War elephant - Knowledge (XXG)

874: 2137: 379: 824: 2552: 2543: 644: 1615: 439: 260: 82: 765:... the soldiers of the first column were attacked by the elephants. The flags of Major-general of the Guards, Walda of the Yellow Banner, and of Lieutenant Ulehi of the Manchu-Mongol cavalry were captured. As the elephants closed in on the encircled soldiers of the second column, the arrows shot by all of my men looked like the quills of a porcupine. The elephants fled towards the hills I was greatly alarmed and had a strange feeling. The rebels withdrew from the plain and split into groups in the thick forest of the mountain. 6545: 1243: 1119: 1326: 2109: 939: 1416: 893:. Preferring stealth and mobility to sheer force, Alexander manoeuvered and engaged with just his infantry and cavalry, ultimately defeating Porus' forces, including his elephant corps, albeit at some cost. Porus for his part placed his elephants individually, at long intervals from each other, a short distance in front of his main infantry line, in order to scare off Macedonian cavalry attacks and aid his own infantry in their struggle against the 103: 2100:. As one academic has put it, "thereafter this exotic introduction into Chinese culture passed out of history, and the tactical habits of the North prevailed". However, as late as the Ming dynasty in as far north as Beijing, there were still records of elephants being used in Chinese warfare, namely in 1449 where a Vietnamese contingent of war elephants helped the Ming Dynasty defend the city from the Mongols. 1871: 1045:. This time the Romans came prepared with flammable weapons and anti-elephant devices: these were ox-drawn wagons, equipped with long spikes to wound the elephants, pots of fire to scare them, and accompanying screening troops who would hurl javelins at the elephants to drive them away. A final charge of Epirot elephants won the day again, but this time Pyrrhus had suffered very heavy casualties – a 119: 2394: 2284: 2072: 6000: 1053: 870:, the God of Fear, the night before the battle – but according to some sources the elephants ultimately failed to deploy in the final battle owing to their long march the day before. Alexander won resoundingly at Gaugamela, but was deeply impressed by the enemy elephants and took these first fifteen into his own army, adding to their number during his capture of the rest of Persia. 1983: 469:. Kings and princes principally ride on chariots, which was considered the most royal, while seldom riding the back of elephants. Although viewed as secondary to chariots by royalty, elephants were the preferred vehicle of warriors, especially the elite ones. While the chariots eventually fell into disuse, the other three arms continued to be valued. Many characters in the epic 1468:. Scipio trained his elephants before the battle by aligning the elephants in front of slingers that would throw rocks at them, and another line of slingers at the elephants' rear to perform the same, in order to propel the elephants only in one direction, preventing them turning their backs because of frontal attack and charging against his own lines, but the author of 2304: 2117: 621:. According to Chanakya; catching, training, and controlling war elephants was one of the most important skills taught by the military academies. He advised Chandragupta to set up forested sanctuaries for the wellness of the elephants. Chanakya explicitly conveyed the importance of these sanctuaries. The Maurya Empire would reach its zenith under the reign of 1506: 1661:. Local squads which each consisted of one elephant, one chariot, three armed cavalrymen, and five foot soldiers protected Gupta villages from raids and revolts. In times of war, the squads joined together to form a powerful imperial army. The Gupta Empire employed 'Mahapilupati', a position as an officer in charge of elephants. Emperors such as 1441:, one ancient writer recording that "Caesar had one large elephant, which was equipped with armor and carried archers and slingers in its tower. When this unknown creature entered the river, the Britons and their horses fled and the Roman army crossed over" – although he may have confused this incident with the use of a similar war elephant in 1707:

beasts captured, and these frequently ran into hundreds, such as 350 from Qanauj and 185 from Mahaban in 409/1018-19, and 580 from the Raja Ganda in 410/1019-20. Utbi records that the Thanesar expedition of 405/1014-15 was provoked by Mahmad's desire to get some of the special breed of Sri lankan breed of elephants excellent in war

1746:, (reigned 1605–1627 A.D.) was a great connoisseur of elephants. He increased the number of elephants in service. Jahangir was stated to have 113,000 elephants in captivity: 12,000 in active army service, 1,000 to supply fodder to these animals, and another 100,000 elephants to carry courtiers, officials, attendants and baggage. 297:, first the mahout would have to get the elephant used to being led. The elephant would have learned how to raise its legs to help a rider climb on. Then the elephants were taught to run and maneuver around obstacles, and move in formation. These elephants would be fit to learn how to systematically trample and charge enemies. 1491:) with axes and commanded his legionaries to strike at the elephant's legs. The legion withstood the charge, and the elephant became its symbol. Thapsus was the last significant use of elephants in the West. The remainder of the elephants seemed to have been thrown into panic by Caesar's archers and slingers. 2168:

Nonetheless, in south-east Asia the use of elephants on the battlefield continued up until the end of the 19th century. One of the major difficulties in the region was terrain, and elephants could cross difficult terrain in many cases more easily than horse cavalry. Burmese forces used war elephants

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in 168 BC. The role of the elephant force at Cynoscephalae was particularly decisive, as their quick charge shattered the unformed Macedonian left wing, allowing the Romans to encircle and destroy the victorious Macedonian right. A similar event also occurred at Pydna. The Romans' successful use of

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did not carry howdahs or turrets in combat, perhaps owing to the physical weakness of the species. Some allusions to turrets in ancient literature are certainly anachronistic or poetic invention, but other references are less easily discounted. There is explicit contemporary testimony that the army

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Capturing elephants from the wild remained a difficult task, but a necessary one given the difficulties of breeding in captivity and the long time required for an elephant to reach sufficient maturity to engage in battle. Sixty-year-old war elephants were always prized as being at the most suitable

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describes the army under the rule of Harsha. Much like the Gupta Empire, his military consisted of infantry, cavalry, and elephants. Harsha received war elephants as tribute and presents from vassals. Some elephants were also obtained by forest rangers from the jungles. Elephants were additionally

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during the wars of the Diadochi. He used 60 elephants brought from Asia with their mahouts. A veteran of Alexander's army, named Damis, helped the besieged Megalopolitians to defend themselves against the elephants and eventually Polyperchon was defeated. Those elephants were subsequently taken by

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elephants "have been found to be skittish and easily alarmed by unfamiliar sounds and for this reason they were found prone to break ranks and flee". Nonetheless, the continued use of war elephants for several thousand years attests to their enduring value to the historical battlefield commander.

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were the first amongst the Islamic dynasties to incorporate war elephants into their tactical theories. They also used a large number of elephants in their battles. The Ghaznavids acquired their elephants as tribute from the Hindu princes and as war plunder. The sources usually list the number of

1239:). Although much larger than either the African forest elephant or the Asian elephant, these proved difficult to tame for war purposes and were not used extensively. Asian elephants were traded westwards to the Mediterranean markets with Sri Lankan elephants being particularly preferred for war. 910:

adopted the standard ancient tactic for fighting elephants, loosening their ranks to allow the elephants to pass through and assailing them with javelins as they tried to wheel around; they managed to pierce the unarmoured elephants' legs. The panicked and wounded elephants turned on the Indians

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Besides the dawn of more efficient means of transportation and weaponry, war elephants also had clear tactical weaknesses that lead to their eventual retirement. After sustaining painful wounds, or when their driver was killed, elephants had the tendency to panic, often causing them to run amok

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during the 10th century AD – the "only nation on Chinese soil ever to maintain a line of elephants as a regular part of its army". This anomaly in Chinese warfare is explained by the geographical proximity and close cultural links of the southern Han to Southeast Asia. The military officer who

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The value of war elephants in battle remains a contested issue. In the 19th century, it was fashionable to contrast the western, Roman focus on infantry and discipline with the eastern, exotic use of war elephants that relied merely on fear to defeat their enemy. One writer commented that war

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There were many military purposes for which elephants could be used. In battle, war elephants were usually deployed in the centre of the line, where they could be useful to prevent a charge or to conduct one of their own. Their sheer size and their terrifying appearance made them valued heavy

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could deploy between 3,000 and 6,000 war elephants. Such a force was many times larger than the number of elephants employed by the Persians and Greeks, which probably discouraged Alexander's army and effectively halted their advance into India. On his return, Alexander established a force of

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commanded these elephants was given the title "Legate Digitant and Agitant of the Gigantic Elephants". Each elephant supported a wooden tower that could allegedly hold ten or more men. For a brief time, war elephants played a vital role in Southern Han victories such as the invasion of

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It is commonly thought that the reason all war elephants were male was because of males' greater aggression, but it was instead because a female elephant in battle will run from a male; therefore only males could be used in war, whereas female elephants were more commonly used for

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carried turrets; these elephants were significantly smaller than the Asian elephants fielded by the Seleucids and so presumably African forest elephants. There is also evidence that Carthaginian war elephants were furnished with turrets and howdahs in certain military contexts.

1966:, Timur's army faced more than one hundred Indian elephants in battle and almost lost because of the fear they caused amongst his troops. Historical accounts say that the Timurids ultimately won by employing an ingenious strategy: Timur tied flaming straw to the back of his 2061:, consisting of progressively stacked circular canopies, the number signifying the rank of the rider. Finally, behind the signaller on the elephant's back, was the steerer, who steered via a long pole. The steerer may have also carried a short musket and a sword. 434:

suggesting its introduction during the intervening period. The practice of riding on elephants in peace and war, royalty or commoner, was first recorded in the 6th or 5th century BC. This practice is believed to be much older than proper recorded history.

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fire was a different matter entirely – an animal could easily be knocked down by a single shot. With elephants still being used to carry commanders on the battlefield, they became even more tempting targets for enemy artillery.

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stating that the Sri Lankan elephants, for example, were larger, fiercer and better for war than local elephants. This superiority, as well as the proximity of the supply to seaports, made Sri Lanka's elephants a lucrative trading commodity.

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age for battle service and gifts of elephants of this age were seen as particularly generous. Today an elephant is considered in its prime and at the height of its power between the ages of 25 and 40, yet elephants as old as 80 are used in

811:. The Song forces used scythed polearms to cut the elephants' trunks, causing them to trample their own troops. During the Mong Mao campaign, the elephants were routed by an assortment of gunpowder projectiles. In the war against the 600:, the largest empire to exist in South Asia. At the height of his power, Chandragupta is said to have wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots and 9,000 war elephants besides followers and attendants. 732:

dynasty is the only state in Chinese history to have kept a permanent corps of war elephants. These elephants were able to carry a tower with some ten people on their backs. They were used successfully during the Han invasion of

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before the charge. The smoke made the camels run forward, scaring the elephants, who crushed their own troops in their efforts to retreat. Another account of the campaign by Ahmed ibn Arabshah reports that Timur used oversized

2505:, while Indian museums across the sub-continent display other fine pieces. The architecture of India also shows the deep impact of elephant warfare over the years. War elephants adorn many military gateways, such as those at 589:

and was forced to return due to his army's unwillingness to advance. Even if the numbers and prowess of these elephants were exaggerated by historic accounts, elephants were established firmly as war machines in this period.

233:. After this, war elephants became restricted to non-combat engineering and labour roles, as well as being used for minor ceremonial uses. They continued to be used in combat, however, in some parts of the world, such as in 2446:

The use of war elephants over the centuries has left a deep cultural legacy in many countries. Many traditional war games incorporate war elephants. There is piece in chess called Elephant. While Englishmen call that piece

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and transported, partly by sea, to other battlefields in Greece. It is assumed that Cassander constructed the first elephant transport sea vessels. Some of the elephants died of starvation in 316 BC in the besieged city of

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and siege work. The Sri Lankans had continued their proud traditions in capturing and training elephants from ancient times. The officer in charge of the royal stables, including the capture of elephants, was called the

873: 803:. The Sui army dug pits and lured the elephants into them and shot them with crossbows, causing the elephants to turn back and trample their own army. In 1075, the Song defeated elephants deployed on the borderlands of 1400:, but a falling stone hit one of the elephants, which panicked and frightened the rest, turning them against the Roman forces. After the subsequent Celtiberian counterattack, the Romans were forced to withdraw. Later, 2328:, heavy iron chains with steel balls at the end were tied to their trunks, which the animals were trained to swirl menacingly and with great skill. Numerous cultures designed specialized equipment for elephants, like 1828:', is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca, and refused to enter – which was taken by both the Meccans and their Yemenite foes as a serious omen. According to Islamic tradition, it was in this year that 2352:

indiscriminately, making casualties on either side. Experienced Roman infantrymen often tried to sever their trunks, causing instant distress, and possibly leading the elephant to flee back into its own lines. Fast

2136: 629:, Kalinga had a standing army of 60,000 infantry, 1000 cavalry and 700 war elephants. Kalinga was notable for the quality of their war elephants which were prized by its neighbors for being stronger. Later the King 815:, Ming troops covered their horses with lion masks to scare the elephants and shot them with firearms. The elephants all trembled with fear and were wounded by the guns and arrows, causing the Viet army to panic. 1412:. However, the Lusitanian style of ambushes in narrow terrains ensured his elephants did not play an important factor in the conflict, and Servilianus was eventually defeated by Viriathus in the city of Erisana. 1041:, on the mainland. The Romans were unprepared for fighting elephants, and the Epirot forces routed the Romans. The next year, the Epirots again deployed a similar force of elephants, attacking the Romans at the 2311:

In addition to charging, elephants could provide a safe and stable platform for archers to shoot arrows in the middle of the battlefield, from which more targets could be seen and engaged. The driver, called a

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in 1214, but the use of these individual animals was more symbolic than practical, especially when contrasting food and water consumption of elephants in foreign lands and the harsh conditions of the crusades.

5293: 461:, dating from 5th–4th century BC, elaborately depict elephant warfare. They are recognized as an essential component of royal and military processions. In ancient India, initially, the army was fourfold ( 335:

and human population growth: by 850 BC the Mesopotamian elephants were extinct, and by 500 BC the Chinese elephants were seriously reduced in numbers and limited to areas well south of the Yellow River.

745:(r. 1572–1620) did keep a herd of elephants capable of carrying a tower and eight men, which he showed to his guests in 1598. These elephants were probably not native to China and were delivered to the 4176:"'From Terror to Tactical Usage: Elephants in the Partho-Sasanian Period,' The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion, eds. V. Sarkhosh Curtis et. al., Oxford, 2016, pp. 36-41" 741:

invaded Southern Han and their crossbowmen readily routed the Han elephants on 23 January 971, during the taking of Shao. That was the last time elephants were used in Chinese warfare, although the

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ever did for Greece. Without them our retreat from Burma would have been even more arduous and our advance to its liberation slower and more difficult." Military elephants were used as late as the

1449:. At least one elephantine skeleton with flint weapons that has been found in England was initially misidentified as these elephants, but later dating proved it to be a mammoth skeleton from the 378: 1475:

By the time of Claudius however, such animals were being used by the Romans in single numbers only – the last significant use of war elephants in the Mediterranean was against the Romans at the

2918: 1189:, which stood 2.5–3.5 meters (8.2–11.5 ft) at the shoulder. It is likely that at least some Syrian elephants were traded abroad. The favorite, and perhaps last surviving, elephant of 1267:. The performance of the Carthaginian elephant corps was rather mixed, illustrating the need for proper tactics to take advantage of the elephant's strength and cover its weaknesses. At 903:

described the subsequent fight: "herever the beasts could wheel around, they rushed forth against the ranks of infantry and demolished the phalanx of the Macedonians, dense as it was."

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taken from defeated armies. Bana additionally details the diet of the elephants, recording that they each consumed 600 pounds of fodder consisting of trees with mangos and sugarcanes.

823: 2376:, for example, the Megarians reportedly poured oil on a herd of pigs, set them alight, and drove them towards the enemy's massed war elephants, which subsequently bolted in terror. 1824:, intending to demolish it. He had a large army, which included one or more elephants (as many as eight, in some accounts). However, the (single or lead) elephant, whose name was ' 2551: 1602:, a significantly larger and more temperamental species of elephant. War elephants were again put to use by an Aksumite army in the year 570 in a military expedition against the 3643:"The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian" 2676: 2300:, and with a top speed of approximately 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) provided a useful means of transport, before mechanized vehicles rendered them mostly obsolete. 2368:. Ancient writers believed that elephants could be "scared by the smallest squeal of a pig". Some warlords, however, interpreted this expression literally. At the siege of 1777:

controlled the Kuruwe or elephant men. The training of war elephants was the duty of the Kuruwe clan who came under their own Muhandiram, a Sri Lankan administrative post.

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Elephant armour, originally designed for use in war, is today usually only seen in museums. One particularly fine set of Indian elephant armour is preserved at the Leeds

1344:, and used them in its campaigns for many years afterwards. The conquest of Greece saw many battles in which the Romans deployed war elephants, including the invasion of 6787: 5092: 4956: 4927: 4722: 3384: 2542: 1138:. They were depicted on the walls of temples and on Meroitic lamps. Kushite kings also utilize war elephants, which are believed to have been kept and trained in the " 682:

history records indicate elephants were used as mounts for kings leading their men in the battlefield, with individual mounts being recorded in history. The elephant

3238: 1303:, where they panicked the Roman cavalry and Gallic allies. The Romans eventually developed effective anti-elephant tactics, leading to Hannibal's defeat at his final 4404: 2010:, the powerful Khmer Empire had come to regional dominance by the 9th century AD, drawing heavily on the use of war elephants. Uniquely, the Khmer military deployed 5283: 5042: 308:, as they are still captured in the wild, rather than being bred in captivity – may have begun in any of three different places. The oldest evidence comes from the 5260: 5229: 4366: 523:

being visited by a 'hatthāroho gāmaṇi'. He is the head of a village community bound together by their profession as mercenary soldiers forming an elephant corp.

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By the time Alexander reached the borders of India five years later, he had a substantial number of elephants under his own command. When it came to defeating

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Numerous strategy video games feature elephants as special units, usually available only to specific factions or requiring special resources. These include

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war elephants against the Macedonians might be considered ironic, given that it was Pyrrhus who first taught them the military potential of elephants.

2320:-blade and a hammer (to kill his own mount in an emergency). Elephants were sometimes further enhanced with their own weaponry and armour as well. In 3620: 6850: 6722: 2022:) also adopted the widespread use of war elephants. In many battles of the period it was the practice for leaders to fight each other personally in 1650:

the elephants and horses in the vanguard were unwilling to advance. Kanishka is then said to have had a religious revelation and rejected violence.

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The elephant Citranand attacking another, called Udiya, during the Mughal campaign against the rebel forces of Khan Zaman and Bahadur Khan in 1567

784: 281:. Mahouts were responsible for capturing and handling elephants. To accomplish this, they utilize metal chains and a specialized hook called an 6809: 4985: 1090:

in 161 BCE with eighty elephants (some sources claim thirty-two), some of which were clad in armored breastplates, in an attempt to subdue the

1568:, literally meaning "Commander of the Indians", either because the animals came from that country, or because they were managed by natives of 643: 5942: 5906: 5767: 5677: 5637: 5418: 5399: 4398: 4321: 4133: 3726: 3378: 2912: 5990: 897:. The elephants caused many losses with their tusks fitted with iron spikes or by lifting the enemies with their trunks and trampling them. 5140: 1626:

conquered most of Northern India. The empire adopted war elephants when levying troops as they expanded into the Indian subcontinent. The

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In the Mauryan Empire, the 30-member war office was made up of six boards. The sixth board looked after the elephants, and were headed by

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Andrade, Tonio (2019), "How Yongle learned to stop worrying and love the gun: Perspectives on Early Ming Military", in Ken, Swope (ed.),

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armed with javelins were also used by the Romans to drive them away, as well as flaming objects or a stout line of long spears, such as

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battle formation consists of a ratio of 1 chariot : 1 elephant : 3 cavalry : 5 infantry soldiers. Many characters in the

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describes how the population of Eastern India rode elephants into battle, but currently they provide military service and taxes to the

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by tying torches to their tails and sending them into the ranks of the enemy soldiers, but the attempt failed. In December 554 AD, the

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of Numidia included turreted elephants in 46 BC. This is confirmed by the image of a turreted African elephant used on the coinage of

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This elephant and driver with a hunting howdah, including pistol, bows and a rifle are most likely from the Mughal Emperor's stable.

438: 5889: 2303: 1533:, having done so in at least one war against the Romans but elephants were of substantial importance in the army of the subsequent 1110:, attacked the largest of the elephants, piercing its underside and causing it to collapse upon him, killing him under its weight. 1202:

Since the late 1940s, a strand of scholarship has argued that the African forest elephants used by Numidia, the Ptolemies and the

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fort. Across India, older gateways are invariably much higher than their European equivalents, in order to allow elephants with

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of 305–303 BC ended with the Seleucids ceding vast eastern territories in exchange for 500 war elephants – a small part of the

754: 5019: 4919: 4718: 3310: 1614: 1181:. These animals were smaller and harder to tame, and could not swim deep rivers compared with the Asian elephants used by the 6875: 6454: 6374: 5897:

Sun, Laichen (2006). "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497". In Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.).

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The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World: The Seventh Monarchy: History of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire

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carried on their backs fighting towers which were filled with soldiers who would shoot arrows at long range. The army of the

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Ancient Indian kings certainly valued the elephant in war, some stating that an army without elephants is as despicable as a

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warfare in the late 15th century, the balance of advantage for war elephants on the battlefield began to change. While

1364:'s fifty-four elephants took on the Roman force of sixteen. In later years the Romans deployed twenty-two elephants at 965:

forces, which included up to 9000 elephants by some accounts. The Seleucids put their new elephants to good use at the

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The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China

3896: 2205:. During the mid to late 19th century, British forces in India possessed specialised elephant batteries to haul large 1915: 1753: 1573: 2667: 1676: 1307:

in 202 BC; his elephant charge, unlike the one at the battle of Tunis, was ineffective because the disciplined Roman

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was the superintendent of elephants and his qualifications. The use of elephants in the Maurya Empire as recorded by

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on the top of their elephants. With the collapse of Khmer power in the 15th century, the successor region powers of

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Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salima; D'Auria, Sue; Yellin, Janice W.; Knoblauch, Christian (2012).

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against elephants, innovations that would ultimately drive these animals out of active service on the battlefield.

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The Chinese continued to reject the use of war elephants throughout the period, with the notable exception of the

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additionally describes the Kushan as acquiring riches including elephants as part of their conquests. The emperor

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Although the use of war elephants in the western Mediterranean is most famously associated with the wars between

427: 309: 178: 4772: 2219:, particularly because the animals could perform tasks in regions that were problematic for motor vehicles. Sir 2027: 1299:, although many of them perished in the harsh conditions. The surviving elephants were successfully used in the 958: 6855: 6544: 4191: 3995:

in 217 BC were smaller than their Asian counterparts, for example, but that did not guarantee victory for

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in 948 AD, but the Southern Han elephant corps were ultimately soundly defeated at Shao in 971 AD, defeated by

2053:, a long pole with a sabre at the end, plus a metal hook for controlling the elephant. Sitting behind him on a 1749: 1419: 1385: 1242: 1232: 1099: 1060: 66: 5438:

Charles, Michael B. (2007). "The Rise of the Sassanian Elephant Corps: Elephants and the Later Roman Empire".

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100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History

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assembled a great army from his subject nations, including elephants from India. He planned on attacking the

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being particularly notable for their use of the animals, still being largely brought from India. Indeed, the

6753: 6612: 6314: 6151: 6067: 5629: 4611: 3996: 3806: 2598: 2224: 2178: 1727: 1688: 1554: 1538: 1349: 1308: 1263:, Carthage developed its own use of war elephants and deployed them extensively during the First and Second 1118: 1038: 863: 634: 6020: 1987: 398:

There is uncertainty as to when elephant warfare first started, but it is widely accepted that it began in

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were able to terrify the Carthaginian elephants being used unsupported, which fled from the field. At the

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Tropper, A. (2017). The Battle of Beth Zechariah in Light of a Literary Study of 1 Maccabees 6: 32–47.

1457: 2057:, was a signaller, who signalled by waving of a pair of peacock feathers. Above the signaller was the 788: 5605: 2494:, there used to be a piece known as the "Drunken Elephant"; it was, however, dropped by order of the 2373: 2031: 1963: 1797: 1585: 1542: 1300: 1203: 804: 230: 226: 31: 4989: 2108: 1560:

The Sassanid elephant corps held primacy amongst the Sassanid cavalry forces and was recruited from

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used the "blood of grapes and mulberries" to provoke their war elephants in preparation for battle.

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there are machines called Tremortusks, which are suited for combat and are based on war elephants.

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in what is now Ethiopia and Eritrea made use of war elephants in 525 AD during the invasion of the

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in Macedonia. Others of Polyperchon's elephants were used in various parts of Greece by Cassander.

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The successful military use of elephants spread further. The successors to Alexander's empire, the

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was to restore an independent Kalinga into a powerful kingdom using war elephants as stated in the

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maintained a large number of war elephants in the 11th and 12th century. The war elephants of the

808: 780: 6661: 6617: 6104: 6060: 5953: 5844: 5746: 5570: 5531: 5321: 4260: 3078:"Innovation or preservation? Abbasid aubergines, archaeobotany, and the Islamic Green Revolution" 2798: 2705: 2700: 2659: 2655: 2641: 2345: 2272: 2271:

issued as recently as 2004, but their use by U.S. personnel is discouraged because elephants are

2233:: "They built hundreds of bridges for us, they helped to build and launch more ships for us than 2141: 2089: 1393: 1357: 1272: 1030: 1010: 889:, Alexander found himself facing a considerable force of between 85 and 100 war elephants at the 867: 851: 683: 198: 5136: 712:

Elephants were used for warfare in China by a small handful of southern dynasties. The state of

1975:

to halt the elephants' charge. Later, the Timurid leader used the captured animals against the

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Hoover, O. D. (2005). Eleazar Auaran and the elephant: killing symbols in Hellenistic Judaea.

3722: 3673: 3579: 3439: 3374: 3266: 3228: 3136: 3097: 3033: 2990: 2908: 2174: 2011: 1991: 1852: 1595: 1518: 1510: 1476: 1465: 1260: 1079: 1034: 1022: 970: 839: 707: 457: 254: 186: 4311: 4289:

W. Müller (1987). "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia". In Werner Daum (ed.).

3716: 3260: 2316:, was responsible for controlling the animal, who often also carried weapons himself, like a 842:, where they were used in several campaigns. They in turn came to influence the campaigns of 6697: 6682: 6653: 6494: 5836: 5738: 5713: 5562: 5491: 5447: 4252: 4183: 3992: 3757: 3128: 3089: 2710: 2525: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2170: 1958:

both retained captured elephants as part of their entourage. Another central Asian invader,

1813: 1735: 1591: 1537:. The Sasanian war elephants are recorded in engagements against the Romans, such as during 1288: 1252: 1220: 1199:("the Syrian"), which may have been of Syrian stock, though the evidence remains ambiguous. 1178: 1162: 1095: 918:

Looking further east again, however, Alexander could see that the emperors and kings of the

886: 312:, around roughly 2000 BC. Archaeological evidence for the presence of wild elephants in the 210: 146: 4892: 3614: 2256:

than as transport, and many thousands of elephants have died during civil conflicts due to

6666: 6638: 6489: 6470: 6304: 6299: 6181: 6166: 6161: 6144: 5892:. Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 11. Singapore: Asia Research Institute. 5144: 5069: 4743: 4008: 3988: 3285: 2810: 2739: 2635: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2495: 2209: 2202: 2182: 1789: 1647: 1646:, and sent a vanguard of Indian troops led by white elephants. However, when crossing the 1534: 1526: 1484: 1469: 1365: 1280: 1186: 1182: 1170: 1154: 1147: 1107: 1071: 1046: 966: 954: 882: 836: 674: 562: 558: 553:

kingdom, relied heavily on his war elephants. The Mahajanapadas would be conquered by the

515: 478: 419: 166: 138: 122: 70: 6032: 5566: 1064: 915:

were armed with poisoned rods to kill the beasts but were slain by javelins and archers.

812: 327:) may suggest that they also used elephants in warfare. The wild elephant populations of 5960: 5392:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

2528:, who popularised a fantastic rendition of war elephants in the form of 'oliphaunts' or 1722:. Babur introduced firearms and artillery into Indian warfare. He destroyed the army of 1271:

in 255 BC, the Carthaginian elephants were ineffective due to the terrain, while at the

6770: 6607: 6591: 6571: 6201: 6186: 6156: 5509: 5428: 5187: 3816: 2611: 2448: 2076: 2007: 1976: 1657:

demonstrated extensive use of elephants in war and greatly expanded under the reign of

1330: 1304: 1268: 1247: 1103: 1056: 1006: 667: 520: 301: 202: 107: 62: 5698: 4844: 4033: 3987:

In event, size alone was not necessarily a decisive factor. The elephants used by the

796: 102: 6839: 6702: 6687: 6524: 6484: 6339: 6294: 6244: 6206: 5750: 5387: 5047:(Thesis). Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. pp. 103–132. Archived from 4529: 4264: 3826: 2774: 2769: 2506: 2472: 2234: 2229: 2023: 1947: 1719: 1692: 1684: 1672: 1662: 1623: 1480: 1430:

returning from India, with soldiers atop war elephants, 2nd century AD, similar to a

1423: 1361: 1009:, the introduction of war elephants there was primarily the result of an invasion by 962: 775:

Chinese armies faced off against war elephants in Southeast Asia, such as during the

742: 721: 647: 597: 535: 509: 481:

two men were to duel utilizing the same weapon and mount including elephants. In the

443: 399: 357: 332: 317: 305: 174: 170: 4949: 1870: 1699:

was noted for its huge elephant corps, with estimates ranging from 5,000 to 50,000.

1287:, allowing the Carthaginian phalanx to stand fast and defeat the Romans. During the 799:

in what is now southern Vietnam used elephants against the invading army of China's

217:. In some regions they maintained a firm presence on the battlefield throughout the 30:

This article is about elephants trained for combat. For the album by Deer Tick, see

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Into the 20th century, military elephants were used for non-combat purposes in the

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in the Arabian peninsula. The war elephants used by the Aksumite army consisted of

1530: 1377: 1284: 1018: 985: 919: 758: 746: 738: 729: 691: 663: 617: 554: 531: 423: 403: 313: 293: 214: 206: 6814: 5253:"Assassin's Creed: Origins Player Actually Punches A War Elephant Into Submission" 4296: 835:

From India, military thinking on the use of war elephants spread westwards to the

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for example, while some spiked, anti-elephant gates still remain, for example at

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Following Indian accounts foreign rulers would also adopt the use of elephants.

626: 384:

Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of Kusinagara used by war elephants

353: 328: 96: 5156: 4390:

Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present

3331: 3093: 1817: 1052: 6622: 6529: 5742: 4152:. Translated by Pere J. Quetglas. Madrid: Editorial Gredos. 2005. p. 390. 2821: 2681: 2353: 2329: 2173:

where they routed the Chinese cavalry. The Burmese used them again during the

2035: 1999: 1982: 1844: 1809: 1731: 1703: 1635: 1341: 1264: 1224: 923: 717: 687: 651: 586: 494: 486: 5284:"Assassin's Creed Origins lets you beat an elephant to death with your fists" 3140: 3101: 3077: 6415: 5451: 5192: 4109: 2865: 2325: 2153: 2129: 2125: 1923: 1859: 1765: 1761: 1569: 1546: 1450: 1405: 1389: 990: 679: 630: 539: 349: 17: 5819: 1627: 698:

during their historic encounter on the battlefield in 200 BC, for example.

673:

Sri Lanka made extensive use of elephants and also exported elephants with

670:

had an armored elephant force, which played a major role in his campaigns.

513:

assign elephants in their proper place in the organization of an army. The

503: 5827:

Schafer, Edward H. (1957). "War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China".

5044:

Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500–1605

4256: 4241:"The Elephants of Aksum: In Search of the Bush Elephant in Late Antiquity" 4187: 2116: 1553:

of 636 AD, in which a unit of thirty-three elephants was used against the

6576: 6083: 6008:

was created from a revision of this article dated 21 April 2005

5659:(1988). "The Indian elephant in a changing world". In C.M. Borden (ed.). 5224: 3801: 3752: 3663: 2689: 2530: 2456: 2337: 2297: 2257: 2248:

for an auxiliary role. Elephants are now more valuable to many armies in

2160:

had limited impact on elephants, which could withstand numerous volleys,

2093: 2049:

In Thailand, the king or general rode on the elephant's neck and carried

2043: 2039: 2019: 1995: 1931: 1927: 1829: 1743: 1639: 1557:, in which battle the war elephants proved to be a "double-edged sword". 1514: 1442: 1397: 1292: 1216: 1002: 950: 612: 570: 566: 451: 415: 407: 406:

did not extensively specify the use of elephants in war. However, in the

288: 269: 238: 134: 91: 87: 1283:

however the charge of the Carthaginian elephants helped to disorder the

6586: 6534: 6196: 5848: 5663:. Washington D.C. USA: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 303–321. 5351: 3116: 2418: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2365: 2357: 2201:, while the Vietnamese used them in battle as late as 1885, during the 2015: 1972: 1951: 1903: 1891: 1863: 1848: 1757: 1603: 1505: 1427: 1409: 1345: 1334: 1276: 1212: 1166: 928: 894: 847: 695: 666:

of Tamil Nadu also had a very strong elephant force. The Chola emperor

578: 574: 550: 498: 242: 222: 194: 48: 5574: 4240: 2075:

Elephant troops ("tượng binh") is an important part of the Vietnamese

1150:

provided these war elephants to the Egyptians, Ptolemies and Syrians.

426:

by the 6th century BC. The increased conscription of elephants in the

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is a term for specific military units using elephant-mounted troops.

5840: 4175: 3132: 2869: 2726:

It is also the nickname of Thai national football teams such as the

2684:(or Oliphaunts) are fictional giant elephant-like creatures used by 1472:

admits of the enormous effort and time required to accomplish this.

1098:. In the ensuing battle, near the mountainous straights adjacent to 973:

cavalry, allowing the latter's phalanx to be isolated and defeated.

6439: 5917: 5317:"16 Things You Didn't Know About the Making of 'Lord of the Rings'" 2524:

painting tradition of the 19th century, or in literature following

6289: 6109: 5288: 5012:"Speedy elephants use a biomechanical trick to 'run' like Groucho" 3029:

Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period

2986:

Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period

2575: 2561: 2520:

War elephants also remain a popular artistic trope, either in the

2491: 2487: 2302: 2282: 2253: 2206: 2135: 2115: 2107: 2070: 1981: 1967: 1959: 1943: 1895: 1869: 1821: 1781: 1739: 1715: 1711: 1613: 1504: 1414: 1372:

Elephants also featured throughout the Roman campaign against the

1324: 1241: 1195: 1135: 1123: 1117: 1087: 1051: 995: 969:

four years later, where they blocked the return of the victorious

937: 872: 822: 642: 466: 437: 422:, as his mounts. Elephants were widely utilized in warfare by the 411: 341: 283: 258: 234: 142: 117: 101: 80: 3864:. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 216–217. 625:, who used elephants extensively during his conquest. During the 2050: 2034:. The war may have been concluded when the Burmese crown prince 1899: 1296: 1091: 750: 585:

would come in contact with the Nanda Empire on the banks of the

6443: 6056: 5486:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James (2006).

1033:

in 280 BC, leaving some fifty additional animals, on loan from

976:

The first use of war elephants in Europe was made in 318 BC by

5356: 2498:

and no longer appears in the version played in today's Japan.

2387: 569:

also estimated the Nanda Army strength in the east as 200,000

493:

were described as skilled in the art of elephant warfare e.g.

4920:"War elephants still exist. But only in one forbidding place" 2807:

The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century dictionary

2459:. In Malayalam, it is called Aana (ആന), meaning elephant. In 1564:. The elephant corps was under a special chief, known as the 1529:

occasionally used war elephants in their battles against the

6052: 5986: 5461:

The Anabasis of Alexander: The Battle of Gaugamela by Arrian

5352:"How was The Lord of the Rings influenced by World War One?" 3575:

India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil

2064:

In Malaysia, 20 elephants battled the Portuguese during the

1764:, in 1558 with an army containing 2,200 elephants, used for 1618:

A Romanesque painting of a war elephant. Spain, 11th century

953:, used hundreds of Indian elephants in their wars, with the 430:

coincides with the expansion of the Vedic Kingdoms into the

5591:

Joregensen, Christer; Niderost, Eric; Rice, Rob S. (2008).

5553:

Gowers, William (1947). "The African Elephant in Warfare".

4950:"FM 3-05.213 (FM 31-27) Special Forces Use of Pack Animals" 1665:

struck coins depicted as elephant riders and lion slayers.

149:

the enemy, break their ranks, and instill terror and fear.

5901:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–120. 5725:

Rance, Philip (2009). "Hannibal, Elephants and Turrets in

1215:. This also appears to be the case with Ptolemaic armies: 5935:

Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century: The China Factor

4292:

Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix

2124:, elephants pulled heavy equipment. This one worked in a 1545:

in 451 AD, at which the Sassanid elephants terrified the

819:

Achaemenid Persia, Macedonia and Hellenistic Greek states

497:

rides an elephant into battle to bolster the demoralized

344:

hunts because they are more disciplined and experienced.

5890:"Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet: c. 1390–1497" 5690:

Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC – AD 1840

5480:

The Diary of Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China

3076:

Fuks, Daniel; Amichay, Oriya; Weiss, Ehud (2020-01-27).

2901:

Kenoyer, Jonathan M.; Heuston, Kimberley Burton (2005).

3517: 3515: 1742:(r. 1556–1605 AD) had 32,000 elephants in his stables. 5958:. Vol. I. London; New York: George Bell and Sons. 4598: 3430:

Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James (2006).

2671:, they are distributed around the map as boss fights. 2471:, Bengali for "elephant". It is called an elephant in 1185:

on the east of the Mediterranean region, particularly

724:

used armoured war elephants, carrying towers, against

5626:

Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present

2709:, an episode features war elephants fighting against 2336:. The late sixteenth century saw the introduction of 1862:, the same animal later being used in the capture of 1396:. He deployed them against the Celtiberian forces of 304:, for use in agriculture. Elephant taming – not full 5536:

The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC

5488:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

4489:

The Ghaznivids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Iran

3432:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

2296:

cavalry. Off the battlefield they could carry heavy

854:. The first confrontation between Europeans and the 161:

War elephants played a critical role in several key

6797: 6746: 6715: 6675: 6652: 6631: 6600: 6559: 6552: 6477: 6397: 6362: 6352: 6327: 6267: 6230: 6223: 6127: 6097: 6090: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4427:

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia

2026:. One famous battle occurred when the Burmese army 1671:established hegemony over most of North India. The 1340:Rome brought back many elephants at the end of the 1231:Farther south, tribes would have had access to the 54: 44: 39: 6038:Audio interview with John Kistler on war elephants 2360:. Another method for disrupting elephant units in 1847:, when he went to fight the Danes in 804, and the 1784:history there is a significant event known as the 1437:Famously, the Romans used a war elephant in their 1173:. The animal used was the North African elephant ( 465:), consisting of infantry, cavalry, elephants and 277:An elephant trainer, rider, or keeper is called a 4957:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School 1962:faced similar challenges a century later. In the 1922:, the Mongols defeated the war elephants outside 1576:the use of war elephants died out in the region. 1295:famously led an army of war elephants across the 221:. However, their use declined with the spread of 6043:Elephant mystery at ancient Syrian battle solved 5729:Θ 438 – An Unidentified Fragment of Diodorus". 5183:"History Throughout The Ages – The War Elephant" 4507: 3721:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 54–77. 980:, one of Alexander's generals, when he besieged 728:. They were defeated by a volley of arrows. The 27:Elephant trained and guided by humans for combat 4769:"Elephant battery during the Second Afghan War" 4649: 4647: 763: 300:The first elephant species to be tamed was the 177:, they became a permanent fixture in armies of 145:for combat. The war elephant's main use was to 5999: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4122:Lister, Adrian; Bahn, Paul G. (October 2007). 2332:and a protective tower on their backs, called 2181:, where the elephants were easily repulsed by 1934:, and during the Mongol invasions of Burma in 1858:the opportunity to capture an elephant in the 827:A depiction of war elephants attacking at the 6455: 6068: 5856:Scullard, H. (1948). "Hannibal's elephants". 5706:Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 4526:"Elephants in Sri Lankan History and Culture" 3265:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 83ff. 2677:The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King 2227:wrote about elephants in his introduction to 2193:continued utilising war elephants armed with 8: 6048:25 Things You Might Not Know About Elephants 5124: 2244:Elephants were as of 2017 being used by the 1464:used elephants against Caesar's army at the 6429:List of elephants in mythology and religion 6033:Elephants in Sri Lankan History and Culture 4011:, Book 6 of his 37 volume history, quoting 3861:Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile 3288:, Book 6 of his 37 volume history, quoting 3208: 3082:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2658:depicts war elephants fighting against the 2588:is a former Indian war elephant who pulled 173:. While seeing limited and periodic use in 6556: 6462: 6448: 6440: 6359: 6324: 6264: 6227: 6218: 6124: 6094: 6075: 6061: 6053: 3895:Wilford, John Noble (September 18, 1984). 3613:. "Book V, Chapter XVII.Defeat of Porus". 1878:army waged war with elephants against the 473:were trained in the art. According to the 5955:The Roman History of Appian of Alexandria 5871:The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World 5593:Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World 4226: 3373:. Bloomsbury. 20 April 2012. p. 35. 2434:Learn how and when to remove this message 1388:was helped by ten elephants sent by king 6016:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 5804:. New Delhi: People's Publishing House. 5699:"Elephants in Warfare in Late Antiquity" 5413:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 71–87, 5220:"Celtic Kings: The Punic Wars announced" 4097:Roman History, Book 6, The wars in Spain 4079:Roman History, Book 6, The wars in Spain 3417: 3405: 3165: 2940:"History Of The Domestication Of Animal" 2046:. However, this duel may be apocryphal. 1839:, elephants were seldom used in Europe. 1408:with another ten elephants sent by king 757:, the rebels used elephants against the 5561:(182). Oxford University Press: 42–49. 4684: 4665: 4653: 4623: 4586: 4574: 4492:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 4215: 4180:The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires 3958:Corpus Nummorum Numidiae Mauretaniaeque 3494: 3470: 3458: 3063: 2963: 2786: 2760:List of battles involving war elephants 2291:(note the sharpshooter on the elephant) 1916:their unsuccessful campaigns in Vietnam 4795:"Memoir of Bengal Artillery, page 197" 4162: 3521: 3153: 2475:. In Arabic – and derived from it, in 1059:trampled by a war elephant during the 866:that he felt the need to sacrifice to 331:and China declined quickly because of 36: 5263:from the original on 26 November 2017 4930:from the original on December 6, 2022 4456:"Elephants In Ancient Indian Warfare" 4310:Raoul McLaughlin (11 November 2016). 4211: 4061: 3897:"The Mystery of Hannibal's Elephants" 3771: 3769: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3355: 3179:"Elephants In Ancient Indian Warfare" 2837:"Elephants In Ancient Indian Warfare" 1998:fights the Burmese crown prince near 1914:throughout the 13th century. Despite 1432:later sarcophagus with the same theme 1259:Perhaps inspired by the victories of 1078:, whose father and he contended with 749:by Southeast Asian countries such as 418:, a mythological elephant, or on the 179:historical kingdoms in Southeast Asia 7: 5567:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093538 5315:Saperstein, Pat (19 December 2016). 5296:from the original on 1 December 2017 5282:O'Connor, James (21 November 2017). 5251:Dennis, Catrina (25 November 2017). 5218:Calvert, Justin (3 September 2003). 5112: 5022:from the original on 28 October 2020 4988:. Monolith Community. Archived from 4599:Joregensen, Niderost & Rice 2008 3578:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 19–31. 3506: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2602:performed similar duties during the 2463:, too, it is an elephant (Слон). In 2416:adding citations to reliable sources 1718:, invaded India and established the 6825:United States Army Veterinary Corps 6810:King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery 5232:from the original on 7 October 2017 4918:Winn, Patrick (February 27, 2017). 4696: 3686: 3482: 3032:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 81. 2989:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 80. 2044:personal combat on elephant in 1593 1793: 1025:brought twenty elephants to attack 654:with war elephants, as depicted at 442:War elephants in battle during the 287:, or 'elephant goad'. According to 125:depicting a war elephant in an army 5933:Wade, Geoff; Sun, Laichen (2010). 5332:from the original on 26 April 2018 4330:from the original on 24 April 2023 3960:(Paris 1955) 103, no. 276, pl. 247 3907:from the original on 10 April 2014 1800:"), approximately equating to 570 1402:Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus 1311:simply made way for them to pass. 1177:) which would become extinct from 549:), who began the expansion of the 25: 6805:1st Military Working Dog Regiment 5364:from the original on 26 June 2019 5199:from the original on 13 July 2019 5139:. Chess Variants. April 2, 1997. 4899:from the original on 8 March 2021 4528:. Artsrilanka.org. Archived from 3387:from the original on 4 April 2023 2212:over ground unsuitable for oxen. 927:elephants to guard his palace at 716:used elephants in 506 BC against 637:or "Elephant Cave" Inscriptions. 263:A 17th-century depiction of the 6543: 6405:Cultural depictions of elephants 5998: 5181:McCoy, Jessica (28 March 2014). 4128:. Frances Lincoln. p. 116. 4015:had recorded the opinion of one 3292:had recorded the opinion of one 2745:Cultural depictions of elephants 2550: 2541: 2392: 2112:The elephant battery in Peshawar 694:, 'Big Rock', the mount of King 391:adapted from a relief at Sanchi. 377: 6851:5th-millennium BC introductions 6601:Communications and surveillance 5582:Jayawardhene, Jayantha (1994). 5430:The Art of War in Ancient India 5163:from the original on 2021-02-05 5095:from the original on 2023-04-24 4966:from the original on 2018-09-27 4855:from the original on 2012-11-12 4826:from the original on 2023-04-04 4801:from the original on 2023-04-05 4775:from the original on 2020-11-12 4750:from the original on 2020-09-15 4725:from the original on 2023-04-04 4640:. London: Alvin Redman Limited. 4468:from the original on 2021-04-18 4407:from the original on 2023-04-24 4369:from the original on 2023-04-24 4316:. Pen and Sword. pp. 80–. 4271:from the original on 2022-04-29 4194:from the original on 2022-04-29 4125:Mammoths: Giants of the Ice Age 3934:Scullard (1948); (1974) 240–245 3669:The Life of Alexander the Great 3623:from the original on 2022-05-14 3592:from the original on 2023-04-24 3338:from the original on 2017-12-16 3313:from the original on 2016-03-03 3241:from the original on 2023-04-04 3191:from the original on 2021-04-18 3046:from the original on 2023-04-04 3003:from the original on 2023-04-04 2946:from the original on 2017-05-04 2921:from the original on 2023-04-04 2878:from the original on 2016-02-01 2847:from the original on 2022-11-15 2728:Thailand national football team 2403:needs additional citations for 2199:Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893 1456:In the African campaign of the 1193:was an impressive animal named 1191:Hannibal's crossing of the Alps 1175:Loxodonta africana pharaohensis 755:Revolt of the Three Feudatories 5937:. Hong Kong University Press. 5899:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories 5784:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 5661:Conternporary Indian Tradition 5394:, Princeton University Press, 4442:The State at War in South Asia 4393:. Cambridge University Press. 3221:Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan (1997). 3115:Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1975). 2755:History of elephants in Europe 1517:Persians War elephants in the 1086:for control of Syria, invaded 245:, well into the 19th century. 1: 6644:Ravens of the Tower of London 5873:. London: Thames and Hudson. 4986:"Tactics of the War Elephant" 4486:Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1963). 4349:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1973). 4030:"The Battle of Cynoscephalae" 3334:. Mahavamsa.org. 2015-04-18. 2904:The Ancient South Asian World 2694:Battle of the Pelennor Fields 2479:– the bishop piece is called 1541:. Other examples include the 1165:for the same purpose, as did 785:Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388) 543: 414:is depicted as riding either 385: 321: 6424:List of fictional pachyderms 6410:List of individual elephants 5916:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2013). 5381:General and cited references 5041:De la Garza, Andrew (2010). 4820:"Edinburgh Review, page 271" 2765:List of individual elephants 2618:Celtic Kings: The Punic Wars 2517:to pass through underneath. 2096:shooting from troops of the 2018:(now Myanmar) and Siam (now 1495:Parthia and Sassanian Persia 1134:was a significant animal in 1094:who had revolted during the 935:to lead his elephant units. 6820:Royal Army Veterinary Corps 5952:White, Horace, ed. (1899). 5922:Journal of the Siam Society 5718:10.1556/AAnt.43.2003.3-4.10 5668:Nossov, Konstantin (2008). 5327:Penske Business Media, LLC. 4845:"War Veteran Elephant Dies" 4550:Hajjah Adil, Amina (2002). 3777:Hebrew Union College Annual 3026:Singh, Sarva Daman (1989). 2983:Singh, Sarva Daman (1989). 2907:. Oxford University Press. 2169:against the Chinese in the 2038:was killed by Siamese King 1738:. The great Moghul Emperor 1574:fall of the Sassanid Empire 1539:Julian's invasion of Persia 1513:miniature representing the 1223:in 217 BC the elephants of 885:, who ruled in what is now 581:, and 6,000 war elephants. 267:in the ancient Indian epic 6902: 6886:Military history of Africa 5758:Rawlinson, George (1885). 4984:Moerbeck, Martijn (1997). 4461:World History Encyclopedia 4049:The Syrian Wars, IV, 16–20 4047:Horace White, ed. (1899). 3843:Scripta Classica Israelica 3224:Economic History of Orissa 3184:World History Encyclopedia 3094:10.1007/s12520-019-00959-5 2841:World History Encyclopedia 1600:African savannah elephants 1583: 1498: 1318: 1237:Loxodonta africana oxyotis 931:, and created the post of 705: 519:additionally mentions the 501:army. Scriptures like the 252: 112:Metropolitan Museum of Art 85:War elephants depicted in 29: 6782:National War Dog Cemetery 6582:Blue Peacock nuclear mine 6541: 5802:Ramayana: Myth or Reality 5762:(2007 reprint ed.). 5743:10.1017/S000983880900007X 5647:Kistler, John M. (2006). 5478:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2006), 5427:Chakravarti, P.C (2003). 5157:"Toomai of the Elephants" 4719:"Indian elephant battery" 4636:Chakrabongse, C. (1960). 4245:Journal of Late Antiquity 4239:Charles, Michael (2018). 3715:Kistler, John M. (2007). 3616:The Anabasis of Alexander 3536:Historiae Alexandri Magni 3436:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 3117:"1 Maccabees VI 34 Again" 2483:, Arabic for "elephant". 2066:Capture of Malacca (1511) 1460:of 49–45 BC, the army of 1439:first invasion of Britain 942:War elephants during the 831:River, by Andre Castaigne 791:(1406–1407). In 605, the 596:(321–297 BC), formed the 449:The ancient Indian epics 428:military history of India 310:Indus Valley civilization 5869:Scullard, H. H. (1974). 5651:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 4610:Observed in Thailand as 4174:Daryaee, Touraj (2016). 3332:"War Against King Elara" 2668:Assassin's Creed Origins 2260:. They are classed as a 2246:Kachin Independence Army 1420:Roman marble sarcophagus 1386:Quintus Fulvius Nobilior 1380:in Hispania. During the 1360:in 190 BC, during which 1233:African savanna elephant 1061:Battle of Beth Zechariah 858:occurred at Alexander's 67:Second Battle of Panipat 6760:Animals in War Memorial 6754:Animals in War Memorial 6613:Mail delivery by animal 6152:African forest elephant 5800:Sankalia, H.D. (1963). 5692:, Osprey Publishing Ltd 5630:Oxford University Press 5469:Davis, Paul K. (1999). 5452:10.2143/IA.42.0.2017880 4893:"Vietnam War Elephants" 4355:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3997:Antiochus III the Great 3534:Quintus Curtius Rufus. 2795:Whitney, William Dwight 2665:In the 2017 video game 2599:Toomai of the Elephants 2467:, the bishop is called 2179:First Anglo-Burmese War 1890:faced war-elephants in 1843:took his one elephant, 1728:First Battle of Panipat 1689:Western Chalukya Empire 1551:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah 1350:battle of Cynoscephalae 635:Hathigumpha inscription 354:First Book of Maccabees 273:, showing war elephants 185:they were also used in 114:, two feet (61 cm) long 6140:North African elephant 5994: 5974:Listen to this article 5697:Rance, Philip (2003). 5657:Lahiri Choudhury, D.K. 4873:Williams, James Howard 3883:Elephas maximus asurus 3307:"Sri Lankan Elephants" 2719:Horizon Forbidden West 2604:First Anglo-Afghan War 2503:Royal Armouries Museum 2364:was the deployment of 2308: 2292: 2149: 2140:An elephant pulling a 2133: 2113: 2080: 2003: 1883: 1619: 1522: 1434: 1382:Second Celtiberian War 1337: 1275:in 251 BC the Romans' 1256: 1132:North African elephant 1127: 1067: 1063:, 162 BCE. Drawing by 946: 891:Battle of the Hydaspes 878: 832: 829:Battle of the Hydaspes 773: 659: 650:defending the city of 446: 274: 126: 115: 99: 59:Battle of the Hydaspes 6876:History of South Asia 6716:By battle, war or era 6416:Elephant Encyclopedia 6135:African bush elephant 6115:Seismic communication 5993: 5888:Sun, Laichen (2003). 5624:Kiernan, Ben (2019). 5584:Elephant in Sri Lanka 5143:June 6, 2023, at the 5016:Stanford News Service 4699:, p. 15 note 107 4508:Lahiri Choudhury 1988 4387:Roy, Kaushik (2012). 4257:10.1353/jla.2018.0000 4188:10.2307/j.ctvh1dkb6.7 3572:Roy, Kaushik (2004). 2871:Elephant Encyclopedia 2750:Execution by elephant 2306: 2289:1857 Indian Rebellion 2286: 2139: 2119: 2111: 2074: 1988:Battle of Yuthahatthi 1985: 1873: 1617: 1555:invading Arab Muslims 1508: 1501:Persian war elephants 1418: 1354:battle of Thermopylae 1328: 1245: 1121: 1055: 941: 876: 856:Persian war elephants 826: 646: 441: 262: 121: 105: 84: 6871:Elephants in culture 6747:Memorials and awards 6025:More spoken articles 5858:Numismatic Chronicle 5688:Peers, C.J. (2006), 5606:A History of Warfare 5091:. Book XVI, ch. 36. 3632:, Book 5, Chapter 17 3309:. Lankalibrary.com. 3227:. Indus Publishing. 2942:. Historyworld.net. 2560:Elephants in use by 2412:improve this article 2032:Kingdom of Ayutthaya 1882:in the 12th century. 1798:Year of the Elephant 1773:, while the post of 1586:Year of the Elephant 1543:Battle of Vartanantz 1479:, 46 BC, where 1219:reports that at the 1204:military of Carthage 959:Seleucid–Mauryan war 737:in 948. In 970, the 231:early modern warfare 32:War Elephant (album) 6798:Personnel and units 6693:Damnatio ad bestias 6172:Sri Lankan elephant 5731:Classical Quarterly 5532:Goldsworthy, Adrian 5514:Alexander the Great 5088:de Natura Animalium 4895:. 20 October 2015. 4793:Buckle, E. (1852). 4299:on 10 October 2014. 3793:1 Maccabees 6:32–33 2799:Smith, Benjamin Eli 2594:British Indian Army 2362:classical antiquity 2266:U.S. Special Forces 2223:, commander of the 2152:With the advent of 1816:, marched upon the 1447:conquest of Britain 1321:Roman war elephants 1076:Antiochus V Eupator 944:Battle of Gaugamela 860:Battle of Gaugamela 844:Alexander the Great 594:Chandragupta Maurya 583:Alexander the Great 557:under the reign of 475:rules of engagement 432:Indo-Gangetic Plain 369:Indian subcontinent 352:. According to the 325: 1600–1100 BC 291:as recorded in the 191:Mediterranean world 183:classical antiquity 6866:Combat occupations 6618:Pigeon photography 6567:Animal-borne bombs 5995: 5672:. Bloomsbury USA. 5051:on 1 November 2020 3797:4 Maccabees 1:7–10 3259:J. Hackin (1994). 2966:, pp. 289–90. 2835:Lal, Dr Avantika. 2701:Genndy Tartakovsky 2660:Macedonian phalanx 2656:Battle of Hydaspes 2642:Crusader Kings III 2571:In popular culture 2309: 2293: 2150: 2142:Supermarine Walrus 2134: 2114: 2081: 2004: 1946:from their famous 1884: 1853:Holy Roman Emperor 1752:laid siege to the 1714:, a descendant of 1620: 1523: 1435: 1358:battle of Magnesia 1338: 1331:Asian war elephant 1273:battle of Panormus 1257: 1144:Musawwarat al-Sufa 1128: 1068: 1031:battle of Heraclea 947: 879: 852:Hellenistic Greece 833: 660: 447: 424:later Vedic period 404:early Vedic period 275: 227:gunpowder weaponry 127: 116: 110:on display at the 100: 6833: 6832: 6711: 6710: 6654:Military funerals 6504:Ballista elephant 6437: 6436: 6393: 6392: 6348: 6347: 6323: 6322: 6275:Ballista elephant 6263: 6262: 6240:Elephant crushing 6219: 6217: 6216: 6177:Sumatran elephant 6123: 6122: 5991: 5944:978-9971-69-448-7 5908:978-1-316-44504-4 5769:978-1-4286-4792-3 5679:978-1-84603-268-4 5639:978-0-19-005379-6 5420:978-1-00-013466-7 5401:978-0-691-13597-7 5125:Jayawardhene 1994 4880:Rupert Hart-Davis 4668:, pp. 290–91 4400:978-1-139-57684-0 4323:978-1-4738-8982-8 4150:De Bello Africano 4135:978-0-7112-2801-6 4081:. pp. 46–47. 3969:Polybius v.84.2–7 3947:30.2, 41.2, 86.1. 3728:978-0-8032-6004-7 3380:978-1-84603-803-7 3262:Asiatic Mythology 3211:, pp. 48–49. 3121:Vetus Testamentum 2914:978-0-19-522243-2 2648:In the 2004 film 2444: 2443: 2436: 2287:A scene from the 2175:Battle of Danubyu 2012:double cross-bows 1771:Gajanayake Nilame 1750:King Rajasinghe I 1596:Himyarite Kingdom 1519:Battle of Avarayr 1477:battle of Thapsus 1470:De Bello Africano 1466:battle of Thapsus 1261:Pyrrhus of Epirus 1163:African elephants 1043:battle of Asculum 1023:Pyrrhus of Epirus 840:Achaemenid Empire 708:Ballista elephant 255:Captive elephants 199:Hellenistic Greek 193:within armies of 76: 75: 16:(Redirected from 6893: 6881:Military animals 6788:War Dog Memorial 6723:Mongol expansion 6698:Exploding animal 6683:Animals in space 6557: 6547: 6471:Military animals 6464: 6457: 6450: 6441: 6360: 6325: 6265: 6228: 6125: 6095: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6054: 6015: 6013: 6002: 6001: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5975: 5959: 5948: 5929: 5912: 5893: 5884: 5865: 5852: 5823: 5795: 5773: 5754: 5721: 5703: 5693: 5683: 5664: 5652: 5643: 5620: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5549: 5527: 5505: 5492:Houghton Mifflin 5482: 5474: 5464: 5459:Chinnock, E. J. 5455: 5434: 5423: 5404: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4626:, pp. 22–25 4621: 4615: 4612:Armed Forces Day 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4552:Prophet Muhammad 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4522: 4511: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4352:The Gupta Empire 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4295:. 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Kala-Nag from 2554: 2545: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2396: 2388: 2217:Second World War 2210:artillery pieces 2183:Congreve rockets 2171:Sino-Burmese War 2002:in January 1593. 1795: 1736:Battle of Khanua 1730:and the army of 1592:Kingdom of Aksum 1404:marched against 1329:Statuette of an 1301:battle of Trebia 1289:Second Punic War 1253:Henri-Paul Motte 1221:battle of Raphia 1187:Syrian elephants 1179:overexploitation 1161:began acquiring 1096:Maccabean Revolt 911:themselves; the 887:Punjab, Pakistan 864:Alexander's army 771: 548: 545: 390: 387: 381: 326: 323: 211:Ancient Carthage 169:, especially in 37: 21: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6856:Ancient warfare 6836: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6793: 6742: 6728:Napoleonic Wars 6707: 6671: 6667:Riderless horse 6648: 6639:Military mascot 6627: 6596: 6548: 6539: 6473: 6468: 6438: 6433: 6389: 6344: 6319: 6305:Temple elephant 6259: 6213: 6182:Syrian elephant 6167:Indian elephant 6162:Borneo elephant 6145:Desert elephant 6119: 6086: 6081: 6029: 6028: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6006:This audio file 6003: 5996: 5987: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5951: 5945: 5932: 5915: 5909: 5896: 5887: 5881: 5868: 5855: 5841:10.2307/1579643 5826: 5812: 5799: 5792: 5776: 5770: 5757: 5724: 5712:(3–4): 355–84. 5701: 5696: 5687: 5680: 5667: 5655: 5646: 5640: 5623: 5617: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5555:African Affairs 5552: 5546: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5502: 5485: 5477: 5468: 5458: 5440:Iranica Antiqua 5437: 5426: 5421: 5408: 5402: 5386: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5145:Wayback Machine 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5070:Pliny the Elder 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4995: 4993: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4882:, London, 1954) 4871: 4867: 4858: 4856: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4802: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4744:"Victorian Web" 4742: 4741: 4737: 4728: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4645: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4469: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4440:Pradeep Barua. 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4401: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4370: 4363: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4324: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4210: 4206: 4197: 4195: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4112:, (VIII, 23.5). 4108: 4104: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4009:Pliny the Elder 4007: 4003: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3951: 3945:De Bello Africo 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3857: 3853: 3840: 3836: 3823: 3813: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3774: 3767: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3701:Natural History 3698: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3586: 3571: 3570: 3561: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3381: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3286:Pliny the Elder 3284: 3280: 3273: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3235: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3133:10.2307/1517274 3114: 3113: 3109: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3040: 3025: 3024: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2997: 2982: 2981: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2915: 2900: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2813:. p. 2257. 2811:Century Company 2793: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2740:Cavalry tactics 2736: 2636:Imperator: Rome 2590:heavy artillery 2586:Rudyard Kipling 2581:The Jungle Book 2573: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2496:Emperor Go-Nara 2451:, it is called 2440: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2409: 2397: 2386: 2384:Cultural legacy 2281: 2203:Sino-French War 2106: 1804:. At that time 1734:in 1527 at the 1648:Pamir Mountains 1634:(Kushans). The 1612: 1588: 1582: 1580:Aksumite Empire 1535:Sassanid Empire 1527:Parthian Empire 1509:A 15th-century 1503: 1497: 1462:Metellus Scipio 1458:Roman civil war 1348:in 199 BC, the 1323: 1317: 1281:battle of Tunis 1183:Seleucid Empire 1171:Kingdom of Kush 1155:Ptolemaic Egypt 1148:Kingdom of Kush 1140:Great Enclosure 1116: 1108:Judas Maccabeus 1080:Ptolemaic Egypt 1047:Pyrrhic victory 967:Battle of Ipsus 955:Seleucid Empire 821: 772: 769: 710: 704: 675:Pliny the Elder 563:Pliny the Elder 559:Mahapadma Nanda 546: 516:Samyutta Nikaya 479:Kurukshetra War 420:Uchchaihshravas 396: 395: 394: 393: 392: 388: 382: 371: 366: 324: 257: 251: 159: 123:Rajput painting 79: 71:Battle of Ambur 69: 65: 61: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6899: 6897: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6790:(Pennsylvania) 6785: 6779: 6774: 6773:(South Africa) 6771:Horse Memorial 6768: 6763: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6608:Acoustic Kitty 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6592:Project Pigeon 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6572:Anti-tank dogs 6569: 6563: 6561: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6315:White elephant 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6202:Dwarf elephant 6199: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6187:Javan elephant 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6157:Asian elephant 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6131: 6129: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6018: 6004: 5997: 5985: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968:External links 5966: 5965: 5964: 5949: 5943: 5930: 5913: 5907: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5866: 5853: 5824: 5810: 5797: 5790: 5774: 5768: 5755: 5722: 5694: 5685: 5678: 5665: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5621: 5615: 5597: 5595:. Amber Books. 5588: 5579: 5550: 5544: 5528: 5522: 5506: 5500: 5483: 5475: 5466: 5456: 5435: 5424: 5419: 5411:The Ming World 5406: 5400: 5388:Andrade, Tonio 5382: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5343: 5307: 5274: 5243: 5210: 5188:Age of Empires 5173: 5148: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5074: 5062: 5033: 5002: 4976: 4941: 4910: 4884: 4865: 4851:. 2003-02-26. 4836: 4811: 4785: 4760: 4735: 4710: 4708:Nossov, p. 14. 4701: 4689: 4670: 4658: 4643: 4628: 4616: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4560: 4542: 4512: 4499: 4478: 4447: 4432: 4417: 4399: 4379: 4362:978-8120800892 4361: 4341: 4322: 4302: 4281: 4231: 4227:Rawlinson 1885 4219: 4204: 4166: 4155: 4141: 4134: 4114: 4102: 4084: 4066: 4054: 4039: 4036:on 2009-05-03. 4021: 4001: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3949: 3936: 3927: 3925:Nossov, p. 30. 3918: 3901:New York Times 3887: 3875: 3869: 3851: 3834: 3785: 3765: 3744: 3727: 3707: 3691: 3679: 3655: 3634: 3602: 3585:978-8178241098 3584: 3559: 3542: 3526: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3473:, p. 157. 3463: 3461:, p. 158. 3451: 3444: 3438:. p. 90. 3422: 3410: 3398: 3379: 3360: 3358:, p. 122. 3348: 3323: 3298: 3278: 3271: 3251: 3234:978-8173870750 3233: 3213: 3201: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3127:(2): 230–233. 3107: 3068: 3056: 3039:978-8120804869 3038: 3013: 2996:978-8120804869 2995: 2968: 2956: 2931: 2913: 2888: 2857: 2827: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2612:Age of Empires 2572: 2569: 2559: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2442: 2441: 2400: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2280: 2277: 2250:failing states 2187:British forces 2105: 2102: 2077:Nguyen dynasty 2024:elephant duels 2008:Southeast Asia 1977:Ottoman Empire 1948:composite bows 1794:عَـام الـفـيـل 1644:Tarim Kingdoms 1611: 1608: 1584:Main article: 1581: 1578: 1499:Main article: 1496: 1493: 1422:depicting the 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1305:battle of Zama 1248:Battle of Zama 1136:Nubian culture 1115: 1112: 1100:Beth Zachariah 1007:Roman Republic 820: 817: 777:Sui–Lâm Ấp war 767: 706:Main article: 703: 700: 668:Rajendra Chola 521:Gautama Buddha 383: 376: 375: 374: 373: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 302:Asian elephant 250: 247: 203:Roman Republic 187:ancient Persia 158: 155: 141:and guided by 108:elephant sword 77: 74: 73: 63:Battle of Zama 56: 52: 51: 46: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6898: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861:Animal armour 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6846:War elephants 6844: 6843: 6841: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Animal cyborg 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6340:Howdah pistol 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6245:Elephant goad 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6232:Domestication 6229: 6226: 6222: 6208: 6207:Pygmy mammoth 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6007: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5880:0-500-40025-3 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5835:(2): 289–91. 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5811:9788170071006 5807: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5791:0-394-74067-X 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5737:(1): 91–111. 5736: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5670:War Elephants 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649:War Elephants 5645: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5616:0-679-73082-6 5612: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5545:0-304-36642-0 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5523:0-14-102076-8 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510:Fox, Robin L. 5507: 5503: 5501:0-618-13384-4 5497: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5308: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5275: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5244: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5174: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5063: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5037: 5034: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5003: 4992:on 2008-05-17 4991: 4987: 4980: 4977: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4876:Elephant Bill 4874: 4869: 4866: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4687:, p. 291 4686: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4656:, p. 290 4655: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4638:Lords of Life 4632: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4589:, p. 197 4588: 4583: 4580: 4577:, p. 200 4576: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4561:1-930409-11-7 4557: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4532:on 2012-08-27 4531: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4482: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4444:. p. 18. 4443: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4425:Kaushik Roy. 4421: 4418: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4383: 4380: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4345: 4342: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4282: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4232: 4229:, p. 189 4228: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4099:. p. 67. 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3870:9789774164781 3867: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3832:(II.§ 5) 3829: 3828: 3827:Against Apion 3819: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3718:War Elephants 3711: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3524:, p. 19. 3523: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3509:, p. 38. 3508: 3503: 3500: 3497:, p. 82. 3496: 3491: 3488: 3485:, p. 79. 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3445:0-618-13384-4 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3420:, p. 51. 3419: 3418:Di Cosmo 2006 3414: 3411: 3408:, p. 33. 3407: 3406:Di Cosmo 2006 3402: 3399: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3370:War Elephants 3364: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3272:9788120609204 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166:Sankalia 1963 3162: 3159: 3156:, p. 10. 3155: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3066:, p. xi. 3065: 3060: 3057: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2775:Thai elephant 2773: 2771: 2770:Sassanid army 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2654:scene of the 2653: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Lohagarh Fort 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473:Chinese chess 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2438: 2435: 2427: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2401:This section 2399: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2374:Diadochi wars 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2230:Elephant Bill 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2197:up until the 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1964:Sack of Delhi 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942:by showering 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1775:Kuruve Lekham 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Mughal Empire 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1693:Chola dynasty 1690: 1686: 1685:Chola dynasty 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673:Harshacharita 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:Kushan Empire 1616: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:Julius Caesar 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1362:Antiochus III 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1120: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1106:, brother of 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 992: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 945: 940: 936: 934: 930: 925: 921: 916: 914: 909: 904: 902: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 875: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 838: 830: 825: 818: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 783:(1075–1077), 782: 778: 766: 762: 760: 756: 753:. During the 752: 748: 744: 743:Wanli Emperor 740: 736: 731: 727: 723: 722:Liang dynasty 719: 715: 709: 701: 699: 697: 693: 690:'s mount and 689: 685: 681: 676: 671: 669: 665: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 598:Maurya Empire 595: 591: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 543 BC 541: 537: 536:Mahajanapadas 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 517: 512: 511: 510:Vinaya Pitaka 506: 505: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459: 454: 453: 445: 444:Carnatic Wars 440: 436: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:ancient India 389: 500 BC 380: 368: 363: 361: 359: 355: 351: 345: 343: 337: 334: 333:deforestation 330: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306:domestication 303: 298: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 280: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 248: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 175:Ancient China 172: 171:ancient India 168: 164: 156: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 124: 120: 113: 109: 104: 98: 94: 93: 90:crossing the 89: 83: 78:Military unit 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 53: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6777:Purple poppy 6766:Dickin Medal 6738:World War II 6499: 6414: 6380:Kerala state 6335:Elephant gun 6310:War elephant 6309: 5954: 5934: 5925: 5921: 5898: 5870: 5861: 5860:. Series 6. 5857: 5832: 5828: 5801: 5781: 5778:Said, Edward 5759: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5709: 5705: 5689: 5669: 5660: 5648: 5625: 5604: 5601:Keegan, John 5592: 5583: 5558: 5554: 5535: 5513: 5487: 5479: 5470: 5460: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5410: 5391: 5366:. Retrieved 5355: 5346: 5334:. Retrieved 5320: 5310: 5298:. Retrieved 5287: 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5256: 5246: 5234:. Retrieved 5223: 5213: 5201:. Retrieved 5186: 5176: 5165:. Retrieved 5151: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5097:. Retrieved 5087: 5077: 5065: 5053:. Retrieved 5049:the original 5043: 5036: 5024:. Retrieved 5015: 5010:Levy, Dawn. 5005: 4994:. Retrieved 4990:the original 4979: 4968:. Retrieved 4944: 4932:. Retrieved 4924:theworld.org 4923: 4913: 4901:. Retrieved 4887: 4875: 4868: 4857:. Retrieved 4848: 4839: 4828:. Retrieved 4814: 4803:. Retrieved 4788: 4777:. Retrieved 4763: 4752:. Retrieved 4738: 4727:. 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