2375:, 'R'ecycle and 'R'ecover. Amongst these '7R's, the first two ('Refuse' and 'Reduce') relate to the non-creation of waste - by refusing to buy non-essential products and by reducing consumption. The next two ('Reuse' and 'Repair') refer to increasing the usage of the existing product, with or without the substitution of certain parts of the product. 'Repurpose' and 'Recycle' involve maximum usage of the materials used in the product, and 'Recover' is the least preferred and least efficient waste management practice involving the recovery of embedded energy in the waste material. For example, burning the waste to produce heat (and electricity from heat). Certain non-biodegradable products are also dumped away as 'Disposal', and this is not a "waste-'management'" practice.
2913:
2871:
2886:
2201:
2898:
1962:
1358:
2427:
benefits society. Another cost of not adding wastewater treatments in countries is that people have no choice but to clean with, cook with, or drink the contaminated water which has caused millions of cases of disease and deaths. “Between 400,000 and 1 million people die each year in developing countries because of diseases caused by mismanaged waste, estimates poverty charity
Tearfund”. Society has the means to decrease or even eliminate this way of death and save millions of lives by providing the simple human necessity of clean water.
2209:
2590:
120:
2806:
2066:(not in my back yard) is the opposition of residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them. However, the need for expansion and siting of waste treatment and disposal facilities is increasing worldwide. There is now a growing market in the transboundary movement of waste, and although most waste that flows between countries goes between developed nations, a significant amount of waste is moved from developed to developing nations.
5650:
2932:
1062:
2859:
1771:"provides an exemption of entities which install and remove airbags. This includes automobile dealerships, salvage yards, automobile repair facilities and collision centers. The handler and transporter are exempt from RCRA, but the airbag waste collection facility is not exempt. Once the airbags have met the collection center, it will then be classified as RCRA hazardous waste and must be disposed or recycled at a RCRA disposal facility.
2410:. “For most industrial applications, a 150,000 GPD capacity WWTS would cost an estimated $ 500,000 to $ 1.5 million inclusive of all necessary design, engineering, equipment, installation, and startup”. With such a simple solution that has been proven to clean water to be reused and is relatively inexpensive, there is no excuse why there should not be a waste-water treatment facility in every country, every state, and every town.
1213:
2167:
6348:
5661:
2353:", which motivated scientists often require. Electronic waste (ewaste) includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs (CDs), headphones, television sets, air conditioners and refrigerators. According to the Global E-waste Monitor 2017, India generates ~ 2 million tonnes (Mte) of e-waste annually and ranks fifth among the e-waste producing countries, after the
2441:
6338:
1523:
wrap, shipping envelopes are ending up in landfills across the United States. The EPA has estimated that approximately 10.1 million tons of plastic containers and packaging ended up landfills in 2018. The EPA noted that only 30.5% of plastic containers and packaging was recycled or combusted as an energy source. Additionally, approximately 940,000 pounds of cardboard ends up in the landfill each year.
1782:, often referred to as "E-Waste" or "E-Scrap," are often thrown away or sent to a recycler. E-Waste continues to end up in landfills across the world. The EPA estimates that in 2009, 2.37 million tons of televisions, computers, cell phones, printers, scanners, and fax machines were discarded by US consumers. Only 25% of these devices were recycled; the remainder ended up in landfills across the US.
2182:
5824:
2845:
1118:
2821:
1764:, they share similar properties which makes them extremely hazardous. Airbag propellants characteristics of reactivity and ignitability are the characteristics which qualify for hazardous waste. When disposed undeployed, leaves these two hazardous characteristics intact. To properly dispose of these items, they must be safely deployed which removes these hazardous characteristics.
1074:
5078:
6385:
4815:
56:
2833:
1560:, the EPA has the authority to control hazardous waste during its entire lifecycle. This means from the point of creation to the point where it has been properly disposed of. The life cycle of hazardous waste includes generation, transportation, treatment, and storage and disposal. All of which are included in the RCRA. Some forms of hazardous waste include
1583:
2320:
Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and liveable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. A report found that effective waste management is relatively expensive, usually comprising 20%–50% of municipal budgets. Operating this essential
1973:
is much heavier when it is wet, and plastic or glass bottles can have different weights but be the same size. On a global scale it is difficult to report waste because countries have different definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories, as well as different ways of reporting. Based on
1849:
E-Waste is not only a problem in the US, but also a global issue. Tackling this issue requires collaboration from multiple agencies across the world. Some agencies involved in this include U.S. EPA, Taiwan
Environmental Protection Administration (Taiwan EPA), International E-Waste Management Network
2270:
In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Health issues are associated with the entire process of waste management. Health issues can also arise indirectly or directly: directly through the handling of solid waste, and indirectly through the consumption of water, soil, and food. Waste
1978:
estimated 338 million tonnes of waste was generated in 2001. For the same year, OECD estimated 4 billion tonnes from its member countries. Despite these inconsistencies, waste reporting is still useful on a small and large scale to determine key causes and locations, and to find ways of preventing,
1886:
Mixed waste can also be defined as a type of waste which includes recyclable materials and organic materials. Some examples of mixed waste in this context include a combination of broken glassware, floor sweepings, non-repairable household goods, non-recyclable plastic and metal, and clothing
1751:
Every year, the US generates this type of waste from both the commercial and consumer aspects. This waste is often generated from fireworks, signal flares and hobby rockets which have been damaged, failed to operate or for other reasons. Due to their chemical properties, these types of devices are
1526:
Commercial waste is very similar to household waste. To be considered as commercial waste, it must come from a business or commercial occupancy. This can be restaurants, retail occupants, manufacturing occupants or similar businesses. Typically, commercial waste contains similar items such as food
2401:
physically and chemically to clean water to be returned to society. The South
Gippsland Water Organization breaks down the three steps of waste-water treatment. The primary treatment is to sift through the water to remove large solids to leave oils and small particles in the water. Secondary
2426:
is dropping all over the world. There's not an infinite supply of water”. There is a need to preserve every resource, every finite water source that we do have left to maintain our lives and lifestyles. Able countries helping under-developed countries with their creation of wastewater treatments
1738:
Munitions were added to hazardous waste in 1997 when the EPA finalized RCRA. A special rule was added to address munitions in waste. This new rule is commonly referred to as the
Military Munitions Rule. The EPA defines military munitions as "all types of both conventional and chemical ammunition
1522:
across the world. In the United States, it is estimated that 11.3 million tons of textile waste is generated. On an individual level, it is estimated that the average
American throws away 81.5 pounds of clothes each year. As online shopping becomes more prevalent, items such as cardboard, bubble
2139:
in their 20s (McElvaney). In McElvaney's photos, kids in fields burning refrigerators and computers with blackened hands and trashed clothes and animals, such as cows with open wounds, in the dumpsite. There are piles of waste used as makeshift bridges over lakes, with metals and chemicals just
2706:
process, is defined as a waste or residue in some
European countries when in fact it is produced “on purpose” and has significant value add potential in industrial applications. Several companies use CTO to produce fuel, while the pine chemicals industry maximizes it as a feedstock “producing
1938:
Prior to the
Hospital Medical Infectious Waste Incinerator (HMIWI) standard, approximately 90% of the infectious waste was incinerated before 1997. Due to the potential of negatively affect air quality, alternative treatment and disposal technologies for medical waste was developed. These new
2344:
of the scientific evidence around global waste, its management, and its impact on human health and life, authors concluded that about a fourth of all the municipal solid terrestrial waste is not collected and an additional fourth is mismanaged after collection, often being burned in open and
1535:
The EPA defines this type of waste as "Construction and
Demolition (C&D) debris is a type of waste that is not included in municipal solid waste (MSW)." Items typically found in C&D include but are not limited to steel, wood products, drywall and plaster, brick and clay tile, asphalt
2329:(IPCC), municipal solid waste is expected to reach approximately 3.4 Gt by 2050; however, policies and lawmaking can reduce the amount of waste produced in different areas and cities of the world. Measures of waste management include measures for integrated techno-economic mechanisms of a
2102:
who scavenge for metals, glass, plastic, textiles, and other materials and then trade them for a profit. This sector can significantly alter or reduce waste in a particular system, but other negative economic effects come with the disease, poverty, exploitation, and abuse of its workers.
1739:
products and their components, produced by or for the military for national defense and security (including munitions produced by other parties under contract to or acting as an agent for DOD—in the case of
Government Owned/Contractor Operated operations)." The entire rule can be found
1813:
into the atmosphere. Donating e-waste to recycling centers or refurbishing this equipment can reduce the greenhouse gases emitted through the mining process as well as decrease the use of natural resources to ensure future generations will have sufficient access to these resources.
2149:. Many are advocating for waste management, a stop to the waste trade, the creation of wastewater treatment facilities, and providing a clean and accessible water source. The health of all these people in landfills and water are human necessities/rights that are being taken away.
1280:
4345:
5507:
1270:
What constitutes waste depends on the eye of the beholder; one person's waste can be a resource for another person. Though waste is a physical object, its generation is a physical and psychological process. The definitions used by various agencies are as below.
2196:, a site near Accra in Ghana that processes large volumes of international electronic waste. The pickers burn the plastics off of materials and collect the metals for recycling, However, this process exposes pickers and their local communities to toxic fumes.
1725:
The EPA defines energetic hazardous waste as "wastes that have the potential to detonate and bulk military propellants which cannot safely be disposed of through other modes of treatments." The items which typically fall under this category include
1878:
Mixed waste is a term that has different definitions based its context. Most commonly, Mixed Waste refers to hazardous waste which contains radioactive material. In this context, the management of mixed waste is regulated by the EPA and RCRA and
1540:. The waste generated by construction and demolition is often intended to be reused or is sent to the landfill. Examples of reused waste is milled asphalt can be used again for the asphalt mixture or fill dirt can be used to level grade.
1536:
shingles, concrete, and asphalt. Generally speaking, construction and demolition waste can be categorized as any components needed to build infrastructures. In 2018, the EPA estimated that the US generated approximately 600 million tons of
1821:
established the
Interagency Task Force on Electronics Stewardship in November 2010. The overall goal for this task was to develop a national strategy for handling and proper disposal of electronic waste. The task force would work with the
1657:"Plans and carries out programs for sand handling of DOE-generated radioactive wastes, develops waste disposal technologies, and will design, construct and operate disposal facilities for DOE-generated and commercial high-level wastes."
4334:
1614:, hospitals, research centers, and mining facilities. Any activity that involves radioactive material can generate radioactive waste. Furthermore, such waste emits radioactive particles, which if not handled correctly, can be both an
2135:. The young men and children that work in Agbogbloshie smash devices to get to the metals, obtain burns, eye damage, lung and back problems, chronic nausea, debilitating headaches, and respiratory problems and most workers die from
2912:
4110:
1505:
concluded that 292.4 tons of municipal waste was generated which equated to about 4.9 pounds per day per person. Out of the 292.4 tons, approximately 69 million tons were recycled, and 25 million tons were composted.
1710:
This type of radioactive waste is radioactively contaminated waste. It is typically generated from industrial processes or research. Examples of these items include paper, protective clothing, bags, and cardboard.
1492:
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also known as OECD defines municipal solid waste (MSW) as "waste collected and treated by or for municipalities". Typically this type of waste includes
1302:
describes waste as "materials that are not prime products (that is, products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or
842:
2144:
that could be linked to homes' water systems. The same unfortunate situation and dumps/landfills can be seen in similar countries that are considered the third world, such as other West African countries and
2098:(LCC)". The location of waste treatment and disposal facilities often reduces property values due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The informal waste sector consists mostly of
1315:, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."
1021:
1016:
2870:
2090:) can curb economic costs because it avoids extracting raw materials and often cuts transportation costs. "Economic assessment of municipal waste management systems – case studies using a combination of
1675:"Through the U.S. Geological Survey, conducts laboratory and field geologic investigations in support of DOE's waste disposal programs and collaborates with DOE on earth science technical activities."
1717:
This type of radioactive waste is created through human activity such as mining, oil and gas drilling, and water treatment where naturally-occurring radiological material (NORM) becomes concentrated.
1935:. This act was only in effect for approximately 3 years after the EPA concluded the "disease-causing medical waste was greatest at the point of generation and naturally tapers off after that point."
1514:
Household waste more commonly known as trash or garbage are items that are typically thrown away daily from ordinary households. Items often included in this category include product packaging,
1618:
as well as a human health hazard. When dealing with radioactive waste, it is extremely important to understand the necessary protocols and follow the correct precautions. Failure to handle and
1663:"Develops environmental standards and federal radiation protection guidance for offsite radiation due to the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes."
4837:
1743:. While a large percentage of munitions waste is generated by the government or governmental contractors, residents also throw away expired or faulty ammunition inside their household waste.
1785:
E-Waste contains many elements that can be recycled or re-used. Typically speaking, electronics are encased in a plastic or light metal enclosure. Items such as computer boards, wiring,
2897:
2012:, worms, various diseases, and other conditions for humans, and exposure to hazardous wastes, particularly when they are burned, can cause various other diseases including cancers.
1645:(DOI). Each agency plays an important role in creating, handling, and properly disposing of radioactive waste. A brief description of each agency's role can be found below.
5564:
4309:
Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conference
4737:
2885:
1883:. The Hazardous materials content is regulated by RCRA while the radiological component is regulated by the Department of Energy (DOE) and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
4117:
5500:
2271:
is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce the adverse effects of waste on human
2062:
issue. Many of the environmental burdens cited above are more often borne by marginalized groups, such as racial minorities, women, and residents of developing nations.
1223:
3644:
4755:
2680:
heating is the very high heating of municipal solid waste to temperatures ranging from 3,000 to 10,000°C, where energy is released by an electrical discharge in an
1767:
The EPA includes the waste of automobile airbag propellants under the RCRA. In 2018, the EPA issued a final rule on handling of automobile airbag propellants. The "
1548:
The EPA defines hazardous waste as "a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment."
2464:
is using wastes as an input material to create valuable products as new outputs. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste generated, thereby reducing the need for
1969:
There are many issues that surround reporting waste. It is most commonly measured by size or weight, and there is a stark difference between the two. For example,
1331:
defines waste as "an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard." For a more structural description of the Waste Directive, see the
1026:
1287:'Wastes' are substance or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law".
5485:
4580:
Iacovidou, Eleni; Millward-Hopkins, Joel; Busch, Jonathan; Purnell, Philip; Velis, Costas A.; Hahladakis, John N.; Zwirner, Oliver; Brown, Andrew (2017-12-01).
1634:
1502:
2321:
municipal service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported. A large portion of waste management practices deal with
1931:, and other bodily fluids. Concerns started to generate when medical waste was appearing on east coast beaches in the 1980's. This forced congress to pass the
4150:
2402:
treatment to dissolve/remove oils, particles, and micro-organisms from the water to be prepared for tertiary treatment to chemically disinfect the water with
3136:"Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (Text with EEA relevance)"
2286:
The aim of waste management is to reduce the dangerous effects of such waste on the environment and human health. A big part of waste management deals with
3702:
2078:; money can often be saved with more efficiently designed collection routes, modifying vehicles, and with public education. Environmental policies such as
1104:
792:
3212:
5332:
2791:
3338:
1527:
scraps, cardboard, paper, and shipping materials. Generally speaking, commercial waste creates more waste than household waste on a per location basis.
4378:
3090:
3286:
2326:
77:
64:
2664:. Secondary recovered fuel is the energy recovery from waste that cannot be reused or recycled from mechanical and biological treatment activities.
1642:
3922:
2774:, the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations. Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration by establishing
5594:
2805:
2123:
profits to create ways to manage landfills or clean water sources. Photographer Kevin McElvaney documents the world's biggest e-waste dump called
4281:
4032:
2613:
from waste is using non-recyclable waste materials and extracting from it heat, electricity, or energy through a variety of processes, including
4054:
6423:
1557:
1553:
2770:
and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its
2345:
uncontrolled fires – or close to one billion tons per year when combined. They also found that broad priority areas each lack a "high-quality
5495:
5342:
3164:
3058:
1011:
4555:
5994:
5609:
1587:
285:
4854:
2200:
4312:
5718:
412:
332:
5675:
5670:
2904:
1630:
1140:) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A
1006:
920:
362:
4741:
1651:"Licenses and regulates the receipt and possession of high-level waste at privately owned facilities and at certain DOE facilities."
4930:
4489:
4188:
2980:
1257:
862:
767:
4646:
Velenturf, Anne P. M.; Archer, Sophie A.; Gomes, Helena I.; Christgen, Beate; Lag-Brotons, Alfonso J.; Purnell, Phil (2019-11-01).
3388:
6371:
6092:
5589:
4582:"A pathway to circular economy: Developing a conceptual framework for complex value assessment of resources recovered from waste"
2119:
and companies to transport their trash to their homes and oftentimes near bodies of water. Those same governments do not use any
1823:
4455:
6034:
6024:
5392:
5382:
5297:
5147:
4897:
2573:. Separation of waste flows can help make resource recovery simpler. Examples include keeping urine separate from feces (as in
2016:
materials can contaminate surface water, groundwater, soil, and air, which causes more problems for humans, other species, and
1887:
and furnishings. Additionally, ashes and soot, residential renovation waste materials are also included under this definition.
1827:
1097:
807:
570:
152:
1961:
6361:
6046:
5490:
5367:
5327:
5322:
3154:
2702:
There is some debate in the classification of certain biomass feedstock as wastes. Crude Tall Oil (CTO), a co-product of the
2858:
1518:, clothing, food scraps, appliance, paints, and batteries. Most of the items that are collected by municipalities end up in
1357:
6366:
6356:
6258:
6039:
5387:
5347:
5312:
4769:
3651:
2358:
2254:
and each type has different methods of disposal and management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including
1626:
1592:
1042:
492:
2695:
emissions by diverting energy use from fossil fuels, while also generating energy and using waste as fuel can reduce the
2325:(MSW) which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity. According to the
6067:
6019:
5685:
5680:
5475:
5412:
5402:
3962:
3903:
Wilson, D.C.; Velis, C.; Cheeseman, C. "Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries."
1638:
580:
432:
407:
202:
3118:
1809:, all of which are mined from the earth. It requires energy to operate the equipment to mine these metals, which emits
6536:
6378:
5953:
5599:
5422:
5317:
5307:
5302:
5152:
4970:
4531:
3676:"Total hazardous and other waste generation as reported by the Parties to the Basel Convention in 2001 | GRID-Arendal"
2422:-led study, many of the world’s freshwater sources are being drained faster than they are being replenished. The
691:
442:
5569:
4790:
4505:
1239:
4409:
6416:
5974:
5877:
5453:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5377:
5357:
5187:
4142:
2235:, and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related
2029:
1932:
1622:
these materials can have catastrophic consequences and potentially damage the site's ecosystems for years to come.
1090:
447:
297:
3547:
69:
5938:
5470:
5397:
5362:
5352:
5337:
2743:
2276:
1880:
1324:
822:
787:
747:
400:
367:
217:
3699:
3572:
5845:
3599:
2775:
2561:(urine and feces). The term "toilet resources" has come into use recently. Those resources include: nutrients (
2208:
817:
437:
372:
309:
42:
4622:
2219:
or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final
1834:. The report focuses on four goals of the federal government's plan to enhance the management of electronics:
3852:
Wolsink, M. "Entanglement of interests and motives: Assumptions behind the NIMBY-theory on Facility Siting."
3519:
2676:
is the conversion of carbon rich material through high temperature with partial oxidation into a gas stream.
1831:
1768:
6283:
5793:
5711:
5512:
4370:
3083:
1304:
847:
802:
422:
3461:
2589:
6323:
6167:
6122:
5979:
5887:
5222:
3782:
985:
472:
35:
6490:
6409:
6112:
6107:
6014:
6009:
5735:
5022:
5002:
2955:
2731:
2570:
2473:
2322:
2287:
2255:
2095:
2091:
2059:
1164:
955:
797:
663:
575:
272:
6389:
4863:
2170:
A specialized trash collection truck providing regular municipal trash collection in a neighborhood in
4229:
1687:
This type of radioactive waste is generated from nuclear reactors or reprocessing spent nuclear fuel.
6500:
6478:
6318:
6308:
5860:
5832:
5624:
5372:
5217:
5122:
4842:
4659:
4241:
4062:
4000:
3988:
2385:
2371:
Effective 'Waste Management' involves the practice of '7R' - 'R'efuse, 'R'educe', 'R'euse, 'R'epair,
2236:
1789:, and small motor items are common types of E-waste. Of these items, the internal components include
1615:
1464:
1392:
497:
230:
2832:
1846:
4. Reducing harmful exports of e-waste and building capacity in developing countries.
1740:
1669:"Regulates both the packaging and carriage of all hazardous materials including radioactive waste."
6268:
6132:
6082:
6029:
5999:
5989:
5984:
5948:
5840:
5743:
5584:
5172:
5092:
5037:
4935:
4922:
4890:
2844:
2727:
2637:
2626:
2547:(LCA) can be used to compare the resource recovery potential of different treatment technologies.
2544:
1912:
1908:
1607:
1308:
832:
777:
742:
668:
595:
545:
540:
525:
182:
6337:
3310:
1701:
This type of radioactive waste is a result after the mining or milling or uranium or thorium ore.
6510:
6351:
6341:
6212:
6191:
6157:
6102:
6004:
5867:
5753:
5704:
5654:
5629:
5574:
5480:
5269:
5239:
4955:
4447:
4273:
3835:
3600:"By-laws S-610 and S-611 Amending By-law S-600, the Solid Waste Collection & Disposal By-law"
2970:
2937:
2820:
2747:
2691:
option for wastes that would normally have to be dealt with through disposal. It can help reduce
2582:
2524:
2477:
2350:
2334:
1995:
1591:, a deep geological repository for the final disposal of the radioactive waste, located near the
1537:
1439:
1384:
1281:
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
1066:
827:
703:
465:
247:
187:
157:
101:
2758:
pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of forests,
4851:
4819:
3808:"Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming?"
2593:
People who earn their living by collecting and sorting garbage and selling them for recycling (
6505:
6453:
6152:
6142:
6087:
5912:
5902:
5850:
5788:
5533:
5463:
5458:
5443:
5234:
5202:
5197:
5177:
5117:
5042:
4749:
4685:
4677:
4603:
4485:
4304:
4265:
4257:
4184:
4024:
4016:
3930:
3827:
3751:
3491:
3236:
3160:
3064:
3054:
2945:
2751:
2696:
2668:
involves heating of waste, with the absence of oxygen, to high temperatures to break down any
2468:
space, and optimising the values created from waste. Resource recovery delays the need to use
2461:
2454:
2341:
2314:
2298:
2267:
1691:
1577:
1561:
1460:
1196:
1149:
1126:
715:
638:
631:
585:
452:
242:
237:
147:
4230:"Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions"
2787:
6448:
6313:
6303:
6187:
6162:
6062:
5882:
5855:
5803:
5778:
5768:
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5748:
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5517:
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5207:
5182:
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4940:
4914:
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4249:
4176:
4008:
3819:
3741:
3731:
3025:
3015:
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2079:
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975:
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535:
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302:
252:
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6207:
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6182:
5943:
5892:
5813:
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5773:
5619:
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5279:
5274:
5244:
5142:
5127:
5032:
5027:
4987:
4858:
4832:
3706:
3122:
3020:
2687:
Using waste as fuel can offer important environmental benefits. It can provide a safe and
2630:
2610:
2598:
2574:
2536:
2112:
1705:
1611:
1549:
1494:
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1168:
760:
720:
590:
555:
487:
427:
355:
292:
192:
4875:
3261:
4663:
4371:"Health crisis: Up to a billion tons of waste potentially burned in the open every year"
4245:
4004:
2082:
can reduce the cost of management and reduce waste quantities. Waste recovery (that is,
6531:
6243:
6137:
6117:
5907:
5872:
5665:
5538:
5212:
5192:
5102:
5062:
4950:
4883:
4180:
3746:
3719:
2850:
2735:
2703:
2692:
2688:
2645:
2532:
2484:
waste, commercial waste and industrial wastes can be used to recover resources for the
2220:
2033:
2025:
1810:
1695:: This type of radioactive waste is man-made and has an atomic number of 92 or higher.
1625:
Radioactive waste is monitored and regulated by multiple governmental agencies such as
1442:
which transforms some of them (primarily the oxygen compounds) into useful substances.
1416:
1328:
1192:
1078:
882:
782:
737:
730:
725:
482:
177:
3363:
2166:
6525:
6473:
6468:
6288:
6278:
6147:
6097:
5958:
5928:
5897:
5808:
5604:
5264:
5012:
4827:
4432:
4277:
2965:
2641:
2558:
2553:. Here, the term refers to approaches to recover the resources that are contained in
2485:
2398:
2354:
1970:
1867:
1855:
1603:
1145:
897:
387:
382:
377:
135:
4672:
4647:
3839:
119:
6458:
6248:
6217:
6077:
5548:
5254:
5132:
5112:
5057:
2877:
2771:
2673:
2653:
2622:
2618:
2594:
2469:
2440:
2193:
2185:
2124:
2099:
2009:
1818:
1312:
1180:
930:
892:
877:
708:
673:
618:
337:
197:
4598:
4581:
4253:
2181:
4012:
3187:
2032:. On the other hand, when the waste contains plastics, the gases produce contain
6443:
6222:
6172:
6072:
5579:
5229:
5067:
4982:
4945:
4703:
4084:
3428:
3005:
2975:
2960:
2918:
Containers for selective waste collection at the Gdańsk University of Technology
2767:
2657:
2523:
and generation of wastes are minimised, and in which materials and products are
2423:
2407:
2372:
2141:
2120:
2116:
2047:
2013:
1515:
1480:
1472:
852:
550:
530:
167:
124:
5823:
3865:
Ray, A. "Waste management in developing Asia: Can trade and cooperation help?"
3135:
2204:
Containers for consumer waste collection at the Gdańsk University of Technology
6273:
6227:
6127:
5634:
4992:
4977:
3823:
3068:
2927:
2783:
2779:
2677:
2614:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2445:
2306:
2302:
2280:
2263:
2259:
2021:
1916:
1904:
1388:
1235:
1172:
1141:
902:
658:
162:
4681:
4607:
4451:
4261:
4020:
3934:
3831:
2778:
and waste management programs, e.g. the waste management university project.
17:
6463:
6197:
5727:
5614:
5167:
4906:
3954:
3698:"Improving Recycling Markets." OECD Environment Program. Paris: OECD, 2006.
2995:
2739:
2719:
2715:
2665:
2578:
2540:
2497:
2394:
2228:
2171:
2083:
2017:
1900:
1859:
1798:
1786:
1761:
1727:
1619:
1456:
1423:
1404:
1373:
1157:
970:
925:
887:
837:
772:
678:
142:
109:
5077:
4689:
4269:
4028:
3755:
3736:
3113:
1919:
from humans or animals. Examples of this type of contamination can include
1715:
Technologically enhanced naturally-occurring radioactive material (TENORM):
1307:, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the
55:
4814:
3807:
1678:
The US currently defines five types of radioactive waste, as shown below.
6483:
5933:
5137:
5097:
5017:
4401:
3989:"A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health"
3620:
3213:"National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling"
2569:), organic matter, energy and water. This concept is also referred to as
2562:
2465:
2403:
2346:
2074:
The economic costs of managing waste are high, and are often paid for by
1924:
1896:
1802:
1596:
1519:
1427:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1153:
342:
3720:"Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues"
6253:
5107:
3311:"What is commercial waste? – The Waste Management & Recycling Blog"
2489:
2366:
2333:, effective disposal facilities, export and import control and optimal
2251:
2132:
1760:
While automobile airbag propellants are not as common as munitions and
1448:
1369:
1365:
31:
4204:
4173:
Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies
3675:
3048:
2672:
content into a mixture of gaseous and liquid fuels and solid residue.
2290:, which is created by industrial, commercial, and household activity.
5758:
5052:
5007:
4846:
2990:
2985:
2669:
2661:
2649:
2272:
2247:
2175:
2136:
2005:
2001:
1863:
1806:
1431:
1176:
980:
960:
867:
857:
565:
30:
This article is about material waste. For the medical condition, see
2212:
A recycling and waste-to-energy plant for waste that is not exported
1582:
1117:
4556:"This is what the world's waste does to people in poorer countries"
4228:
Gollakota, Anjani R. K.; Gautam, Sneha; Shu, Chi-Min (1 May 2020).
2738:
concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental
6177:
5798:
5047:
4440:
United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)
3389:"Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Orientation Manual"
3000:
2763:
2588:
2528:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2439:
2362:
2243:
2207:
2199:
2180:
2165:
2146:
2128:
2087:
2063:
1960:
1928:
1920:
1581:
1445:
1435:
1412:
1356:
1188:
1184:
1116:
935:
327:
4116:. Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability. Archived from
3724:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4867:
2759:
2419:
2115:
and landfills caused by unlawful government policies that allow
1851:
1794:
1790:
1730:, fireworks, flares, hobby rockets, and automobile propellants.
1476:
1296:
965:
212:
207:
172:
6405:
6401:
5700:
4879:
3923:"Agbogbloshie: the world's largest e-waste dump – in pictures"
2755:
2293:
Waste management practices are not the same across countries (
1206:
49:
41:"Refuse" redirects here. For other meanings of this word, see
4852:
Cambio verde: waste-food exchange project in Curitiba, Brazil
2648:
is reduced to a simpler chemical component in the absence of
1837:
1. Incentivizing greener design of electronics
5696:
3339:"Construction and Demolition Debris: Material-Specific Data"
1152:. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or
4506:"How Much Does an Industrial Water Treatment System Cost?"
1979:
minimizing, recovering, treating, and disposing of waste.
1965:
Waste generation, measured in kilograms per person per day
1479:. The elimination of these compounds enables the chemical
4791:"Crude tall oil feed stocks cannot be considered 'waste'"
4648:"Circular economy and the matter of integrated resources"
4305:"Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria"
3520:"Interim Final Rule: Safe Management of Recalled Airbags"
2699:
generated in landfills by averting waste from landfills.
4171:"Glossary of environmental and waste management terms".
3783:"What method of waste disposal is best for the climate?"
3573:"Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Overview"
2707:
low-carbon, bio-based chemicals” through cascading use.
2726:
is increasingly important from a global perspective of
2549:
Resource recovery can also be an aim in the context of
2028:. When the burned waste contains metals, it can create
1231:
3982:
3980:
3878:“Muck and brass: The waste business smells of money.”
2786:
education are promoted by various organizations, e.g.
2050:
and will become increasingly valuable for plant life.
1830:(GSA). The task force released its final product, the
2636:
There are several ways to recover energy from waste.
1501:, and demolition or construction waste. In 2018, the
4772:. Oliver, Christian, Financial Times. April 15, 2014
4623:"The industry creating a third of the world's waste"
4061:. United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from
3050:
Waste of a Nation : Garbage and Growth in India
1832:
National Strategy for Electronics Stewardship report
6236:
6055:
5967:
5921:
5831:
5734:
5557:
5526:
5436:
5288:
5085:
4921:
4205:"Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change"
3645:"CHAPTER III. WASTE QUANTITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS"
2508:are examples of where value can be found in waste.
2046:emissions increase, soil begins to become a larger
1444:All the metabolic wastes are excreted in a form of
5565:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
4175:. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2003. pp. 337–465.
3287:"Containers and Packaging: Product-Specific Data"
2472:in the manufacturing process. Materials found in
2349:base", partly due to the absence of "substantial
1943:Thermal Treatment, such as microwave technologies
1160:that raises a waste product's value above zero.
4793:. Moran, Kevin, Financial Times. April 30, 2014
4402:"Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life"
4342:International Journal of Engineering Inventions
4111:"Waste Management Practices: Literature Review"
3718:Ferronato, Navarro; Torretta, Vincenzo (2019).
2008:, which can harbor gastrointestinal parasites,
1895:This type of waste is typically generated from
1843:3. Increasing domestic recycling
3159:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 583–.
2876:Shacks and littering by illegal immigrants in
1915:. This waste has often been contaminated with
6417:
5712:
4891:
4406:Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life
2511:Resource recovery goes further than just the
1554:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
1220:The examples and perspective in this article
1098:
8:
3867:The Journal of Environment & Development
2811:Vegetable waste being dumped in a market in
1824:White House Council on Environmental Quality
1606:, is produced by various industries such as
4754:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3262:"10 Stunning Fast Fashion Waste Statistics"
2317:sectors can all take different approaches.
2111:People in developing countries suffer from
6424:
6410:
6402:
5719:
5705:
5697:
4898:
4884:
4876:
4532:"Is the world running out of fresh water?"
2792:Chartered Institution of Wastes Management
2656:or direct controlled burning of municipal
2000:Inappropriately managed waste can attract
1105:
1091:
995:
118:
96:
4671:
4597:
4433:"Waste Management in India – An Overview"
4400:Cook, E.; Velis, C. A. (6 January 2021).
4335:"E –Waste Management through Regulations"
3745:
3735:
3237:"Municipal Solid Waste | Wastes | US EPA"
2327:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2239:, technologies, and economic mechanisms.
1974:incomplete reports from its parties, the
1258:Learn how and when to remove this message
4836:) is being considered for deletion. See
3650:. 2012-02-20. p. 20. Archived from
3548:"Cleaning Up Electronic Waste (E-Waste)"
1946:Steam sterilization, such as autoclaving
1602:Radioactive waste, often referred to as
80:of all important aspects of the article.
5595:High-level radioactive waste management
3125:. 1997. UNSD. Updated web version 2001.
3036:
2801:
1850:(IEMN), and environmental offices from
1125:created with plastic bottles and other
1034:
998:
108:
4747:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4484:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
4315:from the original on 20 September 2021
4284:from the original on 20 September 2021
4153:from the original on 30 September 2020
3332:
3330:
3156:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
3153:Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992).
1471:, which is excreted together with the
127:after being shredded to a uniform size
76:Please consider expanding the lead to
4412:from the original on 22 February 2021
4035:from the original on 25 November 2018
3917:
3915:
3913:
3614:
3612:
3594:
3592:
3541:
3539:
3513:
3511:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3364:"Learn the Basics of Hazardous Waste"
3188:"Waste - Municipal waste - OECD Data"
2020:. A form of waste disposal involving
7:
6384:
5610:Sewage regulation and administration
4381:from the original on 25 January 2021
4089:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3806:Kirschbaum, Miko U.F. (2000-01-01).
3042:
3040:
2640:is a naturally occurring process of
1840:2. Leading by example
1747:Fireworks, flares, and hobby rockets
1510:Household waste and commercial waste
1325:Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC
4234:Journal of Environmental Management
3462:"Backgrounder on Radioactive Waste"
1434:treat these compounds as excretes.
333:Radium and radon in the environment
3965:from the original on 17 March 2017
3959:United Nations Statistics Division
3115:Glossary of Environment Statistics
2058:Waste management is a significant
1828:US General Services Administration
1300:Glossary of Environment Statistics
1291:United Nations Statistics Division
1275:United Nations Environment Program
25:
4840:to help reach a consensus. ›
4461:from the original on 24 June 2021
4351:from the original on 16 July 2021
3770:Solid Waste Management, Volume 2.
2981:List of waste management acronyms
2629:. This process is referred to as
2527:more sustainably for durability,
2515:. Resource recovery is part of a
2262:, household, municipal, organic,
1817:As this issue continued to grow,
1699:Uranium or thorium mill tailings:
1531:Construction and demolition waste
6383:
6347:
6346:
6336:
6093:Extended producer responsibility
5822:
5660:
5659:
5648:
5590:Extended producer responsibility
5076:
4813:
4652:Science of the Total Environment
4181:10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3
2930:
2911:
2896:
2884:
2869:
2857:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2804:
2453:This section is an excerpt from
2158:This section is an excerpt from
2024:creates a significant amount of
1349:This section is an excerpt from
1211:
1072:
1060:
54:
5148:Mechanical biological treatment
4864:Resource Productivity and Waste
4673:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.449
3096:from the original on 2017-05-16
2905:Gdańsk University of Technology
2488:of new materials and products.
2391:Wastewater treatment facilities
2337:of products that are produced.
1635:Environmental Protection Agency
1503:Environmental Protection Agency
153:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
68:may be too short to adequately
4738:"Energy Recovery and Disposal"
2754:. Local, regional, and global
2444:'Waste not the waste' sign in
1395:) which cannot be used by the
1022:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
78:provide an accessible overview
27:Unwanted or unusable materials
1:
6259:Container-deposit legislation
4621:Miller, Norman (2021-12-16).
4599:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.002
4586:Journal of Cleaner Production
4254:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234
3892:Journal of Cleaner Production
3260:Igini, Martina (2022-08-02).
2864:Waste collected in a tricycle
2519:, in which the extraction of
1756:Automobile airbag propellants
1627:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1593:Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant
1333:European Commission's summary
493:Electrical resistance heating
4109:Davidson, Gary (June 2011).
4013:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.028
3492:"Energetic Hazardous Wastes"
3084:"Basel Convention Home Page"
3053:. Harvard University Press.
1952:Chemical mechanical systems
1639:Department of Transportation
203:Persistent organic pollutant
5954:Materials recovery facility
5600:History of waste management
3619:US EPA, OLEM (2016-02-17).
3571:US EPA, OLEM (2015-08-18).
3546:US EPA, OITA (2014-03-18).
3518:US EPA, OLEM (2018-10-01).
3490:US EPA, OLEM (2018-07-11).
3387:US EPA, OLEM (2015-02-09).
3362:US EPA, OLEM (2015-11-25).
3337:US EPA, OLEM (2017-09-12).
3285:US EPA, OLEM (2017-09-07).
3211:US EPA, OLEM (2017-10-02).
2418:“Right now, according to a
2279:, planetary resources, and
2140:seeping into the water and
1467:), with the exception of CO
1234:, discuss the issue on the
6553:
5188:fluorescent lamp recycling
3427:US EPA, OAR (2018-11-28).
3081:“Basel Convention.” 1989.
2452:
2383:
2359:People's Republic of China
2157:
1993:
1933:Medical Waste Tracking Act
1643:Department of the Interior
1575:
1348:
1167:(household trash/refuse),
40:
29:
6439:
6332:
5820:
5643:
5074:
4770:"Biofuels: Wasted Energy"
3987:Giusti, L. (2009-08-01).
2838:Agobox; Bio-medical Waste
2722:in the area of waste and
1721:Energetic hazardous waste
1403:), and must therefore be
748:War and environmental law
368:Health effects from noise
218:Volatile organic compound
5570:China's waste import ban
4838:templates for discussion
4704:"The Sanitation Economy"
4482:Environmental Management
4143:"Solid Waste Management"
3955:"Environment Statistics"
3315:www.forgerecycling.co.uk
2776:environmental management
2660:reduces waste and makes
2042:As global warming and CO
373:Marine mammals and sonar
6284:Reverse vending machine
4931:Agricultural wastewater
4431:R. Dhana, Raju (2021).
3824:10.1023/A:1006238902976
2903:Recycling point at the
2711:Education and awareness
1899:, physicians' offices,
1564:, explosive waste, and
848:Freshwater salinization
768:Agricultural wastewater
6324:Water recycling shower
6168:Reuse of human excreta
6138:Recycling (ecological)
6123:Material flow analysis
5655:Environment portal
5333:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5223:water recycling shower
4708:Toilet Board Coalition
4480:Sankar, Ajith (2015).
4303:Elegba, S. B. (2006).
4059:Environment Statistics
3882:2009 02 28. pp. 10-12.
3772:UNEP/Earthprint, 2006.
3737:10.3390/ijerph16061060
2602:
2449:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2178:
1966:
1939:alternatives include:
1599:
1451:through the excretory
1377:
1130:
1067:Environment portal
36:Waste (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
6491:Instant gratification
6113:Interchangeable parts
6108:Industrial metabolism
5023:Municipal solid waste
5003:Industrial wastewater
3905:Habitat International
3856:31.6 (1994): 851-866.
3047:Doron, Assa. (2018).
2956:Environmental dumping
2734:is a declaration for
2732:Talloires Declaration
2592:
2577:toilets) and keeping
2571:ecological sanitation
2474:municipal solid waste
2443:
2380:Wastewater facilities
2323:municipal solid waste
2288:municipal solid waste
2211:
2203:
2184:
2169:
2131:, which used to be a
2117:first-world countries
2107:Affecting communities
2092:life-cycle assessment
2076:municipal governments
2060:environmental justice
1994:Further information:
1964:
1752:extremely dangerous.
1585:
1399:(they are surplus or
1364:expel urine from the
1360:
1165:municipal solid waste
1120:
808:Industrial wastewater
576:Municipal solid waste
498:Soil guideline values
6501:Planned obsolescence
6479:Online food ordering
6319:Water heat recycling
6309:Waste management law
5218:water heat recycling
5123:Garden waste dumping
4822:at Wikimedia Commons
4560:World Economic Forum
2891:Used cigarette boxes
2704:pulp and papermaking
2386:Wastewater treatment
2242:Waste can either be
2223:. This includes the
1826:(CEQ), EPA, and the
1631:Department of Energy
1616:environmental hazard
1608:nuclear power plants
1393:cellular respiration
1283:of 1989, Art. 2(1),
1240:create a new article
1232:improve this article
1222:may not represent a
1148:of relatively minor
1017:Most polluted cities
669:Overhead power lines
6269:Ethical consumerism
6203:Urban lumberjacking
6133:Product stewardship
6083:Eco-industrial park
5585:Eco-industrial park
5173:appliance recycling
5093:Anaerobic digestion
5038:Post-consumer waste
4936:Biodegradable waste
4664:2019ScTEn.689..963V
4246:2020JEnvM.26110234G
4005:2009WaMan..29.2227G
3907:30 (2006): 797-808.
3894:13 (2005): 253-263.
3429:"Radioactive Waste"
3142:. 22 November 2008.
2766:; depletion of the
2728:resource management
2638:Anaerobic digestion
2627:anaerobic digestion
2545:Life-cycle analysis
2513:management of waste
2268:radioactive wastes.
1990:Environmental costs
1913:research facilities
1391:processes (such as
1144:, by contrast is a
833:Ocean acidification
743:Unexploded ordnance
664:Advertising clutter
596:Post-consumer waste
541:Foam food container
526:Biodegradable waste
183:Global distillation
6537:Waste of resources
6511:Throw-away society
6342:Environment portal
6213:Waste minimisation
6158:Reusable packaging
6103:Industrial ecology
5630:Waste minimisation
5575:Cleaner production
5240:Reusable packaging
5153:Mechanical sorting
4956:Construction waste
4857:2014-03-08 at the
4123:on 1 February 2012
4065:on 1 December 2017
3869:17.1 (2008): 3-25.
3787:MIT Climate Portal
3705:2015-09-24 at the
3121:2013-01-04 at the
2971:Global waste trade
2938:Environment portal
2603:
2450:
2335:sustainable design
2299:developing nations
2214:
2206:
2198:
2179:
2113:contaminated water
2096:life-cycle costing
1996:environmental cost
1967:
1769:interim final rule
1600:
1556:. Under the
1461:Malpighian tubules
1440:metabolic pathways
1383:or excrements are
1378:
1131:
1079:Ecology portal
704:Herbicidal warfare
248:Introduced species
188:Indoor air quality
158:Chlorofluorocarbon
6519:
6518:
6506:Same-day delivery
6454:Convenience store
6399:
6398:
6153:Resource recovery
6143:Refill (campaign)
6088:Ecological design
6068:Dematerialization
5878:Fluorescent lamps
5694:
5693:
5625:Waste legislation
5534:Sanitation worker
5508:London Convention
5444:Bamako Convention
5235:Resource recovery
5203:textile recycling
5198:plastic recycling
5178:battery recycling
5118:Ecological design
5043:Radioactive waste
4818:Media related to
3166:978-0-226-87013-7
3060:978-0-674-98060-0
2946:Biological hazard
2752:natural resources
2697:methane emissions
2521:natural resources
2462:Resource recovery
2455:Resource recovery
2436:Resource recovery
2342:systematic review
1881:Atomic Energy Act
1692:Transuranic Waste
1597:Eurajoki, Finland
1578:Radioactive waste
1572:Radioactive waste
1562:radioactive waste
1362:Placental mammals
1327:, Art. 3(1), the
1279:According to the
1268:
1267:
1260:
1242:, as appropriate.
1197:radioactive waste
1179:, which contains
1163:Examples include
1127:non-biodegradable
1115:
1114:
1050:
1049:
716:Nuclear holocaust
639:Urban heat island
453:Radioactive waste
238:Biological hazard
148:Air quality index
95:
94:
16:(Redirected from
6544:
6449:Convenience food
6426:
6419:
6412:
6403:
6387:
6386:
6350:
6349:
6340:
6314:Waste management
6304:Waste collection
6163:Reuse of bottles
6063:Circular economy
6040:Northern Ireland
5826:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5698:
5663:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5518:OSPAR Convention
5449:Basel Convention
5260:Waste collection
5250:Sewage treatment
5208:timber recycling
5183:bottle recycling
5163:Reclaimed lumber
5158:Photodegradation
5080:
4998:Industrial waste
4966:Electronic waste
4961:Demolition waste
4941:Biomedical waste
4915:waste management
4900:
4893:
4886:
4877:
4817:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4745:
4740:. Archived from
4733:
4712:
4711:
4710:. 26 March 2018.
4700:
4694:
4693:
4675:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4437:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4339:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
3999:(8): 2227–2239.
3993:Waste Management
3984:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3919:
3908:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3863:
3857:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3779:
3773:
3768:Diaz, L. et al.
3766:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3715:
3709:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3487:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3458:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3424:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3044:
3026:Waste management
3016:Waste collection
3011:Waste by country
2951:Chemical hazards
2940:
2935:
2934:
2915:
2900:
2888:
2873:
2861:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2808:
2724:waste management
2682:inert atmosphere
2517:circular economy
2351:research funding
2331:circular economy
2217:Waste management
2160:Waste management
2080:pay as you throw
2026:greenhouse gases
1976:Basel Convention
1949:Electropyrolysis
1901:dental practices
1811:greenhouse gases
1780:Electronic waste
1775:Electronic waste
1683:High-level Waste
1612:nuclear reactors
1566:electronic waste
1552:falls under the
1499:commercial waste
1483:of the organism.
1407:. This includes
1381:Metabolic wastes
1286:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1123:art installation
1107:
1100:
1093:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1064:
996:
699:Chemical warfare
601:Waste management
561:Industrial waste
536:Electronic waste
521:Advertising mail
503:Phytoremediation
478:Land degradation
418:Depleted uranium
303:Overillumination
253:Invasive species
122:
112:
97:
90:
87:
81:
58:
50:
21:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6496:Overconsumption
6435:
6430:
6400:
6395:
6328:
6299:Waste-to-energy
6264:Dumpster diving
6232:
6208:Waste hierarchy
6183:Right to repair
6051:
6020:The Netherlands
5975:Rate by country
5963:
5917:
5827:
5818:
5730:
5725:
5695:
5690:
5666:Category: Waste
5647:
5639:
5620:Waste hierarchy
5553:
5544:Waste collector
5522:
5513:Oslo Convention
5432:
5284:
5280:Waste-to-energy
5275:Waste treatment
5245:Right to repair
5143:Landfill mining
5128:Illegal dumping
5081:
5072:
5033:Packaging waste
5028:Open defecation
4988:Hazardous waste
4917:
4904:
4873:
4859:Wayback Machine
4841:
4810:
4805:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4746:
4735:
4734:
4715:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4631:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4515:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4156:
4154:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3939:
3937:
3921:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3847:
3812:Biogeochemistry
3805:
3804:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3763:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3707:Wayback Machine
3697:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3621:"Medical Waste"
3618:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3241:archive.epa.gov
3235:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3123:Wayback Machine
3112:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3061:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3021:Waste converter
2936:
2929:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2862:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2836:
2827:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2800:
2713:
2631:waste-to-energy
2611:Energy recovery
2608:
2606:Energy recovery
2599:Smokey Mountain
2587:
2586:
2575:urine diversion
2537:remanufacturing
2458:
2438:
2433:
2416:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2163:
2155:
2109:
2072:
2056:
2045:
2041:
2037:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1959:
1893:
1876:
1819:President Obama
1777:
1758:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1706:Low-level waste
1580:
1574:
1550:Hazardous Waste
1546:
1544:Hazardous waste
1533:
1512:
1495:household waste
1490:
1488:Municipal waste
1485:
1484:
1475:throughout the
1470:
1420:
1387:left over from
1354:
1351:Metabolic waste
1346:
1344:Metabolic waste
1341:
1321:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1169:hazardous waste
1111:
1073:
1071:
1059:
1052:
1051:
951:
943:
942:
916:
908:
907:
843:Pharmaceuticals
823:Nonpoint source
763:
753:
752:
721:Nuclear fallout
694:
684:
683:
654:
644:
643:
634:
624:
623:
614:
606:
605:
591:Packaging waste
556:Hazardous waste
516:
508:
507:
468:
458:
457:
428:Nuclear fallout
423:Nuclear fission
403:
393:
392:
358:
348:
347:
323:
315:
314:
288:
286:Electromagnetic
278:
277:
268:
260:
259:
233:
223:
222:
193:Ozone depletion
138:
128:
110:
91:
85:
82:
75:
63:This article's
59:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6550:
6548:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6406:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6344:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6244:Bottle cutting
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6118:Land recycling
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6035:United Kingdom
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5853:
5848:
5846:Automotive oil
5843:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5701:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5657:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5539:Street sweeper
5536:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5423:United Kingdom
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5213:tire recycling
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5193:land recycling
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5103:Biodegradation
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5063:Surface runoff
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Chemical waste
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4880:
4871:
4870:
4861:
4849:
4825:
4823:
4809:
4808:External links
4806:
4804:
4803:
4782:
4761:
4744:on 2014-04-07.
4713:
4695:
4638:
4613:
4572:
4547:
4530:Smedley, Tim.
4522:
4497:
4490:
4472:
4446:(7): 175–196.
4423:
4392:
4362:
4326:
4295:
4220:
4196:
4189:
4163:
4134:
4101:
4076:
4046:
3976:
3946:
3929:. 2014-02-27.
3909:
3896:
3884:
3880:The Economist.
3871:
3858:
3845:
3798:
3774:
3761:
3710:
3691:
3667:
3636:
3608:
3588:
3563:
3535:
3507:
3477:
3444:
3404:
3379:
3354:
3326:
3302:
3277:
3252:
3228:
3203:
3179:
3165:
3145:
3127:
3106:
3074:
3059:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2851:Hospital waste
2849:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2736:sustainability
2712:
2709:
2693:carbon dioxide
2689:cost-effective
2646:organic matter
2607:
2604:
2459:
2451:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2415:
2412:
2384:Main article:
2381:
2378:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2108:
2105:
2071:
2070:Economic costs
2068:
2055:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2035:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1892:
1889:
1875:
1872:
1776:
1773:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1576:Main article:
1573:
1570:
1545:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1511:
1508:
1489:
1486:
1468:
1418:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Types of waste
1337:
1329:European Union
1320:
1319:European Union
1317:
1292:
1289:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1226:of the subject
1224:worldwide view
1219:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:, and others.
1193:surface runoff
1150:economic value
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:Law by country
1009:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
939:
938:
933:
923:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:Surface runoff
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
783:Eutrophication
780:
775:
770:
764:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
745:
740:
738:Scorched earth
735:
734:
733:
731:Nuclear winter
728:
726:Nuclear famine
723:
713:
712:
711:
701:
695:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
635:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
483:Bioremediation
480:
475:
469:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Bioremediation
410:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
363:Transportation
359:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
310:Radio spectrum
307:
306:
305:
300:
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
245:
240:
234:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
178:Global dimming
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
139:
134:
133:
130:
129:
123:
115:
114:
106:
105:
93:
92:
86:September 2021
72:the key points
62:
60:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6549:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6474:Food delivery
6472:
6470:
6469:Drive-through
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6427:
6422:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6392:
6391:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6372:organizations
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Simple living
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:Pallet crafts
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6218:Waste picking
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Repairability
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6098:Green economy
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6047:United States
6045:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5959:Waste sorting
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5888:Mobile phones
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5687:
5686:Organizations
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:Landfill fire
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5454:EU directives
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5428:United States
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5265:Waste sorting
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Marine debris
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4592:: 1279–1288.
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4562:. 16 May 2019
4561:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4491:9780199458912
4487:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4190:9780750675079
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3854:Urban Studies
3849:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3657:on 2012-02-20
3653:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Garbage truck
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2826:Weapon scraps
2822:
2817:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:decomposition
2639:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2601:, Philippines
2600:
2596:
2595:waste pickers
2591:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:human excreta
2556:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:repairability
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:manufacturing
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:raw materials
2467:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:United States
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:In the first
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Waste pickers
2183:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:waste pickers
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1971:organic waste
1963:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:bodily fluids
1914:
1911:offices, and
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:Medical Waste
1890:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1868:North America
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:Latin America
1853:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
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1693:
1688:
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1684:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:nuclear waste
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1538:C&D waste
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1313:raw materials
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1262:
1259:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:bodily wastes
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:joint product
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
947:
946:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
912:
911:
904:
901:
899:
898:Water quality
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
762:
757:
756:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:
710:
707:
706:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
688:
687:
680:
677:
675:
674:Traffic signs
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
653:
648:
647:
640:
637:
636:
633:
628:
627:
620:
617:
616:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Nanomaterials
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
512:
511:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
467:
462:
461:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:Radioactivity
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
397:
396:
389:
388:Soundproofing
386:
384:
383:Noise control
381:
379:
378:Noise barrier
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
352:
351:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
319:
318:
311:
308:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
282:
281:
274:
271:
270:
264:
263:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
232:
227:
226:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
137:
132:
131:
126:
121:
117:
116:
113:
107:
103:
99:
98:
89:
79:
73:
71:
66:
61:
57:
52:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
18:Waste product
6459:Fast fashion
6433:Fast culture
6432:
6388:
6293:
6249:Cogeneration
6078:Durable good
5558:Other topics
5549:Waste picker
5476:incineration
5255:Urban mining
5133:Incineration
5113:Durable good
5058:Sharps waste
5018:Mining waste
4910:
4872:
4831:
4795:. Retrieved
4785:
4774:. Retrieved
4764:
4742:the original
4736:IGD (2007).
4707:
4698:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4630:. Retrieved
4626:
4616:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4564:. Retrieved
4559:
4550:
4539:. Retrieved
4535:
4525:
4514:. Retrieved
4512:. 2017-09-22
4509:
4500:
4481:
4475:
4463:. Retrieved
4443:
4439:
4426:
4414:. Retrieved
4405:
4395:
4383:. Retrieved
4374:
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4341:
4329:
4317:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4237:
4233:
4223:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:
4199:
4172:
4166:
4155:. Retrieved
4146:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4118:the original
4104:
4093:. Retrieved
4091:. 2017-11-02
4088:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4063:the original
4058:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
3996:
3992:
3967:. Retrieved
3958:
3949:
3938:. Retrieved
3927:The Guardian
3926:
3904:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3853:
3848:
3818:(1): 21–51.
3815:
3811:
3801:
3790:. Retrieved
3786:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3694:
3683:. Retrieved
3680:www.grida.no
3679:
3670:
3659:. Retrieved
3652:the original
3639:
3628:. Retrieved
3624:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:
3566:
3555:. Retrieved
3551:
3527:. Retrieved
3523:
3499:. Retrieved
3495:
3469:. Retrieved
3465:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:
3396:. Retrieved
3392:
3382:
3371:. Retrieved
3367:
3357:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
3318:. Retrieved
3314:
3305:
3294:. Retrieved
3290:
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3265:
3255:
3244:. Retrieved
3240:
3231:
3220:. Retrieved
3216:
3206:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3155:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3114:
3109:
3098:. Retrieved
3077:
3049:
2878:South Africa
2772:biodiversity
2714:
2701:
2686:
2674:Gasification
2654:Incineration
2635:
2623:pyrolyzation
2619:gasification
2609:
2510:
2478:construction
2460:
2417:
2399:contaminants
2389:
2339:
2319:
2301:); regions (
2292:
2285:
2241:
2215:
2194:Agbogbloshie
2129:Accra, Ghana
2125:Agbogbloshie
2110:
2073:
2057:
2054:Social costs
2010:yellow fever
1999:
1986:
1968:
1937:
1894:
1885:
1877:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1816:
1784:
1778:
1766:
1759:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1624:
1601:
1586:
1547:
1534:
1525:
1513:
1491:
1379:
1368:through the
1322:
1299:
1294:
1278:
1269:
1254:
1245:
1221:
1162:
1137:
1133:
1132:
990:
986:Point source
931:Heavy metals
893:Urban runoff
878:Sulfur water
853:Septic tanks
709:Agent Orange
619:Space debris
473:Agricultural
338:Volcanic ash
198:Particulates
83:
67:
65:lead section
47:
6444:Consumerism
6362:by material
6223:Wishcycling
6173:Repurposing
6073:Downcycling
6025:Switzerland
5861:PET bottles
5809:Cooking oil
5794:Refrigerant
5580:Downcycling
5527:Occupations
5496:waste water
5393:Switzerland
5383:South Korea
5373:New Zealand
5298:Afghanistan
5270:Waste trade
5230:Repurposing
5068:Toxic waste
5048:Scrap metal
4983:Green waste
4946:Brown waste
4923:Major types
4826:‹ The
4658:: 963–969.
4627:www.bbc.com
4536:www.bbc.com
4416:13 February
4385:13 February
4355:27 February
4319:27 February
4288:27 February
4209:www.ipcc.ch
3730:(6): 1060.
3625:www.epa.gov
3577:www.epa.gov
3552:www.epa.gov
3524:www.epa.gov
3496:www.epa.gov
3433:www.epa.gov
3393:www.epa.gov
3368:www.epa.gov
3343:www.epa.gov
3291:www.epa.gov
3217:www.epa.gov
3006:Waste Atlas
2976:Human waste
2961:Fly-tipping
2768:ozone layer
2744:degradation
2658:solid waste
2431:Utilization
2424:water table
2373:'R'epurpose
2311:residential
2307:rural areas
2277:environment
2142:groundwater
2121:waste trade
2048:carbon sink
2030:toxic gases
2014:Toxic waste
1905:blood banks
1874:Mixed waste
1641:(DOT), and
1481:homeostasis
1473:water vapor
1411:compounds,
1305:consumption
1248:August 2020
1203:Definitions
1156:through an
956:Area source
798:Groundwater
551:Green waste
531:Brown waste
515:Solid waste
273:Information
168:Exhaust gas
125:Solid waste
6526:Categories
6367:by product
6357:by country
6274:Freeganism
6254:Composting
6228:Zero waste
6128:Precycling
5949:Collection
5939:Blue boxes
5841:Appliances
5635:Zero waste
5437:Agreements
5368:Kazakhstan
5323:Bangladesh
5108:Composting
4993:Heat waste
4978:Food waste
4971:by country
4797:2014-07-03
4776:2014-07-03
4632:2022-01-02
4566:2021-11-11
4541:2021-11-11
4516:2021-11-11
4510:Samco Tech
4240:: 110234.
4214:2022-04-05
4157:2020-09-28
4147:World Bank
4095:2023-08-19
4039:4 December
3940:2021-11-11
3792:2022-11-30
3685:2022-11-30
3661:2023-03-11
3630:2022-11-24
3582:2022-11-24
3557:2022-11-24
3529:2022-11-24
3501:2022-11-24
3471:2022-11-24
3438:2022-11-24
3398:2022-11-24
3373:2022-11-24
3348:2022-11-24
3320:2022-11-24
3296:2022-11-24
3271:2022-11-24
3246:2022-11-24
3222:2022-11-24
3197:2022-11-24
3100:2017-05-27
3069:1038462465
3032:References
2784:vocational
2780:University
2746:, and the
2678:Plasma arc
2615:combustion
2583:blackwater
2567:phosphorus
2555:wastewater
2551:sanitation
2482:demolition
2446:Tamil Nadu
2395:pollutants
2315:industrial
2281:aesthetics
2264:biomedical
2260:biological
2256:industrial
2225:collection
2153:Management
2094:(LCA) and
2022:combustion
2018:ecosystems
1909:veterinary
1787:capacitors
1516:yard waste
1424:phosphates
1385:substances
1323:Under the
1309:extraction
1173:wastewater
1142:by-product
1043:By country
1035:Categories
926:Pollutants
903:Wastewater
873:Stagnation
818:Monitoring
793:Freshwater
659:Air travel
546:Food waste
488:Defecation
298:Ecological
231:Biological
163:Combustion
100:Part of a
6464:Fast food
6198:Upcycling
6192:Green Dot
5980:Australia
5968:Countries
5934:Blue bags
5922:Apparatus
5868:Computers
5851:Batteries
5744:Aluminium
5736:Materials
5728:Recycling
5615:Upcycling
5481:landfills
5471:framework
5464:Recycling
5459:batteries
5388:Sri Lanka
5348:Hong Kong
5313:Australia
5290:Countries
5168:Recycling
5086:Processes
4907:Biosolids
4682:0048-9697
4608:0959-6526
4452:2582-6832
4278:212641354
4262:0301-4797
4021:0956-053X
3935:0261-3077
3832:1573-515X
3266:Earth.Org
3140:europa.eu
2996:Recycling
2813:Hyderabad
2748:depletion
2740:pollution
2720:awareness
2716:Education
2666:Pyrolysis
2585:separate.
2579:greywater
2541:recycling
2498:aluminium
2295:developed
2233:treatment
2229:transport
2172:Stockholm
2084:recycling
1957:Reporting
1897:hospitals
1860:Caribbean
1799:palladium
1762:fireworks
1734:Munitions
1728:munitions
1520:landfills
1457:nephridia
1428:sulphates
1389:metabolic
1374:urination
1236:talk page
1175:(such as
1158:invention
971:Garbology
888:Turbidity
838:Oil spill
788:Firewater
773:Biosolids
679:Vandalism
438:Poisoning
433:Plutonium
408:Actinides
401:Radiation
143:Acid rain
111:Pollution
70:summarize
6484:Take-out
6352:Category
6237:See also
6056:Concepts
6015:Mongolia
6010:Malaysia
5913:Vehicles
5903:Textiles
5833:Products
5754:Concrete
5676:Journals
5491:vehicles
5413:Thailand
5403:Tanzania
5138:Landfill
5098:Balefill
4855:Archived
4828:template
4750:cite web
4690:31280177
4456:Archived
4410:Archived
4379:Archived
4375:phys.org
4346:Archived
4313:Archived
4282:Archived
4270:32148304
4151:Archived
4085:"Wastes"
4033:Archived
4029:19401266
3963:Archived
3840:97491270
3756:30909625
3703:Archived
3700:oecd.org
3119:Archived
3091:Archived
2924:See also
2563:nitrogen
2525:designed
2466:landfill
2414:Benefits
2408:UV light
2406:or with
2404:chlorine
2347:research
2221:disposal
2188:burning
1803:platinum
1409:nitrogen
1405:excreted
1397:organism
1230:You may
1154:resource
1027:Treaties
1007:Diseases
863:Shipping
828:Nutrient
778:Diseases
343:Wildfire
6390:Commons
5995:Ireland
5856:Bottles
5789:Plastic
5749:Asphalt
5343:Georgia
5318:Belgium
5308:Armenia
5303:Albania
4866:at the
4830:below (
4660:Bibcode
4465:21 June
4242:Bibcode
4127:3 March
4069:3 March
4055:"Waste"
4001:Bibcode
3969:3 March
3747:6466021
3466:NRC Web
3192:theOECD
2798:Gallery
2788:WAMITAB
2490:Plastic
2448:, India
2393:remove
2367:Germany
2309:), and
2190:e-waste
2133:wetland
2006:insects
2002:rodents
1637:(EPA),
1633:(DOE),
1629:(NRC),
1620:recycle
1465:kidneys
1449:solutes
1432:Animals
1430:, etc.
1372:during
1370:urethra
1366:bladder
921:History
803:Hypoxia
632:Thermal
586:Plastic
448:Uranium
322:Natural
267:Digital
243:Genetic
43:Refusal
32:Wasting
6188:Symbol
6030:Taiwan
6000:Israel
5990:Canada
5985:Brazil
5883:Lumber
5804:Timber
5779:Gypsum
5769:Energy
5764:Cotton
5759:Copper
5664:
5418:Turkey
5408:Taiwan
5378:Russia
5358:Israel
5328:Brazil
5053:Sewage
5008:Litter
4913:, and
4847:Curlie
4833:Curlie
4688:
4680:
4606:
4488:
4450:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4187:
4027:
4019:
3933:
3838:
3830:
3754:
3744:
3163:
3067:
3057:
2991:Midden
2986:Litter
2762:, and
2730:. The
2670:carbon
2662:energy
2650:oxygen
2644:where
2625:, and
2357:, the
2275:, the
2273:health
2248:liquid
2176:Sweden
2137:cancer
1866:, and
1864:Africa
1858:, the
1807:copper
1805:, and
1588:Onkalo
1453:organs
1436:Plants
1191:) and
1177:sewage
1138:wastes
981:Midden
976:Legacy
961:Debris
915:Topics
868:Sludge
858:Sewage
813:Marine
652:Visual
571:Mining
566:Litter
102:series
6532:Waste
6379:Index
6294:Waste
6178:Reuse
6005:Japan
5944:Codes
5908:Tires
5898:Ships
5893:Paint
5873:Drugs
5814:Water
5799:Scrap
5784:Paper
5774:Glass
5681:Lists
5671:Index
5398:Syria
5363:Japan
5353:India
5338:Egypt
4911:waste
4843:Waste
4820:Waste
4459:(PDF)
4448:eISSN
4436:(PDF)
4349:(PDF)
4338:(PDF)
4274:S2CID
4121:(PDF)
4114:(PDF)
3836:S2CID
3655:(PDF)
3648:(PDF)
3603:(PDF)
3172:6 May
3094:(PDF)
3087:(PDF)
3001:Scrap
2764:water
2529:reuse
2506:metal
2502:glass
2494:paper
2363:Japan
2303:urban
2252:gases
2250:, or
2244:solid
2147:China
2088:reuse
2064:NIMBY
1983:Costs
1929:urine
1925:vomit
1921:blood
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