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One common process in wastewater treatment is phase separation, such as sedimentation. Biological and chemical processes such as oxidation are another example. Polishing is also an example. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge that is usually treated in the same or
215:) from sewage, using aerobic or anaerobic biological processes. A so-called quarternary treatment step (sometimes referred to as advanced treatment) can also be added for the removal of organic micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals. This has been implemented in full-scale for example in Sweden.
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The unit processes involved in wastewater treatment include physical processes such as settlement or flotation and biological processes such oxidation or anaerobic treatment. Some wastewaters require specialized treatment methods. At the simplest level, treatment of most wastewaters is carried out
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A large number of sewage treatment technologies have been developed, mostly using biological treatment processes. Design engineers and decision makers need to take into account technical and economical criteria of each alternative when choosing a suitable technology. Often, the main criteria for
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Wastewater treatment plants may be distinguished by the type of wastewater to be treated. There are numerous processes that can be used to treat wastewater depending on the type and extent of contamination. The treatment steps include physical, chemical and biological treatment processes.
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Nonpoint source pollution includes sediment runoff, nutrient runoff and pesticides. Point source pollution includes animal wastes, silage liquor, milking parlour (dairy farming) wastes, slaughtering waste, vegetable washing water and firewater. Many farms generate
106:. The main purpose of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater.
371:. Treatment processes include brine treatment, solids removal (e.g. chemical precipitation, filtration), oils and grease removal, removal of biodegradable organics, removal of other organics, removal of acids and alkalis, and removal of toxic materials.
629:, where the unit process is called "primary settling tanks" or "primary sedimentation tanks". It is also widely used for the treatment of other types of wastewater. Solids that are denser than water will accumulate at the bottom of quiescent
74:. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater the treatment plant is called a
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systems and many more. On the other hand, advanced and relatively expensive sewage treatment plants may include tertiary treatment with disinfection and possibly even a fourth treatment stage to remove micropollutants.
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Polishing refers to treatments made in further advanced treatment steps after the above methods (also called "fourth stage" treatment). These treatments may also be used independently for some industrial wastewater.
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water. Agricultural wastewater treatment is required for continuous confined animal operations like milk and egg production. It may be performed in plants using mechanized treatment units similar to those used for
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describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a
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plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into
621:. This is typically achieved using a grit channel designed to produce an optimum flow rate that allows grit to settle and other less-dense solids to be carried forward to the next treatment stage.
333:. Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants (e.g., toxic compounds), and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.
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211:, while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes and nutrient removal. Secondary treatment can reduce organic matter (measured as
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This article is about the treatment of any type of wastewater from a range of sources. For treatment of wastewater from households or municipalities (domestic wastewater), see
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At the global level, an estimated 52% of sewage is treated. However, sewage treatment rates are highly unequal for different countries around the world. For example, while
1123:"Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden"
1001:"Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden"
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Takman, Maria; Svahn, Ola; Paul, Catherine; Cimbritz, Michael; Blomqvist, Stefan; Struckmann
Poulsen, Jan; Lund Nielsen, Jeppe; Davidsson, Åsa (2023-10-15).
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Takman, Maria; Svahn, Ola; Paul, Catherine; Cimbritz, Michael; Blomqvist, Stefan; Struckmann
Poulsen, Jan; Lund Nielsen, Jeppe; Davidsson, Åsa (2023-10-15).
325:. This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals,
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at a rural sewage treatment plant is a typical phase separation mechanism to remove biological solids formed in a suspended growth or fixed-film bioreactor.
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to wastewater. These hydroxyl radical then break down complex compounds in the organic pollutants into simple compounds such as water, carbon dioxide, and
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George
Tchobanoglous; Franklin L. Burton; H. David Stensel (2003). "Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings".
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selection are: desired effluent quality, expected construction and operating costs, availability of land, energy requirements and
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of biological solids. Secondary treatment is widely used in sewage treatment and is also applicable to many agricultural and
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1637:. George Tchobanoglous, Franklin L. Burton, H. David Stensel, Metcalf & Eddy (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. 2003.
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also have skimmers to simultaneously remove floating grease such as soap scum and solids such as feathers, wood chips, or
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167:(or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove
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Wastewater from an industrial process can be converted at a treatment plant to solids and treated water for reuse.
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that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing
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by various proprietary technologies and reverse osmosis membrane filtration using disc tube module technology.
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are other names for domestic wastewater. For industrial wastewater, treatment takes place in a separate
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can be another by-product if the process uses anaerobic treatment. Treated wastewater can be reused as
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may have lower operational costs for seasonal use conditions from breeding or harvest cycles. Animal
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and concentrations remaining after biochemical oxidation. Disinfection by chemical oxidation kills
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through oxidation and reduction reactions. Chemical oxidation is widely used for disinfection.
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191:. There are a high number of sewage treatment processes to choose from. These can range from
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treat approximately 74% of their sewage, developing countries treat an average of just 4.2%.
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1462:(Report). Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2004. EPA 832-R-04-001.
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Jones, Edward R.; van Vliet, Michelle T. H.; Qadir, Manzoor; Bierkens, Marc F. P. (2021).
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in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in
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adjustment minimizes chemical reactivity of wastewater following chemical oxidation.
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and in rural areas with low population densities, sewage is often treated by various
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944:"wastewater treatment | Process, History, Importance, Systems, & Technologies"
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Primary settling tank of wastewater treatment plant in
Dresden-Kaditz, Germany
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1399:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021-08-11.
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482:. Treatment options include: biological treatment, mechanical treatment by
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removes remaining contaminants and impurities by chemical absorption onto
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199:) which convey the sewage to a treatment plant. For cities that have a
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Tchobanoglous, George; Burton, Franklin L.; Stensel, H. David (2003).
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process at the wastewater treatment plant in
Dresden-Kaditz, Germany
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Converting wastewater into an effluent for return to the water cycle
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Diagram of a typical surface-aerated basin for wastewater treatment
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1416:. E. Joe Middlebrooks, Ronald W. Crites. New York: McGraw-Hill.
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of wastewater, and may reduce the toxicity of some impurities.
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119041214
1315:
Metcalf & Eddy
Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse
1290:
Metcalf & Eddy
Wastewater Engineering: treatment and reuse
1067:
Metcalf & Eddy
Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse
976:
Metcalf & Eddy
Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse
449:
are sometimes used to facilitate treatment of animal wastes.
445:
before disposal by spray or trickle application to grassland.
2565:
1682:"Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in Wastewater Treatment"
1581:"Applications of Advanced Oxidation for Wastewater Treatment"
1383:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
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1232:
1223:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2788:
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709:(mostly biological wastewater treatment) is the removal of
560:
or polishing. Grease and oil may be recovered for fuel or
231:
systems and not conveyed in sewers. These systems include
1609:"Water Disinfection - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1503:
Mineral
Processing Design and Operations (Second Edition)
772:
consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g.
645:
are specifically designed to separate non-polar liquids.
187:
from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated
732:
suitable for the intended disposal or reuse option. A "
109:
The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to mean "
1385:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1225:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1116:
1114:
617:
differences are sufficient to overcome dispersion by
1348:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
1188:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
3000:
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2395:
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2157:
1954:
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1588:
Dept. Of Civil & Environmental Engineering, WPI
1547:
Physicochemical processes for water quality control
609:, grit, and sand may be removed from wastewater by
2434:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1460:Primer for Municipal Waste water Treatment Systems
1413:Natural systems for waste management and treatment
460:which is not controlled through a treatment plant.
1634:Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse
1097:. New Delhi: New Age International. p. 299.
784:, soaps and detergent) while reproducing to form
478:treatment plants are used to treat leachate from
1288:Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003).
1094:Environmental Pollution Monitoring And Control
970:
968:
966:
964:
867:Sewage treatment § Fourth treatment stage
125:Types of wastewater treatment plants include:
2581:
1760:
1497:Gupta, Ashok; Yan, Denis, eds. (2016-01-01),
978:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2003.
552:Phase separation transfers impurities into a
490:filters, electrochemical treatment including
8:
1475:Smart Materials for Waste Water Applications
724:. The aim is to achieve a certain degree of
183:from raw sewage discharges. Sewage contains
914:List of largest wastewater treatment plants
682:Biochemical oxidation (secondary treatment)
2588:
2574:
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1767:
1753:
1745:
1292:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
54:is a process which removes and eliminates
44:(a type of wastewater treatment plant) in
1705:
1505:, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 563–628,
1363:
1264:
1203:
1146:
1024:
919:List of wastewater treatment technologies
598:Sewage treatment § Primary treatment
548:are widely used for wastewater treatment.
504:List of wastewater treatment technologies
404:that may be contaminated by chemicals in
847:Anaerobic wastewater treatment processes
748:(BOD). These processes are performed by
376:Agricultural wastewater treatment plants
140:Agricultural wastewater treatment plants
2464:High-level radioactive waste management
1680:Deng, Yang; Zhao, Renzun (2015-09-01).
935:
1658:
625:of solids is the primary treatment of
441:are usually treated by containment in
396:agenda for controlling pollution from
271:Industrial wastewater treatment plants
135:Industrial wastewater treatment plants
1539:
1537:
1535:
1317:(4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
429:. Where land is available for ponds,
308:. Most industrial processes, such as
7:
2479:Sewage regulation and administration
98:another wastewater treatment plant.
1397:"Pollution Prevention Case Studies"
2977:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
1511:10.1016/B978-0-444-63589-1.00016-2
25:
2847:Agricultural wastewater treatment
1499:"Chapter 16 - Gravity Separation"
716:(in solution or suspension) from
649:Biological and chemical processes
390:Agricultural wastewater treatment
383:Agricultural wastewater treatment
88:Agricultural wastewater treatment
3091:
3090:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2459:Extended producer responsibility
1945:
1732:
1597:from the original on 2017-08-29.
1550:. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
1378:
1218:
1127:Science of the Total Environment
1005:Science of the Total Environment
898:
776:, fats, and organic short-chain
687:This section is an excerpt from
666:converts organic compounds into
381:This section is an excerpt from
355:, pharmaceutical manufacturing,
276:This section is an excerpt from
156:This section is an excerpt from
2907:Industrial wastewater treatment
2877:Decentralized wastewater system
2017:Mechanical biological treatment
1446:"Landfills Effluent Guidelines"
1148:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165185
1026:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165185
594:Sedimentation (water treatment)
293:Industrial wastewater treatment
278:Industrial wastewater treatment
84:Industrial wastewater treatment
62:. It thus converts it into an
1:
2927:Rotating biological contactor
1070:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
812:persistent organic pollutants
335:Most industries produce some
203:, the sewers will also carry
808:Advanced oxidation processes
780:molecules from human waste,
66:that can be returned to the
2469:History of waste management
3144:
2992:Wastewater treatment plant
2759:Adsorbable organic halides
2057:fluorescent lamp recycling
1410:Reed, Sherwood C. (1988).
864:
803:Advanced oxidation process
800:
686:
591:
574:wastewater treatment plant
501:
468:
380:
327:volatile organic compounds
275:
155:
78:. Municipal wastewater or
29:
18:Wastewater Treatment Plant
3128:Environmental engineering
3086:
2764:Biochemical oxygen demand
2512:
1943:
1707:10.1007/s40726-015-0015-z
1686:Current Pollution Reports
1544:Weber, Walter J. (1972).
1352:Water Intelligence Online
1346:Von Sperling, M. (2007).
1245:Earth System Science Data
1192:Water Intelligence Online
1186:Von Sperling, M. (2007).
746:biochemical oxygen demand
660:biochemical oxygen demand
471:Leachate § Treatment
465:Leachate treatment plants
454:nonpoint source pollution
321:or into rivers, lakes or
145:Leachate treatment plants
117:Types of treatment plants
2439:China's waste import ban
1266:10.5194/essd-13-237-2021
832:chlorine or hypochlorite
810:are used to remove some
213:biological oxygen demand
2952:Sewage sludge treatment
2892:Fecal sludge management
2852:API oil–water separator
2819:Wastewater surveillance
1800:Agricultural wastewater
1477:, Wiley-Scrivener 2016
948:Encyclopedia Britannica
643:API oil-water separator
564:. Solids often require
357:pulp and paper industry
329:) or nutrients such as
306:sewage treatment plants
151:Sewage treatment plants
130:Sewage treatment plants
2809:Total suspended solids
2804:Total dissolved solids
2769:Chemical oxygen demand
2524:Environment portal
2202:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2092:water recycling shower
1665:: CS1 maint: others (
1091:Khopkar, S.M. (2004).
790:industrial wastewaters
730:sewage treatment plant
704:
658:Oxidation reduces the
641:. Containers like the
584:
549:
517:through separation of
513:
367:, water treatment and
345:oil and gas extraction
289:
267:
241:on-site sewage systems
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42:Sewage treatment plant
2676:Industrial wastewater
1892:Municipal solid waste
1872:Industrial wastewater
1613:www.sciencedirect.com
1365:10.2166/9781780402086
1205:10.2166/9781780402086
865:Further information:
699:This small secondary
698:
592:Further information:
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427:industrial wastewater
287:
261:
252:high-income countries
193:decentralized systems
189:industrial wastewater
40:
3018:Groundwater recharge
2087:water heat recycling
1992:Garden waste dumping
1741:at Wikimedia Commons
1739:Wastewater treatment
762:treatment technology
720:or similar kinds of
447:Constructed wetlands
400:operations and from
310:petroleum refineries
262:Aeration tank of an
225:developing countries
52:Wastewater treatment
46:La Crosse, Wisconsin
2932:Secondary treatment
2917:Membrane bioreactor
2872:Constructed wetland
2671:Infiltration/Inflow
2454:Eco-industrial park
2042:appliance recycling
1962:Anaerobic digestion
1907:Post-consumer waste
1805:Biodegradable waste
1698:2015CPolR...1..167D
1257:2021ESSD...13..237J
1139:2023ScTEn.89565185T
1017:2023ScTEn.89565185T
842:Anaerobic treatment
707:Secondary treatment
689:Secondary treatment
664:Secondary treatment
435:facultative lagoons
209:secondary treatment
3097:Category: Sewerage
3058:Septic drain field
3023:Infiltration basin
2967:Stabilization pond
2887:Facultative lagoon
2751:Quality indicators
2631:Blackwater (waste)
2611:Acid mine drainage
2499:Waste minimisation
2444:Cleaner production
2109:Reusable packaging
2022:Mechanical sorting
1825:Construction waste
1579:BERGENDAHL, JOHN.
1473:Ajay Kumar Mishra
1448:. EPA. 2018-03-16.
950:. October 29, 2020
874:Chemical reduction
797:Chemical oxidation
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623:Gravity separation
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492:electrocoagulation
349:petroleum refining
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229:on-site sanitation
94:treatment plants.
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2882:Extended aeration
2829:Treatment options
2779:Oxygen saturation
2626:Blackwater (coal)
2604:Sources and types
2563:
2562:
2494:Waste legislation
2403:Sanitation worker
2377:London Convention
2313:Bamako Convention
2104:Resource recovery
2072:textile recycling
2067:plastic recycling
2047:battery recycling
1987:Ecological design
1912:Radioactive waste
1737:Media related to
1520:978-0-444-63589-1
1104:978-81-224-1507-0
1077:978-0-07-112250-4
824:hydroxyl radicals
760:depending on the
758:anaerobic process
738:settleable solids
734:primary treatment
554:non-aqueous phase
486:, treatment with
443:anaerobic lagoons
365:oil contamination
72:water reclamation
16:(Redirected from
3135:
3094:
3093:
3013:Evaporation pond
3001:Disposal options
2972:Trickling filter
2957:Sewage treatment
2857:Carbon filtering
2837:Activated sludge
2590:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2387:OSPAR Convention
2318:Basel Convention
2129:Waste collection
2119:Sewage treatment
2077:timber recycling
2052:bottle recycling
2032:Reclaimed lumber
2027:Photodegradation
1949:
1867:Industrial waste
1835:Electronic waste
1830:Demolition waste
1810:Biomedical waste
1784:waste management
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1736:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1494:
1488:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1236:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1150:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1028:
996:
990:
989:
972:
959:
958:
956:
955:
940:
908:
903:
902:
886:activated carbon
882:Carbon filtering
537:Phase separation
264:activated sludge
165:Sewage treatment
158:Sewage treatment
111:sewage treatment
76:Sewage Treatment
32:Sewage treatment
21:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3123:Water pollution
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3082:
3048:Reclaimed water
2996:
2922:Reverse osmosis
2823:
2745:
2711:Reverse osmosis
2636:Boiler blowdown
2599:
2594:
2564:
2559:
2535:Category: Waste
2516:
2508:
2489:Waste hierarchy
2422:
2413:Waste collector
2391:
2382:Oslo Convention
2301:
2153:
2149:Waste-to-energy
2144:Waste treatment
2114:Right to repair
2012:Landfill mining
1997:Illegal dumping
1950:
1941:
1902:Packaging waste
1897:Open defecation
1857:Hazardous waste
1786:
1773:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1657:
1645:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1558:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1424:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1058:
998:
997:
993:
986:
974:
973:
962:
953:
951:
942:
941:
937:
932:
924:Water treatment
904:
897:
894:
869:
863:
844:
805:
799:
794:
793:
692:
684:
656:
651:
633:. More complex
631:settling basins
600:
590:
539:
506:
500:
484:ultrafiltration
473:
467:
462:
461:
431:settling basins
398:confined animal
394:farm management
386:
378:
373:
372:
369:wood preserving
312:, chemical and
281:
273:
256:
255:
181:water pollution
161:
153:
119:
104:reclaimed water
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3073:Surface runoff
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Sanitary sewer
3050:
3045:
3043:Marine outfall
3040:
3038:Marine dumping
3035:
3030:
3028:Injection well
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Combined sewer
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Settling basin
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Aerated lagoon
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2774:Coliform index
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Sanitary sewer
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Produced water
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Combined sewer
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2526:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Street sweeper
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2292:United Kingdom
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:tire recycling
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:land recycling
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Biodegradation
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:Surface runoff
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Chemical waste
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1728:
1727:External links
1725:
1722:
1721:
1692:(3): 167–176.
1672:
1643:
1624:
1600:
1571:
1556:
1531:
1519:
1489:
1466:
1451:
1437:
1422:
1402:
1388:
1338:
1323:
1305:
1298:
1280:
1251:(2): 237–254.
1228:
1178:
1110:
1103:
1083:
1076:
1056:
991:
984:
960:
934:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
921:
916:
910:
909:
893:
890:
862:
859:
843:
840:
818:and microbial
801:Main article:
798:
795:
750:microorganisms
742:organic matter
714:organic matter
693:
685:
683:
680:
668:carbon dioxide
655:
652:
650:
647:
589:
586:
562:saponification
538:
535:
499:
498:Unit processes
496:
469:Main article:
466:
463:
458:surface runoff
402:surface runoff
387:
379:
377:
374:
353:petrochemicals
298:sanitary sewer
282:
274:
272:
269:
221:sustainability
201:combined sewer
175:to produce an
162:
154:
152:
149:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
118:
115:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3140:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Sedimentation
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Sewage sludge
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Cooling water
2654:
2652:
2651:Cooling tower
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Ballast water
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2555:Organizations
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Landfill fire
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:EU directives
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2297:United States
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Waste sorting
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Marine debris
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1644:0-07-041878-0
1640:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:0-471-92435-0
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1423:0-07-051521-2
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:0-07-041878-0
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1299:0-07-041878-0
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
985:0-07-112250-8
981:
977:
971:
969:
967:
965:
961:
949:
945:
939:
936:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
901:
896:
891:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
849:(for example
848:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:in a managed
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:quality in a
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:
711:biodegradable
708:
702:
697:
690:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
653:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
588:Sedimentation
587:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
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527:sedimentation
525:, usually by
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418:crop residues
415:
414:animal slurry
411:
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366:
363:, industrial
362:
361:textile mills
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341:food industry
338:
334:
332:
328:
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314:petrochemical
311:
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302:surface water
299:
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279:
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235:connected to
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43:
39:
33:
19:
3078:Vacuum sewer
2962:Sewer mining
2912:Ion exchange
2862:Chlorination
2828:
2784:Heavy metals
2741:Urban runoff
2681:Ion exchange
2661:Fecal sludge
2427:Other topics
2418:Waste picker
2345:incineration
2124:Urban mining
2002:Incineration
1982:Durable good
1927:Sharps waste
1887:Mining waste
1689:
1685:
1675:
1633:
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:
1587:
1574:
1546:
1524:, retrieved
1502:
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1008:
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975:
952:. Retrieved
947:
938:
906:Water portal
870:
845:
806:
744:measured as
657:
601:
551:
515:
474:
388:
359:, smelters,
291:
237:drain fields
233:septic tanks
223:aspects. In
217:
205:urban runoff
169:contaminants
163:
124:
120:
110:
108:
96:
56:contaminants
51:
50:
3068:Storm drain
3063:Sewage farm
2987:Vermifilter
2942:Septic tank
2902:Imhoff tank
2799:Temperature
2706:Return flow
2696:Papermaking
2449:Downcycling
2396:Occupations
2365:waste water
2262:Switzerland
2252:South Korea
2242:New Zealand
2167:Afghanistan
2139:Waste trade
2099:Repurposing
1937:Toxic waste
1917:Scrap metal
1852:Green waste
1815:Brown waste
1792:Major types
245:vermifilter
68:water cycle
3118:Sanitation
3112:Categories
3033:Irrigation
2897:Filtration
2597:Wastewater
2504:Zero waste
2306:Agreements
2237:Kazakhstan
2192:Bangladesh
1977:Composting
1862:Heat waste
1847:Food waste
1840:by country
1618:2023-03-02
1526:2020-11-30
1483:111904118X
1133:: 165185.
1011:: 165185.
954:2020-11-04
930:References
822:by adding
782:food waste
722:wastewater
635:clarifiers
619:turbulence
566:dewatering
546:Clarifiers
502:See also:
422:irrigation
410:pesticides
406:fertilizer
337:wastewater
185:wastewater
60:wastewater
2867:Clarifier
2814:Turbidity
2666:Greywater
2484:Upcycling
2350:landfills
2340:framework
2333:Recycling
2328:batteries
2257:Sri Lanka
2217:Hong Kong
2182:Australia
2159:Countries
2037:Recycling
1955:Processes
1776:Biosolids
1716:2198-6592
1661:cite book
1374:1476-1777
1275:1866-3508
1214:1476-1777
1173:259296091
1157:0048-9697
1051:259296091
1035:0048-9697
861:Polishing
820:pathogens
701:clarifier
676:biosolids
654:Oxidation
558:oxidation
480:landfills
2794:Salinity
2686:Leachate
2621:Bathroom
2545:Journals
2360:vehicles
2282:Thailand
2272:Tanzania
2007:Landfill
1967:Balefill
1653:48053912
1592:Archived
1432:16087827
1333:48053912
1165:37385512
1043:37385512
892:See also
826:such as
816:bacteria
770:protozoa
766:Bacteria
726:effluent
605:such as
476:Leachate
439:slurries
300:or to a
197:sewerage
177:effluent
92:leachate
64:effluent
2721:Septage
2212:Georgia
2187:Belgium
2177:Armenia
2172:Albania
1694:Bibcode
1253:Bibcode
1135:Bibcode
1013:Bibcode
754:aerobic
639:condoms
615:density
611:gravity
531:biofilm
523:liquids
331:ammonia
243:(OSS),
3095:
2736:Toilet
2726:Sewage
2691:Manure
2533:
2287:Turkey
2277:Taiwan
2247:Russia
2227:Israel
2197:Brazil
1922:Sewage
1877:Litter
1782:, and
1714:
1651:
1641:
1566:389818
1564:
1554:
1517:
1481:
1430:
1420:
1372:
1331:
1321:
1296:
1273:
1212:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1101:
1074:
1049:
1041:
1033:
982:
778:carbon
774:sugars
718:sewage
674:, and
627:sewage
607:stones
603:Solids
570:sludge
519:solids
323:oceans
319:sewers
173:sewage
100:Biogas
80:sewage
2641:Brine
2550:Lists
2540:Index
2267:Syria
2232:Japan
2222:India
2207:Egypt
1780:waste
1595:(PDF)
1584:(PDF)
1169:S2CID
1047:S2CID
836:salts
828:ozone
786:cells
672:water
613:when
572:in a
521:from
456:from
392:is a
171:from
58:from
2982:UASB
2370:WEEE
2355:RoHS
1712:ISSN
1667:link
1649:OCLC
1639:ISBN
1562:OCLC
1552:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1428:OCLC
1418:ISBN
1370:ISSN
1329:OCLC
1319:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1271:ISSN
1210:ISSN
1161:PMID
1153:ISSN
1099:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1039:PMID
1031:ISSN
980:ISBN
855:EGSB
851:UASB
768:and
596:and
433:and
351:and
90:and
1702:doi
1507:doi
1360:doi
1261:doi
1200:doi
1143:doi
1131:895
1021:doi
1009:895
876:or
756:or
568:of
420:or
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