874:
2137:
379:
824:
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644:
1615:
439:
260:
82:
765:... the soldiers of the first column were attacked by the elephants. The flags of Major-general of the Guards, Walda of the Yellow Banner, and of Lieutenant Ulehi of the Manchu-Mongol cavalry were captured. As the elephants closed in on the encircled soldiers of the second column, the arrows shot by all of my men looked like the quills of a porcupine. The elephants fled towards the hills I was greatly alarmed and had a strange feeling. The rebels withdrew from the plain and split into groups in the thick forest of the mountain.
6573:
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939:
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893:. Preferring stealth and mobility to sheer force, Alexander manoeuvered and engaged with just his infantry and cavalry, ultimately defeating Porus' forces, including his elephant corps, albeit at some cost. Porus for his part placed his elephants individually, at long intervals from each other, a short distance in front of his main infantry line, in order to scare off Macedonian cavalry attacks and aid his own infantry in their struggle against the
103:
2100:. As one academic has put it, "thereafter this exotic introduction into Chinese culture passed out of history, and the tactical habits of the North prevailed". However, as late as the Ming dynasty in as far north as Beijing, there were still records of elephants being used in Chinese warfare, namely in 1449 where a Vietnamese contingent of war elephants helped the Ming Dynasty defend the city from the Mongols.
1871:
1045:. This time the Romans came prepared with flammable weapons and anti-elephant devices: these were ox-drawn wagons, equipped with long spikes to wound the elephants, pots of fire to scare them, and accompanying screening troops who would hurl javelins at the elephants to drive them away. A final charge of Epirot elephants won the day again, but this time Pyrrhus had suffered very heavy casualties – a
119:
2394:
2284:
2072:
1053:
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870:, the God of Fear, the night before the battle – but according to some sources the elephants ultimately failed to deploy in the final battle owing to their long march the day before. Alexander won resoundingly at Gaugamela, but was deeply impressed by the enemy elephants and took these first fifteen into his own army, adding to their number during his capture of the rest of Persia.
1983:
469:. Kings and princes principally ride on chariots, which was considered the most royal, while seldom riding the back of elephants. Although viewed as secondary to chariots by royalty, elephants were the preferred vehicle of warriors, especially the elite ones. While the chariots eventually fell into disuse, the other three arms continued to be valued. Many characters in the epic
1468:. Scipio trained his elephants before the battle by aligning the elephants in front of slingers that would throw rocks at them, and another line of slingers at the elephants' rear to perform the same, in order to propel the elephants only in one direction, preventing them turning their backs because of frontal attack and charging against his own lines, but the author of
2304:
2117:
621:. According to Chanakya; catching, training, and controlling war elephants was one of the most important skills taught by the military academies. He advised Chandragupta to set up forested sanctuaries for the wellness of the elephants. Chanakya explicitly conveyed the importance of these sanctuaries. The Maurya Empire would reach its zenith under the reign of
1506:
1661:. Local squads which each consisted of one elephant, one chariot, three armed cavalrymen, and five foot soldiers protected Gupta villages from raids and revolts. In times of war, the squads joined together to form a powerful imperial army. The Gupta Empire employed 'Mahapilupati', a position as an officer in charge of elephants. Emperors such as
1441:, one ancient writer recording that "Caesar had one large elephant, which was equipped with armor and carried archers and slingers in its tower. When this unknown creature entered the river, the Britons and their horses fled and the Roman army crossed over" – although he may have confused this incident with the use of a similar war elephant in
1707:
beasts captured, and these frequently ran into hundreds, such as 350 from Qanauj and 185 from
Mahaban in 409/1018-19, and 580 from the Raja Ganda in 410/1019-20. Utbi records that the Thanesar expedition of 405/1014-15 was provoked by Mahmad's desire to get some of the special breed of Sri lankan breed of elephants excellent in war
1746:, (reigned 1605–1627 A.D.) was a great connoisseur of elephants. He increased the number of elephants in service. Jahangir was stated to have 113,000 elephants in captivity: 12,000 in active army service, 1,000 to supply fodder to these animals, and another 100,000 elephants to carry courtiers, officials, attendants and baggage.
297:, first the mahout would have to get the elephant used to being led. The elephant would have learned how to raise its legs to help a rider climb on. Then the elephants were taught to run and maneuver around obstacles, and move in formation. These elephants would be fit to learn how to systematically trample and charge enemies.
1491:) with axes and commanded his legionaries to strike at the elephant's legs. The legion withstood the charge, and the elephant became its symbol. Thapsus was the last significant use of elephants in the West. The remainder of the elephants seemed to have been thrown into panic by Caesar's archers and slingers.
2168:
Nonetheless, in south-east Asia the use of elephants on the battlefield continued up until the end of the 19th century. One of the major difficulties in the region was terrain, and elephants could cross difficult terrain in many cases more easily than horse cavalry. Burmese forces used war elephants
1368:
in 168 BC. The role of the elephant force at
Cynoscephalae was particularly decisive, as their quick charge shattered the unformed Macedonian left wing, allowing the Romans to encircle and destroy the victorious Macedonian right. A similar event also occurred at Pydna. The Romans' successful use of
1206:
did not carry howdahs or turrets in combat, perhaps owing to the physical weakness of the species. Some allusions to turrets in ancient literature are certainly anachronistic or poetic invention, but other references are less easily discounted. There is explicit contemporary testimony that the army
339:
Capturing elephants from the wild remained a difficult task, but a necessary one given the difficulties of breeding in captivity and the long time required for an elephant to reach sufficient maturity to engage in battle. Sixty-year-old war elephants were always prized as being at the most suitable
1679:
describes the army under the rule of Harsha. Much like the Gupta Empire, his military consisted of infantry, cavalry, and elephants. Harsha received war elephants as tribute and presents from vassals. Some elephants were also obtained by forest rangers from the jungles. Elephants were additionally
988:
during the wars of the
Diadochi. He used 60 elephants brought from Asia with their mahouts. A veteran of Alexander's army, named Damis, helped the besieged Megalopolitians to defend themselves against the elephants and eventually Polyperchon was defeated. Those elephants were subsequently taken by
2380:
elephants "have been found to be skittish and easily alarmed by unfamiliar sounds and for this reason they were found prone to break ranks and flee". Nonetheless, the continued use of war elephants for several thousand years attests to their enduring value to the historical battlefield commander.
1706:
were the first amongst the
Islamic dynasties to incorporate war elephants into their tactical theories. They also used a large number of elephants in their battles. The Ghaznavids acquired their elephants as tribute from the Hindu princes and as war plunder. The sources usually list the number of
1239:). Although much larger than either the African forest elephant or the Asian elephant, these proved difficult to tame for war purposes and were not used extensively. Asian elephants were traded westwards to the Mediterranean markets with Sri Lankan elephants being particularly preferred for war.
910:
adopted the standard ancient tactic for fighting elephants, loosening their ranks to allow the elephants to pass through and assailing them with javelins as they tried to wheel around; they managed to pierce the unarmoured elephants' legs. The panicked and wounded elephants turned on the
Indians
2351:
Besides the dawn of more efficient means of transportation and weaponry, war elephants also had clear tactical weaknesses that lead to their eventual retirement. After sustaining painful wounds, or when their driver was killed, elephants had the tendency to panic, often causing them to run amok
2087:
during the 10th century AD – the "only nation on
Chinese soil ever to maintain a line of elephants as a regular part of its army". This anomaly in Chinese warfare is explained by the geographical proximity and close cultural links of the southern Han to Southeast Asia. The military officer who
2379:
The value of war elephants in battle remains a contested issue. In the 19th century, it was fashionable to contrast the western, Roman focus on infantry and discipline with the eastern, exotic use of war elephants that relied merely on fear to defeat their enemy. One writer commented that war
2295:
There were many military purposes for which elephants could be used. In battle, war elephants were usually deployed in the centre of the line, where they could be useful to prevent a charge or to conduct one of their own. Their sheer size and their terrifying appearance made them valued heavy
926:
could deploy between 3,000 and 6,000 war elephants. Such a force was many times larger than the number of elephants employed by the
Persians and Greeks, which probably discouraged Alexander's army and effectively halted their advance into India. On his return, Alexander established a force of
2088:
commanded these elephants was given the title "Legate
Digitant and Agitant of the Gigantic Elephants". Each elephant supported a wooden tower that could allegedly hold ten or more men. For a brief time, war elephants played a vital role in Southern Han victories such as the invasion of
347:
It is commonly thought that the reason all war elephants were male was because of males' greater aggression, but it was instead because a female elephant in battle will run from a male; therefore only males could be used in war, whereas female elephants were more commonly used for
1227:
carried turrets; these elephants were significantly smaller than the Asian elephants fielded by the
Seleucids and so presumably African forest elephants. There is also evidence that Carthaginian war elephants were furnished with turrets and howdahs in certain military contexts.
1966:, Timur's army faced more than one hundred Indian elephants in battle and almost lost because of the fear they caused amongst his troops. Historical accounts say that the Timurids ultimately won by employing an ingenious strategy: Timur tied flaming straw to the back of his
2061:, consisting of progressively stacked circular canopies, the number signifying the rank of the rider. Finally, behind the signaller on the elephant's back, was the steerer, who steered via a long pole. The steerer may have also carried a short musket and a sword.
434:
suggesting its introduction during the intervening period. The practice of riding on elephants in peace and war, royalty or commoner, was first recorded in the 6th or 5th century BC. This practice is believed to be much older than proper recorded history.
2164:
fire was a different matter entirely – an animal could easily be knocked down by a single shot. With elephants still being used to carry commanders on the battlefield, they became even more tempting targets for enemy artillery.
677:
stating that the Sri Lankan elephants, for example, were larger, fiercer and better for war than local elephants. This superiority, as well as the proximity of the supply to seaports, made Sri Lanka's elephants a lucrative trading commodity.
340:
age for battle service and gifts of elephants of this age were seen as particularly generous. Today an elephant is considered in its prime and at the height of its power between the ages of 25 and 40, yet elephants as old as 80 are used in
811:. The Song forces used scythed polearms to cut the elephants' trunks, causing them to trample their own troops. During the Mong Mao campaign, the elephants were routed by an assortment of gunpowder projectiles. In the war against the
600:, the largest empire to exist in South Asia. At the height of his power, Chandragupta is said to have wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots and 9,000 war elephants besides followers and attendants.
732:
dynasty is the only state in
Chinese history to have kept a permanent corps of war elephants. These elephants were able to carry a tower with some ten people on their backs. They were used successfully during the Han invasion of
1970:
before the charge. The smoke made the camels run forward, scaring the elephants, who crushed their own troops in their efforts to retreat. Another account of the campaign by Ahmed ibn Arabshah reports that Timur used oversized
2505:, while Indian museums across the sub-continent display other fine pieces. The architecture of India also shows the deep impact of elephant warfare over the years. War elephants adorn many military gateways, such as those at
589:
and was forced to return due to his army's unwillingness to advance. Even if the numbers and prowess of these elephants were exaggerated by historic accounts, elephants were established firmly as war machines in this period.
233:. After this, war elephants became restricted to non-combat engineering and labour roles, as well as being used for minor ceremonial uses. They continued to be used in combat, however, in some parts of the world, such as in
2446:
The use of war elephants over the centuries has left a deep cultural legacy in many countries. Many traditional war games incorporate war elephants. There is piece in chess called Elephant. While Englishmen call that piece
993:
and transported, partly by sea, to other battlefields in Greece. It is assumed that Cassander constructed the first elephant transport sea vessels. Some of the elephants died of starvation in 316 BC in the besieged city of
1768:
and siege work. The Sri Lankans had continued their proud traditions in capturing and training elephants from ancient times. The officer in charge of the royal stables, including the capture of elephants, was called the
873:
803:. The Sui army dug pits and lured the elephants into them and shot them with crossbows, causing the elephants to turn back and trample their own army. In 1075, the Song defeated elephants deployed on the borderlands of
1400:, but a falling stone hit one of the elephants, which panicked and frightened the rest, turning them against the Roman forces. After the subsequent Celtiberian counterattack, the Romans were forced to withdraw. Later,
2328:, heavy iron chains with steel balls at the end were tied to their trunks, which the animals were trained to swirl menacingly and with great skill. Numerous cultures designed specialized equipment for elephants, like
1828:', is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca, and refused to enter – which was taken by both the Meccans and their Yemenite foes as a serious omen. According to Islamic tradition, it was in this year that
2352:
indiscriminately, making casualties on either side. Experienced Roman infantrymen often tried to sever their trunks, causing instant distress, and possibly leading the elephant to flee back into its own lines. Fast
2136:
629:, Kalinga had a standing army of 60,000 infantry, 1000 cavalry and 700 war elephants. Kalinga was notable for the quality of their war elephants which were prized by its neighbors for being stronger. Later the King
815:, Ming troops covered their horses with lion masks to scare the elephants and shot them with firearms. The elephants all trembled with fear and were wounded by the guns and arrows, causing the Viet army to panic.
1412:. However, the Lusitanian style of ambushes in narrow terrains ensured his elephants did not play an important factor in the conflict, and Servilianus was eventually defeated by Viriathus in the city of Erisana.
1041:, on the mainland. The Romans were unprepared for fighting elephants, and the Epirot forces routed the Romans. The next year, the Epirots again deployed a similar force of elephants, attacking the Romans at the
2311:
In addition to charging, elephants could provide a safe and stable platform for archers to shoot arrows in the middle of the battlefield, from which more targets could be seen and engaged. The driver, called a
1866:
in 1214, but the use of these individual animals was more symbolic than practical, especially when contrasting food and water consumption of elephants in foreign lands and the harsh conditions of the crusades.
5321:
461:, dating from 5th–4th century BC, elaborately depict elephant warfare. They are recognized as an essential component of royal and military processions. In ancient India, initially, the army was fourfold (
335:
and human population growth: by 850 BC the Mesopotamian elephants were extinct, and by 500 BC the Chinese elephants were seriously reduced in numbers and limited to areas well south of the Yellow River.
745:(r. 1572–1620) did keep a herd of elephants capable of carrying a tower and eight men, which he showed to his guests in 1598. These elephants were probably not native to China and were delivered to the
4204:"'From Terror to Tactical Usage: Elephants in the Partho-Sasanian Period,' The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion, eds. V. Sarkhosh Curtis et. al., Oxford, 2016, pp. 36-41"
741:
invaded Southern Han and their crossbowmen readily routed the Han elephants on 23 January 971, during the taking of Shao. That was the last time elephants were used in Chinese warfare, although the
2237:
ever did for Greece. Without them our retreat from Burma would have been even more arduous and our advance to its liberation slower and more difficult." Military elephants were used as late as the
1449:. At least one elephantine skeleton with flint weapons that has been found in England was initially misidentified as these elephants, but later dating proved it to be a mammoth skeleton from the
378:
1475:
By the time of Claudius however, such animals were being used by the Romans in single numbers only – the last significant use of war elephants in the Mediterranean was against the Romans at the
2946:
1189:, which stood 2.5–3.5 meters (8.2–11.5 ft) at the shoulder. It is likely that at least some Syrian elephants were traded abroad. The favorite, and perhaps last surviving, elephant of
1267:. The performance of the Carthaginian elephant corps was rather mixed, illustrating the need for proper tactics to take advantage of the elephant's strength and cover its weaknesses. At
903:
described the subsequent fight: "herever the beasts could wheel around, they rushed forth against the ranks of infantry and demolished the phalanx of the Macedonians, dense as it was."
1680:
taken from defeated armies. Bana additionally details the diet of the elephants, recording that they each consumed 600 pounds of fodder consisting of trees with mangos and sugarcanes.
823:
2376:, for example, the Megarians reportedly poured oil on a herd of pigs, set them alight, and drove them towards the enemy's massed war elephants, which subsequently bolted in terror.
1824:, intending to demolish it. He had a large army, which included one or more elephants (as many as eight, in some accounts). However, the (single or lead) elephant, whose name was '
2551:
1602:, a significantly larger and more temperamental species of elephant. War elephants were again put to use by an Aksumite army in the year 570 in a military expedition against the
3671:"The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian"
2676:
2300:, and with a top speed of approximately 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) provided a useful means of transport, before mechanized vehicles rendered them mostly obsolete.
2368:. Ancient writers believed that elephants could be "scared by the smallest squeal of a pig". Some warlords, however, interpreted this expression literally. At the siege of
1777:
controlled the Kuruwe or elephant men. The training of war elephants was the duty of the Kuruwe clan who came under their own Muhandiram, a Sri Lankan administrative post.
1401:
5357:
2501:
Elephant armour, originally designed for use in war, is today usually only seen in museums. One particularly fine set of Indian elephant armour is preserved at the Leeds
1344:, and used them in its campaigns for many years afterwards. The conquest of Greece saw many battles in which the Romans deployed war elephants, including the invasion of
6815:
5120:
4984:
4955:
4750:
3412:
2542:
1138:. They were depicted on the walls of temples and on Meroitic lamps. Kushite kings also utilize war elephants, which are believed to have been kept and trained in the "
682:
history records indicate elephants were used as mounts for kings leading their men in the battlefield, with individual mounts being recorded in history. The elephant
3266:
1303:, where they panicked the Roman cavalry and Gallic allies. The Romans eventually developed effective anti-elephant tactics, leading to Hannibal's defeat at his final
4432:
2010:, the powerful Khmer Empire had come to regional dominance by the 9th century AD, drawing heavily on the use of war elephants. Uniquely, the Khmer military deployed
5311:
5070:
308:, as they are still captured in the wild, rather than being bred in captivity – may have begun in any of three different places. The oldest evidence comes from the
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being visited by a 'hatthāroho gāmaṇi'. He is the head of a village community bound together by their profession as mercenary soldiers forming an elephant corp.
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1461:
881:
By the time Alexander reached the borders of India five years later, he had a substantial number of elephants under his own command. When it came to defeating
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Numerous strategy video games feature elephants as special units, usually available only to specific factions or requiring special resources. These include
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862:(331 BC), where the Persians deployed fifteen elephants. These elephants were placed at the centre of the Persian line and made such an impression on
6489:
3071:
3028:
1369:
war elephants against the Macedonians might be considered ironic, given that it was Pyrrhus who first taught them the military potential of elephants.
2320:-blade and a hammer (to kill his own mount in an emergency). Elephants were sometimes further enhanced with their own weaponry and armour as well. In
3648:
6878:
6750:
2022:) also adopted the widespread use of war elephants. In many battles of the period it was the practice for leaders to fight each other personally in
1650:
the elephants and horses in the vanguard were unwilling to advance. Kanishka is then said to have had a religious revelation and rejected violence.
2930:
2787:
2307:
The elephant Citranand attacking another, called Udiya, during the Mughal campaign against the rebel forces of Khan Zaman and Bahadur Khan in 1567
784:
281:. Mahouts were responsible for capturing and handling elephants. To accomplish this, they utilize metal chains and a specialized hook called an
6837:
5013:
1090:
in 161 BCE with eighty elephants (some sources claim thirty-two), some of which were clad in armored breastplates, in an attempt to subdue the
1568:, literally meaning "Commander of the Indians", either because the animals came from that country, or because they were managed by natives of
643:
5970:
5934:
5795:
5705:
5665:
5446:
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897:. The elephants caused many losses with their tusks fitted with iron spikes or by lifting the enemies with their trunks and trampling them.
5168:
1626:
conquered most of Northern India. The empire adopted war elephants when levying troops as they expanded into the Indian subcontinent. The
603:
In the Mauryan Empire, the 30-member war office was made up of six boards. The sixth board looked after the elephants, and were headed by
5437:
Andrade, Tonio (2019), "How Yongle learned to stop worrying and love the gun: Perspectives on Early Ming Military", in Ken, Swope (ed.),
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armed with javelins were also used by the Romans to drive them away, as well as flaming objects or a stout line of long spears, such as
489:
battle formation consists of a ratio of 1 chariot : 1 elephant : 3 cavalry : 5 infantry soldiers. Many characters in the
1630:
describes how the population of Eastern India rode elephants into battle, but currently they provide military service and taxes to the
720:
by tying torches to their tails and sending them into the ranks of the enemy soldiers, but the attempt failed. In December 554 AD, the
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of Numidia included turreted elephants in 46 BC. This is confirmed by the image of a turreted African elephant used on the coinage of
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This elephant and driver with a hunting howdah, including pistol, bows and a rifle are most likely from the Mughal Emperor's stable.
438:
5917:
2303:
1533:, having done so in at least one war against the Romans but elephants were of substantial importance in the army of the subsequent
1110:, attacked the largest of the elephants, piercing its underside and causing it to collapse upon him, killing him under its weight.
1202:
Since the late 1940s, a strand of scholarship has argued that the African forest elephants used by Numidia, the Ptolemies and the
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fort. Across India, older gateways are invariably much higher than their European equivalents, in order to allow elephants with
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2755:
2198:
1939:
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of 305–303 BC ended with the Seleucids ceding vast eastern territories in exchange for 500 war elephants – a small part of the
754:
5047:
4947:
4746:
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1614:
1181:. These animals were smaller and harder to tame, and could not swim deep rivers compared with the Asian elephants used by the
6903:
6482:
6402:
5925:
Sun, Laichen (2006). "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497". In Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.).
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The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World: The Seventh Monarchy: History of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire
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carried on their backs fighting towers which were filled with soldiers who would shoot arrows at long range. The army of the
1353:
526:
Ancient Indian kings certainly valued the elephant in war, some stating that an army without elephants is as despicable as a
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4988:
4851:
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761:, but the Qing Bannermen shot them with so many arrows that they "resembled porcupines" and repelled the elephant charge.
81:
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534:, a kingdom without a king, or as valor unaided by weapons. The use of elephants further increased with the rise of the
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warfare in the late 15th century, the balance of advantage for war elephants on the battlefield began to change. While
1364:'s fifty-four elephants took on the Roman force of sixteen. In later years the Romans deployed twenty-two elephants at
965:
forces, which included up to 9000 elephants by some accounts. The Seleucids put their new elephants to good use at the
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The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China
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2205:. During the mid to late 19th century, British forces in India possessed specialised elephant batteries to haul large
1915:
1753:
1573:
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1676:
1307:
in 202 BC; his elephant charge, unlike the one at the battle of Tunis, was ineffective because the disciplined Roman
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was the superintendent of elephants and his qualifications. The use of elephants in the Maurya Empire as recorded by
2014:
on the top of their elephants. With the collapse of Khmer power in the 15th century, the successor region powers of
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Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salima; D'Auria, Sue; Yellin, Janice W.; Knoblauch, Christian (2012).
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against elephants, innovations that would ultimately drive these animals out of active service on the battlefield.
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1042:
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259:
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The Chinese continued to reject the use of war elephants throughout the period, with the notable exception of the
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additionally describes the Kushan as acquiring riches including elephants as part of their conquests. The emperor
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Although the use of war elephants in the western Mediterranean is most famously associated with the wars between
427:
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178:
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2219:, particularly because the animals could perform tasks in regions that were problematic for motor vehicles. Sir
2027:
1299:, although many of them perished in the harsh conditions. The surviving elephants were successfully used in the
958:
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6572:
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in 217 BC were smaller than their Asian counterparts, for example, but that did not guarantee victory for
3820:
2903:
2245:
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in 948 AD, but the Southern Han elephant corps were ultimately soundly defeated at Shao in 971 AD, defeated by
2053:, a long pole with a sabre at the end, plus a metal hook for controlling the elephant. Sitting behind him on a
1749:
1419:
1385:
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1232:
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66:
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Charles, Michael B. (2007). "The Rise of the Sassanian Elephant Corps: Elephants and the Later Roman Empire".
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100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History
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assembled a great army from his subject nations, including elephants from India. He planned on attacking the
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being particularly notable for their use of the animals, still being largely brought from India. Indeed, the
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1308:
1263:, Carthage developed its own use of war elephants and deployed them extensively during the First and Second
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1038:
863:
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1987:
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There is uncertainty as to when elephant warfare first started, but it is widely accepted that it began in
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were able to terrify the Carthaginian elephants being used unsupported, which fled from the field. At the
1131:
890:
828:
218:
58:
1572:. The Sassanid elephant corps was never on the same scale as others further east, however, and after the
6760:
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6412:
6307:
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6142:
4900:
3670:
2777:
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2623:
2288:
1599:
1500:
1083:
855:
3803:
Tropper, A. (2017). The Battle of Beth Zechariah in Light of a Literary Study of 1 Maccabees 6: 32–47.
1457:
2057:, was a signaller, who signalled by waving of a pair of peacock feathers. Above the signaller was the
788:
6048:
5633:
2722:, there are machines called Tremortusks, which are suited for combat and are based on war elephants.
2494:, there used to be a piece known as the "Drunken Elephant"; it was, however, dropped by order of the
2373:
2031:
1963:
1797:
1585:
1542:
1300:
1203:
804:
230:
226:
31:
5017:
2108:
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The Sassanid elephant corps held primacy amongst the Sassanid cavalry forces and was recruited from
360:
used the "blood of grapes and mulberries" to provoke their war elephants in preparation for battle.
6720:
6199:
5946:"What Happened at Nong Sarai? Comparing Indigenous and European Sources for Late 16th Century Siam"
4521:
2593:
2361:
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1911:
1594:
in what is now Ethiopia and Eritrea made use of war elephants in 525 AD during the invasion of the
1561:
1320:
1143:
1139:
1075:
998:
in Macedonia. Others of Polyperchon's elephants were used in various parts of Greece by Cassander.
981:
949:
The successful military use of elephants spread further. The successors to Alexander's empire, the
943:
907:
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633:
was to restore an independent Kalinga into a powerful kingdom using war elephants as stated in the
593:
582:
474:
431:
190:
182:
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1691:
maintained a large number of war elephants in the 11th and 12th century. The war elephants of the
808:
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6689:
6645:
6132:
6088:
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5872:
5774:
5598:
5559:
5349:
4288:
3106:"Innovation or preservation? Abbasid aubergines, archaeobotany, and the Islamic Green Revolution"
2826:
2705:
2700:
2659:
2655:
2641:
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issued as recently as 2004, but their use by U.S. personnel is discouraged because elephants are
2233:: "They built hundreds of bridges for us, they helped to build and launch more ships for us than
2141:
2089:
1393:
1357:
1272:
1030:
1010:
889:, Alexander found himself facing a considerable force of between 85 and 100 war elephants at the
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851:
683:
198:
5164:
712:
Elephants were used for warfare in China by a small handful of southern dynasties. The state of
1975:
to halt the elephants' charge. Later, the Timurid leader used the captured animals against the
1415:
938:
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6259:
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5902:
5843:
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5701:
5661:
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5523:
5442:
5423:
5110:
4907:
4583:
4422:
4384:
4345:
4157:
4151:
3893:
3869:
Hoover, O. D. (2005). Eleazar Auaran and the elephant: killing symbols in Hellenistic Judaea.
3750:
3701:
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3402:
3294:
3256:
3164:
3125:
3061:
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2011:
1991:
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1260:
1079:
1034:
1022:
970:
839:
707:
457:
254:
186:
4339:
4317:
W. Müller (1987). "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia". In Werner Daum (ed.).
3744:
3288:
2316:, was responsible for controlling the animal, who often also carried weapons himself, like a
842:, where they were used in several campaigns. They in turn came to influence the campaigns of
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2170:
1958:
both retained captured elephants as part of their entourage. Another central Asian invader,
1813:
1735:
1591:
1537:. The Sasanian war elephants are recorded in engagements against the Romans, such as during
1288:
1252:
1220:
1199:("the Syrian"), which may have been of Syrian stock, though the evidence remains ambiguous.
1178:
1162:
1095:
918:
Looking further east again, however, Alexander could see that the emperors and kings of the
886:
312:, around roughly 2000 BC. Archaeological evidence for the presence of wild elephants in the
210:
146:
4920:
3642:
2256:
than as transport, and many thousands of elephants have died during civil conflicts due to
6694:
6666:
6517:
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6332:
6327:
6209:
6194:
6189:
6172:
5920:. Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 11. Singapore: Asia Research Institute.
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4036:
4016:
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2838:
2767:
2635:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2495:
2209:
2202:
2182:
1789:
1647:
1646:, and sent a vanguard of Indian troops led by white elephants. However, when crossing the
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kingdom, relied heavily on his war elephants. The Mahajanapadas would be conquered by the
515:
478:
419:
166:
138:
122:
70:
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were armed with poisoned rods to kill the beasts but were slain by javelins and archers.
812:
327:) may suggest that they also used elephants in warfare. The wild elephant populations of
5988:
5420:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
2528:, who popularised a fantastic rendition of war elephants in the form of 'oliphaunts' or
1722:. Babur introduced firearms and artillery into Indian warfare. He destroyed the army of
1271:
in 255 BC, the Carthaginian elephants were ineffective due to the terrain, while at the
6798:
6635:
6619:
6599:
6229:
6214:
6184:
5537:
5456:
5215:
3844:
2611:
2448:
2076:
2007:
1976:
1657:
demonstrated extensive use of elephants in war and greatly expanded under the reign of
1330:
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1247:
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1056:
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520:
301:
202:
107:
62:
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In event, size alone was not necessarily a decisive factor. The elephants used by the
796:
102:
6867:
6730:
6715:
6552:
6512:
6367:
6322:
6272:
6234:
5778:
5415:
5075:(Thesis). Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. pp. 103–132. Archived from
4557:
4292:
3854:
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2747:
2506:
2472:
2234:
2229:
2023:
1947:
1719:
1692:
1684:
1672:
1662:
1623:
1480:
1430:
returning from India, with soldiers atop war elephants, 2nd century AD, similar to a
1423:
1361:
1009:, the introduction of war elephants there was primarily the result of an invasion by
962:
775:
Chinese armies faced off against war elephants in Southeast Asia, such as during the
742:
721:
647:
597:
535:
509:
481:
two men were to duel utilizing the same weapon and mount including elephants. In the
443:
399:
357:
332:
317:
305:
174:
170:
4977:
1870:
1699:
was noted for its huge elephant corps, with estimates ranging from 5,000 to 50,000.
1287:, allowing the Carthaginian phalanx to stand fast and defeat the Romans. During the
799:
in what is now southern Vietnam used elephants against the invading army of China's
217:. In some regions they maintained a firm presence on the battlefield throughout the
30:
This article is about elephants trained for combat. For the album by Deer Tick, see
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6793:
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6362:
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3579:
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2215:
Into the 20th century, military elephants were used for non-combat purposes in the
2190:
2186:
2097:
2084:
1907:
1875:
1723:
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in the Arabian peninsula. The war elephants used by the Aksumite army consisted of
1530:
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919:
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729:
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403:
313:
293:
214:
206:
6842:
5281:"Assassin's Creed: Origins Player Actually Punches A War Elephant Into Submission"
4324:
835:
From India, military thinking on the use of war elephants spread westwards to the
118:
6016:
4847:
4822:
3601:
2509:
for example, while some spiked, anti-elephant gates still remain, for example at
6537:
5805:
5745:
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4515:
4044:
4040:
3321:
3317:
2844:
2521:
2510:
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2283:
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2238:
2145:
2121:
2071:
1879:
1840:
1836:
1801:
1696:
1643:
1373:
1026:
977:
800:
725:
713:
640:
Following Indian accounts foreign rulers would also adopt the use of elephants.
626:
384:
Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of Kusinagara used by war elephants
353:
328:
96:
5184:
4418:
Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present
3359:
3121:
1817:
1052:
6650:
6557:
5770:
4180:. Translated by Pere J. Quetglas. Madrid: Editorial Gredos. 2005. p. 390.
2849:
2681:
2353:
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2173:
where they routed the Chinese cavalry. The Burmese used them again during the
2035:
1999:
1982:
1844:
1809:
1731:
1703:
1635:
1341:
1264:
1224:
923:
717:
687:
651:
586:
494:
486:
5312:"Assassin's Creed Origins lets you beat an elephant to death with your fists"
3168:
3129:
3105:
6443:
5479:
5220:
4137:
2893:
2325:
2153:
2129:
2125:
1923:
1859:
1765:
1761:
1569:
1546:
1450:
1405:
1389:
990:
679:
630:
539:
349:
17:
5847:
1627:
698:
during their historic encounter on the battlefield in 200 BC, for example.
673:
Sri Lanka made extensive use of elephants and also exported elephants with
670:
had an armored elephant force, which played a major role in his campaigns.
513:
assign elephants in their proper place in the organization of an army. The
503:
5855:
Schafer, Edward H. (1957). "War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China".
5072:
Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500–1605
4284:
4269:"The Elephants of Aksum: In Search of the Bush Elephant in Late Antiquity"
4215:
2116:
1553:
of 636 AD, in which a unit of thirty-three elephants was used against the
6604:
6111:
6036:
was created from a revision of this article dated 21 April 2005
5687:(1988). "The Indian elephant in a changing world". In C.M. Borden (ed.).
5252:
3829:
3780:
3691:
2689:
2530:
2456:
2337:
2297:
2257:
2248:
for an auxiliary role. Elephants are now more valuable to many armies in
2160:
had limited impact on elephants, which could withstand numerous volleys,
2093:
2049:
In Thailand, the king or general rode on the elephant's neck and carried
2043:
2039:
2019:
1995:
1931:
1927:
1829:
1743:
1639:
1557:, in which battle the war elephants proved to be a "double-edged sword".
1514:
1442:
1397:
1292:
1216:
1002:
950:
612:
570:
566:
451:
415:
407:
406:
did not extensively specify the use of elephants in war. However, in the
288:
269:
238:
134:
91:
87:
1283:
however the charge of the Carthaginian elephants helped to disorder the
6614:
6562:
6224:
5876:
5691:. Washington D.C. USA: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 303–321.
5379:
3144:
2418: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2365:
2357:
2201:, while the Vietnamese used them in battle as late as 1885, during the
2015:
1972:
1951:
1903:
1891:
1863:
1848:
1757:
1603:
1505:
1427:
1409:
1345:
1334:
1276:
1212:
1166:
928:
894:
847:
695:
666:
of Tamil Nadu also had a very strong elephant force. The Chola emperor
578:
574:
550:
498:
242:
222:
194:
48:
5602:
4268:
2075:
Elephant troops ("tượng binh") is an important part of the Vietnamese
1150:
provided these war elephants to the Egyptians, Ptolemies and Syrians.
426:
by the 6th century BC. The increased conscription of elephants in the
6312:
6277:
4796:
4120:
4102:
3638:
2685:
2514:
2369:
2341:
2333:
2317:
2313:
2194:
2161:
2157:
2054:
1955:
1887:
1825:
1805:
1668:
1631:
1208:
1158:
1014:
912:
900:
792:
734:
655:
622:
527:
278:
162:
153:
is a term for specific military units using elephant-mounted troops.
5868:
4203:
3160:
2897:
2684:(or Oliphaunts) are fictional giant elephant-like creatures used by
1472:
admits of the enormous effort and time required to accomplish this.
1098:. In the ensuing battle, near the mountainous straights adjacent to
973:
cavalry, allowing the latter's phalanx to be isolated and defeated.
6467:
5945:
5345:"16 Things You Didn't Know About the Making of 'Lord of the Rings'"
2524:
painting tradition of the 19th century, or in literature following
6317:
6137:
5316:
5040:"Speedy elephants use a biomechanical trick to 'run' like Groucho"
3057:
Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period
3014:
Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period
2575:
2561:
2520:
War elephants also remain a popular artistic trope, either in the
2491:
2487:
2302:
2282:
2253:
2206:
2135:
2115:
2107:
2070:
1981:
1967:
1959:
1943:
1895:
1869:
1821:
1781:
1739:
1715:
1711:
1613:
1504:
1414:
1372:
Elephants also featured throughout the Roman campaign against the
1324:
1241:
1195:
1135:
1123:
1117:
1087:
1051:
995:
969:
four years later, where they blocked the return of the victorious
937:
872:
822:
642:
466:
437:
422:, as his mounts. Elephants were widely utilized in warfare by the
411:
341:
283:
258:
234:
142:
117:
101:
80:
3892:. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 216–217.
625:, who used elephants extensively during his conquest. During the
2050:
2034:. The war may have been concluded when the Burmese crown prince
1899:
1296:
1091:
750:
585:
would come in contact with the Nanda Empire on the banks of the
6471:
6084:
5514:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James (2006).
1033:
in 280 BC, leaving some fifty additional animals, on loan from
976:
The first use of war elephants in Europe was made in 318 BC by
5384:
2498:
and no longer appears in the version played in today's Japan.
2387:
569:
also estimated the Nanda Army strength in the east as 200,000
493:
were described as skilled in the art of elephant warfare e.g.
4948:"War elephants still exist. But only in one forbidding place"
2835:
The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century dictionary
2459:. In Malayalam, it is called Aana (ആന), meaning elephant. In
1564:. The elephant corps was under a special chief, known as the
1529:
occasionally used war elephants in their battles against the
6080:
6014:
5489:
The Anabasis of Alexander: The Battle of Gaugamela by Arrian
5380:"How was The Lord of the Rings influenced by World War One?"
3603:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
2064:
In Malaysia, 20 elephants battled the Portuguese during the
1764:, in 1558 with an army containing 2,200 elephants, used for
1618:
A Romanesque painting of a war elephant. Spain, 11th century
953:, used hundreds of Indian elephants in their wars, with the
430:
coincides with the expansion of the Vedic Kingdoms into the
5619:
Joregensen, Christer; Niderost, Eric; Rice, Rob S. (2008).
5581:
Gowers, William (1947). "The African Elephant in Warfare".
4978:"FM 3-05.213 (FM 31-27) Special Forces Use of Pack Animals"
1665:
struck coins depicted as elephant riders and lion slayers.
149:
the enemy, break their ranks, and instill terror and fear.
5929:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–120.
5753:
Rance, Philip (2009). "Hannibal, Elephants and Turrets in
1215:. This also appears to be the case with Ptolemaic armies:
5963:
Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century: The China Factor
4320:
Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix
2124:, elephants pulled heavy equipment. This one worked in a
1545:
in 451 AD, at which the Sassanid elephants terrified the
819:
Achaemenid Persia, Macedonia and Hellenistic Greek states
497:
rides an elephant into battle to bolster the demoralized
344:
hunts because they are more disciplined and experienced.
5918:"Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet: c. 1390–1497"
5718:
Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC – AD 1840
5508:
The Diary of Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China
3104:
Fuks, Daniel; Amichay, Oriya; Weiss, Ehud (2020-01-27).
2929:
Kenoyer, Jonathan M.; Heuston, Kimberley Burton (2005).
3545:
3543:
1742:(r. 1556–1605 AD) had 32,000 elephants in his stables.
5986:. Vol. I. London; New York: George Bell and Sons.
4626:
3458:
Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James (2006).
2671:, they are distributed around the map as boss fights.
2471:, Bengali for "elephant". It is called an elephant in
1185:
on the east of the Mediterranean region, particularly
724:
used armoured war elephants, carrying towers, against
5654:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
2709:, an episode features war elephants fighting against
2336:. The late sixteenth century saw the introduction of
1862:, the same animal later being used in the capture of
1396:. He deployed them against the Celtiberian forces of
304:, for use in agriculture. Elephant taming – not full
5564:
The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC
5516:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
4517:
The Ghaznivids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Iran
3460:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
2296:
cavalry. Off the battlefield they could carry heavy
854:. The first confrontation between Europeans and the
161:
War elephants played a critical role in several key
6825:
6774:
6743:
6703:
6680:
6659:
6628:
6587:
6580:
6505:
6425:
6390:
6380:
6355:
6295:
6258:
6251:
6155:
6125:
6118:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4455:
Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
2026:. One famous battle occurred when the Burmese army
1671:established hegemony over most of North India. The
1340:Rome brought back many elephants at the end of the
1231:Farther south, tribes would have had access to the
54:
44:
39:
6066:Audio interview with John Kistler on war elephants
2731:
2360:. Another method for disrupting elephant units in
1847:, when he went to fight the Danes in 804, and the
1784:history there is a significant event known as the
1437:Famously, the Romans used a war elephant in their
1173:. The animal used was the North African elephant (
465:), consisting of infantry, cavalry, elephants and
277:An elephant trainer, rider, or keeper is called a
4985:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
1962:faced similar challenges a century later. In the
1922:, the Mongols defeated the war elephants outside
1576:the use of war elephants died out in the region.
1295:famously led an army of war elephants across the
221:. However, their use declined with the spread of
6071:Elephant mystery at ancient Syrian battle solved
5757:Θ 438 – An Unidentified Fragment of Diodorus".
5211:"History Throughout The Ages – The War Elephant"
4535:
3749:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 54–77.
980:, one of Alexander's generals, when he besieged
728:. They were defeated by a volley of arrows. The
27:Elephant trained and guided by humans for combat
4797:"Elephant battery during the Second Afghan War"
4677:
4675:
763:
300:The first elephant species to be tamed was the
177:, they became a permanent fixture in armies of
145:for combat. The war elephant's main use was to
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4150:Lister, Adrian; Bahn, Paul G. (October 2007).
2332:and a protective tower on their backs, called
2181:, where the elephants were easily repulsed by
1934:, and during the Mongol invasions of Burma in
1858:the opportunity to capture an elephant in the
827:A depiction of war elephants attacking at the
6483:
6096:
5884:Scullard, H. (1948). "Hannibal's elephants".
5734:Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
4554:"Elephants in Sri Lankan History and Culture"
3293:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 83ff.
2677:The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
2227:wrote about elephants in his introduction to
2193:continued utilising war elephants armed with
8:
6076:25 Things You Might Not Know About Elephants
5152:
2658:includes war elephants fighting against the
2244:Elephants were as of 2017 being used by the
1464:used elephants against Caesar's army at the
6457:List of elephants in mythology and religion
6061:Elephants in Sri Lankan History and Culture
4039:, Book 6 of his 37 volume history, quoting
3889:Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile
3316:, Book 6 of his 37 volume history, quoting
3236:
3110:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
2737:
2588:is a former Indian war elephant who pulled
173:. While seeing limited and periodic use in
6584:
6490:
6476:
6468:
6387:
6352:
6292:
6255:
6246:
6152:
6122:
6103:
6089:
6081:
3923:Wilford, John Noble (September 18, 1984).
3641:. "Book V, Chapter XVII.Defeat of Porus".
2725:
1878:army waged war with elephants against the
473:were trained in the art. According to the
5983:The Roman History of Appian of Alexandria
5899:The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World
5621:Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World
4254:
3401:. Bloomsbury. 20 April 2012. p. 35.
2434:Learn how and when to remove this message
1388:was helped by ten elephants sent by king
6044:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
6027:
5832:. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
5727:"Elephants in Warfare in Late Antiquity"
5441:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 71–87,
5248:"Celtic Kings: The Punic Wars announced"
4125:Roman History, Book 6, The wars in Spain
4107:Roman History, Book 6, The wars in Spain
3445:
3433:
3193:
2968:"History Of The Domestication Of Animal"
2046:. However, this duel may be apocryphal.
1839:, elephants were seldom used in Europe.
1408:with another ten elephants sent by king
757:, the rebels used elephants against the
5589:(182). Oxford University Press: 42–49.
4712:
4693:
4681:
4651:
4614:
4602:
4520:. Edinburgh University Press. pp.
4243:
4208:The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires
3986:Corpus Nummorum Numidiae Mauretaniaeque
3522:
3498:
3486:
3091:
2991:
2814:
2788:List of battles involving war elephants
2291:(note the sharpshooter on the elephant)
1916:their unsuccessful campaigns in Vietnam
4823:"Memoir of Bengal Artillery, page 197"
4190:
3549:
3181:
2475:. In Arabic – and derived from it, in
1059:trampled by a war elephant during the
866:that he felt the need to sacrifice to
331:and China declined quickly because of
36:
5291:from the original on 26 November 2017
4958:from the original on December 6, 2022
4484:"Elephants In Ancient Indian Warfare"
4338:Raoul McLaughlin (11 November 2016).
4239:
4089:
3925:"The Mystery of Hannibal's Elephants"
3799:
3797:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3383:
3207:"Elephants In Ancient Indian Warfare"
2865:"Elephants In Ancient Indian Warfare"
1998:fights the Burmese crown prince near
1914:throughout the 13th century. Despite
1432:later sarcophagus with the same theme
1259:Perhaps inspired by the victories of
1078:, whose father and he contended with
749:by Southeast Asian countries such as
418:, a mythological elephant, or on the
179:historical kingdoms in Southeast Asia
7:
5595:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093538
5343:Saperstein, Pat (19 December 2016).
5324:from the original on 1 December 2017
5310:O'Connor, James (21 November 2017).
5279:Dennis, Catrina (25 November 2017).
5246:Calvert, Justin (3 September 2003).
5140:
5050:from the original on 28 October 2020
5016:. Monolith Community. Archived from
4627:Joregensen, Niderost & Rice 2008
3606:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 19–31.
3534:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2602:performed similar duties during the
2463:, too, it is an elephant (Слон). In
2416:adding citations to reliable sources
1718:, invaded India and established the
6853:United States Army Veterinary Corps
6838:King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
5260:from the original on 7 October 2017
4946:Winn, Patrick (February 27, 2017).
4724:
3714:
3510:
3060:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 81.
3017:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 80.
2044:personal combat on elephant in 1593
1793:
1025:brought twenty elephants to attack
654:with war elephants, as depicted at
442:War elephants in battle during the
287:, or 'elephant goad'. According to
125:depicting a war elephant in an army
5961:Wade, Geoff; Sun, Laichen (2010).
5360:from the original on 26 April 2018
4358:from the original on 24 April 2023
3988:(Paris 1955) 103, no. 276, pl. 247
3935:from the original on 10 April 2014
1800:"), approximately equating to 570
1402:Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus
1311:simply made way for them to pass.
1177:) which would become extinct from
549:), who began the expansion of the
25:
6833:1st Military Working Dog Regiment
5392:from the original on 26 June 2019
5227:from the original on 13 July 2019
5167:. Chess Variants. April 2, 1997.
4927:from the original on 8 March 2021
4556:. Artsrilanka.org. Archived from
3415:from the original on 4 April 2023
2212:over ground unsuitable for oxen.
927:elephants to guard his palace at
716:used elephants in 506 BC against
637:or "Elephant Cave" Inscriptions.
263:A 17th-century depiction of the
6571:
6433:Cultural depictions of elephants
6026:
5209:McCoy, Jessica (28 March 2014).
4156:. Frances Lincoln. p. 116.
4043:had recorded the opinion of one
3320:had recorded the opinion of one
2773:Cultural depictions of elephants
2550:
2541:
2392:
2112:The elephant battery in Peshawar
694:, 'Big Rock', the mount of King
391:adapted from a relief at Sanchi.
377:
6879:5th-millennium BC introductions
6629:Communications and surveillance
5610:Jayawardhene, Jayantha (1994).
5458:The Art of War in Ancient India
5191:from the original on 2021-02-05
5123:from the original on 2023-04-24
4994:from the original on 2018-09-27
4883:from the original on 2012-11-12
4854:from the original on 2023-04-04
4829:from the original on 2023-04-05
4803:from the original on 2020-11-12
4778:from the original on 2020-09-15
4753:from the original on 2023-04-04
4668:. London: Alvin Redman Limited.
4496:from the original on 2021-04-18
4435:from the original on 2023-04-24
4397:from the original on 2023-04-24
4344:. Pen and Sword. pp. 80–.
4299:from the original on 2022-04-29
4222:from the original on 2022-04-29
4153:Mammoths: Giants of the Ice Age
3962:Scullard (1948); (1974) 240–245
3697:The Life of Alexander the Great
3651:from the original on 2022-05-14
3620:from the original on 2023-04-24
3366:from the original on 2017-12-16
3341:from the original on 2016-03-03
3269:from the original on 2023-04-04
3219:from the original on 2021-04-18
3074:from the original on 2023-04-04
3031:from the original on 2023-04-04
2974:from the original on 2017-05-04
2949:from the original on 2023-04-04
2906:from the original on 2016-02-01
2875:from the original on 2022-11-15
2756:Thailand national football team
2403:needs additional citations for
2199:Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893
1456:In the African campaign of the
1193:was an impressive animal named
1191:Hannibal's crossing of the Alps
1175:Loxodonta africana pharaohensis
755:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
5965:. Hong Kong University Press.
5927:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
5812:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
5689:Conternporary Indian Tradition
5422:, Princeton University Press,
4470:The State at War in South Asia
4421:. Cambridge University Press.
3249:Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan (1997).
3143:Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1975).
2783:History of elephants in Europe
1517:Persians War elephants in the
1086:for control of Syria, invaded
245:, well into the 19th century.
1:
6672:Ravens of the Tower of London
5901:. London: Thames and Hudson.
5014:"Tactics of the War Elephant"
4514:Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1963).
4377:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1973).
4058:"The Battle of Cynoscephalae"
3362:. Mahavamsa.org. 2015-04-18.
2932:The Ancient South Asian World
2694:Battle of the Pelennor Fields
2479:– the bishop piece is called
1541:. Other examples include the
1165:for the same purpose, as did
785:Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)
543:
414:is depicted as riding either
385:
321:
6452:List of fictional pachyderms
6438:List of individual elephants
5944:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2013).
5409:General and cited references
5069:De la Garza, Andrew (2010).
4848:"Edinburgh Review, page 271"
2793:List of individual elephants
2618:Celtic Kings: The Punic Wars
2517:to pass through underneath.
2096:shooting from troops of the
2018:(now Myanmar) and Siam (now
1495:Parthia and Sassanian Persia
1134:was a significant animal in
1094:who had revolted during the
935:to lead his elephant units.
6848:Royal Army Veterinary Corps
5980:White, Horace, ed. (1899).
5950:Journal of the Siam Society
5746:10.1556/AAnt.43.2003.3-4.10
5696:Nossov, Konstantin (2008).
5355:Penske Business Media, LLC.
4873:"War Veteran Elephant Dies"
4578:Hajjah Adil, Amina (2002).
3805:Hebrew Union College Annual
3054:Singh, Sarva Daman (1989).
3011:Singh, Sarva Daman (1989).
2935:. Oxford University Press.
2732:
2169:against the Chinese in the
2038:was killed by Siamese King
1738:. The great Moghul Emperor
1574:fall of the Sassanid Empire
1539:Julian's invasion of Persia
1513:miniature representing the
1223:in 217 BC the elephants of
885:, who ruled in what is now
581:, and 6,000 war elephants.
267:in the ancient Indian epic
6930:
6914:Military history of Africa
5786:Rawlinson, George (1885).
5012:Moerbeck, Martijn (1997).
4489:World History Encyclopedia
4077:The Syrian Wars, IV, 16–20
4075:Horace White, ed. (1899).
3871:Scripta Classica Israelica
3252:Economic History of Orissa
3212:World History Encyclopedia
3122:10.1007/s12520-019-00959-5
2869:World History Encyclopedia
2654:, the scene depicting the
1600:African savannah elephants
1583:
1498:
1318:
1237:Loxodonta africana oxyotis
931:, and created the post of
705:
519:additionally mentions the
501:army. Scriptures like the
252:
112:Metropolitan Museum of Art
85:War elephants depicted in
29:
6810:National War Dog Cemetery
6610:Blue Peacock nuclear mine
6569:
5830:Ramayana: Myth or Reality
5790:(2007 reprint ed.).
5771:10.1017/S000983880900007X
5675:Kistler, John M. (2006).
5506:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2006),
5455:Chakravarti, P.C (2003).
5185:"Toomai of the Elephants"
4747:"Indian elephant battery"
4664:Chakrabongse, C. (1960).
4273:Journal of Late Antiquity
4267:Charles, Michael (2018).
3743:Kistler, John M. (2007).
3644:The Anabasis of Alexander
3564:Historiae Alexandri Magni
3464:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
3145:"1 Maccabees VI 34 Again"
2754:) is the nickname of the
2726:
2483:, Arabic for "elephant".
2066:Capture of Malacca (1511)
1460:of 49–45 BC, the army of
1439:first invasion of Britain
942:War elephants during the
831:River, by Andre Castaigne
791:(1406–1407). In 605, the
596:(321–297 BC), formed the
449:The ancient Indian epics
428:military history of India
310:Indus Valley civilization
5897:Scullard, H. H. (1974).
5679:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
4638:Observed in Thailand as
4202:Daryaee, Touraj (2016).
3360:"War Against King Elara"
2668:Assassin's Creed Origins
2260:. They are classed as a
2246:Kachin Independence Army
1420:Roman marble sarcophagus
1386:Quintus Fulvius Nobilior
1380:in Hispania. During the
1360:in 190 BC, during which
1233:African savanna elephant
1061:Battle of Beth Zechariah
858:occurred at Alexander's
67:Second Battle of Panipat
6788:Animals in War Memorial
6782:Animals in War Memorial
6641:Mail delivery by animal
6180:African forest elephant
5828:Sankalia, H.D. (1963).
5720:, Osprey Publishing Ltd
5658:Oxford University Press
5497:Davis, Paul K. (1999).
5480:10.2143/IA.42.0.2017880
4921:"Vietnam War Elephants"
4383:. Motilal Banarsidass.
4025:Antiochus III the Great
3562:Quintus Curtius Rufus.
2823:Whitney, William Dwight
2665:In the 2017 video game
2599:Toomai of the Elephants
2467:, the bishop is called
2179:First Anglo-Burmese War
1890:faced war-elephants in
1843:took his one elephant,
1728:First Battle of Panipat
1689:Western Chalukya Empire
1551:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
1350:battle of Cynoscephalae
635:Hathigumpha inscription
354:First Book of Maccabees
273:, showing war elephants
185:they were also used in
114:, two feet (61 cm) long
6168:North African elephant
6022:
6002:Listen to this article
5725:Rance, Philip (2003).
5685:Lahiri Choudhury, D.K.
4901:Williams, James Howard
3911:Elephas maximus asurus
3335:"Sri Lankan Elephants"
2719:Horizon Forbidden West
2604:First Anglo-Afghan War
2503:Royal Armouries Museum
2364:was the deployment of
2308:
2292:
2149:
2140:An elephant pulling a
2133:
2113:
2080:
2003:
1883:
1619:
1522:
1434:
1382:Second Celtiberian War
1337:
1275:in 251 BC the Romans'
1256:
1132:North African elephant
1127:
1067:
1063:, 162 BCE. Drawing by
946:
891:Battle of the Hydaspes
878:
832:
829:Battle of the Hydaspes
773:
659:
650:defending the city of
446:
274:
126:
115:
99:
59:Battle of the Hydaspes
6904:History of South Asia
6744:By battle, war or era
6444:Elephant Encyclopedia
6163:African bush elephant
6143:Seismic communication
6021:
5916:Sun, Laichen (2003).
5652:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
5612:Elephant in Sri Lanka
5171:June 6, 2023, at the
5044:Stanford News Service
4727:, p. 15 note 107
4536:Lahiri Choudhury 1988
4415:Roy, Kaushik (2012).
4285:10.1353/jla.2018.0000
4216:10.2307/j.ctvh1dkb6.7
3600:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
2899:Elephant Encyclopedia
2778:Execution by elephant
2306:
2289:1857 Indian Rebellion
2286:
2139:
2119:
2111:
2074:
1988:Battle of Yuthahatthi
1985:
1873:
1617:
1555:invading Arab Muslims
1508:
1501:Persian war elephants
1418:
1354:battle of Thermopylae
1328:
1245:
1121:
1055:
941:
876:
856:Persian war elephants
826:
646:
441:
262:
121:
105:
84:
6899:Elephants in culture
6775:Memorials and awards
6053:More spoken articles
5886:Numismatic Chronicle
5716:Peers, C.J. (2006),
5634:A History of Warfare
5119:. Book XVI, ch. 36.
3660:, Book 5, Chapter 17
3337:. Lankalibrary.com.
3255:. Indus Publishing.
2970:. Historyworld.net.
2560:Elephants in use by
2412:improve this article
2032:Kingdom of Ayutthaya
1882:in the 12th century.
1798:Year of the Elephant
1773:, while the post of
1586:Year of the Elephant
1543:Battle of Vartanantz
1479:, 46 BC, where
1219:reports that at the
1204:military of Carthage
959:Seleucid–Mauryan war
737:in 948. In 970, the
231:early modern warfare
32:War Elephant (album)
6826:Personnel and units
6721:Damnatio ad bestias
6200:Sri Lankan elephant
5759:Classical Quarterly
5560:Goldsworthy, Adrian
5542:Alexander the Great
5116:de Natura Animalium
4923:. 20 October 2015.
4821:Buckle, E. (1852).
4327:on 10 October 2014.
3821:1 Maccabees 6:32–33
2827:Smith, Benjamin Eli
2594:British Indian Army
2362:classical antiquity
2266:U.S. Special Forces
2223:, commander of the
2152:With the advent of
1816:, marched upon the
1447:conquest of Britain
1321:Roman war elephants
1076:Antiochus V Eupator
944:Battle of Gaugamela
860:Battle of Gaugamela
844:Alexander the Great
594:Chandragupta Maurya
583:Alexander the Great
557:under the reign of
475:rules of engagement
432:Indo-Gangetic Plain
369:Indian subcontinent
352:. According to the
325: 1600–1100 BC
291:as recorded in the
191:Mediterranean world
183:classical antiquity
6894:Combat occupations
6646:Pigeon photography
6595:Animal-borne bombs
6023:
5700:. Bloomsbury USA.
5079:on 1 November 2020
3825:4 Maccabees 1:7–10
3287:J. Hackin (1994).
2994:, pp. 289–90.
2863:Lal, Dr Avantika.
2701:Genndy Tartakovsky
2660:Macedonian phalanx
2656:Battle of Hydaspes
2642:Crusader Kings III
2571:In popular culture
2309:
2293:
2150:
2142:Supermarine Walrus
2134:
2114:
2081:
2004:
1946:from their famous
1884:
1853:Holy Roman Emperor
1752:laid siege to the
1714:, a descendant of
1620:
1523:
1435:
1358:battle of Magnesia
1338:
1331:Asian war elephant
1273:battle of Panormus
1257:
1144:Musawwarat al-Sufa
1128:
1068:
1031:battle of Heraclea
947:
879:
852:Hellenistic Greece
833:
660:
447:
424:later Vedic period
404:early Vedic period
275:
227:gunpowder weaponry
127:
116:
110:on display at the
100:
6861:
6860:
6739:
6738:
6682:Military funerals
6532:Ballista elephant
6465:
6464:
6421:
6420:
6376:
6375:
6351:
6350:
6303:Ballista elephant
6291:
6290:
6268:Elephant crushing
6247:
6245:
6244:
6205:Sumatran elephant
6151:
6150:
6019:
5972:978-9971-69-448-7
5936:978-1-316-44504-4
5797:978-1-4286-4792-3
5707:978-1-84603-268-4
5667:978-0-19-005379-6
5448:978-1-00-013466-7
5429:978-0-691-13597-7
5153:Jayawardhene 1994
4908:Rupert Hart-Davis
4696:, pp. 290–91
4428:978-1-139-57684-0
4351:978-1-4738-8982-8
4178:De Bello Africano
4163:978-0-7112-2801-6
4109:. pp. 46–47.
3997:Polybius v.84.2–7
3975:30.2, 41.2, 86.1.
3756:978-0-8032-6004-7
3408:978-1-84603-803-7
3290:Asiatic Mythology
3239:, pp. 48–49.
3149:Vetus Testamentum
2942:978-0-19-522243-2
2648:In the 2004 film
2444:
2443:
2436:
2287:A scene from the
2175:Battle of Danubyu
2012:double cross-bows
1771:Gajanayake Nilame
1750:King Rajasinghe I
1596:Himyarite Kingdom
1519:Battle of Avarayr
1477:battle of Thapsus
1470:De Bello Africano
1466:battle of Thapsus
1261:Pyrrhus of Epirus
1163:African elephants
1043:battle of Asculum
1023:Pyrrhus of Epirus
840:Achaemenid Empire
708:Ballista elephant
255:Captive elephants
199:Hellenistic Greek
193:within armies of
76:
75:
16:(Redirected from
6921:
6909:Military animals
6816:War Dog Memorial
6751:Mongol expansion
6726:Exploding animal
6711:Animals in space
6585:
6575:
6499:Military animals
6492:
6485:
6478:
6469:
6388:
6353:
6293:
6256:
6153:
6123:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6082:
6043:
6041:
6030:
6029:
6020:
6010:
6008:
6003:
5987:
5976:
5957:
5940:
5921:
5912:
5893:
5880:
5851:
5823:
5801:
5782:
5749:
5731:
5721:
5711:
5692:
5680:
5671:
5648:
5624:
5615:
5606:
5577:
5555:
5533:
5520:Houghton Mifflin
5510:
5502:
5492:
5487:Chinnock, E. J.
5483:
5462:
5451:
5432:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5181:
5175:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4917:
4911:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4655:
4654:, pp. 22–25
4649:
4643:
4640:Armed Forces Day
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4580:Prophet Muhammad
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4550:
4539:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4380:The Gupta Empire
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4323:. Archived from
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4199:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4060:. Archived from
4054:
4048:
4034:
4028:
4021:battle of Raphia
4013:
4007:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3884:
3878:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3849:
3839:
3818:
3812:
3801:
3792:
3790:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3704:on May 17, 2006.
3700:. Archived from
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3331:
3325:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3246:
3240:
3237:Chakravarti 2003
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3140:
3134:
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3101:
3095:
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3083:
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3079:
3051:
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2890:
2884:
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2860:
2854:
2842:
2819:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2596:. Kala-Nag from
2554:
2545:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2396:
2388:
2217:Second World War
2210:artillery pieces
2183:Congreve rockets
2171:Sino-Burmese War
2002:in January 1593.
1795:
1736:Battle of Khanua
1730:and the army of
1592:Kingdom of Aksum
1404:marched against
1329:Statuette of an
1301:battle of Trebia
1289:Second Punic War
1253:Henri-Paul Motte
1221:battle of Raphia
1187:Syrian elephants
1179:overexploitation
1161:began acquiring
1096:Maccabean Revolt
911:themselves; the
887:Punjab, Pakistan
864:Alexander's army
771:
548:
545:
390:
387:
381:
326:
323:
211:Ancient Carthage
169:, especially in
37:
21:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6884:Ancient warfare
6864:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6821:
6770:
6756:Napoleonic Wars
6735:
6699:
6695:Riderless horse
6676:
6667:Military mascot
6655:
6624:
6576:
6567:
6501:
6496:
6466:
6461:
6417:
6372:
6347:
6333:Temple elephant
6287:
6241:
6210:Syrian elephant
6195:Indian elephant
6190:Borneo elephant
6173:Desert elephant
6147:
6114:
6109:
6057:
6056:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6034:This audio file
6031:
6024:
6015:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5979:
5973:
5960:
5943:
5937:
5924:
5915:
5909:
5896:
5883:
5869:10.2307/1579643
5854:
5840:
5827:
5820:
5804:
5798:
5785:
5752:
5740:(3–4): 355–84.
5729:
5724:
5715:
5708:
5695:
5683:
5674:
5668:
5651:
5645:
5627:
5618:
5609:
5583:African Affairs
5580:
5574:
5558:
5552:
5536:
5530:
5513:
5505:
5496:
5486:
5468:Iranica Antiqua
5465:
5454:
5449:
5436:
5430:
5414:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5378:
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5342:
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5325:
5309:
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5245:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5194:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5173:Wayback Machine
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5098:Pliny the Elder
5096:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5023:
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5011:
5010:
5006:
4997:
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4975:
4971:
4961:
4959:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4910:, London, 1954)
4899:
4895:
4886:
4884:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4857:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4832:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4806:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4781:
4779:
4772:"Victorian Web"
4770:
4769:
4765:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4744:
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4723:
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4542:
4533:
4529:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4468:Pradeep Barua.
4467:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4451:
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4438:
4436:
4429:
4414:
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4409:
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4196:
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4176:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4140:, (VIII, 23.5).
4136:
4132:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4037:Pliny the Elder
4035:
4031:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3979:
3973:De Bello Africo
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3938:
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3922:
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3909:
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3802:
3795:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3729:Natural History
3726:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3664:
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3474:
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3432:
3428:
3418:
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3395:
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3390:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3314:Pliny the Elder
3312:
3308:
3301:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3161:10.2307/1517274
3142:
3141:
3137:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2950:
2943:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2841:. p. 2257.
2839:Century Company
2821:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2768:Cavalry tactics
2764:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2636:Imperator: Rome
2590:heavy artillery
2586:Rudyard Kipling
2581:The Jungle Book
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2496:Emperor Go-Nara
2451:, it is called
2440:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2409:
2397:
2386:
2384:Cultural legacy
2281:
2203:Sino-French War
2106:
1804:. At that time
1734:in 1527 at the
1648:Pamir Mountains
1634:(Kushans). The
1612:
1588:
1582:
1580:Aksumite Empire
1535:Sassanid Empire
1527:Parthian Empire
1509:A 15th-century
1503:
1497:
1462:Metellus Scipio
1458:Roman civil war
1348:in 199 BC, the
1323:
1317:
1281:battle of Tunis
1183:Seleucid Empire
1171:Kingdom of Kush
1155:Ptolemaic Egypt
1148:Kingdom of Kush
1140:Great Enclosure
1116:
1108:Judas Maccabeus
1080:Ptolemaic Egypt
1047:Pyrrhic victory
967:Battle of Ipsus
955:Seleucid Empire
821:
772:
769:
710:
704:
675:Pliny the Elder
563:Pliny the Elder
559:Mahapadma Nanda
546:
516:Samyutta Nikaya
479:Kurukshetra War
420:Uchchaihshravas
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
388:
382:
371:
366:
324:
257:
251:
159:
123:Rajput painting
79:
71:Battle of Ambur
69:
65:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6927:
6925:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6866:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6818:(Pennsylvania)
6813:
6807:
6802:
6801:(South Africa)
6799:Horse Memorial
6796:
6791:
6785:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
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6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6636:Acoustic Kitty
6632:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6620:Project Pigeon
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6600:Anti-tank dogs
6597:
6591:
6589:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6472:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6394:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6343:White elephant
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6230:Dwarf elephant
6227:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6215:Javan elephant
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6185:Asian elephant
6182:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6159:
6157:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6046:
6032:
6025:
6013:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:External links
5994:
5993:
5992:
5977:
5971:
5958:
5941:
5935:
5922:
5913:
5907:
5894:
5881:
5852:
5838:
5825:
5818:
5802:
5796:
5783:
5750:
5722:
5713:
5706:
5693:
5681:
5672:
5666:
5649:
5643:
5625:
5623:. Amber Books.
5616:
5607:
5578:
5572:
5556:
5550:
5534:
5528:
5511:
5503:
5494:
5484:
5463:
5452:
5447:
5439:The Ming World
5434:
5428:
5416:Andrade, Tonio
5410:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5371:
5335:
5302:
5271:
5238:
5216:Age of Empires
5201:
5176:
5157:
5145:
5133:
5102:
5090:
5061:
5030:
5004:
4969:
4938:
4912:
4893:
4879:. 2003-02-26.
4864:
4839:
4813:
4788:
4763:
4738:
4736:Nossov, p. 14.
4729:
4717:
4698:
4686:
4671:
4656:
4644:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4588:
4570:
4540:
4527:
4506:
4475:
4460:
4445:
4427:
4407:
4390:978-8120800892
4389:
4369:
4350:
4330:
4309:
4259:
4255:Rawlinson 1885
4247:
4232:
4194:
4183:
4169:
4162:
4142:
4130:
4112:
4094:
4082:
4067:
4064:on 2009-05-03.
4049:
4029:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3977:
3964:
3955:
3953:Nossov, p. 30.
3946:
3929:New York Times
3915:
3903:
3897:
3879:
3862:
3813:
3793:
3772:
3755:
3735:
3719:
3707:
3683:
3662:
3630:
3613:978-8178241098
3612:
3587:
3570:
3554:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3501:, p. 157.
3491:
3489:, p. 158.
3479:
3472:
3466:. p. 90.
3450:
3438:
3426:
3407:
3388:
3386:, p. 122.
3376:
3351:
3326:
3306:
3299:
3279:
3262:978-8173870750
3261:
3241:
3229:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3155:(2): 230–233.
3135:
3096:
3084:
3067:978-8120804869
3066:
3041:
3024:978-8120804869
3023:
2996:
2984:
2959:
2941:
2916:
2885:
2855:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2612:Age of Empires
2572:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2442:
2441:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2280:
2277:
2250:failing states
2187:British forces
2105:
2102:
2077:Nguyen dynasty
2024:elephant duels
2008:Southeast Asia
1977:Ottoman Empire
1948:composite bows
1794:عَـام الـفـيـل
1644:Tarim Kingdoms
1611:
1608:
1584:Main article:
1581:
1578:
1499:Main article:
1496:
1493:
1422:depicting the
1319:Main article:
1316:
1313:
1305:battle of Zama
1248:Battle of Zama
1136:Nubian culture
1115:
1112:
1100:Beth Zachariah
1007:Roman Republic
820:
817:
777:Sui–Lâm Ấp war
767:
706:Main article:
703:
700:
668:Rajendra Chola
521:Gautama Buddha
383:
376:
375:
374:
373:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
302:Asian elephant
250:
247:
203:Roman Republic
187:ancient Persia
158:
155:
141:and guided by
108:elephant sword
77:
74:
73:
63:Battle of Zama
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6926:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6889:Animal armour
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6874:War elephants
6872:
6871:
6869:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6795:
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6789:
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6780:
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6777:
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6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6716:Animal cyborg
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6696:
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6691:
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6687:
6685:
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6613:
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6608:
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6508:
6504:
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6474:
6473:
6470:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6440:
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6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6368:Howdah pistol
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6273:Elephant goad
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6260:Domestication
6257:
6254:
6250:
6236:
6235:Pygmy mammoth
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6101:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6035:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5908:0-500-40025-3
5904:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5863:(2): 289–91.
5862:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5839:9788170071006
5835:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5819:0-394-74067-X
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5765:(1): 91–111.
5764:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5698:War Elephants
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5677:War Elephants
5673:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5644:0-679-73082-6
5640:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5573:0-304-36642-0
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5551:0-14-102076-8
5547:
5543:
5539:
5538:Fox, Robin L.
5535:
5531:
5529:0-618-13384-4
5525:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5339:
5336:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5303:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5242:
5239:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5205:
5202:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5091:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5065:
5062:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5020:on 2008-05-17
5019:
5015:
5008:
5005:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4904:Elephant Bill
4902:
4897:
4894:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4814:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4715:, p. 291
4714:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4684:, p. 290
4683:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4666:Lords of Life
4660:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4620:
4617:, p. 197
4616:
4611:
4608:
4605:, p. 200
4604:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4589:1-930409-11-7
4585:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4560:on 2012-08-27
4559:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4507:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4472:. p. 18.
4471:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4453:Kaushik Roy.
4449:
4446:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4408:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4373:
4370:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4310:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4257:, p. 189
4256:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4127:. p. 67.
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3898:9789774164781
3895:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3860:(II.§ 5)
3857:
3856:
3855:Against Apion
3847:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3746:War Elephants
3739:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3552:, p. 19.
3551:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3537:, p. 38.
3536:
3531:
3528:
3525:, p. 82.
3524:
3519:
3516:
3513:, p. 79.
3512:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3473:0-618-13384-4
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3448:, p. 51.
3447:
3446:Di Cosmo 2006
3442:
3439:
3436:, p. 33.
3435:
3434:Di Cosmo 2006
3430:
3427:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:War Elephants
3392:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3300:9788120609204
3296:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3280:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3194:Sankalia 1963
3190:
3187:
3184:, p. 10.
3183:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3094:, p. xi.
3093:
3088:
3085:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2803:Thai elephant
2801:
2799:
2798:Sassanid army
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2748:war elephants
2734:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:Lohagarh Fort
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:Chinese chess
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2438:
2435:
2427:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:This section
2399:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:Diadochi wars
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2230:Elephant Bill
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:up until the
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1964:Sack of Delhi
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:by showering
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1775:Kuruve Lekham
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:Mughal Empire
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:Chola dynasty
1690:
1686:
1685:Chola dynasty
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:Harshacharita
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Kushan Empire
1616:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:Julius Caesar
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:Antiochus III
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1106:, brother of
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
940:
936:
934:
930:
925:
921:
916:
914:
909:
904:
902:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
875:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:
830:
825:
818:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783:(1075–1077),
782:
778:
766:
762:
760:
756:
753:. During the
752:
748:
744:
743:Wanli Emperor
740:
736:
731:
727:
723:
722:Liang dynasty
719:
715:
709:
701:
699:
697:
693:
690:'s mount and
689:
685:
681:
676:
671:
669:
665:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
598:Maurya Empire
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547: 543 BC
541:
537:
536:Mahajanapadas
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:
512:
511:
510:Vinaya Pitaka
506:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:
454:
453:
445:
444:Carnatic Wars
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:ancient India
389: 500 BC
380:
368:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
345:
343:
337:
334:
333:deforestation
330:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:domestication
303:
298:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:Ancient China
172:
171:ancient India
168:
164:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
120:
113:
109:
104:
98:
94:
93:
90:crossing the
89:
83:
78:Military unit
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
6805:Purple poppy
6794:Dickin Medal
6766:World War II
6527:
6442:
6408:Kerala state
6363:Elephant gun
6338:War elephant
6337:
5982:
5962:
5953:
5949:
5926:
5898:
5889:
5888:. Series 6.
5885:
5860:
5856:
5829:
5809:
5806:Said, Edward
5787:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5737:
5733:
5717:
5697:
5688:
5676:
5653:
5632:
5629:Keegan, John
5620:
5611:
5586:
5582:
5563:
5541:
5515:
5507:
5498:
5488:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5438:
5419:
5394:. Retrieved
5383:
5374:
5362:. Retrieved
5348:
5338:
5326:. Retrieved
5315:
5305:
5293:. Retrieved
5284:
5274:
5262:. Retrieved
5251:
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5214:
5204:
5193:. Retrieved
5179:
5160:
5148:
5136:
5125:. Retrieved
5115:
5105:
5093:
5081:. Retrieved
5077:the original
5071:
5064:
5052:. Retrieved
5043:
5038:Levy, Dawn.
5033:
5022:. Retrieved
5018:the original
5007:
4996:. Retrieved
4972:
4960:. Retrieved
4952:theworld.org
4951:
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4915:
4903:
4896:
4885:. Retrieved
4876:
4867:
4856:. Retrieved
4842:
4831:. Retrieved
4816:
4805:. Retrieved
4791:
4780:. Retrieved
4766:
4755:. Retrieved
4741:
4732:
4720:
4713:Schafer 1957
4694:Schafer 1957
4689:
4682:Schafer 1957
4665:
4659:
4652:Terwiel 2013
4647:
4634:
4629:, p. 88
4622:
4615:Kistler 2006
4610:
4603:Kistler 2006
4598:
4579:
4573:
4562:. Retrieved
4558:the original
4530:
4516:
4509:
4498:. Retrieved
4487:
4478:
4469:
4463:
4454:
4448:
4437:. Retrieved
4417:
4410:
4399:. Retrieved
4379:
4372:
4360:. Retrieved
4340:
4333:
4325:the original
4319:
4312:
4301:. Retrieved
4276:
4272:
4262:
4250:
4244:Charles 2007
4235:
4224:. Retrieved
4207:
4197:
4186:
4177:
4172:
4152:
4145:
4133:
4124:
4115:
4106:
4097:
4092:, p. 51
4085:
4076:
4070:
4062:the original
4052:
4032:
4011:
4006:Rance (2009)
4002:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3928:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3853:
3843:
3840:(12.9.3–4);
3833:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3791:i.i.§ 1
3784:
3775:
3767:Google Books
3765:– via
3760:. Retrieved
3745:
3738:
3728:
3722:
3710:
3702:the original
3696:
3686:
3675:. Retrieved
3673:. 2016-10-23
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3643:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3602:
3580:Metz Epitome
3578:
3573:
3563:
3557:
3530:
3523:Andrade 2019
3518:
3506:
3499:Andrade 2016
3494:
3487:Kiernan 2019
3482:
3459:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3397:
3391:
3379:
3368:. Retrieved
3354:
3343:. Retrieved
3329:
3309:
3289:
3282:
3271:. Retrieved
3251:
3244:
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3210:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3092:Kistler 2006
3087:
3076:. Retrieved
3056:
3033:. Retrieved
3013:
2992:Schafer 1957
2987:
2976:. Retrieved
2962:
2951:. Retrieved
2931:
2908:. Retrieved
2898:
2896:. "Mahout".
2888:
2877:. Retrieved
2868:
2858:
2848:
2834:
2831:"elephantry"
2817:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2704:
2698:
2692:army in the
2675:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:series, the
2624:Civilization
2622:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2597:
2579:
2574:
2529:
2519:
2500:
2485:
2480:
2468:
2452:
2445:
2430:
2421:
2410:Please help
2405:verification
2402:
2378:
2350:
2310:
2294:
2279:Tactical use
2269:field manual
2243:
2228:
2221:William Slim
2214:
2191:Siamese Army
2185:deployed by
2167:
2151:
2098:Song Dynasty
2085:Southern Han
2082:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2005:
1885:
1856:Frederick II
1834:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1748:
1724:Ibrahim Lodi
1709:
1701:
1682:
1675:composed by
1667:
1659:Samudragupta
1655:Gupta Empire
1652:
1621:
1589:
1565:
1559:
1531:Roman Empire
1524:
1488:
1485:fifth legion
1474:
1455:
1436:
1378:Celtiberians
1371:
1352:197 BC, the
1339:
1258:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1201:
1194:
1174:
1152:
1129:
1114:North Africa
1069:
1065:Gustave Doré
1019:Adriatic Sea
1000:
986:Peloponnesus
975:
948:
933:elephantarch
932:
920:Nanda Empire
917:
905:
899:
880:
834:
774:
764:
759:Qing dynasty
747:Ming dynasty
739:Song dynasty
730:Southern Han
711:
702:Eastern Asia
692:Maha Pambata
672:
664:Chola Empire
661:
639:
618:Arthashastra
616:
609:gajadhyaksha
608:
605:Gajadhyaksha
604:
602:
592:
555:Nanda Empire
525:
514:
508:
502:
490:
482:
477:set for the
470:
462:
456:
450:
448:
397:
346:
338:
314:Yellow River
299:
294:Arthashastra
292:
282:
276:
268:
265:war of Lanka
264:
219:Medieval era
215:North Africa
201:states, the
160:
150:
131:war elephant
130:
128:
86:
40:War elephant
18:War Elephant
6761:World War I
6391:By locality
6384:and history
5810:Orientalism
5637:. Pimlico.
5544:. Penguin.
5474:: 301–346.
5328:27 November
5295:27 November
5264:27 November
5100:VIII, 1.27.
4279:: 166–192.
4191:Gowers 1947
4045:Onesicritus
4041:Megasthenes
3984:J. Mazard,
3835:Antiquities
3550:Nossov 2008
3322:Onesicritus
3318:Megasthenes
3182:Nossov 2008
2522:Orientalist
2511:Kumbhalgarh
2372:during the
2354:skirmishers
2330:tusk swords
2262:pack animal
2239:Vietnam War
2177:during the
2148:, June 1944
2122:World War I
1986:"The Great
1841:Charlemagne
1837:Middle Ages
1697:Pala Empire
1663:Kumaragupta
1610:Middle Ages
1374:Lusitanians
1027:Roman Italy
1017:across the
1011:Hellenistic
982:Megalopolis
978:Polyperchon
908:Macedonians
809:Lý–Song War
807:during the
801:Sui dynasty
795:kingdom of
789:Ming–Hồ War
781:Lý–Song War
726:Western Wei
627:Kalinga War
491:Mahābhārata
483:Mahābhārata
471:Mahābhārata
458:Mahābhārata
329:Mesopotamia
318:Shang China
189:and in the
157:Description
97:Henri Motte
95:(1878), by
55:Engagements
6868:Categories
6731:Ship's cat
6690:Black Jack
6660:Ceremonial
6651:War pigeon
6308:Executions
6049:Audio help
6040:2005-04-21
5518:. Boston:
5195:2020-12-19
5127:2021-02-20
5083:28 October
5054:28 October
5024:2008-05-02
4998:2007-04-16
4887:2018-05-21
4858:2023-03-16
4833:2023-03-16
4807:2020-12-21
4782:2020-12-21
4757:2020-12-21
4564:2012-08-13
4500:2018-10-13
4439:2020-10-21
4401:2020-10-21
4362:27 January
4303:2021-01-14
4240:Rance 2003
4226:2023-04-10
4090:Davis 1999
3852:Josephus.
3850:(1.1.5) ;
3842:Josephus.
3762:2018-05-21
3677:2018-05-21
3655:2022-05-14
3624:2016-05-19
3384:Peers 2006
3370:2018-05-21
3345:2018-05-21
3273:2020-10-21
3223:2018-10-13
3078:2020-10-21
3035:2020-10-21
2978:2018-05-21
2953:2020-10-21
2910:2018-10-13
2894:Koehl, Dan
2879:2022-11-21
2850:Wiktionary
2845:elephantry
2273:endangered
2252:for their
2225:XIVth Army
2144:aircraft,
2104:Modern era
2036:Mingyi Swa
2000:Suphanburi
1845:Abul-Abbas
1832:was born.
1786:‘Am al-Fil
1754:Portuguese
1732:Rana Sanga
1704:Ghaznavids
1677:Bāṇabhaṭṭa
1636:Hou Hanshu
1606:of Mecca.
1566:Zend−hapet
1549:, and the
1483:armed his
1356:, and the
1342:Punic Wars
1265:Punic Wars
1225:Ptolemy IV
1084:Ptolemy VI
1039:Ptolemy II
924:Gangaridai
846:, king of
813:Hồ dynasty
688:Dutugamunu
680:Sri Lankan
652:Kusinagara
587:Beas River
530:without a
495:Duryodhana
487:akshauhini
463:chaturanga
316:valley in
253:See also:
225:and other
205:and later
151:Elephantry
6843:Méhariste
6784:(England)
6528:Elephants
6506:By animal
6252:Human use
6133:Cognition
6112:Elephants
5892:: 158–68.
5779:170387260
5566:. Orion.
5522:Company.
5285:Comicbook
5221:Microsoft
5165:Sho Shogi
5141:Said 1978
4293:165659027
4138:Polyaenus
4027:of Syria.
4017:Egyptians
3169:0042-4935
3130:1866-9565
3116:(2): 50.
2809:Citations
2733:Changsuek
2711:Egyptians
2651:Alexander
2630:Total War
2424:June 2024
2338:culverins
2326:Sri Lanka
2154:gunpowder
2130:Sheffield
2126:munitions
1940:1300–1302
1936:1277–1287
1932:mangonels
1928:catapults
1926:by using
1924:Samarkand
1860:Holy Land
1812:ruler of
1810:Christian
1766:logistics
1762:Sri Lanka
1710:In 1526,
1570:Hindustan
1547:Armenians
1451:Stone Age
1406:Viriathus
1390:Masinissa
1346:Macedonia
1082:'s ruler
1035:Ptolemaic
991:Cassander
971:Antigonid
848:Macedonia
686:was King
631:Kharavela
573:, 80,000
540:Bimbisara
364:Antiquity
358:Seleucids
350:logistics
181:. During
167:antiquity
137:that was
6790:(Canada)
6605:Bat bomb
6523:Dolphins
6413:Thailand
6283:Trainers
6221:Extinct
6126:Behavior
6051: ·
5808:(1978).
5631:(1993).
5562:(2003).
5540:(2004).
5493:(trans).
5418:(2016),
5396:26 April
5390:Archived
5364:26 April
5358:Archived
5322:Archived
5289:Archived
5258:Archived
5253:GameSpot
5225:Archived
5189:Archived
5169:Archived
5121:Archived
5048:Archived
4989:Archived
4987:. 2004.
4962:March 9,
4956:Archived
4925:Archived
4881:Archived
4877:BBC News
4852:Archived
4850:. 1889.
4827:Archived
4801:Archived
4776:Archived
4751:Archived
4725:Sun 2003
4582:. ISCA.
4494:Archived
4433:Archived
4395:Archived
4356:Archived
4297:Archived
4220:Archived
3971:Caesar,
3939:14 March
3933:Archived
3830:Josephus
3781:Josephus
3733:VI, 22.4
3715:Fox 2004
3692:Plutarch
3649:Archived
3618:Archived
3535:Chinnock
3511:Sun 2006
3419:20 March
3413:Archived
3364:Archived
3339:Archived
3267:Archived
3217:Archived
3072:Archived
3029:Archived
2972:Archived
2947:Archived
2904:Archived
2873:Archived
2829:(1911).
2762:See also
2690:Haradrim
2688:and his
2633:series,
2592:for the
2564:cavalry.
2488:Japanese
2457:Sanskrit
2366:war pigs
2298:materiel
2258:poaching
2128:yard in
2094:crossbow
2040:Naresuan
2028:attacked
2020:Thailand
1996:Naresuan
1973:caltrops
1849:Crusades
1830:Muhammad
1756:fort at
1744:Jahangir
1687:and the
1640:Kanishka
1521:(451 CE)
1515:Sassanid
1511:Armenian
1445:' final
1443:Claudius
1398:Numantia
1309:maniples
1293:Hannibal
1217:Polybius
1169:and the
1157:and the
1126:elephant
1122:Mounted
1072:Seleucid
1037:Pharaoh
1003:Carthage
951:Diadochi
805:Đại Việt
770:Dzengseo
768:—
648:Mallakas
613:Chanakya
579:chariots
577:, 8,000
571:infantry
567:Plutarch
467:chariots
452:Ramayana
416:Airavata
408:Ramayana
289:Chanakya
270:Ramayana
239:Thailand
223:firearms
135:elephant
88:Hannibal
6615:Chariot
6588:Weapons
6558:Pigeons
6548:Insects
6426:Related
6382:Culture
6356:Weapons
6225:Mammoth
6156:Species
6119:General
6038: (
6009:minutes
5991:(of 2).
5989:Vol. II
5877:1579643
5848:1170237
5350:Variety
5231:13 July
4522:115–116
4019:at the
3877:, p. 35
3727:Pliny.
3568:8.13.6.
2741:
2727:ช้างศึก
2682:Mûmakil
2531:mûmakil
2526:Tolkien
2515:howdahs
2486:In the
2477:Spanish
2465:Bengali
2461:Russian
2358:Triarii
2346:rockets
2342:jingals
2334:howdahs
2195:jingals
2158:muskets
2120:During
2059:chatras
2030:Siam's
1992:Siamese
1952:Genghis
1904:Vietnam
1892:Khorazm
1888:Mongols
1864:Cremona
1835:In the
1782:Islamic
1758:Colombo
1726:at the
1604:Quraysh
1489:Alaudae
1428:Bacchus
1424:Triumph
1410:Micipsa
1394:Numidia
1335:Pompeii
1285:legions
1277:velites
1213:Juba II
1167:Numidia
1104:Eleazar
1057:Eleazar
1029:at the
1021:. King
984:in the
963:Mauryan
929:Babylon
913:mahouts
895:phalanx
837:Persian
779:(605),
696:Ellalan
684:Kandula
615:in the
575:cavalry
551:Magadha
538:. King
499:Kaurava
243:Vietnam
195:Macedon
163:battles
139:trained
133:was an
106:Indian
49:Cavalry
6812:(Guam)
6581:By use
6543:Horses
6513:Camels
6403:Europe
6328:Racing
6313:Howdah
6278:Mahout
5969:
5933:
5905:
5875:
5857:Oriens
5846:
5836:
5816:
5794:
5777:
5704:
5664:
5641:
5603:718841
5601:
5570:
5548:
5526:
5445:
5426:
5111:Aelian
4931:15 May
4586:
4425:
4387:
4348:
4291:
4210:: 36.
4160:
4121:Appian
4103:Appian
3811:, p. 7
3753:
3639:Arrian
3610:
3470:
3405:
3297:
3259:
3167:
3128:
3064:
3021:
2939:
2843:Also:
2706:Primal
2686:Sauron
2639:, and
2621:, the
2562:Indian
2481:al-fil
2449:bishop
2370:Megara
2318:chisel
2314:mahout
2189:. The
2162:cannon
2055:howdah
1968:camels
1956:Kublai
1944:arrows
1826:Mahmud
1818:Ka‘bah
1808:, the
1806:Abraha
1790:Arabic
1669:Harsha
1632:Yuezhi
1628:Weilüe
1255:, 1890
1209:Juba I
1159:Punics
1146:. The
1124:Nubian
1015:Epirus
901:Arrian
868:Phobos
797:Lâm Ấp
793:Champa
787:, and
735:Ma Chu
656:Sanchi
623:Ashoka
607:. The
528:forest
504:Nikāya
402:. The
356:, the
279:mahout
249:Taming
241:, and
209:, and
207:Empire
147:charge
143:humans
45:Branch
6704:Other
6553:Moose
6538:Geese
6398:China
6318:Ivory
6138:Musth
5873:JSTOR
5775:S2CID
5730:(PDF)
5599:JSTOR
5317:vg247
4992:(PDF)
4981:(PDF)
4289:S2CID
2578:from
2576:Hathi
2492:shogi
2490:game
2453:Gajam
2322:India
2264:in a
2254:ivory
2235:Helen
2207:siege
2146:India
2079:army.
2016:Burma
1994:King
1960:Timur
1920:India
1912:India
1908:Khmer
1896:Burma
1876:Khmer
1851:gave
1822:Mecca
1814:Yemen
1740:Akbar
1716:Timur
1712:Babur
1562:India
1366:Pydna
1269:Adyss
1196:Surus
1142:" at
1088:Judea
1074:king
996:Pydna
883:Porus
412:Indra
342:tiger
284:ankus
235:Burma
92:Rhône
6563:Pigs
6518:Dogs
6323:Meat
6296:Uses
5967:ISBN
5931:ISBN
5903:ISBN
5844:OCLC
5834:ISBN
5814:ISBN
5792:ISBN
5755:Suda
5702:ISBN
5662:ISBN
5639:ISBN
5568:ISBN
5546:ISBN
5524:ISBN
5443:ISBN
5424:ISBN
5398:2018
5366:2018
5330:2017
5297:2017
5266:2017
5233:2019
5085:2020
5056:2020
4964:2023
4933:2020
4584:ISBN
4423:ISBN
4385:ISBN
4364:2019
4346:ISBN
4158:ISBN
3941:2013
3894:ISBN
3845:Wars
3786:Wars
3751:ISBN
3608:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3421:2023
3403:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3257:ISBN
3165:ISSN
3126:ISSN
3062:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2738:lit.
2469:hati
2344:and
2324:and
2051:ngaw
1990:" –
1954:and
1938:and
1930:and
1918:and
1910:and
1900:Siam
1886:The
1880:Cham
1874:The
1702:The
1683:The
1653:The
1622:The
1590:The
1525:The
1376:and
1315:Rome
1297:Alps
1153:The
1130:The
1092:Jews
1070:The
1013:era
1005:and
922:and
906:The
751:Siam
662:The
565:and
532:lion
507:and
485:the
455:and
5954:101
5865:doi
5767:doi
5742:doi
5591:doi
5476:doi
5385:BBC
4281:doi
4212:doi
3157:doi
3118:doi
2716:In
2703:'s
2699:In
2674:In
2584:by
2455:in
2414:by
2090:Chu
2042:in
2006:In
1820:in
1796:, "
1780:In
1426:of
1392:of
1251:by
1207:of
850:in
714:Chu
229:in
213:in
165:in
6870::
6007:10
5952:.
5948:.
5871:.
5861:10
5859:.
5842:.
5773:.
5763:59
5761:.
5738:43
5736:.
5732:.
5660:.
5656:.
5597:.
5587:46
5585:.
5472:42
5470:.
5388:.
5382:.
5353:.
5347:.
5320:.
5314:.
5287:.
5283:.
5256:.
5250:.
5223:.
5219:.
5213:.
5187:.
5113:.
5046:.
5042:.
4983:.
4954:.
4950:.
4875:.
4825:.
4799:.
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4749:.
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4674:^
4543:^
4492:.
4486:.
4431:.
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4354:.
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4287:.
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4271:.
4242:;
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3931:.
3927:.
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3823:;
3809:88
3807:,
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2645:.
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2606:.
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2340:,
2275:.
2241:.
2068:.
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