4007:
5324:
158:
2249:. Words functioning as initiators, agents, experiencers of transitive verbs and the single argument of an intransitive verb take the nominative case. If the noun stem to which this suffix is added happens to ends with a vowel, the stem-final vowel is dropped or changed. Otherwise, adding the nominative suffix does not change the stem. The examples below illustrate the contrast.
3554:
with
Spanish has influenced Wappo's sound structure and vocabulary. As listed above in the consonant section, /f/, /d/, /g/, /r/ and /rʼ/ are used for Spanish borrowings. Many of the first words borrowed from Spanish into Wappo referred to items that were traded. In some cases, words may have been
373:
The transcription style (bolded symbols below) is based on Sawyer's work with
Somersal, with further interpretation by Thompson, Park and Li. Thompson et al. propose that Wappo has three types of stops: plain, aspirated and glottalized. Stops plus /h/ are therefore treated as single aspirated stops.
1096:
and future. Each verb root takes at least two forms to which suffixes are added. The form used depends on the tense. The forms themselves are determined by the verb's semantic class, which is basically determined by the habitual/progressive suffix used. Specific suffixes result in changes to the
1390:
Prefixes are also added to verb phrases. There are speaker-oriented directional prefixes which are grouped into two classes, depending on whether the motion of the verb is directed at or away from the speaker. In narrative contexts, the direction may refer to a character. For example, two
1063:
Nouns can be divided into human and non-human classes, which is relevant for pluralization. Human nouns are consistently inflected for plurality, but non-human nouns do not have to be inflected for plurality, even when their reference is in fact plural. For example,
287:
Wappo has five vowel qualities, but the literature is inconsistent as to whether a length distinction exists. In his Wappo lexicon, Sawyer transcribes long vowels, but
Thompson et al., who worked with the same speaker, report that they did not hear any long vowels.
1603:
Wappo allows for more freedom in word order in complement clauses, especially when they have first person subjects. All three sentences below are acceptable translations of "I know that the man caught a fish".
3085:
The particle is usually at the end of the sentence, but as the example below demonstrates, it is not always sentence-final. Its location depends on the composition of the verb phrase.
4376:
3578:
While contact with
English has not greatly influenced Wappo's lexicon, it has influenced its syntax. Thompson et al. cite the sentences below as examples of an expanded use of the
4403:
270:
in 1965 and continued to study Wappo grammar throughout his life. Other linguists who have contributed to the study of Wappo include
William E. Elmendorf, Alice Shepherd,
4451:
1120:
Thompson et al. provide the following examples of tense/aspect categories. The relevant forms are bolded, and all of the forms follow Sawyer's transcription style.
4385:
3770:
While Wappo has a predicate-final structure, question words are clause-initial in most cases. This is unexpected, and possibly resulting from
English influence.
5370:
226:. The last fluent speaker, Laura Fish Somersal, died in 1990. The loss of this language is attributed to the general use of English in schools and workplaces.
3555:
borrowed from other
American Indian languages in contact with Spanish, rather than directly from Spanish. Below are two examples of borrowings from Spanish.
2175:. Patients, arguments of transitive verbs that are patient-like, all subjects in dependent clauses and single arguments in copulas take the accusative case.
5360:
5355:
168:
2164:
Wappo has a rich case system which uses suffixes to mark cases. In the examples below, the words relevant to the case being discussed are in boldface.
4151:
2871:
To mark yes–no questions, a question particle, /hVʔ/, is added after the verb. It does not have to directly follow the verb. The particle's vowel
5375:
4444:
4356:
4296:
4277:
4258:
4134:
4090:
4033:
4415:
900:
4230:
Radin, Paul. 1929. A grammar of the Wappo language. University of
California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 27:1-194.
914:
4400:
4478:
727:
5350:
5328:
4437:
773:
645:
338:
180:
5236:
2875:
with the vowel that precedes it. In all of the examples below, the question word is glossed as "Q" and is also in boldface.
761:
633:
345:
144:
1913:
In noun phrases, demonstrative and genitive modifiers precede the noun, while numerals and adjectives follow the noun.
1033:
If a word stem ends in a vowel and a suffix immediately following the stem begins with a vowel, one of those vowels is
291:
According to Radin, the following diphthongs occur in Wappo: /ao/, /ai/, /ɛo/, /ɛi/, /ɛu/, /ei/, /ɔi/, /iɛ/, and /ui/.
5297:
5192:
2172:
787:
715:
317:
5036:
4732:
4719:
3257:
Question words can also get case inflection, except in cases of inalienable possession, where no suffix is added.
926:
431:
359:
271:
4972:
3975:
1084:
Wappo also has rich inflectional and derivational morphology in its verb phrases. There are five categories of
92:
5110:
5041:
324:
190:
5072:
4460:
469:
4848:
5305:
4808:
4752:
4738:
4583:
4221:
Sawyer, Jesse O., "English-Wappo
Vocabulary" (Aug 25, 1965). UC Publications in Linguistics. Paper vol_43.
4160:
4006:
659:
563:
491:
4997:
4911:
4905:
4893:
4745:
4726:
4336:
4188:
4183:. United States. Bureau of American Ethonology. Bulletin,78. Bureau of American Ethnology. p. 219.
3937:
883:
827:
813:
4604:
4597:
4424:
4178:
4899:
4879:
4569:
4514:
4025:
2669:
975:
963:
949:
924:
912:
898:
866:
852:
825:
811:
785:
771:
759:
725:
713:
684:
672:
643:
631:
599:
585:
573:
561:
538:
524:
512:
500:
479:
467:
453:
441:
429:
240:
According to
Somersal, the English name for the people and language is derived from the Spanish word
5287:
5030:
4886:
4590:
4576:
4559:
746:
686:
674:
618:
612:
601:
540:
502:
420:
4343:(Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
5224:
5171:
5023:
4979:
4872:
4834:
4820:
4799:
4695:
4633:
4412:
1089:
977:
965:
951:
868:
854:
392:
382:
5011:
5241:
5088:
5059:
5046:
5017:
5005:
4965:
4955:
4918:
4773:
4712:
4706:
4640:
4381:
4352:
4292:
4273:
4254:
4130:
4086:
4029:
2466:
1408:
1085:
575:
514:
443:
407:
397:
2672:. (Inalienable possession is expressed through the juxtaposition of the two relevant nouns.)
5282:
5272:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5219:
5187:
5181:
5165:
5129:
5098:
5052:
4941:
4841:
4758:
4654:
4616:
4547:
4533:
4184:
3835:
3579:
3551:
2373:
2068:
587:
526:
455:
387:
234:
219:
211:
70:
49:
2618:
2117:
1117:
also occurs in certain situations, depending on the form of the root and the suffix added.
1030:
Glottal stops are inserted word-initially in words that would otherwise begin with a vowel.
5277:
5229:
5104:
5066:
4986:
4935:
4866:
4814:
4768:
4686:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4647:
4626:
4522:
4487:
4419:
4407:
4390:
2574:
2242:
2168:
1419:, is used to indicate that the speaker wishes something were true. The optative particle,
402:
84:
5365:
5176:
5117:
4930:
4924:
4861:
4827:
4763:
4701:
4540:
4503:
4496:
4323:. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 27:1-194.
940:
843:
700:
552:
136:
5344:
5139:
4854:
4786:
4779:
4527:
4049:
2872:
2760:
2661:
1412:
230:
223:
39:
1037:. In most cases, the vowel at the beginning of the suffix is deleted. For example,
5077:
481:
266:
published the first texts on Wappo grammar in the 1920s. Jesse O. Sawyer published
63:
4307:
4203:
2400:
4395:
2275:
1001:
299:
157:
149:
1105:. This occurs in the imperative for "sleep", in which the stem is changed from
374:
Sawyer notes that /f/, /d/, /g/, /r/ and /rʼ/ are used for Spanish borrowings.
4316:
3999:
1114:
1093:
796:
311:
304:
263:
53:
3994:
997:
889:
802:
740:
353:
332:
129:
113:
4429:
120:
3788:
3186:
3139:
3046:
2957:
2891:
2605:
2410:
1042:
198:
186:
3846:
3698:
3620:
3494:
3406:
3200:
3026:
2971:
2682:
2589:
2481:
2309:
2213:
2079:
2013:
1950:
1868:
1714:
1612:
1444:
1299:
1285:
1101:
is added to the root of verbs occurring with the rare imperative suffix
2278:, which is used to indicate the recipient or direction, is marked with
1506:
1034:
414:
194:
4251:
American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America
3356:
2818:
2332:
1399:"toward speaker". Non-speaker-oriented directional prefixes include
253:
165:
4333:
Sawyer, Jesse O., "Wappo studies" (1984). Survey Reports. Report #7.
996:
Wappo word stress is predictable, in that the first syllable of the
4347:
Thompson, Sandra A.; Park, Joseph Sung-Yul; Li, Charles N. (2006).
4125:
Thompson, Sandra A.; Park, Joseph Sung-Yul; Li, Charles N. (2006).
3524:
1371:
1261:
3970:
3711:
3610:
215:
4372:
3850:
3792:
3686:
3624:
3484:
3410:
3337:
3297:
3278:
3238:
3190:
3143:
2990:
2961:
2895:
2788:
2728:
2593:
2485:
2469:, used with intensive reflexives and instruments, is marked with
2414:
2299:
2143:
2083:
2017:
1872:
1718:
1616:
1561:
1448:
1289:
2515:
4433:
3129:
3066:
3002:
2933:
2702:
2424:
2183:
1968:
1921:
1816:
1754:
1626:
1535:
1517:
4330:(Aug 25, 1965). UC Publications in Linguistics. Paper vol. 43.
2637:
246:, meaning "handsome" or "brave". The people called themselves
218:
tribe, Native Americans who lived in what is now known as the
4159:. University of California Press. p. 106. Archived from
2322:
3869:
3830:
In another potential example of English influence, the word
3811:
3748:
3658:
3513:
3219:
2921:
2549:
2443:
1858:
1796:
1668:
1587:
1351:
1247:
1333:
229:
Wappo is generally believed to be distantly related to the
1407:, meaning "accidentally". Wappo also includes pre-verbal
197:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3892:
3738:
3446:
3376:
3117:
2838:
2352:
2051:
1898:
1744:
1694:
1490:
3398:
Question words can also be used as indefinite pronouns.
3036:
2203:
1509:-initial structures are acceptable, albeit less common.
4377:
Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation
3168:
Question words are usually located clause-initially.
4022:
Flutes of fire: essays on California Indian languages
3763:
DEM basket -NOM 1SG -BENEF very hard -STAT weave -INF
3582:that could have arisen from contact with English.
5296:
5265:
5212:
5205:
5155:
5127:
5086:
4996:
4953:
4798:
4685:
4614:
4557:
4513:
4486:
4477:
1004:. In the examples below, the accent marks stress.
143:
127:
111:
106:
81:
69:
59:
45:
35:
21:
4052:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
2380:. It is used to mark whom the action benefits.
4238:BENEF:benefactive case DIR:directional prefixes
1423:, is translated as "could", "can", or "should".
4386:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1211:-ya:miʔ (more certain) and -siʔ (less certain)
4396:OLAC resources in and about the Wappo language
4291:. New York : Cambridge University Press.
4268:Sturtevant, William C.; Goddard, Ives (1996).
4445:
4306:Powers, Stephen; Powell, John Wesley (1877).
4202:Powers, Stephen; Powell, John Wesley (1877).
241:
8:
4270:Handbook of North American Indians Languages
2668:. It can only be used in constructions with
1907:DEM man fish catch - PST 1SG:NOM know - STAT
1805:1SG:NOM know - STAT DEM man fish catch - PST
1703:1SG:NOM DEM man fish catch - PST know - STAT
1415:mood particles. The desiderative particle,
4253:. New York : Oxford University Press.
3838:, and its meaning is adapted as "have to".
274:, Joseph Sung-Yul Park, and Charles N. Li.
247:
75:1990, with the death of Laura Fish Somersal
27:
5209:
4483:
4452:
4438:
4430:
4067:Sawyer, Jesse O., "Wappo studies" (1984).
3766:"this basket was very hard for me to make"
1045:suffix, has the surface representation of
1021:Wappo does not make distinctions in tone.
376:
156:
18:
4217:
4215:
4050:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2763:, which is marked with suffixes such as
1436:Wappo has a predicate-final word order.
1383:1SG:NOM 3SG pot break - CAUS - PST - NEG
1122:
293:
169:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3987:
3674:coffee - BENEF 1SG:NOM water boil - PST
3391:what -NOM house -on:top-DIR- fall -STAT
2854:what -NOM house -on:top DIR- fall -STAT
2581:and is used to indicate accompaniment.
1092:: habitual/progressive, stative, past,
191:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4413:Wappo Indians of Napa County: Language
233:. It is distinguished by influence of
164:Wappo is classified as Extinct by the
4289:The Languages of Native North America
4180:Handbook of the Indians of California
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3948:
2152:1SG:NOM coffee sugar - COM want - DUR
1904:ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ ah haṭis - khiʔ
1802:ah haṭis - khiʔ ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ
1700:ah ce k'ew ew ṭ'oh - taʔ haṭis - khiʔ
1386:"I didn’t make him/her break the pot"
1041:, which is the root "weave" plus the
7:
5371:History of Sonoma County, California
3250:where 2SG:NOM 1SG sit -INF want -DUR
2566:3SG:NOM knife - INST bear kill - PST
2458:who- BEN 2SG:NOM DEM basket make-PST
2057:hinta hopoka ah k'ešu mehlahi - khiʔ
1499:3SG:NOM Indian language learn - STAT
3924:1SG:NOM go -INF have -STAT just now
2569:"s/he killed the bear with a knife"
2461:"who did you make that basket for?"
1226:Negatives are marked by the suffix
5361:Extinct languages of North America
5356:Indigenous languages of California
4401:Wappo, California Language Archive
4351:. University of California Press.
4341:Handbook of North American Indians
4312:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4208:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4129:. University of California Press.
4085:. University of California Press.
2365:bear -NOM 1SG -DAT DIR- come -STAT
2071:and adverbs come before the verb.
2060:day three 1SG:NOM deer hunt - STAT
14:
1502:"s/he's learning Indian language"
358:
344:
337:
323:
316:
16:Extinct language of North America
5323:
5322:
4005:
2155:"I want coffee with sugar in it"
2149:ah kaphe kawaču - k'a hak' - šeʔ
1599:"that fish, the man bought (it)"
1596:DEM fish DEM man - NOM buy - PST
1068:"Indians" has the plural suffix
214:language that was spoken by the
4321:A grammar of the Wappo language
2752:1SG - GEN tobacco - NOM missing
2063:"for three days, I was hunting"
1496:cephi onoʔšiʔ okel haṭel - khiʔ
5376:Languages extinct in the 1990s
4272:. Government Printing Office.
3547:Language contact and influence
3253:"where do you want me to sit?"
2945:already 2SG:NOM finish - PST Q
2368:"the bear is coming toward me"
1:
3159:"do you have any cigarettes?"
3156:tobacco have - STAT Q 2SG:NOM
2755:"I don’t have any cigarettes"
4425:A Reference Grammar of Wappo
4349:A Reference Grammar of Wappo
4127:A Reference Grammar of Wappo
4024:(2nd print., rev ed.).
3462:"s/he went to buy something"
1593:ce ew ce k'ew - i t'um - taʔ
1377:ah te oyaʔ keʔ - tis - ta -
985:
983:
971:
959:
957:
945:
934:
932:
920:
908:
906:
894:
878:
876:
874:
862:
860:
848:
837:
835:
833:
821:
819:
807:
781:
779:
767:
755:
753:
751:
735:
733:
721:
709:
707:
705:
694:
692:
680:
668:
666:
664:
653:
651:
639:
627:
625:
623:
607:
595:
593:
581:
569:
557:
546:
534:
532:
520:
508:
496:
475:
463:
461:
449:
437:
425:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
4083:California Indian Languages
3677:"I boiled water for coffee"
2948:"have you finished already?
1076:"apples" lacks the suffix.
5392:
4472:indicate extinct languages
3539:who -NOM 1SG see -PST- NEG
3459:3SG:NOM what go:buy - STAT
3388:čhuya -cawote- cewte -khiʔ
2245:is marked with the suffix
5318:
4467:
4287:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
3571:"rice" was borrowed from
3247:miʔ i yok' -okh hak' -šeʔ
2857:"what fell on the roof?"
1391:directional prefixes are
1186:"I dug many swamp-roots"
1143:13 different forms exist
882:
795:
739:
611:
413:
379:
357:
177:
155:
26:
4328:English-Wappo Vocabulary
3927:"I have to go right now"
3562:"pea" was borrowed from
3394:"what fell on the roof?"
2653:1SG:NOM 2SG -COM go -FUT
1395:"away from speaker" and
1097:verb stem, for example,
268:English-Wappo Vocabulary
256:, or name for them, was
4461:Languages of California
4339:(Ed.). (1978–present).
4249:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
4189:2027/mdp.39015006584174
4177:Kroeber, A. L. (1925).
4020:Hinton, Leanne (1996).
3164:Question-word questions
3014:2SG:NOM 1SG like -DUR Q
1403:, meaning "around" and
1220:" you'll cut yourself"
1203:"I've become a doctor"
248:
28:
5306:American Sign Language
4373:Wappo Language Project
4337:Sturtevant, William C.
4153:The Western Kuksu Cult
4081:Golla, Victor (2011).
1025:Phonological processes
242:
179:This article contains
4912:Southern Sierra Miwok
4906:Northern Sierra Miwok
3947:Russian River Wappo (
1140:Habitual/progressive
5351:Yuki–Wappo languages
4900:Central Sierra Miwok
4309:Tribes of California
4205:Tribes of California
4150:Loeb, E. M. (1932).
4026:Berkeley, California
3976:Yuki–Wappo languages
3823:who 2SG:NOM see -PST
2670:alienable possession
2455:miʔ ce takaʔ mes-taʔ
2266:"deer (singular)" →
2237:"that man is my son"
1135:English translation
5237:Californian Spanish
3836:deontic expressions
2234:DEM man COP 1SG son
1169:"my bird has died"
1152:"I eat acorn mush"
5225:California English
5156:Language isolates
4849:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
4835:Kings River Yokuts
4821:Buena Vista Yokuts
4418:2012-02-08 at the
4406:2013-07-04 at the
4326:Sawyer, Jesse O.,
3932:Regional variation
3834:"have" is used in
3826:"who did you see?"
3760:eniya c'iti -khi?
3536:i naw- ta -lahkhiʔ
2939:uh miʔ c'ey - taʔ
2656:"I’ll go with you"
5338:
5337:
5314:
5313:
5201:
5200:
4733:Southeastern Pomo
4720:Northeastern Pomo
4358:978-0-520-09854-1
4298:978-0-521-23228-9
4279:978-0-16-048774-3
4260:978-0-19-509427-5
4136:978-0-520-09854-1
4092:978-0-520-26667-4
4035:978-0-930588-62-5
4003:(25th ed., 2022)
3312:who -NOM win -DUR
3081:"is he your son?"
3078:3SG COP 2SG son Q
3017:"do you like me?"
2759:Wappo also has a
2467:instrumental case
2069:oblique arguments
2067:In verb phrases,
1224:
1223:
1180:ah leʔa mey-ocow
1011:"wild grape vine"
989:
988:
943:
892:
846:
805:
749:
703:
662:
621:
555:
494:
423:
366:
365:
260:("northerners").
205:
204:
187:rendering support
183:phonetic symbols.
5383:
5326:
5325:
5220:American English
5210:
5193:Plains Sign Talk
5158:and unclassified
4973:New River Shasta
4484:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4431:
4384:overview at the
4362:
4313:
4302:
4283:
4264:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4158:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4122:
4097:
4096:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4028:: Heyday Books.
4017:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3992:
3950:
3944:Clear Lake Wappo
3894:
3871:
3852:
3848:
3813:
3794:
3790:
3750:
3740:
3713:
3700:
3688:
3671:ah mey k'o - taʔ
3660:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3580:benefactive case
3552:Language contact
3526:
3515:
3496:
3486:
3448:
3412:
3408:
3378:
3358:
3339:
3315:"who’s winning?"
3299:
3280:
3240:
3221:
3202:
3192:
3188:
3149:luče neʔ - khiʔ
3145:
3141:
3131:
3119:
3068:
3048:
3038:
3028:
3008:miʔ i hak' -šeʔ
3004:
2992:
2973:
2963:
2959:
2935:
2923:
2897:
2893:
2867:Yes–no questions
2840:
2820:
2790:
2767:"away from" and
2730:
2704:
2684:
2639:
2620:
2607:
2595:
2591:
2563:chica ṭ'oh - taʔ
2551:
2517:
2487:
2483:
2445:
2426:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2374:benefactive case
2354:
2334:
2324:
2311:
2301:
2215:
2205:
2185:
2145:
2119:
2085:
2081:
2053:
2019:
2015:
1970:
1952:
1923:
1900:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1818:
1798:
1756:
1746:
1720:
1716:
1696:
1670:
1628:
1618:
1614:
1589:
1563:
1537:
1519:
1492:
1450:
1446:
1373:
1353:
1335:
1301:
1291:
1287:
1263:
1249:
1123:
981:
969:
955:
939:
930:
918:
904:
888:
872:
858:
842:
831:
817:
801:
791:
777:
765:
745:
731:
719:
699:
690:
678:
658:
649:
637:
617:
605:
591:
579:
567:
551:
544:
530:
518:
506:
490:
485:
473:
459:
447:
435:
419:
377:
362:
348:
341:
327:
320:
294:
251:
245:
235:Pomoan languages
220:Alexander Valley
171:
160:
139:
123:
116:
87:
50:Alexander Valley
31:
19:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5310:
5292:
5261:
5230:Chicano English
5197:
5191:
5157:
5151:
5123:
5111:Southern Patwin
5082:
5042:Northern Paiute
5031:Luiseño-Juaneño
4992:
4949:
4794:
4681:
4610:
4553:
4509:
4473:
4463:
4458:
4420:Wayback Machine
4408:Wayback Machine
4369:
4359:
4346:
4305:
4299:
4286:
4280:
4267:
4261:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4100:
4093:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4004:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3967:
3934:
3929:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3883:
3873:
3862:
3854:
3828:
3815:
3804:
3796:
3782:
3768:
3752:
3742:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3702:
3690:
3679:
3662:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3614:
3602:
3594:
3549:
3544:
3542:"nobody saw me"
3528:
3518:
3506:
3498:
3488:
3475:
3464:
3450:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3414:
3396:
3380:
3369:
3361:
3349:
3341:
3328:
3317:
3301:
3290:
3282:
3269:
3255:
3242:
3231:
3223:
3212:
3204:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3161:
3147:
3133:
3121:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3083:
3072:te ceʔ mi ek'a
3070:
3058:
3050:
3040:
3030:
3019:
3006:
2994:
2983:
2975:
2965:
2950:
2937:
2925:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2885:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2851:te- cewte -khiʔ
2842:
2831:
2823:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2781:
2757:
2740:
2732:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2694:
2686:
2664:is marked with
2658:
2641:
2630:
2622:
2609:
2597:
2577:is marked with
2575:comitative case
2571:
2553:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2507:
2499:
2489:
2463:
2447:
2436:
2428:
2418:
2404:
2392:
2376:is marked with
2370:
2356:
2345:
2337:
2326:
2313:
2303:
2292:
2270:"deer (plural)"
2243:nominative case
2239:
2225:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2169:accusative case
2162:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1982:te - meʔ č'ešma
1980:
1972:
1962:
1954:
1943:
1933:
1925:
1911:
1902:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1862:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1809:
1800:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1707:
1698:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1620:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1529:
1521:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1434:
1429:
1388:
1375:
1363:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1293:
1278:
1265:
1251:
1240:
1082:
1061:
1056:
1027:
994:
992:Stress and tone
371:
285:
280:
272:Sandra Thompson
185:Without proper
173:
172:
163:
135:
119:
112:
102:
88:
85:Language family
83:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5389:
5387:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5343:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5216:
5214:
5207:
5206:Non-Indigenous
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5135:
5133:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5102:
5094:
5092:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4961:
4959:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4902:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4828:Gashowu Yokuts
4824:
4812:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4490:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4410:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:Wappo language
4379:
4368:
4367:External links
4365:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4344:
4334:
4331:
4324:
4314:
4303:
4297:
4284:
4278:
4265:
4259:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4223:
4211:
4194:
4169:
4166:on 2019-12-06.
4142:
4135:
4098:
4091:
4073:
4069:Survey Reports
4055:
4041:
4034:
4012:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:Southern Wappo
3958:
3955:
3954:Northern Wappo
3952:
3951:Western Wappo)
3945:
3933:
3930:
3905:
3897:
3884:
3874:
3863:
3855:
3841:
3840:
3805:
3797:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3743:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3703:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3615:
3603:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3566:
3548:
3545:
3519:
3507:
3499:
3489:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3415:
3401:
3400:
3370:
3362:
3350:
3342:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3291:
3283:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3232:
3224:
3213:
3205:
3195:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3134:
3122:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3059:
3051:
3041:
3031:
3021:
3020:
2995:
2984:
2976:
2966:
2952:
2951:
2926:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2832:
2824:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2749:luč - i lakhiʔ
2733:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2695:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2631:
2623:
2610:
2598:
2584:
2583:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2508:
2500:
2490:
2476:
2475:
2437:
2429:
2419:
2405:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2362:te- laha -khiʔ
2346:
2338:
2327:
2314:
2304:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2161:
2158:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2074:
2073:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1973:
1963:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1863:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1709:
1708:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1621:
1607:
1606:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1530:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1364:
1356:
1346:
1338:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1294:
1280:
1279:
1252:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:yomtoʔ-iš-khiʔ
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1163:i-meʔ c'ic'-i
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:Wappo example
1130:
1127:
1081:
1078:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
993:
990:
987:
986:
984:
982:
970:
958:
956:
944:
936:
935:
933:
931:
919:
907:
905:
893:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
873:
861:
859:
847:
839:
838:
836:
834:
832:
820:
818:
806:
799:
793:
792:
780:
778:
766:
754:
752:
750:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
720:
708:
706:
704:
696:
695:
693:
691:
679:
667:
665:
663:
655:
654:
652:
650:
638:
626:
624:
622:
615:
609:
608:
606:
594:
592:
580:
568:
556:
548:
547:
545:
533:
531:
519:
507:
495:
487:
486:
474:
462:
460:
448:
436:
424:
417:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
370:
367:
364:
363:
356:
350:
349:
342:
335:
329:
328:
321:
314:
308:
307:
302:
297:
284:
281:
279:
276:
203:
202:
189:, you may see
175:
174:
162:
161:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
133:
125:
124:
117:
109:
108:
107:Language codes
104:
103:
101:
100:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5388:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5331:
5330:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5298:Sign language
5295:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:Indo-European
5211:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:Valley Yokuts
4853:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4809:Klamath-Modoc
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4753:Southern Pomo
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:Northern Pomo
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4170:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3957:Central Wappo
3956:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:t'um'i - khiʔ
3455:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2771:"on top of".
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:locative case
2756:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:genitive case
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1988:"his/her bed"
1986:
1985:3SG - GEN bed
1983:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1276:"did not eat"
1274:
1273:eat -PST -NEG
1271:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
991:
979:
974:
967:
962:
953:
948:
942:
938:
937:
928:
923:
916:
911:
902:
897:
891:
887:
885:
881:
870:
865:
856:
851:
845:
841:
840:
829:
824:
815:
810:
804:
800:
798:
794:
789:
784:
775:
770:
763:
758:
748:
744:
742:
738:
729:
724:
717:
712:
702:
698:
697:
688:
683:
676:
671:
661:
657:
656:
647:
642:
635:
630:
620:
616:
614:
610:
603:
598:
589:
584:
577:
572:
565:
560:
554:
550:
549:
542:
537:
528:
523:
516:
511:
504:
499:
493:
489:
488:
483:
478:
471:
466:
457:
452:
445:
440:
433:
428:
422:
418:
416:
412:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
375:
368:
361:
355:
352:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:
292:
289:
282:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
259:
255:
252:. The Pomoan
250:
244:
238:
236:
232:
231:Yuki language
227:
225:
224:San Francisco
221:
217:
213:
209:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
182:
176:
170:
167:
159:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:
110:
105:
99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
86:
80:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:United States
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5327:
5186:
5180:
5170:
5164:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5128:
5116:
5109:
5097:
5087:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5029:
5022:
5010:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4954:
4940:
4923:
4904:
4894:Plains Miwok
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4807:
4785:
4778:
4751:
4746:Central Pomo
4744:
4737:
4727:Eastern Pomo
4725:
4718:
4711:
4694:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4615:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4558:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4502:
4495:
4469:
4348:
4340:
4327:
4320:
4308:
4288:
4269:
4250:
4243:Bibliography
4237:
4226:
4204:
4197:
4179:
4172:
4161:the original
4152:
4145:
4126:
4082:
4076:
4071:. Report #7.
4068:
4044:
4021:
4015:
3998:
3990:
3936:Wappo had 5
3935:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3914:ah čoh -ukh
3913:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3845:
3842:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3820:miʔ naw -taʔ
3817:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3619:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3138:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2870:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2480:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2331:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:ceʔeʔ i ek'a
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2166:
2163:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2078:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1699:
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1420:
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1409:desiderative
1404:
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1396:
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1242:
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1234:
1227:
1225:
1216:ohk'eč'e-siʔ
1215:
1198:
1194:-iš and -eš
1181:
1164:
1147:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1083:
1073:
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710:
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372:
290:
286:
267:
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257:
239:
228:
207:
206:
178:
128:
97:
64:Wappo people
5073:Tübatulabal
4998:Uto Aztecan
4880:Coast Miwok
4391:Wappo Texts
4317:Radin, Paul
2276:dative case
2160:Case system
1191:Inchoative
1165:čhoʔel-khiʔ
1129:Suffix(es)
1017:"greyhound"
941:glottalized
884:Approximant
844:glottalized
701:glottalized
553:glottalized
193:instead of
5345:Categories
5288:Vietnamese
4887:Lake Miwok
4584:Purisimeño
4515:Athabaskan
4479:Indigenous
4000:Ethnologue
3982:References
2873:harmonizes
2358:chic -i i
1941:"this cat"
1432:Word order
1115:Epenthesis
1094:inchoative
1074:mansanaʔi
1066:onoʔšiʔ-te
1054:Morphology
369:Consonants
264:Paul Radin
93:Yuki–Wappo
54:California
5172:Chimariko
5024:Kitanemuk
4980:Okwanuchu
4873:Bay Miwok
4842:Palewyami
4696:Chimariko
4641:Ramaytush
4634:Chochenyo
4605:Ventureño
4598:Barbareño
4560:Chumashan
3938:varieties
3309:oyok' -eʔ
2862:Questions
1267:paʔ -ta -
1214:miʔ may'
1146:ah yekhe
1126:Category
1111:hintolik-
998:word stem
747:voiceless
741:Fricative
660:aspirated
619:voiceless
613:Affricate
492:aspirated
421:voiceless
278:Phonology
258:Ashochimi
222:north of
130:Glottolog
114:ISO 639-3
60:Ethnicity
5329:Category
5242:Armenian
5060:Tataviam
5047:Panamint
5018:Kawaiisu
5006:Cahuilla
4966:Konomihu
4800:Penutian
4774:Kumeyaay
4713:Atsugewi
4707:Achomawi
4570:Obispeño
4416:Archived
4404:Archived
4319:. 1929.
3965:See also
3921:maʔa heʔ
3832:neʔ-khiʔ
3564:chícharo
3521:-lahkhiʔ
3355:-on:top-
3352:-cawote-
2844:thal -i
2650:čo: -siʔ
2256:"boy" →
2173:unmarked
1935:he tonči
1466:language
1413:optative
1157:Stative
1043:durative
1002:stressed
393:Alveolar
199:Help:IPA
137:wapp1239
77:2 (1994)
5283:Tagalog
5273:Chinese
5257:Russian
5252:Punjabi
5247:Persian
5188:Takelma
5182:Salinan
5166:Esselen
5099:Nomlaki
5089:Wintuan
5053:Serrano
4956:Shastan
4942:Nisenan
4919:Maiduan
4759:Kashaya
4655:Awaswas
4591:Ineseño
4577:Cruzeño
4548:Wailaki
4534:Mattole
4470:Italics
4375:at the
3560:čičaloʔ
3093:tobacco
2883:already
2810:-on:top
2738:missing
2712:tobacco
2557:kuči:ya
2493:kuči:ya
2439:mes-taʔ
2258:pol'eʔi
2032:mehlahi
1938:DEM cat
1507:Patient
1455:onoʔšiʔ
1379:lahkhiʔ
1367:lahkhiʔ
1269:lahkhiʔ
1256:lahkhiʔ
1228:lahkhiʔ
1208:Future
1148:k'el-iʔ
1039:čoči-iʔ
415:Plosive
408:Glottal
398:Palatal
249:Micewal
212:extinct
195:Unicode
71:Extinct
29:Micewal
5278:Korean
5130:Yukian
5105:Patwin
5067:Tongva
5012:Cupeño
4987:Shasta
4936:Konkow
4815:Yokuts
4769:Mojave
4676:Chalon
4669:Rumsen
4662:Mutsun
4648:Tamyen
4627:Karkin
4617:Ohlone
4523:Tolowa
4355:
4295:
4276:
4257:
4133:
4089:
4032:
3949:a.k.a.
3592:coffee
3452:cephi
3430:go:buy
3427:t'um'i
2905:finish
2849:-cawoh
2806:-cawoh
2769:-cawoh
2735:lakhiʔ
2555:cephi
2434:basket
2260:"boys"
2254:pol'eʔ
2098:kawaču
2093:coffee
2002:hopoka
1975:č'ešma
1458:Indian
1427:Syntax
1182:el-taʔ
1160:-khiʔ
1107:hinto-
1090:aspect
1072:, but
1035:elided
1015:kálkuʔ
388:Dental
383:Labial
283:Vowels
254:exonym
210:is an
166:UNESCO
46:Region
5366:Wappo
5266:Asian
5177:Karuk
5146:Wappo
5118:Wintu
4931:Maidu
4925:Chico
4867:Miwok
4862:Wintu
4764:Washo
4702:Karuk
4687:Hokan
4541:Cahto
4504:Yurok
4497:Wiyot
4488:Algic
4164:(PDF)
4157:(PDF)
3995:Wappo
3971:Wappo
3919:-khiʔ
3887:-khiʔ
3734:-khi?
3726:c'iti
3718:eniya
3712:BENEF
3665:kaphe
3634:water
3611:BENEF
3588:kaphe
3573:arroz
3569:háros
3403:cephi
3372:-khiʔ
3364:cewte
3347:house
3344:čhuya
3285:oyok'
3178:where
2846:čhuya
2834:-khiʔ
2826:cewte
2800:house
2796:čhuya
2522:chica
2497:knife
2478:cephi
2471:-thiʔ
2442:make-
2431:takaʔ
2348:-khiʔ
2268:k'eši
2264:k'ešu
2200:ceʔeʔ
2101:sugar
2090:kaphe
2024:k'ešu
2005:three
1994:hinta
1928:tonči
1879:haṭis
1842:catch
1780:catch
1725:haṭis
1675:haṭis
1652:catch
1474:learn
1471:haṭel
1441:cephi
1317:break
1177:-taʔ
1174:Past
1099:-lik-
1086:tense
1080:Verbs
1059:Nouns
1047:čoči?
1009:méhwa
980:]
976:[
968:]
964:[
954:]
950:[
929:]
925:[
917:]
913:[
903:]
899:[
890:plain
871:]
867:[
857:]
853:[
830:]
826:[
816:]
812:[
803:plain
797:Nasal
790:]
786:[
776:]
772:[
764:]
760:[
730:]
726:[
718:]
714:[
689:]
685:[
677:]
673:[
648:]
644:[
636:]
632:[
604:]
600:[
590:]
586:[
578:]
574:[
566:]
562:[
543:]
539:[
529:]
525:[
517:]
513:[
505:]
501:[
484:]
480:[
472:]
468:[
458:]
454:[
446:]
442:[
434:]
430:[
403:Velar
300:Front
243:guapo
216:Wappo
208:Wappo
150:Wappo
98:Wappo
22:Wappo
5140:Yuki
5037:Mono
4787:Yahi
4780:Yana
4528:Hupa
4353:ISBN
4293:ISBN
4274:ISBN
4255:ISBN
4131:ISBN
4087:ISBN
4030:ISBN
3902:just
3899:maʔa
3893:STAT
3881:have
3865:-ukh
3807:-taʔ
3739:STAT
3729:hard
3721:very
3642:boil
3501:naw-
3454:thal
3447:STAT
3443:khiʔ
3422:what
3418:thal
3383:thal
3377:STAT
3367:fall
3326:what
3322:thal
3234:-šeʔ
3229:want
3226:hak'
3215:-okh
3207:yok'
3118:STAT
3114:khiʔ
3101:have
3090:luče
3053:ek'a
2986:-šeʔ
2981:like
2978:hak'
2902:c'ey
2839:STAT
2829:fall
2779:what
2776:thal
2666:-meʔ
2660:The
2648:-k'a
2633:-siʔ
2613:-k'a
2579:-k'a
2573:The
2561:thiʔ
2533:kill
2530:ṭ'oh
2525:bear
2516:INST
2511:thiʔ
2473:.
2465:The
2450:may-
2390:who-
2386:may-
2372:The
2360:-thu
2353:STAT
2343:come
2340:laha
2317:-thu
2290:bear
2287:chic
2282:.
2280:-thu
2274:The
2241:The
2229:k'ew
2220:ek'a
2191:k'ew
2167:The
2127:want
2124:hak'
2052:STAT
2048:khiʔ
2035:hunt
2027:deer
1899:STAT
1895:khiʔ
1882:know
1839:ṭ'oh
1834:fish
1823:k'ew
1777:ṭ'oh
1772:fish
1761:k'ew
1745:STAT
1741:khiʔ
1728:know
1695:STAT
1691:khiʔ
1678:know
1649:ṭ'oh
1644:fish
1633:k'ew
1568:t'um
1542:k'ew
1527:fish
1491:STAT
1487:khiʔ
1463:okel
1421:keye
1417:k'ah
1411:and
1334:CAUS
1306:oyaʔ
1103:-laʔ
728:t͡ʃʼ
716:t͡sʼ
687:t͡ʃʰ
675:t͡sʰ
312:High
305:Back
5078:Ute
4185:hdl
3997:at
3916:neʔ
3910:now
3907:heʔ
3877:neʔ
3870:INF
3857:čoh
3851:NOM
3847:1SG
3818:may
3812:PST
3802:see
3799:naw
3793:NOM
3789:2SG
3785:miʔ
3780:who
3776:may
3758:-ma
3749:INF
3706:-ma
3699:1SG
3687:NOM
3659:PST
3655:taʔ
3639:k'o
3631:mey
3625:NOM
3621:1SG
3531:may
3525:NEG
3514:PST
3504:see
3495:1SG
3485:NOM
3473:who
3469:may
3411:NOM
3407:3SG
3357:DIR
3338:NOM
3304:may
3298:DUR
3293:-eʔ
3288:win
3279:NOM
3267:who
3263:may
3245:iṭa
3239:DUR
3220:INF
3210:sit
3201:1SG
3191:NOM
3187:2SG
3183:miʔ
3174:iṭa
3153:miʔ
3151:hiʔ
3144:NOM
3140:2SG
3136:miʔ
3125:hiʔ
3098:neʔ
3074:haʔ
3062:haʔ
3056:son
3047:2SG
3037:COP
3033:ceʔ
3027:3SG
3010:heʔ
2998:heʔ
2991:DUR
2972:1SG
2962:NOM
2958:2SG
2954:miʔ
2941:haʔ
2929:haʔ
2922:PST
2918:taʔ
2896:NOM
2892:2SG
2888:miʔ
2819:DIR
2815:te-
2789:NOM
2765:-pi
2747:meʔ
2729:NOM
2709:luč
2703:GEN
2698:meʔ
2683:1SG
2643:ah
2638:FUT
2625:čo:
2619:COM
2606:2SG
2594:NOM
2590:1SG
2550:PST
2546:taʔ
2486:NOM
2482:3SG
2444:PST
2425:DEM
2415:NOM
2411:2SG
2407:miʔ
2401:BEN
2378:-ma
2333:DIR
2329:te-
2323:DAT
2310:1SG
2300:NOM
2227:ce
2223:son
2214:1SG
2204:COP
2195:man
2184:DEM
2171:is
2144:DUR
2140:šeʔ
2118:COM
2114:k'a
2084:NOM
2080:1SG
2018:NOM
2014:1SG
1997:day
1978:bed
1969:GEN
1965:meʔ
1951:3SG
1931:cat
1922:DEM
1873:NOM
1869:1SG
1859:PST
1855:taʔ
1826:man
1817:DEM
1797:PST
1793:taʔ
1764:man
1755:DEM
1719:NOM
1715:1SG
1669:PST
1665:taʔ
1636:man
1627:DEM
1617:NOM
1613:1SG
1588:PST
1584:taʔ
1571:buy
1562:NOM
1545:man
1536:DEM
1518:DEM
1449:NOM
1445:3SG
1405:pi-
1401:ho-
1397:te-
1393:ma-
1372:NEG
1352:PST
1330:tis
1314:keʔ
1309:pot
1300:3SG
1290:NOM
1286:1SG
1262:NEG
1248:PST
1243:-ta
1238:eat
1235:paʔ
1197:ah
1113:.
1109:to
1088:or
1070:-te
1000:is
646:t͡ʃ
634:t͡s
588:t̺ʼ
576:t̻ʼ
527:t̺ʰ
515:t̻ʰ
354:Low
333:Mid
181:IPA
145:ELP
121:wao
5347::
5185:,
5179:,
5175:,
5169:,
5143:,
4214:^
4101:^
4058:^
3940::
3860:go
3843:ah
3669:ma
3667:-
3617:ah
3606:ma
3534:-i
3509:ta
3479:-i
3386:-i
3332:-i
3307:-i
3273:-i
3043:mi
3023:te
2880:uh
2784:-i
2745:-
2645:mi
2628:go
2601:mi
2586:ah
2559:-
2453:ma
2421:ce
2396:ma
2295:-i
2247:-i
2180:ce
2076:ah
2010:ah
1947:te
1918:he
1865:ah
1831:ew
1813:ce
1769:ew
1751:ce
1711:ah
1641:ew
1623:ce
1609:ah
1532:ce
1524:ew
1514:ce
1348:ta
1296:te
1282:ah
1230:.
978:jʼ
973:yʼ
966:lʼ
961:lʼ
952:wʼ
947:wʼ
869:nʼ
864:nʼ
855:mʼ
850:mʼ
723:čʼ
711:cʼ
682:čh
670:ch
602:kʼ
597:kʼ
583:ṭʼ
571:tʼ
564:pʼ
559:pʼ
541:kʰ
536:kʰ
522:ṭʰ
510:tʰ
503:pʰ
498:pʰ
456:t̺
444:t̻
237:.
52:,
4453:e
4446:t
4439:v
4361:.
4301:.
4282:.
4263:.
4191:.
4187::
4139:.
4095:.
4038:.
3891:-
3868:-
3849::
3810:-
3791::
3755:i
3747:-
3737:-
3710:-
3694:i
3685:-
3650:-
3647:-
3623::
3600:-
3597:-
3516:-
3512:-
3491:i
3483:-
3438:-
3435:-
3409::
3375:-
3359:-
3336:-
3296:-
3277:-
3237:-
3218:-
3197:i
3189::
3142::
3130:Q
3109:-
3106:-
3067:Q
3003:Q
2989:-
2968:i
2960::
2934:Q
2913:-
2910:-
2894::
2837:-
2821:-
2787:-
2743:i
2725:i
2720:-
2717:-
2692:-
2689:-
2678:i
2636:-
2617:-
2592::
2541:-
2538:-
2505:-
2502:-
2484::
2413::
2351:-
2335:-
2321:-
2306:i
2298:-
2210:i
2135:-
2132:-
2109:-
2106:-
2082::
2043:-
2040:-
2016::
1960:-
1957:-
1890:-
1887:-
1871::
1850:-
1847:-
1788:-
1785:-
1736:-
1733:-
1717::
1686:-
1683:-
1660:-
1657:-
1615::
1579:-
1576:-
1558:i
1553:-
1550:-
1482:-
1479:-
1447::
1361:-
1358:-
1343:-
1340:-
1325:-
1322:-
1288::
1260:-
1254:-
1246:-
1049:.
927:j
922:y
915:l
910:l
901:w
896:w
828:n
823:n
814:m
809:m
788:h
783:h
774:ʃ
769:š
762:s
757:s
641:č
629:c
482:ʔ
477:ʔ
470:k
465:k
451:ṭ
439:t
432:p
427:p
360:a
346:o
339:e
325:u
318:i
201:.
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