736:
744:
83:
818:. The cost-effectiveness of esterification will depend on the feedstock being used, and all the other relevant factors such as transportation distance, amount of oil present in the feedstock, and others. Gasification and pyrolysis by now can reach gross thermal conversion efficiencies (fuel to gas) up to 75%, however, a complete combustion is superior in terms of fuel conversion efficiency. Some pyrolysis processes need an outside heat source which may be supplied by the gasification process, making the combined process self-sustaining.
679:
3305:
1001:, where a community group is actively opposing their local waste-to-energy facility, Sintana Vergara, an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Resources Engineering at Humboldt State University in California, commented that community resistance is based on both the pollution and the fact that many of these facilities have been sited in communities without any community input, and without any benefits to the community.
259:
4541:
4003:
3316:
4551:
3993:
609:
3479:
1324:
543:
pollutants. According to the New York Times, modern incineration plants are so clean that "many times more dioxin is now released from home fireplaces and backyard barbecues than from incineration". According to the German
Environmental Ministry, "because of stringent regulations, waste incineration plants are no longer significant in terms of emissions of dioxins, dust, and heavy metals".
219:
2733:
4040:
39:
295:
981:, released a statement in 2011 accepting the use of Carbon 14 as a way to determine the biomass energy content of waste feedstock under their administration of the Renewables Obligation. Their Fuel Measurement and Sampling (FMS) questionnaire describes the information they look for when considering such proposals.
476:. Hence, modern incineration plants are vastly different from old types, some of which neither recovered energy nor materials. Modern incinerators reduce the volume of the original waste by 95-96 percent, depending upon composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling.
204:
WtE technologies present a significant opportunity to manage waste sustainably while contributing to global energy demands. They represent an essential component of integrated waste management strategies and a shift toward renewable energy systems. As technology advances, WtE may play an increasingly
1234:
Renergi will scale up their system of converting waste organic materials into liquid fuels using a thermal treatment process in Collie, Western
Australia. The system will process 1.5 tonnes of organic matter per hour. Annually the facility will divert 4000 tonnes of municipal waste from landfill and
546:
Compared with other waste to energy technologies, incineration seems to be the most attractive due to its higher power production efficiency, lower investment costs, and lower emission rates. Additionally, incineration yields the highest amount of electricity with the highest capacity to lessen pile
583:
There are a number of other new and emerging technologies that are able to produce energy from waste and other fuels without direct combustion. Many of these technologies have the potential to produce more electric power from the same amount of fuel than would be possible by direct combustion. This
1681:
Fackler, Nick; Heijstra, Björn D.; Rasor, Blake J.; Brown, Hunter; Martin, Jacob; Ni, Zhuofu; Shebek, Kevin M.; Rosin, Rick R.; Simpson, Séan D.; Tyo, Keith E.; Giannone, Richard J.; Hettich, Robert L.; Tschaplinski, Timothy J.; Leang, Ching; Brown, Steven D.; Jewett, Michael C.; Köpke, Michael (7
761:
Some of the newest plants use stoker technology and others use the advanced oxygen enrichment technology. Several treatment plants exist worldwide using relatively novel processes such as direct smelting, the Ebara fluidization process and the
Thermoselect JFE gasification and melting technology
2138:
I do think that there are two issues here, though. So one is the fact that, of course, incineration is going to produce some air pollution, even with the highest control technologies, some pollution is going to be produced," Vergara said. "But I think the second issue … is public perception and
1238:
Another project in the
Rockingham Industrial Zone, roughly 45 kilometres south of Perth will see a 29 MW plant built with capacity to power 40,000 homes from an annual feedstock of 300,000 tonnes of municipal, industrial and commercial rubbish. As well as supplying electricity to the South West
1217:
The US Air Force once tested a
Transportable Plasma Waste to Energy System (TPWES) facility (PyroGenesis technology) at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The plant, which cost $ 7.4 million to construct, was closed and sold at a government liquidation auction in May 2013, less than three years after its
973:. Determining the calorific value is important for green certificate programs such as the Renewable Obligation Certificate program in the United Kingdom. These programs award certificates based on the energy produced from biomass. Several research papers, including the one commissioned by the
956:. A technical review (CEN/TR 15591:2007) outlining the carbon 14 method was published in 2007. A technical standard of the carbon dating method (CEN/TS 15747:2008) is published in 2008. In the United States, there is already an equivalent carbon 14 method under the standard method ASTM D6866.
115:
of waste to produce heat, which can then be used to generate electricity via steam turbines. This method is widely employed in many countries and offers a dual benefit: it disposes of waste while generating energy, making it an efficient process for both waste reduction and energy production.
105:
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) refers to a series of processes designed to convert waste materials into usable forms of energy, typically electricity or heat. As a form of energy recovery, WtE plays a crucial role in both waste management and sustainable energy production by
542:
By passing the smoke through the basic lime scrubbers, any acids that might be in the smoke are neutralized which prevents the acid from reaching the atmosphere and hurting the environment. Many other devices, such as fabric filters, reactors, and catalysts destroy or capture other regulated
2139:
acceptance of a technology like this. So in the United States, we have a very long history of siting dirty power plants and waste facilities in communities of color, in low-income communities, who are bearing the risks of these facilities without necessarily sharing in any of the benefits.
1955:
Séverin, Mélanie; Velis, Costas A.; Longhurst, Phil J.; Pollard, Simon J.T. (July 2010). "The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?".
526:
that generate electric energy and heat to be used in homes, businesses, institutions and industries. One problem associated is the potential for pollutants to enter the atmosphere with the flue gases from the boiler. These pollutants can be acidic and in the 1980s were reported to cause
933:
MSW to a large extent is of biological origin (biogenic), e.g. paper, cardboard, wood, cloth, food scraps. Typically half of the energy content in MSW is from biogenic material. Consequently, this energy is often recognised as renewable energy according to the waste input.
3162:
1235:
source an additional 8000 tonnes of organic waste from agricultural and forestry operations. Renergi’s patented “grinding pyrolysis” process aims to converts organic materials into biochar, bio-gases and bio-oil by applying heat in an environment with limited oxygen.
963:) employs existing data on materials composition and operating conditions of the WtE plant and calculates the most probable result based on a mathematical-statistical model. Currently the balance method is installed at three Austrian and eight Danish incinerators.
567:
help in the process. The vapours are condensed with oil or fuel and accumulated in settling tanks and filtered. Fuel is obtained after homogenation and can be used for automobiles and machinery. It is commonly termed as thermofuel or energy from plastic.
604:
or gaseous fuels, using heat but in the absence of oxygen, without actual combustion, by using a combination of thermal technologies. Typically, they are cleaner, as the feedstock is separated prior to treatment to remove the unwanted components:
137:
are processes that thermochemically decompose organic materials in the absence of oxygen to produce syngas, a synthetic gas primarily composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and small amounts of carbon dioxide. This syngas can be converted into
788:. The plant is scheduled to open in 2019 under the name of Sierra BioFuels plant. BioEnergy incorporated predicts that the plant will produce approximately 10.5 million gallons per year of ethanol from nearly 200,000 tons per year of MSW.
188:
principles by transforming waste products into valuable resources, reducing dependency on fossil fuels, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. However, challenges remain, particularly in ensuring that emissions from WtE plants, such as
521:
The method of incineration to convert municipal solid waste (MSW) is a relatively old method of WtE generation. Incineration generally entails burning waste (residual MSW, commercial, industrial and RDF) to boil water which powers
498:
Critics argue that incinerators destroy valuable resources and they may reduce incentives for recycling. The question, however, is an open one, as
European countries which recycle the most (up to 70%) also incinerate to avoid
1570:
807:
or organic material. In the fermentation process, the sugar in the waste is converted to carbon dioxide and alcohol, in the same general process that is used to make wine. Normally fermentation occurs with no air present.
535:. Modern incinerators incorporate carefully engineered primary and secondary burn chambers, and controlled burners designed to burn completely with the lowest possible emissions, eliminating, in some cases, the need for
881:
are collected. However, there is still the global warming potential of the landfill gas being emitted to atmosphere. For example, in the US in 1999 landfill gas emission was approximately 32% higher than the amount of
949:. A detailed systematic comparison of these two methods was published in 2010. Since each method suffered from limitations in properly characterizing the biomass fraction, two alternative methods have been developed.
925:. Power generation using plastic waste will significantly increase by 2050. Carbon must be separated during energy recovery processes. Otherwise, the fight against global warming would fail due to plastic waste.
4078:
559:, the thermal decomposition of materials at high temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It involves change of chemical composition and is mainly used for treatment of organic materials. In large scale production,
1221:
Besides large plants, domestic waste-to-energy incinerators also exist. For example, the Refuge de
Sarenne has a domestic waste-to-energy plant. It is made by combining a wood-fired gasification boiler with a
780:, in July 2008. These plants use distillation to make ethanol for use in motor vehicles and other engines. Both plants are currently reported to be working at over 90% capacity. Fulcrum BioEnergy, located in
993:, found that 79% of the then 73 operating waste-to-energy facilities in the U.S. are located in low-income communities and/or "communities of color", because "of historic residential, racial segregation and
201:, are properly managed to minimize environmental impact. Advanced pollution control technologies are essential to address these concerns and ensure WtE remains a viable, environmentally sound solution.
765:
As of June 2014, Indonesia had a total of 93.5 MW installed capacity of waste-to-energy, with a pipeline of projects in different preparation phases together amounting to another 373MW of capacity.
418:
as early as the 18th century.... Development technologies for processing has only become a focus of attention in recent years stimulated by the search for more efficient energy recovery. (2004)
1304:
758:
of solid waste. In China there were about 434 waste-to-energy plants in early 2016. Japan is the largest user in thermal treatment of municipal solid waste in the world, with 40 million tons.
735:
921:
emissions from plastic waste-to-energy systems are higher than those from current fossil fuel-based power systems per unit of power generated, even after considering the contribution of
4103:
4087:
2129:
1520:
4071:
3219:
3155:
977:
in the UK, have been published that demonstrate how the carbon 14 result can be used to calculate the biomass calorific value. The UK gas and electricity markets authority,
2009:
Fellner, J.; Cencic, O.; Rechberger, H. (2007). "A New Method to
Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants".
4064:
1377:
1563:
1779:
1423:
3140:
2084:
2217:
4301:
1747:
1349:
Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary
History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.
743:
2987:
1279:
1088:
60:
47:
2178:
1853:
3249:
2197:
2110:
1025:
440:
Incineration, the combustion of organic material such as waste with energy recovery, is the most common WtE implementation. All new WtE plants in
966:
A comparison between both methods carried out at three full-scale incinerators in
Switzerland showed that both methods came to the same results.
2055:
4412:
4261:
4248:
1471:
584:
is mainly due to the separation of corrosive components (ash) from the converted fuel, thereby allowing higher combustion temperatures in e.g.
2028:
Mohn, J.; Szidat, S.; Fellner, J.; Rechberger, H.; Quartier, R.; Buchmann, B.; Emmenegger, L. (2008). "Determination of biogenic and fossil CO
4459:
3150:
2997:
2339:
1527:
1212:
1870:
989:
A 2019 report commissioned by the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA), done by the Tishman Environment and Design Center at
4544:
4485:
4480:
3649:
3264:
2364:
1140:
1010:
2310:
4585:
4326:
4216:
3373:
2151:
487:, even though these emissions are relatively low from modern incinerators. Other concerns include proper management of residues: toxic
3330:
3325:
1654:
1289:
1187:
674:
usable for fuel cells or generating electricity to drive the plasma arch, usable vitrified silicate and metal ingots, salt and sulphur
2585:
1284:
937:
Several methods have been developed by the European CEN 343 working group to determine the biomass fraction of waste fuels, such as
345:
246:
191:
173:(mainly methane and carbon dioxide) through microbial action. This biogas can be harnessed for energy production or processed into
1684:"Stepping on the Gas to a Circular Economy: Accelerating Development of Carbon-Negative Chemical Production from Gas Fermentation"
4138:
4026:
3747:
3244:
2460:
2270:
1153:
232:
4490:
4156:
3689:
3679:
3047:
3037:
2952:
2802:
2552:
1384:
709:
1545:
1402:
4444:
4316:
4191:
4161:
4133:
4016:
3701:
3145:
3022:
2982:
2977:
846:
itself (27%), so treatment of 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) of MSW produce approximately 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) of CO
834:) to the atmosphere (when including final combustion of the products from pyrolysis and gasification; except when producing
506:
Incinerators have electric efficiencies of 14-28%. In order to avoid losing the rest of the energy, it can be used for e.g.
368:
1574:
4511:
4475:
4311:
4211:
4186:
4021:
4011:
3913:
3694:
3042:
3002:
2967:
4526:
4449:
4417:
4336:
4226:
4206:
4196:
4113:
3722:
3674:
3340:
3335:
3130:
3067:
3057:
1049:
974:
2498:
1941:
1783:
1454:
1418:
4407:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4296:
4286:
4276:
4271:
4256:
4231:
4128:
4123:
4033:
3608:
3254:
3077:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2807:
2625:
1888:
Kwon, Serang; Kang, Jieun; Lee, Beomhui; Hong, Soonwook; Jeon, Yongseok; Bak, Moonsoo; Im, Seong-kyun (12 July 2023).
1804:
1598:
Agaton, Casper Boongaling; Guno, Charmaine Samala; Villanueva, Resy Ordona; Villanueva, Riza Ordona (1 October 2020).
1066:
703:
90:
3224:
997:
that allowed whiter, wealthier communities to exclude industrial uses and people of color from their boundaries." In
1455:"DIRECTIVE 2000/76/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste"
1440:
120:
4595:
4516:
4495:
4454:
4439:
4402:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4346:
4331:
4291:
4281:
4221:
4171:
4166:
4095:
3629:
3532:
3108:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3032:
3012:
2842:
922:
593:
86:
82:
52:
4590:
4580:
4521:
4341:
4321:
4306:
4201:
4181:
4176:
4118:
4108:
3593:
3125:
3052:
3017:
3007:
2992:
2225:
528:
1507:"Environment in the EU27 Landfill still accounted for nearly 40% of municipal waste treated in the EU27 in 2010"
1467:
1239:
Interconnected System, 25 MW of the plant’s output has already been committed under a power purchase agreement.
751:
During the 2001–2007 period, the waste-to-energy capacity increased by about four million metric tons per year.
4148:
3500:
2507:
1758:
1274:
1038:
904:
Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate WtE of the biomass part of waste as
870:
755:
636:
536:
111:
4554:
3938:
3448:
3366:
3167:
969:
Carbon 14 dating can determine with precision the biomass fraction of waste, and also determine the biomass
909:
659:
94:
2428:
1826:
857:, 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) of MSW would produce approximately 62 cubic metres (2,200 cu ft)
3978:
3822:
3777:
3634:
3542:
2877:
2521:
1309:
1034:
781:
492:
2455:
Field, Christopher B. "Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422–12427.
2296:
4397:
3767:
3762:
3669:
3664:
3390:
2677:
2657:
2175:
1850:
1314:
1199:
1092:
998:
839:
445:
4044:
2194:
3973:
3963:
3515:
3487:
3279:
3027:
2872:
2777:
1965:
1115:
773:
238:
27:
1889:
3923:
3787:
3737:
3684:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3603:
3495:
3398:
3239:
2827:
2747:
2692:
2590:
2577:
2545:
1753:
1299:
1053:
994:
938:
866:
777:
722:
716:
690:
564:
515:
514:). The total efficiencies of cogeneration incinerators are typically higher than 80% (based on the
449:
163:
4550:
3992:
2403:
2343:
1874:
678:
4575:
4006:
3996:
3867:
3846:
3812:
3757:
3659:
3522:
3408:
3359:
3309:
3284:
3229:
3135:
2924:
2894:
2610:
1729:
1109:
1101:
1029:
953:
893:. That is, it has biological origin. This material has been formed by plants using atmospheric CO
2485:
Tilman, David. "Environmental, economic, and energetic costs." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206–11210.
2318:
600:. Some advanced technologies are able to efficiently convert the energy in the feedstocks into
158:, which can be used in various industrial processes or as alternative fuels in transportation.
3807:
3797:
3742:
3567:
3557:
3505:
3443:
3188:
3118:
3113:
3098:
2889:
2857:
2852:
2832:
2772:
2697:
1991:
1909:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1621:
1294:
1249:
1191:
1078:
616:
1700:
1683:
1600:"Economic analysis of waste-to-energy investment in the Philippines: A real options approach"
4266:
4056:
3968:
3958:
3842:
3817:
3717:
3537:
3510:
3458:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3403:
3304:
3172:
3103:
2944:
2914:
2904:
2862:
2837:
2817:
2812:
2652:
2620:
2615:
2595:
2569:
1981:
1973:
1901:
1695:
1611:
1269:
1163:
905:
654:
507:
375:
184:
3918:
3862:
3857:
3837:
3598:
3547:
3468:
3438:
3428:
3274:
3198:
2929:
2899:
2797:
2782:
2687:
2682:
2642:
2525:
2502:
2389:
2201:
2182:
1857:
1427:
1130:
1072:
970:
908:. The rest—mainly plastics and other oil and gas derived products—is generally treated as
671:
523:
461:
2530:
1506:
826:
In thermal WtE technologies, nearly all of the carbon content in the waste is emitted as
575:. It works on polyethylene and polypropylene and the propane yield is approximately 80%.
1969:
1359:
3898:
3792:
3772:
3562:
3527:
3320:
3193:
2867:
2847:
2757:
2717:
2605:
2538:
1223:
1167:
1119:
1082:
990:
827:
814:
can also be done using waste-to-energy technologies, and the result of this process is
811:
631:
453:
397:
154:
2475:
2274:
1927:
1827:"Cost Effective Waste to Energy Technologies – Updated Article With Extra Information"
1043:
258:
106:
reducing the volume of waste in landfills and providing an alternative energy source.
4569:
3943:
3933:
3802:
3752:
3613:
3583:
3552:
3463:
3259:
2919:
2667:
1733:
1329:
1105:
1096:
571:
A new process uses a two-part catalyst, cobalt and zeolite, to convert plastics into
560:
390:
379:
1928:"More recycling raises average energy content of waste used to generate electricity"
1526:(Report) (2nd ed.). Vienna: Austrian Ministry of Life. May 2010. Archived from
877:, which would have been produced by combustion. In some countries, large amounts of
3903:
3872:
3732:
3203:
2909:
2787:
2767:
2712:
2246:
2111:"Nearly 80% of US incinerators located in marginalized communities, report reveals"
2063:
1942:"Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources"
1616:
1599:
1264:
878:
792:
623:
511:
469:
435:
407:
320:
127:
608:
1977:
1489:
941:/Solid Recovered Fuel. The initial two methods developed (CEN/TS 15440) were the
3877:
3827:
3727:
3234:
2884:
2722:
2637:
2600:
2130:"Chester residents raise environmental racism concerns over Covanta incinerator"
1259:
601:
589:
480:
360:
3478:
901:
emitted from their combustion will be taken out from the atmosphere once more.
3928:
3882:
3782:
3289:
2647:
2632:
1639:
1564:"Waste incineration – A potential danger? Bidding farewell to dioxin spouting"
1319:
862:
804:
364:
20:
1913:
1709:
1625:
3852:
3382:
3269:
2822:
2561:
1323:
1144:
897:
typically within the last growing season. If these plants are regrown the CO
815:
642:
597:
556:
532:
491:, which must be handled in hazardous waste disposal installation as well as
411:
309:
133:
2732:
2495:
1995:
1812:
1725:
205:
critical role in both reducing landfill use and enhancing energy security.
175:
38:
3588:
2792:
2752:
2672:
2340:"DoD to Auction off Gasification Equipment - Renewable Energy from Waste"
854:
785:
754:
Japan and China each built several plants based on direct smelting or on
667:
627:
500:
484:
305:
144:
1571:
Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
1013:
report, there are 589 WtE plants in Europe and 82 in the United States.
3908:
2762:
1905:
1195:
1171:
1123:
890:
858:
835:
800:
796:
769:
698:
572:
488:
386:
148:
140:
1717:
3413:
2707:
2662:
2365:"Autonomie énergétique pour un refuge de montagne: panneaux solaires"
2218:"Waste to Biofuels and Chemicals Facility; Turning Garbage Into Fuel"
1986:
1254:
1218:
commissioning. The opening bid was $ 25. The winning bid was sealed.
1159:
1134:
694:
663:
650:
585:
473:
169:
98:
1383:(Report). Technical University of Denmark. p. 1. Archived from
3948:
3832:
3453:
2702:
2565:
1490:"Waste Gasification: Impacts on the Environment and Public Health"
1148:
978:
869:
part of the waste. This amount of methane has more than twice the
842:(MSW) contain approximately the same mass fraction of carbon as CO
742:
734:
677:
607:
197:
81:
1468:
Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme
441:
415:
401:
16:
Process of generating energy from the primary treatment of waste
4060:
3355:
2534:
2518:
2311:"PyroGenesis Plasma Gasification and Waste Incineration System"
2247:"Facilities & Projects | Clean Technology Around the World"
768:
Biofuel Energy Corporation of Denver, Colorado, opened two new
2152:"Waste to Energy: Considerations for Informed Decision-making"
2085:"Fuel Measurement and Sampling (FMS) Questionnaire: Carbon-14"
1378:
Waste incineration – recovery of energy and material resources
646:
288:
253:
212:
32:
1470:, Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker,
1060:
3351:
2508:
Energy Recovery from the Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste
2158:. International Environmental Technology Centre. 4 June 2019
1420:
The Viability of Advanced Thermal Treatment of MSW in the UK
1059:
Spittelau (1971), and Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria (
639:: produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined
2429:"Second waste-to-energy plant gets green light - ARENAWIRE"
1305:
Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
119:
In addition to combustion, other WtE technologies focus on
1890:"Nonviable carbon neutrality with plastic waste-to-energy"
452:) must meet strict emission standards, including those on
2273:. US Air Force Special Operations Command. Archived from
1930:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. September 2012.
555:
One process that is used to convert plastic into fuel is
414:
processes have been known and used for centuries and for
739:
Waste-to-energy generating capacity in the United States
2513:
2271:"AFSOC makes 'green' history while investing in future"
706:
production: examples are ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen
316:
270:
1688:
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
2212:
2210:
662:
or plasma gasification process (PGP): produces rich
167:, a biological process, converts organic waste into
4504:
4468:
4432:
4355:
4247:
4240:
4147:
4094:
3891:
3710:
3622:
3576:
3486:
3389:
3212:
3181:
3091:
2943:
2740:
2576:
1546:"Europe Finds Clean Energy in Trash, but U.S. Lags"
1403:"MoĹľnosti EnergetickĂ©ho VyuĹľitĂ KomunálnĂho Odpadu"
179:, which can serve as a substitute for natural gas.
3220:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2459:Sudarsan, K. G.; Anupama, Mary P. (October 2009).
2404:"Re-energising waste in south-west WA - ARENAWIRE"
1851:An overview of the global waste-to-energy industry
547:of wastes in landfills through direct combustion.
1044:Lee County Solid Waste Resource Recovery Facility
539:and electro-static precipitators on smokestacks.
2392:. Kingtiger (Shanghai) Environmental Technology.
1871:"Biomass & Bioenergy > Energy from Waste"
1655:"How chemists are tackling the plastics problem"
1188:Enerkem Waste to Biofuels and Chemicals Facility
1183:A single plant is currently under construction:
2496:Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council
1016:The following are some examples of WtE plants.
889:In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste is
1873:. Renewable Energy Association. Archived from
374:The first US incinerator was built in 1885 on
4072:
3367:
2546:
1782:. The Carbon Trust. June 2014. Archived from
8:
1050:Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility
886:that would have been emitted by combustion.
873:than the 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) of CO
1484:
1482:
1480:
1154:East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited
747:Waste-to-energy plants in the United States
247:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4244:
4079:
4065:
4057:
3374:
3360:
3352:
2553:
2539:
2531:
2195:Algonquin Power Energy from Waste Facility
1748:"Waste Council Attracts Experts Worldwide"
1676:
1674:
1414:
1412:
1280:List of solid waste treatment technologies
1207:Plasma gasification waste-to-energy plants
1089:Delaware Valley Resource Recovery Facility
26:"WtE" redirects here. For other uses, see
4088:Renewable energy by country and territory
2032:emitted by waste incineration based on CO
1985:
1699:
1615:
1430:by Fichtner Consulting Engineers Ltd 2004
563:is ground and melted and then pyrolyzed.
346:Learn how and when to remove this message
2176:Energy-from-Waste facility in Lee County
1701:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-120120-021122
1371:
1369:
952:The first method uses the principles of
63:of all important aspects of the article.
3250:High-level radioactive waste management
1342:
1026:Essex County Resource Recovery Facility
444:countries incinerating waste (residual
2011:Environmental Science & Technology
1544:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (12 April 2010).
1472:Ministry of the Environment of Denmark
495:(IBA), which must be reused properly.
59:Please consider expanding the lead to
19:For energy wasted from a machine, see
1653:Crownhart, Casey (30 November 2022).
1401:LapÄŤĂk; et al. (December 2012).
1360:"Energy Recovery - Basic Information"
1213:Plasma gasification commercialization
929:Determination of the biomass fraction
7:
4039:
3265:Sewage regulation and administration
2204:from the homepage of Algonquin Power
1141:Timarpur-Okhla Waste to Energy Plant
1011:United Nations Environment Programme
791:Waste-to-energy technology includes
1811:. Fulcrum BioEnergy. Archived from
1640:"Fuel from Plastics | Seminar 2021"
2433:Australian Renewable Energy Agency
2408:Australian Renewable Energy Agency
2224:. City of Edmonton. Archived from
1894:Energy & Environmental Science
1457:. European Union. 4 December 2000.
1290:Manure-derived synthetic crude oil
1129:Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility,
122:converting waste into fuel sources
14:
2519:Gasification Technologies Council
1285:List of waste management acronyms
1046:, Fort Myers, Florida, USA (1994)
483:, heavy metals, trace dioxin and
228:This section has multiple issues.
109:The most common method of WtE is
4549:
4540:
4539:
4104:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4038:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3748:Extended producer responsibility
3477:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3245:Extended producer responsibility
2731:
1944:. European Union. 23 April 2009.
1573:. September 2005. Archived from
1509:. European Union. 27 March 2012.
1322:
1069:in Malmö (2003 and 2008), Sweden
853:In the event that the waste was
293:
257:
217:
37:
2803:Mechanical biological treatment
2297:"Pyrogenesis Perfecting Plasma"
784:, is building a WtE plant near
710:Mechanical biological treatment
385:The first waste incinerator in
369:Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd.
236:or discuss these issues on the
182:The WtE process contributes to
51:may be too short to adequately
1780:"Waste to energy in Indonesia"
1617:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265
371:to the design of Alfred Fryer.
308:format but may read better as
61:provide an accessible overview
1:
3914:Container-deposit legislation
2390:"Biomass Carbonization Plant"
1860:, Waste Management World 2003
1020:Waste incineration WtE plants
959:The second method (so-called
363:or "Destructor" was built in
2128:Cooper, Kenny (3 May 2021).
1978:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.012
1179:Liquid fuel producing plants
975:Renewable Energy Association
947:selective dissolution method
626:: produces combustible gas,
448:, commercial, industrial or
87:Spittelau incineration plant
3609:Materials recovery facility
3255:History of waste management
2461:"The Relevance of Biofuels"
1362:. US EPA. 15 November 2016.
1075:, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
1067:SYSAV waste-to-energy plant
594:internal combustion engines
479:Incinerators may emit fine
4614:
4586:Waste treatment technology
2843:fluorescent lamp recycling
2056:"Fuelled stations and FMS"
1521:Waste–to–Energy in Austria
1210:
923:carbon capture and storage
686:Non-thermal technologies:
433:
396:The first facility in the
25:
18:
4535:
3987:
3475:
3298:
2729:
2369:Connaissance des Énergies
1405:. GeoScience Engineering.
529:environmental degradation
3225:China's waste import ban
2185:run as Covanta Lee, Inc.
2109:Li, Rina (23 May 2019).
1275:Landfill gas utilization
1039:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
871:global warming potential
822:Carbon dioxide emissions
756:fluidized bed combustion
637:Thermal depolymerization
3939:Reverse vending machine
2586:Agricultural wastewater
1805:"Sierra BioFuels Plant"
1443:. Europa. October 2011.
682:Landfill Gas Collection
660:Plasma arc gasification
645:: produces combustible
317:converting this section
95:combined heat and power
3979:Water recycling shower
3823:Reuse of human excreta
3793:Recycling (ecological)
3778:Material flow analysis
3310:Environment portal
2988:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2878:water recycling shower
2315:Government Liquidation
2038:Bioresource Technology
1849:Themelis, Nickolas J.
1752:Columbia Engineering,
1310:Reuse of human excreta
1260:Biohydrogen production
1194:, Canada based on the
1035:Harrisburg incinerator
782:Pleasanton, California
748:
740:
683:
619:technologies include:
613:
493:incinerator bottom ash
420:
102:
3768:Interchangeable parts
3763:Industrial metabolism
2678:Municipal solid waste
2658:Industrial wastewater
1809:fulcrum-bioenergy.com
1659:MIT Technology Review
1315:Waste-to-energy plant
999:Chester, Pennsylvania
995:expulsive zoning laws
943:manual sorting method
865:decomposition of the
840:Municipal solid waste
746:
738:
681:
611:
531:by turning rain into
405:
400:was built in 1905 in
389:was built in 1903 in
93:facade, is providing
85:
3974:Water heat recycling
3964:Waste management law
2873:water heat recycling
2778:Garden waste dumping
2036:and mass balances".
1642:– via YouTube.
1441:"Waste incineration"
1198:-process, fueled by
1116:Edmonton Incinerator
1009:According to a 2019
774:Wood River, Nebraska
565:Catalytic converters
89:, with its distinct
3924:Ethical consumerism
3858:Urban lumberjacking
3788:Product stewardship
3738:Eco-industrial park
3240:Eco-industrial park
2828:appliance recycling
2748:Anaerobic digestion
2693:Post-consumer waste
2591:Biodegradable waste
2474:(6). Archived from
2299:. Biomass Magazine.
1970:2010WaMan..30.1171S
1754:Columbia University
1300:Refuse-derived fuel
1054:Dickerson, Maryland
939:Refuse Derived Fuel
778:Fairmont, Minnesota
731:Global developments
723:Refuse derived fuel
717:Anaerobic digestion
691:Anaerobic digestion
516:lower heating value
164:anaerobic digestion
3997:Environment portal
3868:Waste minimisation
3813:Reusable packaging
3758:Industrial ecology
3285:Waste minimisation
3230:Cleaner production
2895:Reusable packaging
2808:Mechanical sorting
2611:Construction waste
2524:2016-01-20 at the
2501:2007-10-06 at the
2200:2012-03-01 at the
2181:2013-08-12 at the
1906:10.1039/D3EE00969F
1856:2014-02-06 at the
1550:The New York Times
1426:2013-05-08 at the
1156:, New Delhi, India
1110:North East England
1102:Teesside EfW plant
1030:Newark, New Jersey
954:radiocarbon dating
749:
741:
684:
614:
551:Fuel from plastics
380:New York, New York
319:, if appropriate.
269:. You can help by
103:
4596:Energy conversion
4563:
4562:
4428:
4427:
4054:
4053:
3808:Resource recovery
3798:Refill (campaign)
3743:Ecological design
3723:Dematerialization
3533:Fluorescent lamps
3349:
3348:
3280:Waste legislation
3189:Sanitation worker
3163:London Convention
3099:Bamako Convention
2890:Resource recovery
2858:textile recycling
2853:plastic recycling
2833:battery recycling
2773:Ecological design
2698:Radioactive waste
2435:. 22 January 2020
2410:. 28 January 2021
1295:Plastic pollution
1250:Alternative fuels
1192:Edmonton, Alberta
1079:Stoke Incinerator
985:Physical location
920:
838:for fertilizer).
795:, which can take
617:Thermal treatment
367:, UK, in 1874 by
356:
355:
348:
338:
337:
287:
286:
251:
112:direct combustion
78:
77:
4603:
4591:Industrial gases
4581:Waste management
4553:
4543:
4542:
4486:French Polynesia
4245:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4058:
4042:
4041:
4005:
4004:
3995:
3969:Waste management
3959:Waste collection
3818:Reuse of bottles
3718:Circular economy
3695:Northern Ireland
3481:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3353:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3173:OSPAR Convention
3104:Basel Convention
2915:Waste collection
2905:Sewage treatment
2863:timber recycling
2838:bottle recycling
2818:Reclaimed lumber
2813:Photodegradation
2735:
2653:Industrial waste
2621:Electronic waste
2616:Demolition waste
2596:Biomedical waste
2570:waste management
2555:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2342:. Archived from
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2317:. Archived from
2307:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2214:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1964:(7): 1171–1182.
1958:Waste Management
1952:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1900:(7): 3074–3087.
1885:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1831:bionomicfuel.com
1823:
1817:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1757:. Archived from
1744:
1738:
1737:
1703:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1475:
1474:2006 (in Danish)
1465:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1270:Energy recycling
1164:South Bermondsey
1005:Notable examples
916:
906:renewable energy
524:steam generators
508:district heating
376:Governors Island
351:
344:
333:
330:
324:
315:You can help by
297:
296:
289:
282:
279:
261:
254:
243:
221:
220:
213:
185:circular economy
73:
70:
64:
41:
33:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4531:
4500:
4464:
4424:
4351:
4236:
4143:
4090:
4085:
4055:
4050:
3983:
3954:Waste-to-energy
3919:Dumpster diving
3887:
3863:Waste hierarchy
3838:Right to repair
3706:
3675:The Netherlands
3630:Rate by country
3618:
3572:
3482:
3473:
3385:
3380:
3350:
3345:
3321:Category: Waste
3302:
3294:
3275:Waste hierarchy
3208:
3199:Waste collector
3177:
3168:Oslo Convention
3087:
2939:
2935:Waste-to-energy
2930:Waste treatment
2900:Right to repair
2798:Landfill mining
2783:Illegal dumping
2736:
2727:
2688:Packaging waste
2683:Open defecation
2643:Hazardous waste
2572:
2559:
2526:Wayback Machine
2503:Wayback Machine
2492:
2478:
2468:Current Science
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:Further reading
2447:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2222:www.edmonton.ca
2216:
2215:
2208:
2202:Wayback Machine
2193:
2189:
2183:Wayback Machine
2174:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2091:. 30 March 2012
2083:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2017:(7): 2579–2586.
2008:
2007:
2003:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1858:Wayback Machine
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1428:Wayback Machine
1417:
1410:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1376:Thomas Astrup.
1375:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1245:
1232:
1215:
1209:
1181:
1131:Metro Vancouver
1073:Algonquin Power
1022:
1007:
987:
971:calorific value
931:
919:
900:
896:
885:
876:
849:
845:
833:
824:
733:
672:carbon monoxide
632:synthetic fuels
612:Pyrolysis Plant
581:
553:
518:of the waste).
467:
462:sulphur dioxide
459:
454:nitrogen oxides
438:
432:
427:
352:
341:
340:
339:
334:
328:
325:
314:
298:
294:
283:
277:
274:
267:needs expansion
222:
218:
211:
155:synthetic fuels
125:. For example,
74:
68:
65:
58:
46:This article's
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4413:United Kingdom
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4262:Czech Republic
4259:
4253:
4251:
4249:European Union
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
3999:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3899:Bottle cutting
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Land recycling
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3690:United Kingdom
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3501:Automotive oil
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3312:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Street sweeper
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3078:United Kingdom
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:tire recycling
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:land recycling
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Biodegradation
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:Surface runoff
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Chemical waste
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2491:
2490:External links
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:on 2015-09-24.
2456:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2420:
2395:
2381:
2356:
2331:
2302:
2288:
2262:
2238:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2143:
2120:
2101:
2076:
2047:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2001:
1947:
1933:
1919:
1880:
1877:on 2009-03-26.
1862:
1842:
1818:
1815:on 2017-02-04.
1796:
1771:
1739:
1694:(1): 439–470.
1670:
1645:
1631:
1604:Applied Energy
1590:
1555:
1536:
1533:on 2013-06-27.
1512:
1498:
1476:
1460:
1446:
1432:
1408:
1393:
1390:on 2021-06-23.
1365:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1224:Stirling motor
1211:Main article:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1168:Greater London
1157:
1151:
1138:
1127:
1120:Greater London
1113:
1099:
1086:
1083:Stoke-on-Trent
1076:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1006:
1003:
991:The New School
986:
983:
961:balance method
930:
927:
917:
910:non-renewables
898:
894:
883:
874:
847:
843:
831:
828:carbon dioxide
823:
820:
812:Esterification
803:, using waste
732:
729:
728:
727:
726:
725:
719:
707:
701:
676:
675:
657:
640:
634:
580:
577:
552:
549:
537:lime scrubbers
465:
457:
434:Main article:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
398:Czech Republic
394:
383:
372:
354:
353:
336:
335:
329:September 2023
301:
299:
292:
285:
284:
264:
262:
252:
226:
225:
223:
216:
210:
207:
76:
75:
69:September 2021
55:the key points
45:
43:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4609:
4608:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:South America
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4460:United States
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:North America
4431:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4027:organizations
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Simple living
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Pallet crafts
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Waste picking
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Repairability
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Green economy
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3702:United States
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3614:Waste sorting
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Mobile phones
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3341:Organizations
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Landfill fire
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:EU directives
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:United States
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Waste sorting
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Marine debris
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:WtERT Germany
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2371:. 5 July 2012
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2346:on 2014-10-18
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2321:on 2018-03-08
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2277:on 2011-05-09
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2228:on 2020-04-11
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1786:on 2018-11-21
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1761:on 2017-12-25
1760:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1580:on 2018-10-25
1576:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1330:Energy portal
1325:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:, located in
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:Middlesbrough
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:United States
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
935:
928:
926:
924:
913:
911:
907:
902:
892:
887:
880:
872:
868:
867:biodegradable
864:
860:
856:
851:
841:
837:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
763:
759:
757:
752:
745:
737:
730:
724:
720:
718:
714:
713:
711:
708:
705:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:
688:
687:
680:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
638:
635:
633:
629:
625:
622:
621:
620:
618:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
578:
576:
574:
569:
566:
562:
561:plastic waste
558:
550:
548:
544:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
463:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
429:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
403:
399:
395:
392:
391:Frederiksberg
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
350:
347:
332:
323:is available.
322:
318:
312:
311:
307:
302:This section
300:
291:
290:
281:
272:
268:
265:This section
263:
260:
256:
255:
250:
248:
241:
240:
235:
234:
229:
224:
215:
214:
208:
206:
202:
200:
199:
194:
193:
187:
186:
180:
178:
177:
172:
171:
166:
165:
161:Furthermore,
159:
157:
156:
151:
150:
146:
142:
136:
135:
130:
129:
124:
123:
117:
114:
113:
107:
100:
96:
92:
91:Hundertwasser
88:
84:
80:
72:
62:
56:
54:
49:
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
4481:Cook Islands
4139:South Africa
4043:
3953:
3904:Cogeneration
3733:Durable good
3213:Other topics
3204:Waste picker
3131:incineration
2934:
2910:Urban mining
2788:Incineration
2768:Durable good
2713:Sharps waste
2673:Mining waste
2476:the original
2471:
2467:
2437:. Retrieved
2432:
2423:
2412:. Retrieved
2407:
2398:
2384:
2373:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2334:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:the original
2314:
2305:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2265:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2226:the original
2221:
2190:
2171:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:www.unep.org
2155:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2114:
2104:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:ofgem.gov.uk
2088:
2079:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:ofgem.gov.uk
2062:
2050:
2044:: 6471–6479.
2041:
2037:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1936:
1922:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1875:the original
1865:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1821:
1813:the original
1808:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1751:
1742:
1691:
1687:
1682:June 2021).
1662:. Retrieved
1658:
1648:
1634:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1558:
1549:
1539:
1528:the original
1515:
1501:
1463:
1449:
1435:
1419:
1396:
1385:the original
1354:
1345:
1265:Cogeneration
1237:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1182:
1061:Wien Energie
1056:, USA (1995)
1015:
1008:
988:
968:
965:
960:
958:
951:
946:
942:
936:
932:
914:
903:
888:
879:landfill gas
852:
825:
810:
793:fermentation
790:
767:
764:
760:
753:
750:
704:Fermentation
685:
624:Gasification
615:
590:gas turbines
582:
570:
554:
545:
541:
520:
512:cogeneration
505:
497:
478:
470:heavy metals
439:
436:Incineration
430:Incineration
408:Gasification
406:
342:
326:
321:Editing help
303:
278:October 2016
275:
271:adding to it
266:
244:
237:
231:
230:Please help
227:
203:
196:
190:
183:
181:
174:
168:
162:
160:
153:
139:
132:
128:gasification
126:
121:
118:
110:
108:
104:
79:
66:
50:
48:lead section
4491:New Zealand
4398:Switzerland
4327:Netherlands
4217:Philippines
4157:Afghanistan
4017:by material
3878:Wishcycling
3828:Repurposing
3728:Downcycling
3680:Switzerland
3516:PET bottles
3464:Cooking oil
3449:Refrigerant
3235:Downcycling
3182:Occupations
3151:waste water
3048:Switzerland
3038:South Korea
3028:New Zealand
2953:Afghanistan
2925:Waste trade
2885:Repurposing
2723:Toxic waste
2703:Scrap metal
2638:Green waste
2601:Brown waste
2578:Major types
1085:, UK (1989)
799:and create
501:landfilling
481:particulate
361:incinerator
4570:Categories
4445:Costa Rica
4317:Luxembourg
4192:Kazakhstan
4162:Bangladesh
4134:Seychelles
4022:by product
4012:by country
3929:Freeganism
3909:Composting
3883:Zero waste
3783:Precycling
3604:Collection
3594:Blue boxes
3496:Appliances
3290:Zero waste
3092:Agreements
3023:Kazakhstan
2978:Bangladesh
2763:Composting
2648:Heat waste
2633:Food waste
2626:by country
2439:2021-01-29
2414:2021-01-29
2375:2015-02-28
2350:2016-05-02
2325:2016-05-02
2281:2011-04-28
2256:2020-04-02
2232:2020-04-02
2162:2022-05-23
2115:Waste Dive
2095:2015-02-28
2070:2015-02-28
1836:2015-02-28
1790:2014-07-22
1765:2008-10-31
1664:2023-02-25
1610:. 115265.
1584:2013-04-16
1338:References
855:landfilled
805:cellulosic
772:plants in
666:including
598:fuel cells
365:Nottingham
359:The first
233:improve it
176:biomethane
152:, or even
21:waste heat
4576:Bioenergy
4512:Argentina
4476:Australia
4312:Lithuania
4212:Palestine
4187:Indonesia
3853:Upcycling
3847:Green Dot
3635:Australia
3623:Countries
3589:Blue bags
3577:Apparatus
3523:Computers
3506:Batteries
3399:Aluminium
3391:Materials
3383:Recycling
3270:Upcycling
3136:landfills
3126:framework
3119:Recycling
3114:batteries
3043:Sri Lanka
3003:Hong Kong
2968:Australia
2945:Countries
2823:Recycling
2741:Processes
2562:Biosolids
1987:1826/5695
1914:1754-5706
1734:233310092
1710:1947-5438
1626:0306-2619
1230:Australia
1145:New Delhi
863:anaerobic
816:biodiesel
762:process.
643:Pyrolysis
557:pyrolysis
533:acid rain
412:pyrolysis
239:talk page
134:pyrolysis
53:summarize
4545:Category
4527:Colombia
4450:Honduras
4418:Scotland
4337:Portugal
4227:Thailand
4207:Pakistan
4197:Malaysia
4114:Ethiopia
4007:Category
3892:See also
3711:Concepts
3670:Mongolia
3665:Malaysia
3568:Vehicles
3558:Textiles
3488:Products
3409:Concrete
3331:Journals
3146:vehicles
3068:Thailand
3058:Tanzania
2793:Landfill
2753:Balefill
2522:Archived
2510:- US EPA
2499:Archived
2198:Archived
2179:Archived
1996:20116991
1854:Archived
1726:33872517
1424:Archived
1243:See also
945:and the
861:via the
786:Reno, NV
697:rich in
668:hydrogen
628:hydrogen
485:acid gas
145:methanol
4469:Oceania
4408:Ukraine
4378:Iceland
4373:Belarus
4368:Armenia
4363:Albania
4302:Ireland
4297:Hungary
4287:Germany
4277:Finland
4272:Denmark
4257:Austria
4232:Vietnam
4129:Nigeria
4124:Morocco
4045:Commons
3650:Ireland
3511:Bottles
3444:Plastic
3404:Asphalt
2998:Georgia
2973:Belgium
2963:Armenia
2958:Albania
2251:Enerkem
1966:Bibcode
1718:1807218
1196:Enerkem
1172:England
1124:England
1093:Chester
891:biomass
859:methane
836:biochar
801:ethanol
797:biomass
770:biofuel
721:MBT to
699:methane
651:bio-oil
586:boilers
573:propane
489:fly ash
474:dioxins
425:Methods
387:Denmark
209:History
192:dioxins
149:ethanol
141:methane
4555:Portal
4517:Brazil
4496:Tuvalu
4455:Mexico
4440:Canada
4403:Turkey
4393:Russia
4388:Norway
4383:Kosovo
4347:Sweden
4332:Poland
4292:Greece
4282:France
4267:Cyprus
4241:Europe
4222:Taiwan
4172:Brunei
4167:Bhutan
4096:Africa
3843:Symbol
3685:Taiwan
3655:Israel
3645:Canada
3640:Brazil
3538:Lumber
3459:Timber
3434:Gypsum
3424:Energy
3419:Cotton
3414:Copper
3319:
3073:Turkey
3063:Taiwan
3033:Russia
3013:Israel
2983:Brazil
2708:Sewage
2663:Litter
2568:, and
1994:
1912:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1624:
1255:Biogas
1174:(1994)
1160:SELCHP
1137:(1988)
1135:Canada
1126:(1974)
1112:(1998)
915:The CO
776:, and
715:MBT +
712:(MBT)
695:Biogas
664:syngas
602:liquid
304:is in
198:furans
170:biogas
99:Vienna
4522:Chile
4356:Other
4342:Spain
4322:Malta
4307:Italy
4202:Nepal
4182:India
4177:China
4119:Kenya
4109:Egypt
4034:Index
3949:Waste
3833:Reuse
3660:Japan
3599:Codes
3563:Tires
3553:Ships
3548:Paint
3528:Drugs
3469:Water
3454:Scrap
3439:Paper
3429:Glass
3336:Lists
3326:Index
3053:Syria
3018:Japan
3008:India
2993:Egypt
2566:waste
2479:(PDF)
2464:(PDF)
2059:(PDF)
1730:S2CID
1578:(PDF)
1567:(PDF)
1531:(PDF)
1524:(PDF)
1493:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1149:India
1104:near
979:Ofgem
655:chars
579:Other
310:prose
4149:Asia
3584:Bins
3156:WEEE
3141:RoHS
2134:WHYY
1992:PMID
1910:ISSN
1722:PMID
1714:OSTI
1706:ISSN
1622:ISSN
670:and
653:and
472:and
442:OECD
416:coal
410:and
402:Brno
306:list
195:and
131:and
1982:hdl
1974:doi
1902:doi
1696:doi
1612:doi
1608:275
1200:MSW
1166:in
1118:in
1052:in
830:(CO
647:tar
468:),
464:(SO
460:),
456:(NO
450:RDF
446:MSW
378:in
273:.
97:in
28:WTE
4572::
2564:,
2472:90
2470:.
2466:.
2431:.
2406:.
2367:.
2313:.
2249:.
2220:.
2209:^
2154:.
2136:.
2132:.
2113:.
2087:.
2061:.
2042:99
2040:.
2015:41
2013:.
1990:.
1980:.
1972:.
1962:30
1960:.
1908:.
1898:16
1896:.
1892:.
1829:.
1807:.
1750:.
1728:.
1720:.
1712:.
1704:.
1692:12
1690:.
1686:.
1673:^
1657:.
1620:.
1606:.
1602:.
1569:.
1548:.
1479:^
1411:^
1368:^
1226:.
1170:,
1162:,
1147:,
1143:,
1133:,
1122:,
1108:,
1095:,
1091:,
1081:,
1037:,
1028:,
912:.
882:CO
850:.
693::
630:,
596:,
592:,
588:,
503:.
242:.
147:,
143:,
4080:e
4073:t
4066:v
3849:)
3845:(
3375:e
3368:t
3361:v
2554:e
2547:t
2540:v
2442:.
2417:.
2378:.
2353:.
2328:.
2286:.
2284:.
2259:.
2235:.
2165:.
2117:.
2098:.
2073:.
2034:2
2030:2
1998:.
1984::
1976::
1968::
1916:.
1904::
1839:.
1793:.
1768:.
1736:.
1698::
1667:.
1628:.
1614::
1587:.
1552:.
1495:.
1202:.
1063:)
918:2
899:2
895:2
884:2
875:2
848:2
844:2
832:2
649:/
510:(
466:2
458:x
404:.
393:.
382:.
349:)
343:(
331:)
327:(
313:.
280:)
276:(
249:)
245:(
101:.
71:)
67:(
57:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
