253:, with Enckell acting as the chair. While the committee members initially disagreed whether the War College should be a temporary or permanent institute, they submitted their report already at the end of May calling for a permanent War College to be established. According to their proposal, the War College would provide all higher military education in Finland, starting with an intake of 30 officers in a two-year general staff officer course and 10 officers in a one-year course for unit commanders. The college would also provide military scientific training for engineering and artillery engineering officers. The War College was seen as a way to improve the Finnish Army, advance Finnish military and military scientific literature, and allow the army to formulate its own tactics and strategies.
303:
257:
457:
271:, chairman of a Defence Revision Committee that was considering Finnish defence more holistically, approached the minister of defence with a letter calling for War College to be established as soon as possible. The government proposed a budget for a War College three weeks later. However, during the parliamentary process, the college was turned into a temporary institute, set up only to the end of 1930.
31:
354:
395:, the first of which was held in 1961. These approximately three-week courses, attended by top decision makers of the Finnish society, discuss "timely issues relevant to Finnish security policy and national defence" with a goal of "improving the co-operation of various sectors of the society during emergency conditions". The courses are based on the concept of
318:
In late 1920s, it was observed that the amount of graduates would be wholly insufficient for the needs of the
Finnish Defence Forces even in peace-time. As such, in 1930, a modification to the relevant laws made the War College a permanent institute, allowing long-term development of the institution.
431:
Investigations into the efficacy of the
Finnish officer training system had been a constant since the founding of the War College, with first proposals for combining the various officer training institutions going back to at least the 1930s. Following the work of several working groups in the 1980s,
399:
and include teaching, discussions and exercises on the basics of security policy and national defence, economic national defence, national defence publicity, military national defence, civil defence and similar matters. By 1993, a total of 4833 people had attended the courses, over 85 % of whom
314:
Various lines of study were launched over time, starting with the general studies section. The military technical section began teaching in
October 1925, the naval warfare section in the fall of 1927 and the air warfare section in 1937. These early years also saw the introduction of an entrance exam
380:
A 1955 review of graduation numbers revealed that the numbers of graduates from various lines of study were misaligned with the needs of the military. Most notably, the land warfare line of study was producing too few graduates, while the naval and aerial warfare lines were producing too many. As a
373:
Normal teaching resumed with the intake of 1947. The incoming students were met by a new sectional structure, which consisted of a general studies section, a naval warfare section, an aerial warfare section, an engineering section, a signals section and a logistics section. This division was again
310:
The initial teaching staff was largely from abroad (namely Sweden, Italy, France and
England), with Finns (other than Martola) acting only as hourly teachers. As a consequence, much of the early teaching was in languages other than Finnish. It took until 1927 before all teaching staff was Finnish.
274:
A presidential decree signed on 3 October 1924 defined that the War
College was to provide higher military scientific education for active-duty officers on two tracks, the first of which was a two-year general studies track. The second track was a four-year military technical track, which included
225:
as the inspector of war schools, a role which also entailed command of the War
College. While these actions technically "found" the War College, they did not materialize anything practical, and the role of inspector of war schools was disbanded in April 1920. Instead, in late 1919 Finnish officers
123:
education for officers of the
Finnish military, continuing education for staff officers who had already graduated, and courses for top decision makers of the Finnish society. Starting from 1980s, it also housed the Department of Military Science, and under it the Office of Military History and the
365:
The War
College resumed limited activities in the summer of 1945, when it awarded diplomas to students who had been in the middle of their studies when the Winter War broke out. Teaching resumed on 7 January 1946, with a fresh intake of 38 students. This first intake of students deviated from the
220:
from Russia in 1917. This initial proposal was for an institute providing relatively short, 6 to 9 months long, courses that would be mandatory for all officers who had obtained three years of practical experience. In
January 1919, the government both granted the proposed institute funding, and
411:
work began in 1957. Starting from 1968, general staff officers who had completed their general staff studies at least five years prior were offered 8-week courses aimed to give their participants the prerequisite skills to act as, for example, commander of an independent units or as a head of
443:
A revised organizational structure was approved by the
President of Finland in July 1992, and came to effect on 1 January 1993. The restructuring merged the War College with Battle School and Cadet School to form the National Defence University. The merger process drew the attention of the
319:
The lengths of the courses were also in flux at the time, with especially the military technical section experimenting with both three and four year courses. 1933 saw the end of students being sent to the Helsinki University of Technology, as all teaching was now given by the War College.
594:
The flag of the War College was approved in 1968. It depicted a golden Lion of Finland (absent roses) on a purplish red field, with the castle-and-sword icon of the course badge (in gold and silver) in the upper left corner. The flag remains in use as a heritage flag.
200:), that would give one-year courses to train between 500 and 1000 new officers per year. Next, a system of sending officers to Germany for schooling was considered. In the end, an independent Finnish Cadet School was settled upon, and began teaching in 1919.
1351:
Karjalainen, Mikko (2018). ""Kaikin puolin kyvykäs upseeri" – eversti, mannerheim-ristin ritari Valter Nordgren" ["All-Around a Capable Officer" – Colonel, Knight of the Mannerheim Cross Valter Nordgren]. In Karjalainen, Mikko; Ahtinen, Hannu (eds.).
337:
in 1939. Of these, 265 graduated from the general section, 54 from the technical section, 38 from the naval warfare section and 13 from the air warfare section. 1939 also represented a record in student intake, with 50 new students beginning their studies.
333:, a major problem with the college was that it represented a significant financial burden for the duration of the studies, while not conveying any financial benefits following their end. A total of 370 officers had graduated by the beginning of the
279:. The first officers had indeed already started their studies in the Helsinki University of Technology 1923, when the War College was still a proposal. A separate military decree by the president, also signed on 3 October 1924, appointed Colonel
381:
result, the student intake process was modified so that a new cohort of students began their studies in the land warfare line every year, while the aerial and naval warfare lines only took in new students in turns every other year.
436:. The need for the merger was motivated by desire to provide better coordination and use of resources in officer training. War College's proposal presented a structure consisting of the War College and the Cadet School under the
294:. During an opening ceremony, Nenonen vocalized the mission of the War College as two-fold: it would not only provide its students with a broad military scientific education, but also develop a truly Finnish military doctrine.
1603:[National Defence University Begins Training Soldiers – Higher Education Council Would Not Accept as a Scientific Institute of Higher Education: "Greatest Change in the History of Finnish Officer Training"].
244:
approaching the Chief of Defence about general staff officer education. As a result, in April 1923, the government appointed a three-man committee to study a potential War College. The committee consisted of
377:
The post-war years also saw an increase in student intake compared to the 1930s. For example, the 1948 entrance exams were attended by 121 applicants, of whom 78 were accepted into the college.
370:
style" education. These students were also all allocated to the general studies section and the military technical section, with the naval and aerial warfare sections remaining closed.
448:, when it came to light that the Ministry of Defence had formally disestablished the existing schools without waiting for the relevant law on the new institute to pass the parliament.
419:
Further change came in 1985, when the Department of Military Science was merged into the War College. The department included, among others, the Office of Military History, the
1600:"Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu aloitti sotilaiden koulutuksen - Korkeakouluneuvosto ei hyväksyisi opinahjoa tiedekorkeakouluksi: "Suomen upseerikoulutuksen historian suurin muutos""
501:
course and logistics staff officer course were granted a right to use the badge of the Battle School sometime after 1957. The oval badge is decorated by a golden rim of
660:
The argument for a temporary institute being that following a surge of students in the first years, later students cohorts could be educated more cheaply in France.
341:
The start of the Finno-Soviet Winter War in late 1939 caused all teaching activities in the War College to be halted. The college remained closed to the end of the
283:
as the head of the War College. However, because Sihvo was at the time studying in Italy, the task was first taken up by the inspector of artillery, Major General
104:
active from 1924 to 1992. Founded first as a temporary institute, it was made permanent in 1930. At the end of 1992, it was merged with the Cadet School (Finnish:
494:, symbolizing steel armor plate. A golden rim decorates the edge of the badge. A unit badge based on the same design was approved for use with uniforms in 1935.
366:
norm in that the participants were detailed into the school without having to take an entrance exam. Their courses were also shortened to only a single year of "
154:. The proposal was accepted in 1780, and the school building completed in 1781. The school was the first institution to train army officers in any of the
472:. In 1949, the anniversary of the War College was modified to be 15 January, based on the date of the first general staff officer course starting.
290:
The first cohort of 34 students began their studies on 3 November 1924 in the old barracks of the Uusimaa Sharpshooter Battalion, at Liisankatu 1,
1692:
1587:
1579:
1476:
1417:
1390:
1371:
1363:
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113:
162:, but the institute resumed teaching in 1791 as an officer cadet school. The school was viewed as neutral ground by both parties during the
166:
and following the Russian victory, a Field Measurement School was set up at the same location in 1812. In 1819, the school was moved to
374:
modified in 1949, organizing the students under two sections (general and military technical) which contained various lines of study.
159:
1662:
1633:
1507:
1425:
1398:
276:
445:
1717:
1722:
137:
323:
287:. The first deputy head of the college was Major Armas-Eino Martola, who was also the first teacher of the college.
1468:
420:
143:
125:
476:
413:
209:
322:
Despite being made permanent, the college continued to attracted a limited number of students. According to the
385:
1618:[Cadet and Cadet School Remain as Military Terms: Government Approves Ministry's Revised Statutes].
342:
217:
1464:
475:
A 1928 design competition for a general staff officer course badge was won by a vertical oval designed by
440:
of the National Defence University. This proposal, however, was rejected as requiring too much personnel.
1644:"Puolustusvoimain uudistus koskettaa 1500:tä henkilöä: Paikkakuntaa joutuu vaihtamaan noin 300 sotilasta"
1615:"Kadetti ja kadettikoulu säilyvät sotilastermeinä: Hallitus hyväksyi ministeriön korjaamat asetustekstit"
1712:
408:
120:
1416:]. Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun historian laitoksen julkaisuja (in Finnish) (2nd, expanded ed.).
464:
In 1928, the anniversary of the War Collage was set as 11 April based on the 11 April 1610 founding of
432:
in December 1990, the War College was ordered to draft a proposal for the composition and mission of a
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171:
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543:) was designated as the official march of the War College on 24 February 1978. It replaced
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628:
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castle symbolizing Nyenschantz. The castle stands on silver waves with a background of
268:
1706:
1647:[Defence Force Reorganization Touches 1500: 300 Soldiers Forced to Move to].
640:
604:
396:
358:
1576:
National Defence University 20 Years: First Steps of a Military University 1993–2013
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517:
498:
481:
328:
246:
486:. The badge shows a silver sword, tip upwards, overlaid on a three-towered golden
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1518:
1335:
1435:
616:
465:
423:, the Military Archive of Finland, and the Central Library of Military Science.
280:
260:
163:
101:
60:
1552:
1679:
Kotro, Arto; Haapala, Juhani; Partanen, Tapio; Tilander, Heikki, eds. (2009).
1338:[80 Years of Military Historical Research in Finnish Defence Forces].
487:
334:
151:
147:
30:
1486:
1571:
Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu 20 vuotta: sotilasyliopiston ensiaskeleet 1993–2013
1414:
A Hand on the Handle of a Sword: A Short History of Finnish Officer Training
1353:
178:, the Finnish army had a shortage of officers. The initial plans were for a
1687:] (in Finnish). Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun perinneyhdistys ry, Siltala.
1569:
353:
291:
591:) had been previously dedicated to the Helsinki Jäger Brigade in 1918.
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for general staff officers. For example, courses preparing officers for
1383:
Sotakorkeakoulusta Maanpuolustuskorkeakouluksi: Seitsemän vuosikymmentä
1555:[National Defence Courses: A Forum for Discussing Strategy?].
1410:
Käsi kalvan kahvassa: Suomalaisen upseerikoulutuksen lyhyt historiikki
502:
267:
The War College proposal was next pushed forwards in April 1924 when
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255:
1160:
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1156:
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An effort to found a War College was renewed in 1922, with both
1387:
From War College to National Defence University: Seven Decades
1463:]. Sotamuseon julkaisuja (in Finnish). Vol. 1/2008.
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509:(absent roses) on a field of matte black in the center.
1553:"Maanpuolustuskurssit: Foorumi strategiakeskustelulle?"
1199:
1197:
1355:
Vihollisen taktiikasta ja omista vastatoimenpiteistä
1336:"Sotahistorian tutkimus Puolustusvoimissa 80-vuotta"
1075:
142:
Officer training in Finland goes back to 1779, when
1551:Tienari, Janne; Mantere, Saku; Vaara, Eero (2009).
1063:
170:and became the Finnish Cadet School. Following the
66:
56:
48:
40:
18:
1681:Sotakorkeakoulu suomalaisen sotataidon kehittäjänä
1642:
1613:
1598:
1268:
1135:
1685:War College as a Developer of Finnish Art of War
1538:[War College, Missions and Activities].
208:A Finnish War College was first proposed by the
1521:[Finnish War College is 50 Years Old].
119:During its existence, the War College provided
1457:Suomen Puolustusvoimien Joukko-osastoperinteet
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1280:
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1239:
1164:
1147:
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361:, first post-war commander of the War College.
1461:Unit Traditions of the Finnish Defence Forces
570:
548:
522:
226:were sent to France for continued education.
179:
70:
8:
1360:On Enemy Tactics and Our Own Countermeasures
569:). Maasalo's work, originally titled simply
1316:
1215:
1176:
937:
576:
554:
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185:
150:that a military school would be founded in
1334:Elfvengren, Eero; Turtola, Martti (2005).
384:In 1960, the War College began organizing
29:
1442:(in Finnish). Finnish Defence Forces. n.d
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212:in August 1918, following the end of the
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216:which had broken out soon after Finland
1536:"Sotakorkeakoulu, tehtävät ja toiminta"
1455:Palokangas, Marko, et al. (2008).
673:
653:
427:Founding of National Defence University
1654:
1625:
1529:. Suomen Sotatieteellinen seura: 5–32.
1346:. Suomen Sotatieteellinen seura: 7–21.
1203:
1123:
158:. Teaching was stopped in 1788 due to
15:
1546:. Suomen Sotatieteellinen seura: 5–7.
740:
728:
716:
704:
692:
343:Finnish participation in World War II
306:Anniversary of the War College, 1931.
7:
35:Original building of the War College
1519:"Suomen Sotakorkeakoulu 50-vuotias"
613:, assistant to commander, 1924–1925
1597:Vainio, Riitta (15 January 1993).
637:, assistant to commander 1926–1931
263:, photographed either 1925 or 1926
108:) and the Battle School (Finnish:
14:
1064:Tienari, Mantere & Vaara 2009
277:Helsinki University of Technology
1563:. Suomen Sotatieteellinen seura.
497:The War College command course,
1641:Wikström, Sven (21 July 1992).
460:Course badge of the War College
1612:Wikström, Sven (9 July 1992).
403:The War College also provided
160:Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790
1:
1661:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1632:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1381:Kurenmaa, Pekka, ed. (1994).
1136:Elfvengren & Turtola 2005
477:Artturi Brummer-Korvenkontio
275:two years of studies in the
210:Finnish General Headquarters
1580:National Defence University
1418:National Defence University
1391:National Defence University
1364:National Defence University
434:National Defence University
138:Military history of Finland
114:National Defence University
1739:
1568:Vaahtolammi, Esko (2013).
1469:Military Museum of Finland
421:Military Museum of Finland
324:Officer's Union of Finland
315:for prospective students.
144:Georg Magnus Sprengtporten
135:
126:Military Museum of Finland
1534:Setälä, Risto J. (1984).
1496:Sotakorkeakoulu 1924-1974
28:
23:
1517:Seppälä, Helge (1974b).
1494:Seppälä, Helge (1974a).
1076:Maanpuolustuskurssit n.d
386:national defence courses
1440:maanpuolustuskurssit.fi
452:Heraldry and traditions
1465:Finnish Defence Forces
1269:Palokangas et al. 2008
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264:
249:, Hannes Ignatius and
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109:
105:
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1718:Education in Helsinki
1500:War College 1924-1974
643:, commander 1945–1948
631:, commander 1929–1930
625:, commander 1926–1929
619:, commander 1925–1926
607:, commander 1924–1925
505:twigs, with a golden
459:
446:Chancellor of Justice
356:
305:
259:
233:and the board of the
218:declared independence
121:general staff officer
1578:] (in Finnish).
1502:] (in Finnish).
1438:[About us].
1408:Liene, Timo (2002).
1389:] (in Finnish).
1362:] (in Finnish).
470:Charles IX of Sweden
405:continuing education
285:Vilho Petter Nenonen
172:Finnish independence
1723:Military of Finland
1307:, pp. 152–153.
1293:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1281:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1252:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1240:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1165:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1148:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1112:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1100:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1090:, pp. 193–196.
1088:Kuremaa et al. 1994
1066:, pp. 171–172.
1054:, pp. 123–124.
926:Kuremaa et al. 1994
890:Kuremaa et al. 1994
765:Kuremaa et al. 1994
623:Karl Lennart Oesch
611:Armas-Eino Martola
462:
363:
308:
265:
251:Armas-Eino Martola
1694:978-952-234-023-8
1649:Helsingin Sanomat
1620:Helsingin Sanomat
1605:Helsingin Sanomat
1589:978-951-25-2492-1
1478:978-951-25-1885-2
1373:978-951-25-3056-4
1179:, pp. 14–15.
1042:, pp. 65–67.
1018:, pp. 52–54.
1006:, pp. 49–50.
916:, pp. 37–38.
892:, pp. 18–19.
851:, pp. 18–20.
839:, pp. 17–18.
815:, pp. 16–17.
803:, pp. 15–16.
791:, pp. 13–15.
755:, pp. 11–12.
743:, pp. 34–37.
731:, pp. 33–34.
719:, pp. 22–24.
707:, pp. 17–19.
695:, pp. 13–14.
400:were civilians.
214:Finnish Civil War
176:Finnish Civil War
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1317:Vaahtolammi 2013
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1177:Vaahtolammi 2013
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100:) was a Finnish
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1672:Further reading
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1436:"Tietoa meistä"
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994:, pp. 7–8.
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904:, pp. 6–7.
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513:Armas Maasalo's
507:Lion of Finland
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368:boarding school
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223:Hannes Ignatius
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93:Sotakorkeakoulu
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24:Sotakorkeakoulu
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1720:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1638:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1565:
1559:(in Finnish).
1548:
1542:(in Finnish).
1531:
1525:(in Finnish).
1514:
1508:
1491:
1477:
1452:
1432:
1426:
1405:
1399:
1378:
1372:
1348:
1342:(in Finnish).
1330:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:, p. 210.
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1271:, p. 108.
1256:
1244:
1232:
1228:Wikström 1992a
1220:
1208:
1193:
1189:Wikström 1992b
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 116.
1152:
1150:, p. 115.
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1102:, p. 198.
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
981:
979:, p. 201.
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
894:
882:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
672:
671:
669:
666:
663:
662:
652:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
638:
632:
629:Erik Heinrichs
626:
620:
614:
608:
600:
597:
545:Robert Kajanus
453:
450:
428:
425:
357:Major General
350:
349:Cold War years
347:
299:
296:
269:Eirik Hornborg
231:Harald Ă–hquist
205:
202:
133:
130:
96:, abbreviated
79:
76:
75:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1735:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1651:(in Finnish).
1650:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1622:(in Finnish).
1621:
1616:
1610:
1607:(in Finnish).
1606:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1509:951-25-0020-5
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:951-25-1397-8
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1400:951-25-0686-6
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:Seppälä 1974a
1301:
1298:
1295:, p. 72.
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 26.
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1254:, p. 70.
1253:
1248:
1245:
1242:, p. 17.
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:, p. 11.
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1114:, p. 73.
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:Seppälä 1974a
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:Seppälä 1974a
1036:
1033:
1030:, p. 54.
1029:
1028:Seppälä 1974a
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:Seppälä 1974a
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:Seppälä 1974a
1000:
997:
993:
992:Seppälä 1974b
988:
986:
982:
978:
977:Seppälä 1974a
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
950:Seppälä 1974b
946:
943:
939:
934:
931:
928:, p. 24.
927:
922:
919:
915:
914:Seppälä 1974a
910:
907:
903:
902:Seppälä 1974b
898:
895:
891:
886:
883:
879:
878:Seppälä 1974b
874:
872:
870:
866:
863:, p. 18.
862:
861:Seppälä 1974a
857:
854:
850:
849:Seppälä 1974a
845:
842:
838:
837:Seppälä 1974a
833:
830:
827:, p. 14.
826:
825:Seppälä 1974a
821:
818:
814:
813:Seppälä 1974a
809:
806:
802:
801:Seppälä 1974a
797:
794:
790:
789:Seppälä 1974a
785:
782:
779:, p. 13.
778:
777:Seppälä 1974a
773:
770:
766:
761:
758:
754:
753:Seppälä 1974a
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
730:
725:
722:
718:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
694:
689:
686:
683:, p. 14.
682:
681:Seppälä 1974b
677:
674:
667:
657:
654:
647:
642:
641:Kustaa Tapola
639:
636:
635:Einar Mäkinen
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:Vilho Nenonen
603:
602:
599:Notable staff
598:
596:
592:
573:
551:
546:
538:Festive March
525:
519:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
483:
478:
473:
471:
467:
458:
451:
449:
447:
441:
439:
435:
426:
424:
422:
417:
415:
410:
406:
401:
398:
397:total defence
392:
387:
382:
378:
375:
371:
369:
360:
359:Kustaa Tapola
355:
348:
346:
344:
339:
336:
330:
325:
320:
316:
312:
304:
298:Pre-war years
297:
295:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
272:
270:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
241:
236:
232:
227:
224:
219:
215:
211:
203:
201:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
131:
129:
127:
122:
117:
115:
111:
110:Taistelukoulu
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
80:Military unit
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
17:
1713:War colleges
1684:
1680:
1648:
1619:
1604:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1557:Tiede ja ase
1556:
1543:
1540:Tiede ja Ase
1539:
1526:
1523:Tiede ja Ase
1522:
1499:
1495:
1460:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1413:
1409:
1386:
1382:
1359:
1354:
1343:
1340:Tiede ja Ase
1339:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1218:, p. 9.
1211:
1184:
1172:
1143:
1131:
1126:, p. 6.
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
952:, p. 7.
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
885:
880:, p. 6.
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
767:, p. 8.
760:
748:
736:
724:
712:
700:
688:
676:
656:
593:
511:
496:
474:
463:
442:
430:
418:
409:intelligence
402:
383:
379:
376:
372:
364:
340:
321:
317:
313:
309:
289:
273:
266:
247:Carl Enckell
228:
207:
146:proposed to
141:
118:
106:Kadettikoulu
97:
92:
83:
82:
1204:Vainio 1993
1124:Setälä 1984
617:Aarne Sihvo
524:Juhlamarssi
516: [
480: [
466:Nyenschantz
389: [
327: [
281:Aarne Sihvo
261:Aarne Sihvo
238: [
235:Jäger Union
164:Finnish War
112:) into the
102:war college
84:War College
72:Juhlamarssi
61:War college
19:War College
1707:Categories
741:Liene 2002
729:Liene 2002
717:Liene 2002
705:Liene 2002
693:Liene 2002
668:References
550:Sotamarssi
488:crenelated
335:Winter War
221:appointed
195:War School
152:Rantasalmi
148:Gustav III
136:See also:
1657:cite news
1628:cite news
1487:1239-551X
1446:3 January
564:War March
181:Sotakoulu
44:1924–1992
292:Helsinki
204:Founding
174:and the
1327:Sources
580:
558:
532:
189:
132:History
88:Finnish
52:Finland
49:Country
1691:
1586:
1506:
1485:
1475:
1424:
1397:
1370:
572:Marssi
503:spruce
492:enamel
438:rector
168:Hamina
41:Active
1683:[
1574:[
1498:[
1459:[
1412:[
1385:[
1358:[
648:Notes
586:March
520:]
499:major
484:]
393:]
331:]
242:]
67:March
1689:ISBN
1663:link
1634:link
1584:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1483:ISSN
1473:ISBN
1467:and
1448:2024
1422:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1368:ISBN
577:lit.
555:lit.
529:lit.
186:lit.
57:Type
547:'s
468:by
98:SKK
1709::
1659:}}
1655:{{
1630:}}
1626:{{
1582:.
1561:67
1544:42
1527:32
1481:.
1471:.
1420:.
1393:.
1366:.
1344:63
1259:^
1196:^
1155:^
984:^
957:^
868:^
518:fi
482:fi
416:.
391:fi
345:.
329:fi
240:fi
128:.
116:.
90::
1697:.
1665:)
1636:)
1592:.
1512:.
1489:.
1450:.
1430:.
1403:.
1376:.
1230:.
1206:.
1191:.
1078:.
589:'
583:'
575:(
567:'
561:'
553:(
541:'
535:'
527:(
198:'
192:'
184:(
86:(
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