
2300:
1939:
1923:
1781:
1661:
1597:
1557:
1432:
964:
700:
151:
6097:
5840:
5366:
5302:
5264:
5125:
5056:
4715:
4238:
4145:
3768:
3605:
3589:
3565:
2817:
2789:
2747:
2715:
2159:
2103:
1842:
1581:
1533:
1488:
1440:
1255:
1121:
1097:
1060:
578:
507:
6153:
5227:
5211:
4105:
3993:
3870:
2221:
1818:
1347:
Valley Forge
Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1338:
1153:
957:
Valley Forge
Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
828:
457:
183:
6206:
2945:
2139:
1968:
362:
332:
5886:
5101:
4882:
4691:
4548:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of
Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
4395:
3780:
3736:
3052:
1701:
1645:
67:
543:
6177:
5005:
2312:
191:
5474:
5269:
2035:
269:
159:
83:
2040:
361:
The United States
Supreme Court affirmed, in an opinion by Chief Justice
4468:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public
Utilities Comm'n of California
3401:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
570:
95:
4516:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
1932:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
4428:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
561:
6090:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
5946:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3409:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
4484:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
308:
This exemption is implemented by N.Y. Real Prop. Tax Law § 420(1).
212:
Burger, joined by Black, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall
4460:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
4364:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
3304:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
2647:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
4604:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
4271:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
1670:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
6059:
5787:
5696:
5250:
3534:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
3417:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
2003:
1511:
621:
582:
30:
4652:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4162:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
4090:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4074:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
3927:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
3919:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
869:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
4596:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
1622:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
949:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
6037:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
4332:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
3320:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
2994:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
6170:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
4668:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
4476:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
1320:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
5623:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
4907:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
3425:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
1908:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
1481:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1005:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
989:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
331:
The plaintiff, Frederick Walz, an owner of real estate in
289:
This exemption is authorized by N.Y. Const. art. XVI, § 1.
1766:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
1197:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
5508:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
5540:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
4660:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
4452:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
4279:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
6243:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
4827:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
4811:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
4708:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
2986:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
1205:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
669:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
419:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 397
365:, expressing the views of five members of the court.
6130:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
5532:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
3328:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
2120:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
1726:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
5972:
5897:
5878:
5859:
5800:
5738:
5709:
5649:
5590:
5473:
5412:
5377:
5263:
5179:
5152:
5075:
5024:
4957:
4726:
4305:
4180:
4132:
4002:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
3961:
3832:
3779:
3708:
3698:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
3658:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
3647:
3616:
3451:
3350:
3277:
3240:
3049:
3004:
2919:
2816:
2775:
2746:
2697:
2356:
2311:
2220:
2170:
2034:
2023:
1950:
1897:
1890:
1853:
1808:
1416:
1373:
1330:
1247:
1188:
1071:
837:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
804:
727:
634:
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
203:
140:
130:
106:
101:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
4058:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
3851:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
3729:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
3690:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
2591:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
1750:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
1390:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
6162:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
6029:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
4990:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
4763:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
3214:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
2962:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
685:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
3859:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
3633:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
2798:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
1304:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
717:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
5809:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
5564:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
4915:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
4588:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
4372:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
3526:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
1880:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
1264:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
478:24 N.Y.2d 30, 298 N.Y.S.2d 711, 246 N.E.2d 517.
5142:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
4191:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
447:Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York
261:Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York
54:Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York
3598:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
997:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
594:
264:, 397 U.S. 664 (1970), was a case before the
8:
5849:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5765:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5447:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
5014:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
4018:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
3369:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
3174:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
2861:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
1734:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1473:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
909:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
5658:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
5049:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
4556:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
4010:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
1774:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
1363:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1037:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
925:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
6056:
5797:
5784:
5706:
5693:
5260:
5247:
4380:Carey v. Population Services International
4066:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
3903:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
3753:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
3613:
3158:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
3046:
2599:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
2559:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
2285:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2031:
2020:
2000:
1894:
1805:
1508:
1146:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
738:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
661:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
631:
618:
601:
587:
579:
20:
6138:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
5351:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
4747:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
4628:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
4420:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
3674:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
3574:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
3502:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
2511:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
2479:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
1835:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
1758:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
1053:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
885:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
118:517 (1969); probable jurisdiction noted,
5196:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
2375:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
1355:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
1221:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
5930:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
5631:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
4899:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
4819:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
4771:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
4684:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
4524:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
3558:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
3377:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
2615:United States v. American Library Ass'n
2575:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
2527:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
430:
5666:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
4835:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
4803:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
4795:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
4787:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
4540:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
4295:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
3895:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
3843:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
3822:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
3790:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
3494:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
3361:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
2671:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
2551:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
1550:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
1170:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
469:30 App. Div. 2d 778, 292 N.Y.S.2d 353.
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
339:, Special Term, seeking to enjoin the
6005:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
5922:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
4755:California Medical Association v. FEC
4404:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
4042:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
3312:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
3206:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
2543:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
1694:Bob Jones University v. United States
754:Bob Jones University v. United States
18:1970 United States Supreme Court case
7:
6013:California Democratic Party v. Jones
5455:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
4875:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
4859:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
4644:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
3951:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
3879:Island Trees School District v. Pico
3550:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
2679:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
973:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
5962:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
5327:New York Times Co. v. United States
4580:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
4508:State University of New York v. Fox
4492:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
3478:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
3393:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
3336:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
2806:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
1916:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
1106:Abington School District v. Schempp
746:California v. Grace Brethren Church
5580:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
4612:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4263:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
3625:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
3542:United States v. United Foods Inc.
2757:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
1864:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
1406:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
1296:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
762:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
6213:United States Supreme Court cases
6114:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
4998:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
4500:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4287:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4247:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
4154:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
4122:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
3682:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
3510:Keller v. State Bar of California
3150:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
3023:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
2724:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
2535:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
2210:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
1798:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1288:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1280:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1237:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1178:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1162:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
770:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
503:664 (1970) is available from:
5914:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
5599:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
4779:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
4572:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
3911:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
3887:Bethel School District v. Fraser
3259:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
3134:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
1827:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1213:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
1045:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
335:, New York, brought suit in the
29:
5572:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
5161:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
5110:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
4620:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
4324:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
3970:Pickering v. Board of Education
3798:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3518:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
2687:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
2503:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
2415:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
2056:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
6223:1970 in United States case law
6186:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
5500:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
5492:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
5423:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
5394:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
5343:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
4348:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
4223:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
4098:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
3462:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
2253:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
2186:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1891:Statutory religious exemptions
1790:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
1082:McCollum v. Board of Education
778:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
1:
6218:Establishment Clause case law
5989:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
5954:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
5906:Hishon v. King & Spalding
4931:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
4436:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4388:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
4231:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
4114:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
3814:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
3721:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
2938:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
2765:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
1449:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
941:New York v. Cathedral Academy
821:Everson v. Board of Education
813:Cochran v. Board of Education
693:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
610:United States First Amendment
110:Summary judgment affirmed by
6248:Taxation in New York (state)
5997:Tashjian v. Republican Party
5833:Bates v. City of Little Rock
5739:Protection from prosecution
5319:Lamont v. Postmaster General
4974:Bates v. City of Little Rock
3142:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
3039:Packingham v. North Carolina
2930:Lamont v. Postmaster General
1742:Employment Division v. Smith
341:New York City Tax Commission
6238:City of New York litigation
6074:United States v. Cruikshank
5720:United States v. Cruikshank
5615:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
5556:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
5516:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
3761:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
3190:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
3086:Martin v. City of Struthers
2901:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
2431:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
2245:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
2194:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
1718:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
1229:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
266:United States Supreme Court
6264:
5607:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
4947:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
4676:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
4564:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
3433:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
2970:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2293:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2269:Gregory v. City of Chicago
709:Town of Greece v. Galloway
571:Oyez (oral argument audio)
6106:Edwards v. South Carolina
6068:
6055:
5796:
5783:
5705:
5692:
5463:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
5311:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
5295:Lovell v. City of Griffin
5259:
5246:
3102:Edwards v. South Carolina
2655:United States v. Kilbride
2639:United States v. Williams
2439:Ginzburg v. United States
2019:
1999:
1526:Reynolds v. United States
1520:
1507:
630:
617:
245:
145:
135:
112:New York Court of Appeals
28:
5817:Watkins v. United States
5402:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4340:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4316:Valentine v. Chrestensen
3943:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3617:Compelled representation
3582:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
3288:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
3267:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
2885:United States v. Eichman
2837:United States v. O'Brien
2663:United States v. Stevens
2447:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
2407:Marcus v. Search Warrant
2202:United States v. Alvarez
2133:clear and present danger
2064:Schenck v. United States
1574:United States v. Ballard
1272:United States v. Ballard
1189:Private religious speech
1029:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
786:City of Boerne v. Flores
43:Argued November 19, 1969
5973:Primaries and elections
5524:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
5484:Beauharnais v. Illinois
5169:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
4207:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
3486:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
3441:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
3031:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
3015:Schneider v. New Jersey
2978:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
2829:Stromberg v. California
2732:United States v. Hansen
2338:Elonis v. United States
2237:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2153:imminent lawless action
2112:Dennis v. United States
2080:Abrams v. United States
2049:Alien and Sedition Acts
1566:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
1542:Cantwell v. Connecticut
1248:Internal church affairs
5898:Membership restriction
5790:Freedom of association
5741:and state restrictions
5439:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
4891:Citizens United v. FEC
3864:substantial disruption
3166:United States v. Grace
3062:Davis v. Massachusetts
2893:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
2367:Rosen v. United States
2346:Counterman v. Colorado
2322:Watts v. United States
2128:Yates v. United States
1678:Thomas v. Review Board
1606:Fowler v. Rhode Island
493:Walz v. Tax Commission
337:New York Supreme Court
180:William J. Brennan Jr.
24:Walz v. Tax Commission
5650:Copyrighted materials
5279:Patterson v. Colorado
5188:Procunier v. Martinez
5041:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
4183:restriction of speech
4170:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
2383:Roth v. United States
2096:Whitney v. California
2072:Debs v. United States
1872:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
1855:Ministerial exception
1809:Exclusion of religion
1710:Goldman v. Weinberger
246:U.S. Const., Amends.
5253:Freedom of the press
5077:Official retaliation
4731:and political speech
4255:Freedman v. Maryland
4199:Cox v. New Hampshire
4082:Garcetti v. Ceballos
3470:Machinists v. Street
3094:Niemotko v. Maryland
3078:Thornhill v. Alabama
2954:Butterworth v. Smith
2853:Spence v. Washington
2495:Miller v. California
2463:Ginsberg v. New York
1811:from public benefits
1686:United States v. Lee
1590:Niemotko v. Maryland
1514:Free Exercise Clause
1138:Edwards v. Aguillard
1114:Epperson v. Arkansas
861:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
853:Tilton v. Richardson
624:Establishment Clause
357:Opinion of the court
228:Harlan (in judgment)
114:, 24 N.Y.2d 30, 246
6062:Freedom to petition
5728:Presser v. Illinois
5699:Freedom of assembly
5639:Bartnicki v. Vopper
5220:Overton v. Bazzetta
5134:Gonzalez v. Trevino
4636:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
4356:Bigelow v. Virginia
4050:Waters v. Churchill
4034:Rankin v. McPherson
3978:Perry v. Sindermann
3230:McCullen v. Coakley
3126:Adderley v. Florida
2845:Cohen v. California
2700:to criminal conduct
2623:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
2399:Smith v. California
2391:One, Inc. v. Olesen
2277:Cohen v. California
2148:Brandenburg v. Ohio
1382:McGowan v. Maryland
794:Cutter v. Wilkinson
728:Statutory religious
553:Library of Congress
78:90 S. Ct. 1409; 25
45:Decided May 4, 1970
6021:Clingman v. Beaver
5938:Dallas v. Stanglin
5868:Baggett v. Bullitt
5749:De Jonge v. Oregon
5674:Eldred v. Ashcroft
5431:Branzburg v. Hayes
5386:Time, Inc. v. Hill
5118:Nieves v. Bartlett
5094:Reichle v. Howards
5065:Murthy v. Missouri
4939:Thompson v. Hebdon
4867:Randall v. Sorrell
4412:Friedman v. Rogers
3935:Morse v. Frederick
3806:Speiser v. Randall
3118:Brown v. Louisiana
2869:Dallas v. Stanglin
2708:New York v. Ferber
2607:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
2519:Jenkins v. Georgia
2471:Stanley v. Georgia
2455:Redrup v. New York
2423:Jacobellis v. Ohio
2261:Feiner v. New York
2088:Gitlow v. New York
1977:Ramirez v. Collier
1654:Wisconsin v. Yoder
1638:Sherbert v. Verner
1630:Torcaso v. Watkins
1614:Braunfeld v. Brown
1425:Torcaso v. Watkins
1398:Braunfeld v. Brown
1130:Wallace v. Jaffree
1013:Agostini v. Felton
901:Wheeler v. Barrera
677:Van Orden v. Perry
348:Procedural history
168:William O. Douglas
156:Associate Justices
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6146:McDonald v. Smith
6082:Thomas v. Collins
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
5981:Cousins v. Wigoda
5779:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5757:Thomas v. Collins
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5548:McDonald v. Smith
5335:Pell v. Procunier
5287:Near v. Minnesota
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
4923:McCutcheon v. FEC
4700:Iancu v. Brunetti
4532:Edenfield v. Fane
4307:Commercial speech
3986:Arnett v. Kennedy
3745:Iancu v. Brunetti
3648:Government grants
3643:
3642:
3454:of others' speech
3452:Compelled subsidy
3385:Wooley v. Maynard
3346:
3345:
3251:Widmar v. Vincent
3198:Burson v. Freeman
3182:Frisby v. Schultz
2909:Virginia v. Black
2742:
2741:
2631:Nitke v. Gonzales
2567:People v. Freeman
2487:Kois v. Wisconsin
2330:Virginia v. Black
2006:Freedom of speech
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1961:Sossamon v. Texas
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1465:Bowen v. Kendrick
1457:Larson v. Valente
1331:Taxpayer standing
1090:Zorach v. Clauson
1021:Mitchell v. Helms
981:Aguilar v. Felton
917:Meek v. Pittenger
845:Lemon v. Kurtzman
653:Lynch v. Donnelly
645:Marsh v. Chambers
257:
256:
196:Thurgood Marshall
172:John M. Harlan II
6255:
6228:1970 in religion
6122:Cox v. Louisiana
6057:
5825:NAACP v. Alabama
5798:
5785:
5707:
5694:
5265:Prior restraints
5261:
5248:
5204:Turner v. Safley
5086:Hartman v. Moore
5033:Marsh v. Alabama
4982:Buckley v. Valeo
4966:NAACP v. Alabama
4958:Anonymous speech
4851:McConnell v. FEC
4739:Buckley v. Valeo
4728:Campaign finance
4215:Kunz v. New York
4026:Connick v. Myers
3962:Public employees
3666:Rust v. Sullivan
3614:
3352:Compelled speech
3222:Hill v. Colorado
3110:Cox v. Louisiana
3047:
2877:Texas v. Johnson
2301:Snyder v. Phelps
2032:
2021:
2014:
2001:
1940:Tanzin v. Tanvir
1924:Zubik v. Burwell
1895:
1806:
1782:Tandon v. Newsom
1662:McDaniel v. Paty
1598:Kunz v. New York
1558:Jamison v. Texas
1509:
1433:McDaniel v. Paty
965:Mueller v. Allen
933:Wolman v. Walter
701:Salazar v. Buono
632:
619:
603:
596:
589:
580:
575:
569:
566:
560:
557:
551:
548:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
512:
506:
479:
476:
470:
467:
461:
444:
152:Warren E. Burger
141:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6192:
6098:NAACP v. Button
6064:
6043:
5968:
5893:
5874:
5855:
5841:NAACP v. Button
5792:
5771:
5740:
5734:
5701:
5680:
5645:
5591:Broadcast media
5586:
5583:(9th Cir. 2014)
5469:
5414:
5408:
5373:
5367:Tory v. Cochran
5303:Tucker v. Texas
5267:
5255:
5234:
5175:
5148:
5126:Egbert v. Boule
5071:
5057:Lindke v. Freed
5020:
4953:
4843:FEC v. Beaumont
4730:
4722:
4716:Vidal v. Elster
4301:
4239:NAACP v. Button
4182:
4176:
4146:Ex parte Curtis
4137:
4128:
3957:
3828:
3775:
3769:Vidal v. Elster
3711:
3704:
3649:
3639:
3612:
3606:Janus v. AFSCME
3590:Harris v. Quinn
3566:Locke v. Karass
3453:
3447:
3342:
3296:Brown v. Glines
3279:
3273:
3242:
3236:
3051:
3045:
3006:
3005:Content-neutral
3000:
2921:
2915:
2820:
2818:Symbolic speech
2812:
2790:Smith v. Goguen
2779:
2771:
2748:Strict scrutiny
2738:
2716:Osborne v. Ohio
2699:
2698:Speech integral
2693:
2658:(9th Cir. 2009)
2650:(6th Cir. 2009)
2634:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
2562:(7th Cir. 1985)
2378:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
2352:
2307:
2225:
2216:
2175:
2166:
2160:Hess v. Indiana
2104:Fiske v. Kansas
2059:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
2038:
2026:
2015:
2008:
1983:
1946:
1886:
1849:
1843:Carson v. Makin
1810:
1804:
1582:Tucker v. Texas
1534:Davis v. Beason
1516:
1495:
1489:Trump v. Hawaii
1441:Harris v. McRae
1412:
1369:
1326:
1256:Watson v. Jones
1243:
1184:
1122:Stone v. Graham
1098:Engel v. Vitale
1073:
1067:
1061:Carson v. Makin
800:
729:
723:
636:
635:Public displays
626:
613:
607:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
549:
546:
540:
537:
531:
528:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
488:
483:
482:
477:
473:
468:
464:
445:
432:
427:
415:
407:Justice Douglas
404:
388:
371:
359:
350:
329:
283:
278:
194:
182:
170:
126:957 (1969).
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
6261:
6259:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6233:Property taxes
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6205:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6182:
6174:
6166:
6158:
6154:Meyer v. Grant
6150:
6142:
6134:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5993:
5985:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5863:
5861:
5860:Future Conduct
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5804:
5802:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5761:
5753:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5724:
5715:
5713:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5670:
5662:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5635:
5627:
5619:
5611:
5603:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5544:
5536:
5528:
5520:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5488:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5418:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5390:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5274:
5272:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5228:Beard v. Banks
5224:
5216:
5212:Shaw v. Murphy
5208:
5200:
5192:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4106:Lane v. Franks
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3994:Elrod v. Burns
3990:
3982:
3974:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3871:Healy v. James
3867:
3855:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3716:
3714:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2824:
2822:
2821:versus conduct
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2228:heckler's veto
2222:Fighting words
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2144:
2136:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1819:Locke v. Davey
1814:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1339:Flast v. Cohen
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1154:Lee v. Weisman
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1074:public schools
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
913:
905:
897:
893:Sloan v. Lemon
889:
881:
877:Hunt v. McNair
873:
865:
857:
849:
841:
833:
829:Flast v. Cohen
825:
817:
808:
806:
805:Public funding
802:
801:
799:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
742:
733:
731:
725:
724:
722:
721:
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
673:
665:
657:
649:
640:
638:
637:and ceremonies
628:
627:
622:
615:
614:
608:
606:
605:
598:
591:
583:
577:
576:
535:Google Scholar
487:
486:External links
484:
481:
480:
471:
462:
429:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
414:
411:
403:
400:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
370:
367:
358:
355:
349:
346:
328:
325:
324:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
310:
309:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
291:
290:
282:
279:
277:
274:
255:
254:
243:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
184:Potter Stewart
157:
154:
149:
143:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6260:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:Organizations
5799:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5711:Incorporation
5708:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5411:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:Licensing and
4179:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3834:School speech
3831:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3781:Loyalty oaths
3778:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:and subsidies
3646:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:Boos v. Barry
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:Content-based
2918:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:Bond v. Floyd
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:Holt v. Hobbs
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:Jones v. Wolf
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
990:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
934:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
886:
882:
879:
878:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
814:
810:
809:
807:
803:
796:
795:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
763:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
739:
735:
734:
732:
726:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
639:
633:
629:
625:
620:
616:
611:
604:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
584:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
536:
527:
518:
517:CourtListener
509:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
485:
475:
472:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
431:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
410:
408:
401:
399:
397:
393:
385:
380:
377:
376:
375:
368:
366:
364:
363:Warren Burger
356:
354:
347:
345:
342:
338:
334:
333:Staten Island
326:
316:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
307:
306:
297:
296:
295:
294:
293:
292:
288:
287:
286:
280:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
262:
253:
249:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:Case opinions
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:Chief Justice
147:
146:
144:
139:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
97:
96:Oral argument
94:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5960:
5952:
5944:
5936:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5887:In re Primus
5885:
5879:Solicitation
5866:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5763:
5755:
5747:
5726:
5718:
5672:
5664:
5656:
5637:
5629:
5621:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5578:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5530:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5482:
5461:
5453:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5421:
5413:Taxation and
5400:
5392:
5384:
5365:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5333:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5226:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5167:
5159:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5102:Wood v. Moss
5100:
5092:
5084:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5031:
5025:State action
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4883:Davis v. FEC
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4692:Matal v. Tam
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4444:In re R.M.J.
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4396:In re Primus
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4138:similar laws
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3737:Matal v. Tam
3735:
3727:
3719:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3631:
3623:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3243:public forum
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3070:Hague v. CIO
3068:
3060:
3053:public forum
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3007:restrictions
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2922:restrictions
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2763:
2755:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2583:Reno v. ACLU
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2313:True threats
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2177:false speech
2158:
2146:
2138:
2126:
2123:(1955; 1961)
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
1975:
1967:
1959:
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241:Laws applied
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102:Case history
71:
53:
15:
6178:Doe v. Reed
5359:Lowe v. SEC
5006:Doe v. Reed
2777:Overbreadth
2570:(Cal. 1988)
2025:Unprotected
1072:Religion in
460: (1970)
281:Legislation
225:Concurrence
217:Concurrence
192:Byron White
6207:Categories
5475:Defamation
5415:privileges
5270:censorship
3712:as speaker
3710:Government
3241:Designated
2172:Defamation
2036:Incitement
730:exemptions
562:OpenJurist
425:References
276:Background
270:Lemon test
160:Hugo Black
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:697; 1970
4134:Hatch Act
3278:Nonpublic
2781:Vagueness
2358:Obscenity
1374:Blue laws
390:Justices
369:Reasoning
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
5153:Boycotts
2041:sedition
612:case law
491:Text of
413:See also
209:Majority
92:Argument
5378:Privacy
5180:Prisons
3862:(1969,
2151:(1969,
2131:(1957,
526:Findlaw
508:Cornell
402:Dissent
392:Brennan
327:Dispute
236:Douglas
233:Dissent
220:Brennan
131:Holding
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3050:In the
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2011:portal
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544:Justia
541:
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449:,
396:Harlan
190:
188:·
186:
178:
176:·
174:
166:
164:·
162:
116:N.E.2d
3280:forum
1417:Other
499:
453:
122:
107:Prior
5268:and
2226:the
2039:and
1899:RFRA
501:U.S.
455:U.S.
394:and
250:and
124:U.S.
73:more
65:U.S.
63:397
4136:and
2224:and
2174:and
497:397
458:664
451:397
252:XIV
120:395
68:664
6209::
495:,
433:^
272:.
86:43
3866:)
2155:)
2135:)
2013:)
2009:(
602:e
595:t
588:v
248:I
76:)
70:(
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