166:
251:
240:
229:
218:
207:
196:
138:
39:
729:
296:
285:
274:
263:
150:
850:, whose bankers and financial houses such as the Centurioni, Palavicini and Vivaldi families had longstanding relationships with Spain, and had been lending money to its government since the 16th century. During the recent war, they allowed the Spanish to recruit mercenaries from Genoese territory and use their port building some galleys for the Spanish navy. As a punishment, on 5 May a French fleet commanded by Admiral
177:
785:
771:
simultaneously laid siege to
Luxembourg but Louis now decided it was impolitic for him to attack another Christian kingdom while it was under attack from the Turks and in March 1682 Boufflers withdrew his troops. However, on 12 September 1683 a combined Imperial, German and Polish army defeated the
725:" to determine whether France had been awarded all the territory owed; since those appointed to the Chambers were French lawyers, the normal result was to demand additional concessions but as these generally consisted of small towns and villages, they went unopposed.
756:. In the same way, Luxembourg dominated regions annexed from the Spanish Netherlands. Louis believed that only the possession of these two could ensure the security of his newly acquired territories. Imperial troops could not respond since they were engaged in the
874:
While Louis refused to send aid to the Empire and even dispatched secret envoys to encourage the
Ottomans, contemporary accounts indicate that it would be unseemly for him to continue fighting the Empire on its western border. Thus, Louis agreed to the
667:
that ended the conflict marked the high water mark of French territorial gains under Louis XIV. Afterwards, his opponents would recognize the need for unity in order to resist further expansion, leading to the 1688 creation of the
712:
surrounding it but treaties often failed to define the boundaries of these dependent regions. Although willing to negotiate those within the
Spanish Netherlands on a bilateral basis, Louis regarded acquisitions in
830:
Despite its limited scope and length, the war is remembered as being especially bloody, since Louis XIV deliberately employed violence as state policy, with the aim of pressuring enemy officials to surrender.
421:
329:
300:
866:
on 17 May 1684, which lasted for the next 12 days apart from a short truce for negotiations. By the time it concluded on 28 May, two thirds of the city had been destroyed.
832:
827:
on 15 August 1684. France retained territory taken during the war, including
Strasbourg and Luxembourg and subsequent actions were intended to make the truce permanent.
767:
Strasbourg was occupied on 30 September 1681 and officially became part of France, although it retained a degree of economic and political autonomy until 1726. Marshal
1278:
1338:
1283:
1348:
1333:
414:
322:
278:
843:
because the
Spanish previously destroyed two barns on the outskirts of two French villages, and insisted that not a single house should remain standing.
555:
407:
315:
836:
797:
211:
577:
1318:
768:
669:
508:
1254:
1171:
1152:
820:
244:
693:
488:
812:
bombarded
Luxembourg with 3,000 to 4,000 mortar shells but with winter approaching and the city refusing to yield, he withdrew.
233:
1288:
451:
1293:
677:
550:
503:
481:
476:
471:
461:
446:
1273:
456:
466:
1313:
1308:
816:
518:
363:
289:
44:
891:
The war, like its immediate continental predecessors, failed to resolve the festering conflict between the French
79:
358:
809:
383:
353:
222:
1303:
1298:
493:
378:
792:
After halting the
Ottoman advance at Vienna, the Habsburgs were able to turn their attentions to the west.
1328:
1323:
637:
633:
368:
880:
116:
38:
808:, which surrendered without a fight on 10th. Between 22 and 26 December, a second force under Marshal
1181:
Lynn, John (1993). "How War Fed War: The Tax of
Violence and Contributions during the Grand Siècle".
863:
689:
628:, Louis retained a large army, an action extremely unusual in the period. In 1681, his troops seized
388:
373:
728:
722:
705:
653:
618:
560:
267:
200:
109:
71:
67:
1343:
1198:
697:
625:
621:'s determination to establish defensible boundaries along France's northern and eastern borders.
900:
673:
545:
1250:
1224:
1167:
1148:
876:
847:
824:
796:
declared war on France on 26 October 1683 and on the night of 3–4 November, an army under the
757:
752:
at
Strasbourg had been used by Imperial troops to invade Alsace on three occasions during the
745:
741:
718:
664:
649:
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610:
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239:
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94:
83:
823:. Its 2,500 defenders surrendered on 3 June, although fighting continued elsewhere until the
1190:
896:
851:
773:
753:
614:
535:
255:
879:, guaranteeing 20 years of peace between France and the Empire and asked his first cousin,
892:
498:
513:
793:
761:
641:
598:
565:
154:
1267:
1202:
855:
570:
441:
737:
709:
629:
523:
1228:
840:
805:
784:
748:. While France controlled much of the surrounding area, the bridge over the
701:
30:
899:. The brief but brutal conflict was one of the precursors to the lengthier
1238:
Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the
Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan
801:
399:
307:
859:
714:
657:
1194:
819:
in April 1684, assisted by his technical expert on siege warfare,
783:
749:
727:
721:
as essential to securing his borders. For these areas, he set up "
295:
284:
273:
262:
149:
75:
708:. When a town changed hands, it normally included the economic
403:
311:
1145:
The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
1164:
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)
804:. After it surrendered on 6 November, he then advanced on
640:. When hostilities began in 1683, French support for the
978:
976:
16:
War (1683–84) between France and a European coalition
846:A separate but related conflict took place in the
800:entered the Spanish Netherlands and surrounded
788:Map of western and central Europe in early 1682
23:
672:, an anti-French coalition that fought in the
895:and the Spanish and Austrian branches of the
415:
323:
8:
700:in 1678, France acquired territories in the
279:Ottone Enrico del Caretto, Marquis of Savona
883:, to arbitrate the disputed border claims.
624:Despite the peace established by the 1678
609:. It can be seen as a continuation of the
422:
408:
400:
330:
316:
308:
20:
1279:17th-century military history of France
994:
967:
912:
704:and along its northern border with the
301:Ernesto de Croy Ligne, Prince of Chimay
1339:17th-century military history of Italy
1284:17th-century military history of Spain
1247:The Emergence of European Civilization
1078:
1147:. Sander Kitabevi and Jonathan Cape.
1090:
1042:
764:against the Empire's eastern border.
744:, both of which remained part of the
7:
1349:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
1334:Wars involving the Republic of Genoa
1126:
1114:
1102:
1066:
1054:
1030:
1018:
1006:
982:
955:
943:
931:
919:
760:, the largest offensive ever by the
617:(1672–1678), which were driven by
212:Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières
14:
593:(1683–84) was a conflict between
1223:. University of Michigan Press.
656:and consolidate his position in
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283:
272:
261:
249:
238:
227:
216:
205:
194:
175:
164:
148:
136:
58:26 October 1683 – 15 August 1684
37:
234:Bernardin Gigault de Bellefonds
821:SĂ©bastien le Prestre de Vauban
605:, with limited involvement by
245:SĂ©bastien Le Prestre de Vauban
1:
1183:The Journal of Modern History
678:War of the Spanish Succession
776:and forced them to retreat.
1365:
1219:Smith, Rhea Marsh (1965).
290:Alexander von Bournonville
1212:The French Wars 1667–1714
839:to burn 20 villages near
652:allowed Louis to capture
632:and in 1682 occupied the
437:
349:
187:
129:
50:
36:
28:
115:Holy Roman Empire cedes
1249:. Joanna Cotler Books.
1221:Spain: A Modern History
636:, then a possession of
1319:France–Spain relations
1143:Kinross, Lord (1977).
789:
733:
732:Capture of Strasbourg.
688:Under the treaties of
634:Principality of Orange
188:Commanders and leaders
1289:Wars involving France
1236:Thomas, Hugh (2003).
881:Charles II of England
787:
731:
1294:Wars involving Spain
1214:. Osprey Publishing.
934:, pp. 109, 156.
864:bombardment of Genoa
736:The exceptions were
613:(1667–1668) and the
29:Part of the wars of
1274:War of the Reunions
1245:Wolf, John (1962).
1210:Lynn, John (2002).
1162:Lynn, John (1999).
1057:, pp. 170–171.
1009:, pp. 166–167.
970:, pp. 343–347.
946:, pp. 162–163.
817:siege of Luxembourg
723:Chambers of Reunion
706:Spanish Netherlands
591:War of the Reunions
431:Franco-Spanish wars
341:War of the Reunions
68:Spanish Netherlands
45:Siege of Luxembourg
24:War of the Reunions
1033:, p. 168-169.
815:Louis renewed the
810:François de Créquy
790:
734:
626:Treaty of Nijmegen
223:François de Créquy
1314:Conflicts in 1684
1309:Conflicts in 1683
877:Truce of Ratisbon
848:Republic of Genoa
825:Truce of Ratisbon
758:Great Turkish War
746:Holy Roman Empire
665:Truce of Ratisbon
638:William of Orange
611:War of Devolution
603:Holy Roman Empire
586:
585:
397:
396:
306:
305:
171:Holy Roman Empire
125:
124:
95:Truce of Ratisbon
84:Mediterranean Sea
1356:
1260:
1241:
1240:. (Random House.
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953:
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923:
917:
897:Habsburg dynasty
870:Peace and treaty
852:Abraham Duquesne
774:Battle of Vienna
772:Ottomans at the
754:Franco-Dutch War
615:Franco-Dutch War
432:
424:
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401:
344:
342:
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256:Abraham Duquesne
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914:
909:
901:Nine Years' War
893:Bourbon dynasty
889:
872:
782:
694:Aix-la-Chapelle
686:
674:Nine Years' War
587:
582:
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1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:1684 in France
1301:
1299:1683 in France
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1261:
1256:978-0060471804
1255:
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1195:10.1086/244639
1189:(2): 286–310.
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1173:978-0582056299
1172:
1159:
1154:978-0688080938
1153:
1138:
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1132:
1131:
1129:, p. 174.
1119:
1107:
1105:, p. 173.
1095:
1093:, p. 159.
1083:
1071:
1069:, p. 301.
1059:
1047:
1045:, p. 210.
1035:
1023:
1021:, p. 170.
1011:
999:
997:, p. 347.
987:
985:, p. 165.
972:
960:
958:, p. 163.
948:
936:
924:
922:, p. 169.
911:
910:
908:
905:
888:
885:
871:
868:
858:naval base of
781:
778:
685:
682:
670:Grand Alliance
584:
583:
581:
580:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
556:Coalition Wars
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159:Co-belligerent
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3:
2:
1361:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
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1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:1684 in Spain
1327:
1325:
1324:1683 in Spain
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1320:
1317:
1315:
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1305:
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1117:, p. 48.
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878:
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867:
865:
861:
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856:Mediterranean
853:
849:
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842:
838:
834:
828:
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1163:
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1110:
1098:
1086:
1081:, p. 8.
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
995:Kinross 1977
990:
968:Kinross 1977
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
890:
873:
862:and began a
845:
829:
814:
791:
766:
735:
696:in 1668 and
687:
662:
623:
590:
588:
540:
442:Italian Wars
339:
158:
130:Belligerents
108:Spain cedes
18:
1166:. Longman.
1079:Thomas 2003
101:Territorial
1268:Categories
1091:Smith 1965
1043:Smith 1965
907:References
742:Luxembourg
738:Strasbourg
710:hinterland
690:Westphalia
684:Background
654:Luxembourg
630:Strasbourg
364:Luxembourg
359:Oudenaarde
268:Charles II
117:Strasbourg
110:Luxembourg
1344:Louis XIV
1229:733708764
1203:153454205
1127:Lynn 1999
1115:Lynn 2002
1103:Lynn 1999
1067:Lynn 1993
1055:Lynn 1999
1031:Lynn 1999
1019:Lynn 1999
1007:Lynn 1999
983:Lynn 1999
956:Lynn 1999
944:Lynn 1999
932:Lynn 1999
920:Lynn 1999
887:Aftermath
854:left the
841:Charleroi
806:Diksmuide
769:Boufflers
702:Rhineland
692:in 1648,
644:in their
619:Louis XIV
566:1808–1814
561:1793–1795
551:1718–1720
546:1688–1697
541:1683–1684
536:1673–1678
531:1667–1668
524:1648–1653
519:1641–1659
514:1640–1659
509:1635–1659
504:1628–1631
494:1595–1598
489:1580–1583
482:1551–1559
477:1542–1544
472:1536–1538
467:1526–1529
462:1521–1526
457:1512–1516
452:1502–1504
447:1495–1498
369:Ter River
201:Louis XIV
119:to France
112:to France
80:Catalonia
31:Louis XIV
835:ordered
802:Courtrai
798:Humières
762:Ottomans
719:Lorraine
698:Nijmegen
676:and the
642:Ottomans
601:and the
384:Cadaqués
354:Courtrai
63:Location
1137:Sources
833:Louvois
650:Austria
103:changes
1253:
1227:
1201:
1170:
1151:
860:Toulon
837:Montal
715:Alsace
658:Alsace
595:France
379:Girona
143:France
91:Result
1199:S2CID
794:Spain
750:Rhine
648:with
607:Genoa
599:Spain
374:Genoa
182:Genoa
155:Spain
76:Genoa
72:Trier
1251:ISBN
1225:OCLC
1168:ISBN
1149:ISBN
740:and
717:and
663:The
589:The
578:1823
571:1815
499:1625
389:Elba
82:and
55:Date
43:The
1191:doi
780:War
646:war
1270::
1197:.
1187:65
1185:.
975:^
903:.
680:.
660:.
597:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
1259:.
1231:.
1205:.
1193::
1176:.
1157:.
423:e
416:t
409:v
331:e
324:t
317:v
161::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
