33:
679:
appear to have danced around the politically sensitive issues and existing case law. Their arguments that they did not want to participate in an illegal war and that they would be punished for acting on their conscience was rejected by the IRB. The adjudicators held that they were not conscientious objectors (because they were not opposed to wars in general); the U.S. was willing and able to protect them; and that their treatment would not amount to persecution.
695:
Yemen to protect it from aggression, but was not prepared to fight for Iraq against Kuwait. Yemen was an Iraqi supporter. The Court of Appeal held that "non-defensive incursion into foreign territory" was within the ambit of paragraph 171 and overturned the IRB decision. "What is wrong for Saddam
Hussein should be wrong for the Americans as well," says House, a Vietnam-era draft dodger.
691:
questions doctrine" which revolves around whether people can challenge the legality of war based on their conscience and international law was turned down by the United States
Supreme Court in Callan v. Bush. Given this situation, the U.S. is not in a position to provide protection to resisters, notes House. House himself was a war resister.
703:
international law by killing unarmed civilians, including women and children. Affidavits from two international law professors confirming the illegality of the war and reports from Human Rights Watch and the
International Committee of the Red Cross documenting the abuses and violations were also filed.
682:
Paragraph 171 of UN Handbook on
Procedures and Criteria for Determining Convention Refugee Status provides that where the type of military action with which an individual does not wish to be associated is condemned by the international legal community as contrary to rules of human conduct, punishment
678:
Earlier the
Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal upheld the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) findings that the two did not qualify as Convention refugees. Both faced court martial and up to five years in jail as deserters if returned. Lawyer Faisal Kutty argued that the IRB and the court
698:
Justice
Mactavish held that the legality of the conflict is irrelevant when analyzing paragraph 171 when "one is considering the claim of a low-level 'foot soldier'." Yet, Al-Maisri was also a 'foot soldier.' Justice Mactavish admitted that "given the decision of the Court of Appeal in Al-Maisri, it
702:
Authorities in Canada and the U.S closely monitored the politically sensitive case. Indeed, the case became the proverbial public relations "hot potato" for the U.S. At the initial hearing, a former U.S. Marine testifying in
Hinzman's support stated that American soldiers in Iraq routinely violated
694:
The existing case law from the
Federal Court of Appeal, Al-Maisri v. Canada F.C. J. No. 642, appears on point and yet was rejected by Justice Mactavish as being of "limited assistance." The case involved a Yemeni who was denied status by the IRB. Al-Maisri acknowledged he was prepared to fight for
686:
In denying both claims, the adjudicators opined that the legal status of the war in Iraq had no bearing on the analysis of paragraph 171. This determination was one of the issues on which the matters were appealed to the
Federal Court, but Justice Anne Mactavish, noted in separate decisions (Hughey
690:
The duo's lawyer, Jeffrey House, says the decisions at both levels were also based on the erroneous view that
American jurisprudence gives war resisters the right to seek a remedy if they question the legality of a war. In fact, he argues that this is not true. The leading case on the "political
674:
There was some controversy when the Canadian Supreme Court refused to hear the appeals of two American army deserters, Jeremy Hinzman and Brandon Hughey, whose requests for refugee status were denied. Both had deserted to Canada in 2004 after learning they were to be deployed to Iraq. The high
637:
or draft-evasion. It is not enough for a person to be in disagreement with his government regarding the political justification for a particular military action. Where, however, the type of military action, with which an individual does not wish to be associated, is condemned by the
1097:
853:
872:
2010:
642:
as contrary to basic rules of human conduct, punishment for desertion or draft-evasion could, in the light of all other requirements of the definition, in itself be regarded as persecution.
2059:
459:
is a person who resists war. The term can mean several things: resisting participation in all war, or a specific war, either before or after enlisting in, being inducted into, or being
201:
2069:
1462:
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699:
is fair to say that the issue is not entirely free from doubt," and proceeded to certify this question, which gave the two an automatic right of appeal to the Court of Appeal.
197:
1898:
1984:
659:
Committee "commenced its study of Iraq war resisters" This Committee work resulted in a motion which also used the term "war resisters" and which was passed twice by the
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622:
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1086:
Source: Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
216:
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850:
302:
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officially adopted the term "war resister" to include those who are not necessarily opposed to all war, but who selectively refused to participate in the
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2015:
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the following year. Its aim was to raise international awareness about the role of the SADF and to provide support to objectors in exile.
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v. Canada F.C. 421 and Hinzman v. Canada F.C. 420) that this question was not an issue before her and did not have to be decided.
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32:
625:(UNHCR), there is discussion of "refugee status after desertion" as being legitimate under international law. The Handbook states:
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Committee "commenced its study of Iraq war resisters" This Committee work resulted in a motion which passed twice in the
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655:. The term "war resister" is used in the official documents of the Parliament of Canada: On November 22, 2007, a
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171. Not every conviction, genuine though it may be, will constitute a sufficient reason for claiming
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588:". However, it is important to recognize that each of those terms has a very specific meaning in
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After the motion passed the first time, the media began to use the term "war resister," also.
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On January 24, 2010, the term "War Resisters" was the name of a nine-minute documentary on
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On November 9, 2010, Canadian writer Peter Smollett referred to people opposing
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521:. This practice was also adopted by various media in Canada at various times.
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875:. House of Commons / Chambre des Communes, Ottawa, Canada. Archived from
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873:"Report – Iraq War Resisters / Rapport –Opposants a la guerre en Irak"
1851:
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975:"Kenney's comments prejudice hearings for war resister, critics say"
471:
Early usage of the term "war resister" is found in the name of the
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619:
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status
576:
War resisters have been referred to using various related terms: "
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1201:
479:. The War Resisters League is a section of the London-based
1250:, by John Hagan, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001.
1248:
Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada
475:
which was formed in 1923 by men and women who had opposed
924:"Liberals back U.S. war resister's bid to stay in Canada"
1125:"War resister wins another shot at permanent residence"
560:
as "war resisters." Among the people he mentioned were
1001:"Federal court to hear American war resister's appeal"
498:, pacifists, anti-militarists and deserters from the
977:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 9, 2009
2105:
1970:
1899:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
1794:
1617:
1471:
1295:
1178:"Top court refuses to hear cases of U.S. deserters"
1463:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
675:court, as usual, gave no reasons for its refusal.
1220:"FCA to rule whether U.S. deserters are refugees"
867:
865:
551:Bill C-440 regarding Iraq war resisters in Canada
683:for desertion could be regarded as persecution.
592:, whereas each of those terms carries a broader
954:"War resister expects to be deported this week"
487:, Netherlands, in 1921 under the name "Paco".
1914:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
1269:
651:The federal law-making body of Canada is the
623:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
436:
8:
467:History, evolution and etymology of the term
1098:"CIMM – Minutes of Meeting / Procès-verbal"
947:
945:
1276:
1262:
1254:
903:"Iraq war resister sentenced to 15 months"
443:
429:
20:
1867:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
851:CIMM – Minutes of Meeting / Procès-verbal
724:Committee on South African War Resistance
492:Committee on South African War Resistance
994:
992:
969:
967:
896:
894:
784:Refusal to serve in the Israeli military
1062:"War resisters also deserve a memorial"
952:Dalrymple, Tobin (September 21, 2008).
826:
502:(SADF), was formed in the aftermath of
406:
151:
123:
45:
23:
1599:Soviet influence on the peace movement
918:
916:
1786:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
1151:"U.S. war resisters praise WikiLeaks"
1149:Ashante Infantry (October 24, 2010).
572:Terminology and semantics of the term
7:
1943:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
1060:Peter Smollett (November 9, 2010).
2168:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2065:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
1353:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
14:
1660:International Day of Non-Violence
1318:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
1183:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
928:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2070:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
901:Kyonka, Nick (August 23, 2008).
809:War Resisters League Peace Award
31:
1443:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
999:Cooper, Alex (April 21, 2009).
789:South African resistance to war
1363:List of pacifist organisations
1218:Kutty, Faisal (May 19, 2006).
814:War Resisters Support Campaign
749:List of anti-war organizations
1:
1123:Wendy Gillis (July 6, 2010).
719:Canada and Iraq War resisters
544:Canadian Member of Parliament
1769:World Peace Bell Association
1670:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1373:New Socialist Party of Japan
1358:Iraq War resisters in Canada
1323:Coalition of Women for Peace
494:, an organisation of exiled
481:War Resisters' International
55:Alternative civilian service
1937:The whole world is watching
1705:Peace & Love (festival)
1655:Imagine Piano Peace Project
799:War Resisters International
500:South African Defence Force
2223:
2060:2011 intervention in Libya
1680:List of places named Peace
1665:International Day of Peace
1383:Peace and conflict studies
1303:Anti-nuclear organizations
856:December 12, 2007, at the
839:House of Commons of Canada
754:List of Iraq War resisters
661:House of Commons of Canada
538:interviewed war resisters
2176:
1695:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
1690:Mother's Day Proclamation
1640:Dances of Universal Peace
1453:The Women's Peace Crusade
1040:Global Television Network
1026:Global Television Network
526:Global Television Network
1956:Violence begets violence
1889:Non-aggression principle
1759:The Non-Violence Project
1739:Promoting Enduring Peace
1722:Promoting Enduring Peace
1378:Pacifist Socialist Party
833:On November 22, 2007, a
764:Non-aggression principle
2207:Conscientious objection
2050:Military action in Iran
1685:Monuments and memorials
1635:Concert Yutel for Peace
1438:React, Include, Recycle
1368:List of peace activists
1333:Conscientious objectors
759:List of peace activists
640:international community
542:and Rodney Watson, and
496:conscientious objectors
463:into a military force.
1971:Opposition to specific
1926:Swords to ploughshares
1920:Soldiers are murderers
1313:Anti-war organizations
835:Canadian Parliamentary
729:Conscientious objector
657:Canadian Parliamentary
644:
582:conscientious objector
513:In 2008 and 2009, the
65:Conscientious objector
16:Person who resists war
1973:wars or their aspects
1894:Nonviolent resistance
1744:Show of Peace Concert
1509:Anti-nuclear movement
627:
621:of the Office of the
483:which was founded in
124:By historical country
37:1780 caricature of a
2055:Sri Lankan Civil War
1949:Turn the other cheek
1764:University for Peace
1675:List of peace prizes
1104:on December 12, 2007
1028:(January 24, 2010).
958:Canwest News Service
930:. September 18, 2008
879:on February 13, 2009
804:War Resisters League
653:Parliament of Canada
515:Parliament of Canada
473:War Resisters League
407:By geographical area
378:United Arab Emirates
2097:Nuclear disarmament
2080:in Russian Far East
1837:Department of Peace
1822:Counter-recruitment
1817:Conflict resolution
1807:Central Park be-ins
1795:Slogans and tactics
1774:Japanese Peace Bell
1564:Non-interventionism
1559:Modern-war pacifism
1497:Christian anarchism
1186:. November 15, 2007
779:Plowshares movement
734:Counter-recruitment
617:, specifically the
528:television program
110:Penal military unit
75:Counter-recruitment
70:Conscription crisis
1991:American Civil War
1883:Make love, not war
1857:Economic sanctions
1812:Civil disobedience
1645:Festival for Peace
1618:Media and cultural
1604:Testimony of peace
1524:Christian pacifism
847:on March 30, 2009.
774:Peace Pledge Union
669:on March 30, 2009.
504:Operation Savannah
80:Draft-card burning
60:Civil conscription
2202:Anti-war movement
2189:
2188:
2092:Military taxation
1962:War tax resisters
1529:Deterrence theory
1308:Anti-war movement
615:international law
609:International law
566:Siegfried Sassoon
453:
452:
153:By modern country
2214:
2016:list of protests
1877:Lesson of Munich
1832:Demilitarisation
1710:Peace journalism
1504:Anti-imperialism
1487:Anarcho-pacifism
1423:Peace psychology
1403:Peace conference
1398:Peace commission
1343:Culture of Peace
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1100:. Archived from
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598:Standard English
594:semantic meaning
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105:National service
100:Military service
46:Related concepts
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2045:Afghanistan War
1996:Second Boer War
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1413:Peace education
1296:Peace advocates
1291:
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1242:Further reading
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1030:"War Resisters"
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858:Wayback Machine
843:on June 3, 2008
832:
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665:on June 3, 2008
649:
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574:
508:Soweto uprising
469:
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328:the Philippines
298:the Netherlands
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1781:Women in Black
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1544:Green politics
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1514:Antimilitarism
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1418:Peace movement
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1408:Peace congress
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1393:Peace churches
1390:
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1348:ECOPEACE Party
1345:
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1338:Counterculture
1335:
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1289:peace movement
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1224:Lawyers Weekly
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794:Tax resistance
791:
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769:Peace movement
766:
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751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
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721:
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714:Antimilitarism
710:
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648:
645:
610:
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605:
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573:
570:
562:Albert Goodwin
547:Gerard Kennedy
536:Carolyn Jarvis
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202:child soldiers
198:Congo-Kinshasa
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2006:World War II
1862:Flower power
1714:
1554:Isolationism
1457:
1428:Peace treaty
1247:
1229:November 13,
1227:. Retrieved
1223:
1190:November 13,
1188:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:Toronto Star
1154:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1129:Toronto Star
1128:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:the original
1092:
1081:
1071:November 12,
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1055:
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1033:
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1008:. Retrieved
1005:Toronto Star
1004:
979:. Retrieved
932:. Retrieved
907:Toronto Star
906:
881:. Retrieved
877:the original
829:
744:Draft dodger
701:
697:
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647:Canadian law
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457:war resister
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348:South Africa
143:Soviet Union
115:War resister
114:
25:Conscription
18:
2153:Switzerland
2138:Netherlands
2011:Vietnam War
2001:World War I
1872:Human Be-In
1609:World peace
1574:Nonviolence
1539:Finvenkismo
1519:Appeasement
1433:Peaceworker
1162:November 7,
1108:January 27,
1045:January 26,
981:January 25,
934:February 1,
558:World War I
477:World War I
461:conscripted
363:Switzerland
303:New Zealand
278:South Korea
273:North Korea
90:Impressment
2196:Categories
2118:Costa Rica
1904:Peace walk
1716:Peace News
1594:Satyagraha
1579:Pacificism
1569:Nonkilling
1483:Anarchism
1472:Ideologies
1388:Peace camp
821:References
540:Robin Long
323:Mozambique
173:Azerbaijan
39:press gang
2106:Countries
2087:Landmines
2075:in Russia
2033:Criticism
1842:Desertion
1328:Code Pink
1010:April 23,
635:desertion
485:Bilthoven
353:Sri Lanka
343:Singapore
288:Lithuania
217:reduction
168:Australia
163:Argentina
2181:Category
2038:Protests
2028:Iraq War
1931:Teach-in
1584:Pacifism
1285:Anti-war
854:Archived
739:Deserter
707:See also
578:deserter
519:Iraq War
506:and the
2123:Germany
1754:Symbols
1700:Museums
1134:July 7,
1066:Opinion
883:June 9,
631:refugee
586:refugee
584:", or "
549:on his
416:Ireland
398:Vietnam
393:Ukraine
293:Myanmar
253:Germany
248:Georgia
238:Finland
233:Eritrea
223:Denmark
178:Bermuda
2128:Israel
2113:Canada
1852:Die-in
1802:Bed-in
1549:Hippie
1479:Ahimsa
667:, and
373:Turkey
368:Taiwan
358:Sweden
338:Serbia
333:Russia
318:Monaco
313:Mexico
308:Norway
283:Latvia
263:Israel
258:Greece
243:France
213:Cyprus
188:Canada
183:Brazil
2148:Sudan
2143:Spain
2133:Japan
1749:Songs
1734:Plays
1650:Films
1630:Books
1589:Peace
1448:Unity
228:Egypt
193:China
1287:and
1231:2012
1192:2012
1164:2010
1136:2010
1110:2010
1073:2010
1047:2010
1012:2009
983:2009
936:2009
885:2008
849:See
845:and
580:", "
564:and
531:16:9
268:Iran
208:Cuba
1625:Art
613:In
596:in
2198::
1985:US
1983:;
1981:UK
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1200:^
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