Gog and Magog - Knowledge (XXG)

1663: 1268: 2150: 1415: 1702:. They are human, but only half the height of a normal man, with claws instead of nails, and a hairy tail and huge hairy ears which they use as mattress and cover for sleeping. They dig into their wall each day until they almost break through. They break for the night saying, "Tomorrow we will finish", but each night God restores it. Then one day, as they stop digging for the night, one will say, "Tomorrow we will finish, God Willing", and in the morning, it is not restored as with every night. When they do break through, they will be so numerous that, "Their vanguard is in 60: 1958: 1675: 1942:, and he would wipe their faces and would inform them of their ranks in Paradise and it would be under such conditions that God would reveal to Isa (alaihis salam) these words: I have brought forth from amongst My servants such people against whom none would be able to fight; you take these people safely to Tur, and then God would send Gog and Magog and they would swarm down from every slope. The first of them would pass the lake of Tiberias and drink out of it. And when the last of them would pass, he would say: There was once water there. 1395: 8217: 1603: 8229: 2863:

produced a new body of apocalyptic literature in which Gog and Magog are identified as Communist Russia and China. One problem these writers have had to confront is the barrier holding Gog and Magog back, which is not to be found in the modern world: the answer varies, some writers saying that Gog and Magog were the Mongols and that the wall is now gone, others that both the wall and Gog and Magog are invisible.

1770: 1594:(late 7th century) and the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius (7th century) would continue to identify Gog and Magog as among those barbarian groups encapsulated behind Alexander's walls, but they would also combine this with the apocalyptic motif of Revelation and assert that the end of the world would also involve the barbarian groups penetrating through the wall and bringing about the apocalypse. 6481: 2616: 1659:'the two-horned one'). Dhul-Qarnayn, having journeyed to the ends of the world, meets "a people who scarcely understood a word" who seek his help in building a barrier that will separate them from the people of Ya'juj and Ma'juj who "do great mischief on earth". He agrees to build it for them, but warns that when the time comes (Last Age), God will remove the barrier. 2564:'s 1240s journey to Mongolia, is unique in alleging that these Caspian Mountains in Mongolia, "where the Jews called Gog and Magog by their fellow countrymen are said to have been shut in by Alexander", were moreover purported by the Tartars to be magnetic, causing all iron equipment and weapons to fly off toward the mountains on approach. In 1251, the French friar 4731:. Though the Alexander Romance was decisive for the spreading of the new and supernatural image of Alexander the king in East and West, the barrier episode has not its origin in this text. The fusion of the motif of Alexander's barrier with the Biblical tradition of the apocalyptic peoples Gog and Magog appears in fact for the first time in the so called 1890:("Story of King Alexander"). This version argued, contrary to other traditions where both Gog and Magog variously descend from Adam, Noah, or Jesus, that Gog descended from the semen Adam produced while he dreamt of intercourse with Eve, and that Magog descended from the menstrual blood of Eve. Alexander ("Iskandar") is taught this story by the prophet 2779:

were descendants of the biblical Japheth, son of Noah, and of the tribe of Magog. According to political scientist Christopher Marsh, "the implications" of being descendants of the tribe of Magog, depicted as being thrown out of heaven in the biblical Revelation of John, "apparently didn't matter to

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as "The War of Gog and Magog". But as the century progressed, apocalyptic expectations receded as the populace in Europe began to adopt an increasingly secular worldview. This has not been the case in the United States, where a 2002 poll indicated that 59% of Americans believed the events predicted

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on the shores of the Caspian Sea in 1254, identified the people the walls were meant to fend off only vaguely as "wild tribes" or "desert nomads", but one researcher made the inference Rubruck must have meant Jews, and that he was speaking in the context of "Gog and Magog". Confined Jews were later

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In the Islamic apocalyptic tradition, the end of the world would be preceded by the release of Gog and Magog, whose destruction by God in a single night would usher in the Day of Resurrection. Reinterpretation did not generally continue after Classical times, but the needs of the modern world have

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remained skeptics, and distinguished the Lost Tribes from Gog and Magog. As noted, Riccoldo had reported a Mongol folk-tradition that they were descended from Gog and Magog. He also addressed many minds (Westerners or otherwise) being credulous of the notion that Mongols might be Captive Jews, but

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rivers"; this seems a strange location, but ancient geography did sometimes place Ethiopia next to Persia or even India. The passage has a highly uncertain text, with manuscripts varying in their groupings of the letters of the Greek text into words, leading to different readings; one group of

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referred to Gazari, said of the Khazars that they were "living in the lands of Gog and Magog" and noted that they were "circumcised and observing all Judaism". Arab traveler ibn Fadlan also reported of this belief, writing around 921 he recorded that "Khazars are part of the Gog and Magog".

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is considered the first work to connect the Gates with the idea that Gog and Magog are destined to play a role in the apocalypse. The legend claims that Alexander carved prophecies on the face of the Gate, marking a date for when these Huns, consisting of 24 nations, will breach the Gate and

1454:, from about the same time, makes three references to either Gog or Magog: in the first, Magog is a descendant of Noah, as in Genesis 10; in the second, Gog is a region next to Japheth's borders; and in the third, a portion of Japheth's land is assigned to Magog. The 1st-century 1349:, a nomadic people north of the Black Sea, and Beth Togarmah was on the border of Tubal. The confederation thus represents a multinational alliance surrounding Israel. "Why the prophet's gaze should have focused on these particular nations is unclear", comments Biblical scholar 1470:(a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made during the last few centuries of the pre-Christian era) occasionally introduce the name of Gog where the Hebrew original has something else, or use Magog where the Hebrew has Gog, indicating that the names were interchangeable. 1182:, where Gog is an individual and Magog is his land. The meaning of the name Gog remains uncertain, and in any case, the author of the Ezekiel prophecy seems to attach no particular importance to it. Efforts have been made to identify him with various individuals, notably 2572:, the land of Gog and Magog is drawn in the northeast corner (beyond Northeast Asia) and enclosed. Some medieval European world maps also show the location of the lands of Gog and Magog in the far northeast of Asia (and the northeast corner of the world). 1737:). Sallam returned a little over two years later and reported that he had seen the wall and also the tower where Dhul Qarnayn had left his building equipment, and all was still intact. It is not entirely clear what Sallam saw, but he may have reached 2646:(c. 1169–1173), and he was indeed a far greater influence than others before him, although the idea had been anticipated by the aforementioned Christian of Stavelot, who noted that the Khazhars, to be identified with Gog and Magog, was one of 2536:, but when they entered Poland and Hungary and annihilated Christian armies a terrified Europe concluded that they were "Magogoli", the offspring of Gog and Magog, released from the prison Alexander had constructed for them and heralding 1353:, but their remoteness and reputation for violence and mystery possibly "made Gog and his confederates perfect symbols of the archetypal enemy, rising against God and his people". One explanation is that the Gog alliance, a blend of the " 2016:

built by Alexander. By the time of Josephus, Alexander was already a Jewish folk hero. However, the earliest fusion of Alexander's gate and the apocalyptic nations of Gog and Magog is a product of late antiquity, in what is known as the

1509:, treat Gog and Magog as two names for the same nation who will come against Israel in the final war. The rabbis associated no specific nation or territory with them beyond a location to the north of Israel, but the great Jewish scholar 1793:. Viking travelers and colonists were seen at many points in history as violent raiders. Many historical documents suggest that their conquests of other territories was retaliation in response to the encroachment upon tribal lands by 2142:(or Turs), and were sealed by the wall erected there, to last until the advent of the Antichrist. Branch IV of the poetic cycle tells that the task of guarding Gog and Magog, as well as the rule of Syria and Persia was assigned to 2100:

into recensions around the 8th century. In the latest and longest Greek version are described the Unclean Nations, which include the Goth and Magoth as their kings, and whose people engage in the habit of eating worms, dogs, human

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When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the Earth—Gog and Magog—and to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the

1313:, the Gog oracle, tell how Gog of Magog and his hordes will threaten the restored Israel but will be destroyed, after which God will establish a new Temple and dwell with his people for a period of lasting peace (chapters 40–48). 1910:

about the "creatures", he responded by saying God has created "1,200 species on the land, 1,200 species in the sea, 70 species from the Children of Adam and the people are the Children of Adam except for the Yajooj and Majooj".

1434:, for example, which originated in Egyptian Judaism in the middle of the 2nd century BC, changes Ezekiel's "Gog from Magog" to "Gog and Magog", links their fate with up to eleven other nations, and places them "in the midst of 2080:(7th century) is the first source in the Christian tradition for a new element: two mountains moving together to narrow the corridor, which was then sealed with a gate against Gog and Magog. This idea is also in the Quran 1570:

causes the mountains to draw nearer, thus narrowing the pass. There he builds the Caspian Gates out of bronze, coating them with fast-sticking oil. The gates enclosed twenty-two nations and their monarchs, including

309:. According to one interpretation, "Goth and Magothy" are the kings of the Unclean Nations whom Alexander drove through a mountain pass and prevented from crossing his new wall. Gog and Magog are said to engage in 2695:, a 14th-century best-seller, said he had found these Jews in Central Asia where as Gog and Magog they had been imprisoned by Alexander, plotting to escape and join with the Jews of Europe to destroy Christians. 1690:(d. 1283) in two popular works called the Cosmography and the Geography. Gog and Magog, he says, live near to the sea that encircles the Earth and can be counted only by God; this sea is claimed to be the 1662: 2511:

As one nomadic people followed another on the Eurasian steppes, so the identification of Gog and Magog shifted. In the 9th and 10th centuries these kingdoms were identified by some with the lands of the

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was that Marco Polo was only referring to the "Rampart of Gog and Magog", a name for the Great Wall of China. Friar André's placement of Gog and Magog far east of Mongolia has been similarly explained.

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informed his king that the Mongols originated from a desert further east, and an apocalyptic Gog and Magog ("Got and Margoth") people dwelled further beyond, confined by the mountains. In the map of

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Simek, Rudolf (2005) "the emergence of the viking age: circumstances and conditions", "The vikings first Europeans VIII – XI century – the new discoveries of archaeology", other, pp. 24–25

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The conflation of Gog and Magog with the legend of Alexander and the Iron Gates was disseminated throughout the Near East in the early centuries of the Christian and Islamic era. They appear in the

1575:(therein called "Goth and Magoth"). The geographic location of these mountains is rather vague, described as a 50-day march away northwards after Alexander put to flight his Belsyrian enemies (the 3205:

Rubruck refers Derbent as the "Iron Gate", this also being the meaning of the Turkish name (Demir kapi) for the town. Rubruck may have been the only medieval Westerner to claim to have seen it.

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is to be imprisoned for a thousand years, and how, on his release, he will rally "the nations in the four corners of the Earth, Gog and Magog", to a final battle with Christ and his saints:

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According to Shia sources, Yajooj and Majooj are not from the Children of Adam (the human race). Al-Kafi, one of their primary collections of ahadith, states that it has been narrated from

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Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X–Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th – 8th centuries (Fayard, 2005)

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Gow, Andrew. "Gog and Magog on Mappaemundi and early printed world maps: Orientalizing ethnography in the apocalyptic tradition." Journal of Early Modern History 2, no. 1 (1998): 61–88.

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Internal evidence indicates that the Gog oracle was composed substantially later than the chapters around it. Of Gog's allies, Meshech and Tubal were 7th-century BC kingdoms in central

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Alexander's prayer caused the mountains to move nearer, making the pass narrower, facilitating his building his gate. This is the aforementioned element first seen in pseudo-Methodius.

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contains a somewhat different treatment of the Gog and Magog material, which passed into the lost Arabic version, or the Ethiopic and later Oriental versions of the Alexander romance.

1361:'s trading partners in Ezekiel 27, with Persia added, was cast in the role of end-time enemies of Israel by means of Isaiah 66:19, which is another text of eschatological foretelling. 1267: 1866:

texts by religious authorities. They increasingly became prominent during the 16th century, a period of heightened political rivalry and conflict. For example, a text known as the

7669: 7008: 6965: 4411: 6934: 1922:, which indicate they will indeed be from the Children of Adam, and this is the belief of the overwhelming majority of Islamic scholars. The "Abbasid orthodoxy" believed the 6799: 2494:. A Western monk named Fredegar seems to have Gog and Magog in mind in his description of savage hordes from beyond Alexander's gates who had assisted the Byzantine emperor 2528:, seen as a mysterious and invincible horde from the east who destroyed Muslim empires and kingdoms in the early 13th century; kings and popes took them for the legendary 2354:, as well as multiple Syriac and Greek texts which followed the identification found in the Syriac Alexander Legend over the course of the seventh century and beyond: the 3014: 3001: 2780:

those drawing" the connection who believed that "ncestors were found in the Bible, and that was enough", allegedly making the Rus' a chosen people of the Christian God.

2069:, written originally in Syriac, is considered the source of the Gog and Magog tale incorporated into Western versions of the Alexander Romance. The earlier-dated Syriac 8062: 4727:, p. 17, "The episode of Alexander's building a wall against Gog and Magog, however, is not found in the oldest Greek, Latin, Armenian and Syriac versions of the 3005: 3029:, ed. tr. by E. A. Wallis Budge. It has a long full-title, which in shorthand reads "An exploit of Alexander.. how.. he made a gate of iron, and shut it the Huns". 1384:

in a malleable sense, not necessarily meaning final days, or tied to the Apocalypse. Still, the Utopia of chapters 40–48 can be spoken of in the parlance of "true

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Michael, Ian (1982). "Typological Problems in Medieval Alexander Literature: The Enclosure of Gog and Magog". In Isoz, Claire; Olak, Lucie; Noble, Peter (eds.).

342:("He of the Two Horns") who is mentioned in the Quran as a great righteous ruler and conqueror. Some contemporary Muslim historians and geographers regarded the 1894:. Nūr ad-Dīn ar-Ranīrī (d. 1658), a Gujariti scholar, depicted Gog and Magog as infidel tribes that eat dogs, descendants of Noah, and originally from Turkey. 2739:

Magog – in these two are large people and giants who are full of all kinds of bad behaviors. These Jews were collected by Artaxerxes from all parts of Persia.

1462:, which retells Biblical history from Adam to Saul, is notable for listing and naming seven of Magog's sons, and mentions his "thousands" of descendants. The 3038:

The first invasion, prophesied to occur 826 years after Alexander predicted, has been worked out to fall on 1 October 514; the second invasion on A.D. 629 (

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Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

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Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

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Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

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Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

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Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

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Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

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Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

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Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

6879: 8119: 8057: 6792: 2599:, but then claims that the names Gog and Magog are translations of the place-names Ung and Mungul, inhabited by the Ung and Mongols respectively. 2177:(c. 1180), where they are portrayed as cave-dwellers who consume human flesh. A condensed account occurs in a derivative work, the Middle English 5478:

Van Duzer, Chet. "The Legends on the Yale Martellus Map." In Henricus Martellus's World Map at Yale (c. 1491), pp. 44–117. Springer, Cham, 2019.

2214:. Gog and Magog caricaturised as figures with hooked noses on a miniature depicting their attack of the Holy City, found in a manuscript of the 1325:, and prophesy concerning him. Say: Thus said the Lord: Behold, I am against you, Gog, the prince, leader of Meshech and Tubal ... Persia, 8328: 6623: 4448: 3196:), and in fact it does derive from Aramaic. However, he saw that Mongols bore no physical resemblance to Jews and were ignorant of Jewish laws. 2189:, Alexander has an encounter with cannibals who have taken over the role of Gog and Magog. This is a case of imperfect transmission, since the 8333: 7198: 4545: 4383: 3136:

to the Greeks, is a city in the itinerary of the historical Alexander. Meyer does not make this identification, and suspects a corruption of

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Magog in istis duabus sunt gentes magni et gigantes pleni omnium malorum morum. Quos iudeos artaxersex collexit de omnibus partibus persarum.

1205:, although there is no mention there of a person named Gog. The name Magog itself is of obscure origin. It is often associated with Assyrian 1162: 2149: 7136: 2844: 1209:, "Land of Gyges", i.e., Lydia. Alternatively, Gog may be derived from Magog rather than the other way around, and "Magog" may be code for 4969:, summary of §11 (Michel ed., pp. 295–313), pp. 169–170; appendix II on Gog and Magog episode, pp. 386–389; on third branch, pp. 213, 214. 4130: 1842:

and mentions "Gog and Magog are two groups of Turks, descended from Yafith (Japheth), the father of the Turks, one of the sons of Noah".

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Magog. The process, and the shifting geography of Gog and Magog, can be traced through the literature of the period. The 3rd book of the

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In fact, Gog and Magog were held by the Mongol to be their ancestors, at least by some segment of the population. As traveler and Friar

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The coming of the Messiah ben David "is contemporary with or just after that of Messiah ben Joseph" (van der Woude (1974), p. 527).

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Although the prophecy refers to Gog as an enemy in some future, it is not clear if the confrontation is meant to occur in a final "

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had a dream in which he saw that it had been breached, and sent an official named Sallam to investigate (this may be related to

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Note the change in loyalties. According to the Greek version, Gog and Magog served the Belsyrians, whom Alexander fought them

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and northern Iran; later, when the Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258, it was they who were Gog and Magog. Others regarded the

1486:, but after its failure Jews began to conceive of the messianic age in supernatural terms: first would come a forerunner, the 7081: 6456: 6401:(1998). "Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition". 6388: 6242: 6075: 2359: 722: 2977:

Tooman's view is that the "latter days" means "the end of history-as-we-know-it and the initiation of a new historical age".

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Various nations and peoples in history were identified as Ya'juj and Ma'juj. At one point, it was the Turks, who threatened

1380:) may merely mean "latter days", and is open to interpretation. Twentieth-century scholars have used the term to denote the 3171:

The idea that Gog and Magog were connected with the Goths was longstanding; in the mid-16th century, Archbishop of Uppsala

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The Gog and Magog are not only human flesh-eaters, but illustrated as men "a notably beaked nose" in examples such as the "

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Häberl, Charles (2023). "The Enclosed Nations of Mandaean Lore". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).

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The oldest manuscript is recension α. The material is not found in the oldest Greek, Latin, Armenian, and Syriac versions.

2185: 1502: 1029: 4108:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 259–260. 8124: 7521: 7421: 5906: 2885: 2579:

put it in c. 1291, "They say themselves that they are descended from Gog and Magog: and on this account they are called

2561: 2355: 1957: 1023: 193: 5365:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 50–51. 5340:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 45–46. 5315:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 44–45. 5290:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 43–44. 5240:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 40–42. 5175:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 38–40. 2712:, the most eastern part contains two fortified regions depicting Gog and Magog, with the following Latin inscriptions: 1674: 1216:

The form "Gog and Magog" may have emerged as shorthand for "Gog and/of the land of Magog", based on their usage in the

8318: 8298: 8255: 8004: 7203: 7153: 2543: 2516:, a Turkic people whose leaders had converted to Judaism and whose empire dominated Central Asia–the 9th-century monk 2097: 1882:, goes as far as to subvert Quranic teaching in order to use the story of Gog and Magog to vilify colonists from the 8323: 8308: 8303: 7664: 7516: 7491: 6901: 6616: 6496: 5265:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. p. 42. 5200:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. p. 40. 3598: 2576: 2481: 2019: 524: 4158:

La Leyenda de Alejandro segn el Šāhnāme de Ferdowsī. La transmisión desde la versión griega hast ala versión persa

969: 8338: 8288: 8134: 8067: 7910: 7642: 7637: 7511: 7341: 7183: 6970: 3405: 3249: 2955: 2796: 2666: 2143: 1978: 1246:, a legendary British giant. A later corrupted folk rendition in print altered the tradition around Gogmagog and 1155: 1388:

character, given that it is a product of "cosmic conflict" described in the immediately preceding Gog chapters.

8293: 8240: 8129: 8024: 7950: 7777: 7406: 7106: 6808: 6307: 2117:), and sealed beyond the "Breasts of the North", a pair of mountains fifty days' march away towards the north. 1821:, compare the languages, behaviors and sexual activities of the tribes of Gog and Magog with those of Vikings. 1399: 6070:. Text and Territory: Geographical Imagination in the European Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1838: 8235: 7804: 7659: 6955: 2997: 2347: 1996: 1927: 1607: 1591: 758: 529: 444: 4156: 2413: 8278: 8250: 8084: 8031: 7925: 7748: 7593: 6951: 3107: 2906: 2565: 2295: 2134:, king of India, providing an auxiliary force of 400,000 men. Routed by Alexander, they escaped through a 1814: 1131: 390: 162: 138: 51: 2827:

still identify Gog with Russia, but they now tend to stress its allies among Islamic nations, especially

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The province of Gog, in which the Jews were confined during the time of Artaxerxes, king of the Persians.

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the kingdom of the Huns is also used to represent Gog and Magog. This identification can also be foud in

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Some scholars further attempt to relate Yajuj and Majuj to the Lake of Tiberias, currently known as the

1640:(Chapter 21), discuss Gog and Magog. In the Qur'an, Ya'juj and Ma'juj (Gog and Magog) are suppressed by 1097: 465: 405: 6476:, vol. 1, Translated and edited by Henry Yule (2nd, revised ed.), J. Murray, pp. 276–286 4471:

Badsey, S. Nicolle, D, Turnbull, S (1999). "The Timechart of Military History". Worth Press Ltd, 2000,

1494:; then the dead would rise, divine judgement would be handed out, and the righteous would be rewarded. 908: 313:

in the romances and derived literature. They have also been depicted on Medieval cosmological maps, or

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While the confounding Gog and Magog as confined Jews was becoming commonplace, some, like Riccoldo or

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in the early 7th century BC, but many scholars do not believe he is related to any historical person.

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north of Israel, Persia towards the east, Cush (Ethiopia) and Put (Libya) to the south; Gomer is the

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back to Magog son of Japheth, via Suenno, progenitor of the Swedes, and Gog, ancestor of the Goths).

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had the role of Gog gained popularity, since Ezekiel's words describing him as "prince of Meshek" –

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and the westernmost customs point on the border of China. Somewhat later the 14th-century traveller

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identified the Christians as their allies and said God would thwart their plan to kill all Israel.

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Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall

5958: 4707: 3565: 2662: 2569: 2448: 2391: 2387: 2367: 2329: 2303: 2135: 2013: 1952: 1527: 1487: 880: 876: 872: 778: 712: 682: 423: 247: 236: 216: 212: 8216: 2630:). Gog and Magog (identified as confined Jews) are shown on the left, representing the far east. 4054: 4027: 8096: 7997: 7792: 7600: 7565: 7526: 7476: 7367: 7351: 7094: 7057: 7035: 7020: 7003: 6921: 6687: 6677: 6657: 6587: 6581: 6566: 6545: 6524: 6469: 6452: 6429: 6384: 6360: 6354: 6332: 6326: 6295: 6252: 6238: 6232: 6199: 6189: 6171: 6139: 6120: 6114: 6099: 6093: 6071: 6050: 6025: 6019: 6004: 5983: 5977: 5962: 5950: 5935: 5910: 5810: 5551: 5366: 5341: 5316: 5291: 5266: 5241: 5201: 5176: 5151: 5145: 5074: 5062: 5042: 5036: 5016: 5004: 4860: 4699: 4572: 4541: 4472: 4432: 4379: 4358: 4337: 4271: 4182: 4109: 4035: 4006: 3938: 3930: 3837: 3801: 3777: 3767: 3763: 3707: 3701: 3644: 3634: 3579: 3573: 3438: 3434:

Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch

3432: 3411: 3354: 3318: 2477: 2465: 2325: 2273: 2093: 1871: 1859: 1794: 1790: 1611: 1550: 1491: 1479: 1431: 1251: 806: 717: 634: 566: 310: 306: 6560: 6539: 6444: 6234:

Historia and Fabula: Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age

6065: 5925: 5543: 4854: 3998: 3831: 1490:, who would defeat Israel's enemies, identified as Gog and Magog, to prepare the way for the 8313: 8245: 8180: 8009: 7987: 7831: 7799: 7787: 7763: 7389: 7336: 7326: 7285: 7215: 7210: 6939: 6847: 6672: 6649: 6423: 6410: 6264: 6046: 5804: 4691: 4533: 3994: 3813: 3602: 3344: 3308: 2703: 2686:

epic dating to the 1270s, in which Gog and Magog were two mountains enclosing these people.

2443: 2311: 2065: 1915: 1707: 1451: 1243: 1225: 692: 553: 439: 84: 31: 2276:, where the term "Gog and Magog" forms a portmanteau with "Goth" to form "Goth and Magoth". 2272:

were all the same. The Goths also represent Gog and Magog in the ε and γ recensions of the

1000: 8074: 7915: 7486: 7346: 7262: 7250: 7230: 7126: 6916: 6896: 6819: 6636: 6185: 4455: 4415: 4267: 3981: 3773: 3257: 3189: 3172: 2789: 2691: 2639: 2635: 2556: 2307: 2179: 2131: 2044: 2036: 1818: 1645: 1463: 1373: 1350: 1286: 1176: 1082: 945: 801: 295: 291: 263: 153: 129: 43: 5453: 5451: 2239:, Christian and Jewish writers identified Gog and Magog with a wide diversity of groups: 1753:, which is on the coast of China; the translator notes that Ibn Battuta has confused the 1398:

Gog and Magog besiege the City of Saints. Their depiction with the hooked noses noted by

1220:, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. An example of this combined form in Hebrew ( 270:. In the hands of Early Christian writers they became apocalyptic hordes. Throughout the 6500: 6311: 4431:

Lawson, M K (2004). "Cnut: England's Viking King 1016–35". The History Press Ltd, 2005,

2120:

Gog and Magog appear in somewhat later Old French versions of the romance. In the verse

1813:, who played important roles in British and South Asian politics, and American academic 1224:) has been found, but its context is unclear, being preserved only in a fragment of the 8052: 7992: 7977: 7930: 7826: 7772: 7632: 7290: 7267: 7240: 7158: 7148: 7050: 7045: 6911: 6862: 3223:

Based on Rubruck stating elsewhere "There are other enclosures in which there are Jews"

3010: 2824: 2776: 2760: 2431: 2236: 2170: 2157: 2127: 2001: 1825: 1806: 1703: 1641: 1602: 1559: 1317:"Son of man, direct your face against Gog, of the land of Magog, the prince, leader of 1302: 1183: 1126: 1092: 811: 796: 748: 697: 558: 428: 339: 66: 39: 6485: 3236:, having been informed by Rubruck, urged the study of geography to discover where the 2931:. BBL ("Babylon") when read backwards and displaced by one letter becomes MGG (Magog). 1228:. In Revelation, Gog and Magog together are the hostile nations of the world. Gog the 8272: 8195: 8079: 8036: 7982: 7970: 7945: 7782: 7758: 7753: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7533: 7121: 7062: 7025: 6977: 6741: 6662: 6284: 2901: 2817: 2756: 2748: 2547: 2469: 2408:. In Islamic tradition, the following authors identified Gog and Magog as the Turks: 2194: 1973: 1358: 1120: 1107: 959: 928: 616: 543: 470: 232: 189: 185: 6601: 6113:

Lust, J. (1999b). Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter (eds.).

6092:

Lust, J. (1999a). Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter (eds.).

4856:

The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam

2638:

of Israel came to be identified with Gog and Magog; possibly the first to do so was

17: 8221: 8155: 7887: 7873: 7728: 7538: 7506: 7496: 7399: 7245: 7143: 7089: 6998: 6857: 6699: 6000:

The Medieval Alexander Legend and Romance Epic: Essays in Honour of David J.A. Ross

5931: 4488: 2856: 2809: 2752: 2744: 2529: 1931: 1919: 1769: 1758: 1457: 1326: 1233: 1053: 990: 924: 916: 687: 220: 1858:

tradition, stories about Gog and Magog were introduced by way of translation from

1718:

The wall dividing them from civilized peoples was normally placed towards today's

1418:

Devil, Gog and Magog attack the Holy City (from a 17th-century Russian manuscript)

1277: 6518: 6378: 6221: 6161: 6040: 5998: 5900: 4176: 2591:, traveling when the initial terror had subsided, places Gog and Magog among the 2096:

of Pseudo-Callisthenes, whose oldest manuscript dates to the 3rd century, but an

1938:

Then a people whom God had protected from him (dajjal) would come to Isa, son of

1590:

Christian texts following in the tradition of the Alexander Romance, such as the

207:

The Gog prophecy is meant to be fulfilled at the approach of what is called the "

8200: 7882: 7743: 7738: 7575: 7560: 7436: 7411: 7040: 6960: 6867: 6852: 6470:"Ch. 59: Concerning the Province of Tenduc, and the Descendants of Prester John" 3640: 3233: 3102: 2895: 2890: 2848: 2615: 2409: 2210: 1914:

This is in contradiction with many reports in Sunni sources, including those in

1802: 1786: 1746: 1699: 1691: 1385: 1381: 1365: 1044: 995: 964: 605: 366: 315: 271: 208: 1965:); Alexander's Gate, showing Alexander, Antichrist, and mechanical trumpeters ( 8150: 7965: 7935: 7920: 7708: 7696: 7456: 7318: 6944: 6667: 6480: 6465: 6398: 6374: 6268: 5979:

Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival

5038:

Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100–1450

5012: 4537: 3569: 3488:

cite Brownlee (1983) "Son of Man Set Your Face: Ezekiel the Refugee Prophet",

3237: 2872: 2832: 2718:

Provincia gog, in qua fuerunt iudei inclusi tempore artaxersis regis persarum.

2699: 2683: 2620: 2603: 2588: 2537: 2473: 2421: 2417: 2205: 1961:

Land of "Gog i Magog", its king mounted on a horse, followed by a procession (

1833: 1798: 1723: 1467: 1346: 1217: 1194: 1179: 1112: 600: 586: 486: 299: 259: 243: 224: 181: 6021:

Gog of Magog: Reuse of Scripture and Compositional Technique in Ezekiel 38–39

4703: 1305:'s punishment on Israel for turning away, but God will restore his people to 7892: 7681: 7610: 7555: 7550: 7416: 7257: 7163: 6906: 6777: 6502:

The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55

6414: 5927:

Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38–39 as Pre-text for Revelation 19,17–21 and 20,7–10

5675: 5673: 2495: 2343: 2339: 2299: 2139: 2130:(c. 1170), Gog and Magog ("Gos et Margos", "Got et Margot") were vassals to 1991: 1923: 1903: 1875: 1855: 1805:

and his kin to the south. Researches of professors and philosophers such as

1742: 1734: 1730: 1695: 1636: 1435: 1306: 1274: 1229: 1087: 1058: 648: 508: 267: 5363: