393:, died in 1981. In the late 1990s or early 2000s a language revival movement started by a community of people, most of them grandchildren of the last speakers, the central figure being Rachel Cummins, the granddaughter of Alf Palmer. The community had contacted Tsunoda, the linguist who worked with the last speakers in the 1970s, and between 2002 and 2006 he conducted 5 sessions of lessons, of 4–5 days each. As a result, the language seems to have acquired a limited set of symbolic functions. It has begun to be used in teasing between children, and as a source of personal names.
1013:
Genitive, ablative and comitative suffixes may be followed by other case suffixes. Some adverbs can take case suffixes: locative (optionally for adverbs of place), dative (with the sense 'to', optionally for adverbs of place, obligatory for adverbs of time), or ablative (obligatory for both if the
1175:
will be involved. It is signalled by a verbal suffix and affects the case marking of the arguments of this verb. In comparison with the basic verb, which marks the A with ergative/nominative and the O with nominative/accusative, the antipassivised verb marks the A with nominative and the O with
975:(used for the subject of a transitive verb) is marked by a suffix. In pronouns, on the other hand, the nominative and the ergative coincide in the bare stem form, while the accusative is marked by a suffix. Exceptionally, the third person dual and plural pronouns, as well as vowel-final
750:
The sound appears only in the interjection 'Hi!' and the exclamation of surprise (or ) Dentalized consonants tend to appear in the Gugu-Badhun dialect. An alveolar approximant is stated to appear in the Gugu-Badhun dialect as well. The retroflex approximant
771:(the more front the stop, the more likely it is to be voiced), the phonetic environment, position with respect to word boundaries, and possibly also the length of the word, the number of syllables that follow the stop and the location of stress.
1893:
1254:
201:
1014:
meaning is 'from, since'). Adverbs of manner cannot take case suffixes – this distinguishes them from nouns that express similar meanings (as these nouns must agree in case with the nouns they modify).
417:(94% lexical sharing). The intermediate level classification of this group seems uncertain: the evidence from phonological correspondences, pronouns and verb roots suggests it belongs to the
1082:
tend to precede verbs, while the agent-like argument of a transitive verb more often than not precedes the patient-like argument, although more frequently only one of them is expressed.
1105:
If there are shared arguments, they are more likely to be deleted from the second clause if it is subordinate, and least likely if it is sentence-sequence. The restrictions on the
1942:
1113:
languages. The shared argument has to have the same function in both clauses, or be an intransitive subject (S) in one and a transitive patient-like argument (O) in the other:
1002:
is used only with animate nouns and marks, besides the typical possessor and related functions, also a beneficiary, recipient, or complement of some verbs and nouns. The
955:
according to the final phoneme of the stem, with some peculiarities exhibited by pronouns and by vowel-final proper and kin nouns . There are also a few irregular nouns.
1176:
either ergative or dative. The agent-like argument then becomes available to be coreferential with a patient of a transitive verb or a subject of an intransitive one:
1026:
classes, which are characterised by the presence of a 'conjugational marker' (-l-, -y- or none) which appears in certain verb forms. Verbs take suffixes for change of
767:
is not distinctive for stops . The rules for voicing are fairly complex, but still it is impossible to predict it in all instances . The factors involved are the
3903:
657:
1935:
3893:
986:
describes path or destination of movement, location, duration in time, instrument (and means), company ('together with'), and cause or reason. The
1372:
Linguapax Asia : a retrospective edition of language and human rights issues : collected proceedings of
Linguapax Asia symposia 2004-2009
3898:
979:
and kin nouns, receive separate marking for each of these three cases. The ergative, if used with inanimate nouns, may also mark an instrument.
1928:
733:
296:
worked together with Palmer to preserve the language (Warrungu proper); thanks to their efforts, the language is beginning to be revived.
692:
2771:
1843:
1835:
Linguapax Asia: A Retrospective
Edition of Language and Human Rights Issues: Collected Proceedings of Linguapax Asia Symposia 2004–2009
2643:
3617:
1046:). There are also purposive forms, which signal intention when used as the predicate of a non-subordinate clause, or mark verbs in
990:
marks purpose, cause and reason, possession (rarely), goal and direction of movement, recipient, temporal duration or endpoint, a
3031:
254:
1070:. Constituents of a single phrase need not be contiguous. There are however some tendencies. Numeral nouns usually follow the
1234:" husband told wife to cook." (main clause O coreferential with A of subordinate clause, therefore antipassive is necessary)
1010:
seems to have a wide range of meanings, some of them idiomatic, but the most typical seem to correspond to
English 'with'.
293:
919:
do not form a separate class as they share the morphology and syntactic behaviour of nouns. There are also about a dozen
2148:
667:
303:
222:
3629:
2343:
1863:
1099:
3523:
3322:
3178:
3166:
2981:
2679:
2346:
1951:
309:
As noted by
Ethnologue, the language is currently dormant meaning that there are no native/proficient speakers left.
262:
114:
2315:
1095:
723:
911:'to do thus'. Almost all words belong exclusively to a word class, while change of word class is achieved through
2794:
2622:
2233:
2551:
2424:
469:). It has been suggested that the verbal inflectional suffixes might have been the result of massive borrowing.
3888:
3589:
2300:
2138:
1997:
1982:
995:
912:
366:
350:
1833:
Tsunoda, Tasaku; Tsunoda, Mie (2010). "The
Revival Movement of the Warrongo Language of Northeast Australia".
3380:
3352:
2500:
2176:
2133:
2066:
1023:
553:
531:
370:
1098:(juxtaposed clauses with one intonation contour and sharing of conjugational categories such as tense) and
3553:
3543:
2874:
2859:
2813:
2741:
2699:
1079:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
804:
796:
788:
784:
780:
752:
565:
1043:
3763:
3456:
3443:
3255:
3072:
2831:
2248:
2128:
1907:(recorded sentences together with a transcription, an interlinear translation, and a smooth translation)
1067:
1027:
768:
614:
592:
542:
442:
3651:
2076:
1167:"The man told the woman to go." (main clause O coreferential with deleted S of the subordinate clause)
3784:
3692:
3638:
3492:
3428:
3291:
3140:
3112:
3107:
2922:
2851:
2836:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2704:
2617:
2523:
2508:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2269:
2238:
2086:
2081:
1110:
1075:
940:
626:
575:
382:
414:
3758:
3748:
3738:
3682:
3568:
3433:
3286:
3263:
3240:
3097:
2789:
2691:
2604:
2564:
2531:
2467:
2447:
2358:
2186:
2112:
1992:
1987:
1047:
924:
603:
450:
346:
3854:
3826:
3816:
3743:
3656:
3472:
3268:
3209:
3201:
3186:
3163:
3130:
3054:
3044:
3021:
2950:
2945:
2864:
2826:
2756:
2676:
2612:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2541:
2536:
2432:
2376:
2320:
2279:
2207:
2161:
2156:
2091:
2017:
1817:"Language Revitalization: Revival of Warrungu (Australia) and Maintenance of Maori (New Zealand)"
1106:
1071:
944:
636:
458:
426:
378:
3535:
401:
There appear to have been at least two mutually intelligible dialects. Warrongo belongs to the
3841:
3808:
3789:
3779:
3728:
3718:
3487:
3375:
3370:
3362:
3319:
3278:
3191:
3135:
3122:
3102:
3082:
3039:
3001:
2978:
2932:
2909:
2889:
2879:
2821:
2720:
2714:
2559:
2409:
2371:
2295:
2274:
2243:
2181:
2107:
2061:
2002:
1031:
764:
682:
498:
466:
462:
430:
1889:
1816:
939:
Nouns generally do not distinguish number or gender, while pronouns have different forms for
3831:
3794:
3733:
3661:
3646:
3563:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3390:
3347:
3245:
3219:
3087:
3067:
3062:
3016:
3006:
2955:
2940:
2917:
2899:
2579:
2490:
2485:
2399:
2381:
2366:
2310:
2228:
2223:
2202:
2071:
2012:
2007:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1035:
948:
647:
454:
422:
341:
91:
31:
1915:
1250:
1171:
In case the shared argument is a transitive agent-like argument (A) in one of the clauses,
213:
207:
3859:
3849:
3821:
3753:
3723:
3713:
3594:
3573:
3558:
3548:
3477:
3423:
3403:
3342:
3296:
3227:
3092:
3077:
3011:
2993:
2894:
2869:
2781:
2728:
2653:
2638:
2594:
2569:
2513:
2480:
2391:
2305:
2166:
2043:
2027:
2022:
1964:
1916:
World: Dying Words -- Linguists
Express Concern Over Fate Of Endangered Languages (Part 1)
1039:
968:
964:
586:
418:
410:
362:
266:
258:
119:
106:
76:
831:
seems to be governed by more complex rules but generally, is the sole allophone after
3697:
3687:
3677:
3499:
3334:
2648:
2475:
2437:
2264:
928:
525:
513:
503:
434:
289:
193:
3882:
2884:
2841:
2404:
2053:
998:
of intransitives verbs or nouns like 'fond (of)', 'good (to)', 'know', 'forget'. The
991:
983:
972:
884:
880:
756:
438:
1094:
are sentence-sequence (juxtaposed clauses that have separate intonation contours),
876:
812:
402:
1911:
A map of
Australia showing where various languages, including Warrungu, are spoken
17:
1172:
987:
976:
518:
406:
235:
230:
80:
1842:
1063:
1007:
927:, intensification, or meanings like 'only', 'enough', 'too', 'I don't know', '
856:
446:
390:
374:
282:
274:
270:
97:
65:
1884:
1855:
1847:
952:
916:
808:
760:
709:
508:
278:
186:
160:
55:
1850:
1272:
176:
169:
1920:
1003:
999:
920:
493:
1006:
most commonly marks reason or a temporal or spatial starting point. The
1370:
864:
847:, while after almost all other consonants both and can be observed.
1894:
Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1828:. Mouton Grammar Library 53. Berlin ; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
1255:
Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1091:
868:
759:. The lamino-palatal stop is in most instances phonetically an
386:
300:
84:
1218:
827:, while after all other consonants only appears. The allophony of
1196:
1133:
815:), depending on the preceding consonant. Both are possible after
947:(first, second and third). All of them do, however, inflect for
872:
860:
3615:
3520:
3317:
3161:
2976:
2674:
2341:
1962:
1924:
1185:
1122:
30:"Warungu language" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
1860:
Queensland
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map
755:
in syllable-final position can infrequently be realised as a
1207:
1144:
899:'there' is a demonstrative adverb, an interrogative verb is
1222:
1155:
1102:. The most common type of subordination is the purposive.
799:, its long counterpart is orthographically represented as
1890:
Bibliography of Gugu Badhun people and language resources
1253:
Warungu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
389:). The language has been extinct since the last speaker,
1038:(future tense, between two and three non-future tenses,
963:
Nouns have a single form, unmarked by a suffix, for the
1344:
967:(used for the subject of an intransitive verb) and the
971:(used for the object of a transitive verb), while the
405:(macro)family. The most closely related languages are
68:, west of Ingham and Abergowrie almost to Einasleigh
3840:
3807:
3772:
3706:
3670:
3637:
3628:
3582:
3534:
3465:
3389:
3361:
3333:
3277:
3254:
3218:
3200:
3177:
3121:
3053:
3030:
2992:
2931:
2908:
2850:
2812:
2780:
2727:
2713:
2690:
2631:
2603:
2550:
2522:
2499:
2466:
2423:
2390:
2357:
2288:
2257:
2216:
2195:
2147:
2121:
2100:
2052:
2036:
1975:
221:
200:
184:
158:
153:
135:
103:
90:
72:
61:
51:
41:
1799:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
299:One of the notable feature of the language is its
365:live both within traditional Warrongo territory (
811:: , and (neither of which involve significant
486:(spelling representation is in angle brackets)
1397:
1385:
1369:Institute, Linguapax; Asia, Linguapax (2010).
1257: (see the info box for additional links)
906:
900:
894:
888:
1936:
887:members; example of an interrogative noun is
8:
1231:husband-ERG wife.ABS tell-NF cook-ANTIP-PURP
1066:is free and does not seem to be governed by
1050:for purpose, result or successive actions.
312:Alternative names for the language include
3634:
3625:
3612:
3531:
3517:
3330:
3314:
3174:
3158:
2989:
2973:
2724:
2687:
2671:
2354:
2338:
1972:
1959:
1943:
1929:
1921:
1846:This Knowledge (XXG) article incorporates
361:Nowadays people identifying themselves as
38:
905:'to do what', and a demonstrative one is
481:
345:language region includes areas from the
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1356:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1243:
1090:The three most common means of joining
994:in some syntactic constructions, and a
923:, with a range of functions: emphasis,
1469:
1228:gorngga-do birgo mayga-n wajo-gali-yal
1109:of the shared argument are typical of
1086:Complex sentences and coreferentiality
27:Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
134:
7:
1267:
1265:
1263:
855:Warrongo is analysed as having five
257:, one of the dozen languages of the
3904:1981 disestablishments in Australia
1161:bama-nggo warrngo mayga-n yani-yal
795:). Length is distinctive only for
449:morphology is akin to that of the
25:
1164:man-ERG woman.ABS tell-NF go-PURP
732:
722:
691:
666:
656:
635:
625:
613:
602:
591:
574:
564:
552:
541:
530:
409:(90% lexical sharing in terms of
1905:Warrungu Stories and Concordance
1841:
943:(singular, dual and plural) and
265:. It was formerly spoken by the
3894:Extinct languages of Queensland
3899:Languages extinct in the 1980s
1808:Gugu-Badhun and its neighbours
281:. Its last native speaker was
255:Australian Aboriginal language
1:
1375:. Linguapax Asia. p. 13.
1022:Verbs belong to one of three
288:Before his death, linguists
1864:State Library of Queensland
1806:Sutton, Peter John (1973).
1345:State Library of Queensland
1074:noun, while adjective-like
413:'s 99-item vocabulary) and
3920:
1398:Tsunoda & Tsunoda 2010
1386:Tsunoda & Tsunoda 2010
29:
3624:
3611:
3530:
3516:
3329:
3313:
3173:
3157:
2988:
2972:
2686:
2670:
2353:
2337:
1971:
1958:
951:. The case suffixes have
357:Sociolinguistic situation
46:
1837:. Tokyo: Linguapax Asia.
1824:Tsunoda, Tasaku (2011).
1815:Tsunoda, Tasaku (2002).
879:. Most of these contain
779:There are three vowels:
180: – Gugu-Badhun
96:1981, with the death of
1885:Stories from Alf Palmer
907:
901:
895:
889:
3482:old Wangkumara/Garlali
3451:new Wangkumara/Garlali
1952:Pama–Nyungan languages
1111:syntactically ergative
2772:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
1826:A Grammar of Warrongo
1748:, p. 418, table 4-13.
1068:information structure
913:derivational suffixes
769:place of articulation
3832:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
1078:tend to precede it.
746:Only in Gugu-Badhun.
445:), while the verbal
285:, who died in 1981.
173: – Warungu
3618:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
1797:Dixon, RMW (2002).
1556:, pp. 164–175.
1544:, pp. 682–698.
1048:subordinate clauses
487:
484:Warrongo consonants
347:Upper Herbert River
269:in the area around
263:Pama–Nyungan family
3083:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
1107:syntactic function
935:Nominal morphology
801:⟨aa⟩
791:(orthographically
662:⟨rr⟩
641:⟨ng⟩
631:⟨ny⟩
608:⟨nh⟩
547:⟨dh⟩
482:
451:Hebert River group
369:) and outside it (
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3803:
3802:
3671:Mangarrayi-Marran
3630:Macro-Gunwinyguan
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3032:Kanyara–Mantharta
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2808:
2807:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2316:Mbariman-Gudhinma
1810:. pp. 73–74.
1436:, pp. 7, 14.
1400:, pp. 15–16.
1173:antipassivisation
1018:Verbal morphology
793:⟨o⟩
743:
742:
738:⟨w⟩
728:⟨y⟩
697:⟨l⟩
672:⟨r⟩
619:⟨n⟩
597:⟨m⟩
580:⟨g⟩
570:⟨j⟩
558:⟨d⟩
536:⟨b⟩
421:group (alongside
244:
243:
217: Gugu Badhun
18:Warrungu language
16:(Redirected from
3911:
3635:
3626:
3613:
3532:
3518:
3331:
3315:
3175:
3159:
2990:
2974:
2799:Kuurn Kopan Noot
2795:Dhauwurd Wurrung
2725:
2688:
2672:
2623:Pallanganmiddang
2355:
2339:
2234:Aghu Tharrnggala
1973:
1960:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1785:
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1755:
1749:
1743:
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1611:
1605:
1599:
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1509:
1503:
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1461:
1455:
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1407:
1401:
1395:
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1360:
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1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
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1283:
1269:
1258:
1248:
1224:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1187:
1157:
1146:
1135:
1124:
910:
904:
898:
892:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
754:
739:
736:
729:
726:
698:
695:
673:
670:
663:
660:
642:
639:
632:
629:
620:
617:
609:
606:
598:
595:
581:
578:
571:
568:
559:
556:
548:
545:
537:
534:
488:
453:(which includes
216:
210:
196:
179:
172:
163:
147:Gudjal (Gudjala)
109:
39:
32:Wurango language
21:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3889:Maric languages
3879:
3878:
3877:
3864:
3836:
3799:
3768:
3702:
3666:
3620:
3599:
3578:
3526:
3504:
3461:
3438:Wangka-Yutjurru
3385:
3357:
3325:
3301:
3273:
3250:
3214:
3196:
3169:
3145:
3117:
3049:
3026:
2984:
2960:
2927:
2904:
2846:
2804:
2776:
2742:Dja Dja Wurrung
2723:
2709:
2682:
2658:
2627:
2599:
2546:
2518:
2495:
2462:
2419:
2386:
2349:
2325:
2301:Flinders Island
2284:
2253:
2212:
2191:
2143:
2139:Guugu Yimidhirr
2117:
2096:
2048:
2032:
1998:Arritinngithigh
1983:Adithinngithigh
1967:
1965:Paman languages
1954:
1949:
1881:
1868:
1866:
1854:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1211:
1200:
1189:
1169:
1159:
1148:
1137:
1126:
1088:
1061:
1056:
1020:
969:accusative case
965:nominative case
961:
937:
853:
800:
792:
777:
737:
727:
696:
671:
661:
640:
630:
618:
607:
596:
579:
569:
557:
546:
535:
480:
475:
399:
359:
267:Warrongo people
240:
212:
211: Warungu,
206:
192:
175:
174:
168:
167:
159:
131:
110:
107:Language family
105:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3590:Lower Burdekin
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3381:Lower Arrernte
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3353:Western Desert
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Kuuk Thaayorre
2174:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1879:External links
1877:
1876:
1875:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1784:, p. 446.
1774:
1772:, p. 427.
1762:
1760:, p. 423.
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 443.
1726:
1724:, p. 438.
1714:
1712:, p. 439.
1702:
1700:, p. 376.
1690:
1688:, p. 374.
1678:
1676:, p. 377.
1666:
1664:, p. 413.
1654:
1652:, p. 291.
1642:
1640:, p. 255.
1630:
1628:, p. 182.
1618:
1616:, p. 179.
1606:
1604:, p. 184.
1594:
1592:, p. 201.
1582:
1580:, p. 188.
1570:
1568:, p. 183.
1558:
1546:
1534:
1532:, p. 157.
1522:
1520:, p. 163.
1510:
1508:, p. 156.
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1259:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1212:
1201:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1149:
1138:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1087:
1084:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1044:apprehensional
1019:
1016:
960:
957:
936:
933:
929:counterfactual
852:
849:
776:
773:
748:
747:
741:
740:
730:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
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689:
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664:
654:
652:
650:
644:
643:
633:
623:
621:
611:
599:
589:
583:
582:
572:
562:
560:
550:
538:
528:
522:
521:
516:
514:lamino-palatal
511:
506:
504:apico-alveolar
501:
496:
491:
479:
476:
474:
471:
398:
397:Classification
395:
358:
355:
290:Tasaku Tsunoda
261:branch of the
242:
241:
239:
238:
233:
227:
225:
219:
218:
204:
198:
197:
190:
182:
181:
164:
156:
155:
154:Language codes
151:
150:
149:
148:
145:
142:
137:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:
113:
111:
104:
101:
100:
94:
88:
87:
74:
70:
69:
63:
59:
58:
53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
47:Northern Maric
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3916:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Adnyamathanha
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Yabula-Yabula
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:Gumbaynggiric
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Gureng Gureng
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Gugu Yalandyi
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
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1901:(in Japanese)
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1511:
1507:
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1499:
1496:, p. 74.
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:, p. 60.
1483:
1478:
1475:
1472:, p. 73.
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:, p. 54.
1459:
1454:
1451:
1448:, p. 14.
1447:
1442:
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1423:
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1394:
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1388:, p. 13.
1387:
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1359:, p. 51.
1358:
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1232:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1214:wajo-gali-yal
1210:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1177:
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1162:
1158:
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1125:
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1100:subordination
1097:
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1081:
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1069:
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1053:
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1037:
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1029:
1025:
1017:
1015:
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1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:core argument
989:
985:
984:locative case
980:
978:
974:
973:ergative case
970:
966:
958:
956:
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950:
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942:
934:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
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903:
897:
891:
886:
885:demonstrative
882:
881:interrogative
878:
877:interjections
874:
870:
866:
863:, (personal)
862:
858:
850:
848:
814:
810:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:retroflex tap
745:
744:
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731:
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499:lamino-dental
497:
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64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3764:Anindilyakwa
3524:Pama–Nyungan
3478:Bulloo River
3457:Yandruwandha
3444:Wilson River
3323:Pama–Nyungan
3235:Yindjilandji
3179:Ngumpin–Yapa
3167:Pama–Nyungan
3108:Yindjibarndi
3073:Martuthunira
2982:Pama–Nyungan
2814:Lower Murray
2680:Pama–Nyungan
2414:
2347:Pama–Nyungan
2129:Barrow Point
1867:. Retrieved
1859:
1834:
1825:
1807:
1798:
1791:Bibliography
1782:Tsunoda 2011
1777:
1770:Tsunoda 2011
1765:
1758:Tsunoda 2011
1753:
1746:Tsunoda 2011
1741:
1734:Tsunoda 2011
1729:
1722:Tsunoda 2011
1717:
1710:Tsunoda 2011
1705:
1698:Tsunoda 2011
1693:
1686:Tsunoda 2011
1681:
1674:Tsunoda 2011
1669:
1662:Tsunoda 2011
1657:
1650:Tsunoda 2011
1645:
1638:Tsunoda 2011
1633:
1626:Tsunoda 2011
1621:
1614:Tsunoda 2011
1609:
1602:Tsunoda 2011
1597:
1590:Tsunoda 2011
1585:
1578:Tsunoda 2011
1573:
1566:Tsunoda 2011
1561:
1554:Tsunoda 2011
1549:
1542:Tsunoda 2011
1537:
1530:Tsunoda 2011
1525:
1518:Tsunoda 2011
1513:
1506:Tsunoda 2011
1501:
1494:Tsunoda 2011
1489:
1482:Tsunoda 2011
1477:
1465:
1458:Tsunoda 2011
1453:
1446:Tsunoda 2011
1441:
1434:Tsunoda 2011
1429:
1424:, p. 8.
1422:Tsunoda 2011
1417:
1412:, p. 3.
1410:Tsunoda 2011
1405:
1393:
1381:
1371:
1364:
1357:Tsunoda 2011
1352:
1340:
1335:, p. 2.
1333:Tsunoda 2011
1328:
1323:, p. 1.
1321:Tsunoda 2011
1316:
1309:Tsunoda 2011
1304:
1297:Tsunoda 2011
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1246:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1104:
1096:coordination
1089:
1062:
1021:
1012:
981:
962:
938:
857:word classes
854:
851:Word classes
813:lip rounding
778:
749:
483:
447:inflectional
403:Pama-Nyungan
400:
367:Mount Garnet
360:
351:Mount Garnet
340:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
311:
308:
298:
294:Peter Sutton
287:
250:
246:
245:
185:
124:
115:Pama–Nyungan
36:
3785:Kungarakany
3707:Gunwinyguan
3693:Warndarrang
3493:Barranbinja
3429:Pitta Pitta
3292:Mayi-Kutuna
3256:Kalkatungic
3141:Nyangumarta
3113:Yinhawangka
2923:Ngadjunmaya
2837:Yitha-Yitha
2767:Wemba Wemba
2752:Madhi-Madhi
2747:Ledji-Ledji
2618:Gunaikurnai
2509:Kumbainggar
2270:Mbara-Yanga
2239:Ikarranggal
2087:Wik-Ngathan
2082:Wik-Mungkan
2067:Kugu-Muminh
1853:text from:
1470:Sutton 1973
1311:, p. .
1040:imperatives
1024:conjugation
988:dative case
902:ngani-nga-L
519:dorso-velar
407:Gugu Badhun
371:Palm Island
326:War-oong-oo
236:Gugu-Badhun
144:Gugu-Badhun
81:Gugu-Badhun
3883:Categories
3759:Nunggubuyu
3749:Rembarrnga
3739:Kunbarlang
3683:Mangarrayi
3639:Maningrida
3448:Bundhamara
3434:Wanggamala
3418:Yarluyandi
3287:Mayi-Kulan
3264:Kalkatungu
3241:Warluwarra
3220:Warluwaric
3098:Nyiyaparli
2852:Thura-Yura
2790:Bungandidj
2762:Wathaurong
2644:Bandjalang
2565:Darkinjung
2552:Yuin–Kuric
2532:Gamilaraay
2524:Wiradhuric
2425:Waka–Kabic
2321:Umbindhamu
2187:Yir-Yoront
2171:Ogh-Undjan
2113:Morrobolam
1993:Anguthimri
1988:Andjingith
1869:5 February
1299:, preface.
1277:Ethnologue
1239:References
1181:gorngga-do
1064:Word order
1059:Word order
1008:comitative
996:complement
953:allomorphs
917:Adjectives
908:yama-nga-L
809:allophones
478:Consonants
391:Alf Palmer
375:Townsville
304:ergativity
283:Alf Palmer
275:Queensland
271:Townsville
251:War(r)ungu
98:Alf Palmer
66:Queensland
3855:Gunindiri
3817:Kayardild
3744:Ngalakgan
3729:Kunwinjku
3657:Gurr-goni
3652:Ndjébbana
3569:Ritharrŋu
3473:Baagandji
3269:Yalarnnga
3210:Warumungu
3202:Warumungu
3131:Karajarri
3045:Mantharta
3022:Yinggarda
2951:Natingero
2946:Kalaamaya
2865:Barngarla
2827:Ngayawung
2757:Wadi-Wadi
2721:Kolakngat
2692:Yotayotic
2613:Dhudhuroa
2605:Gippsland
2585:Ngunnawal
2575:Dhanggati
2542:Wiradjuri
2537:Ngiyambaa
2468:Durubalic
2443:Gabi-Gabi
2433:Barunggam
2377:Warrgamay
2359:Dyirbalic
2280:Walangama
2162:Kok Thawa
2157:Koko-Bera
2149:Southwest
2101:Lamalamic
2092:Wik-Ompom
2077:Wik-Me'nh
2037:Northeast
2018:Ndrangith
1892:, at the
1856:"Warungu"
1848:CC-BY-4.0
1273:"Warungu"
1118:bama-nggo
1080:Arguments
1076:modifiers
921:enclitics
761:affricate
710:semivowel
509:retroflex
473:Phonology
459:Warrgamay
443:Nyaygungu
427:Gungabula
322:War(r)uŋu
301:syntactic
279:Australia
187:Glottolog
161:ISO 639-3
73:Ethnicity
56:Australia
3790:Wardaman
3780:Gaagudju
3719:Uwinymil
3488:Muruwari
3376:Kaytetye
3371:Arrernte
3164:Northern
3103:Panyjima
3055:Ngayarta
3002:Badimaya
2890:Ngadjuri
2880:Narungga
2737:Bunurong
2705:Yotayota
2677:Southern
2590:Tharawal
2560:Awabakal
2458:Wuliwuli
2453:Wakawaka
2415:Warrongo
2372:Nyawaygi
2311:Kok Narr
2296:Djabugay
2275:Mbabaram
2258:Southern
2182:Kuuk Yak
2122:Yalanjic
2108:Lamalama
2062:Ayabadhu
2003:Awngthim
1899:Warrungu
1851:licensed
1184:husband-
1151:yani-yal
1004:ablative
1000:genitive
893:'what',
865:pronouns
807:has two
494:bilabial
467:Manbarra
463:Nyawaygi
383:Cardwell
363:Warrongo
318:Warrango
314:Warrangu
253:) is an
247:Warrongo
194:nort2757
136:Dialects
125:Warrongo
77:Warrongo
42:Warrongo
3842:Garrwan
3809:Tangkic
3795:Wagiman
3734:Dalabon
3662:Nakkara
3647:Burarra
3414:Ngamini
3409:Mithaka
3399:Arabana
3363:Arandic
3320:Central
3246:Yanyuwa
3232:Bularnu
3192:Ngumbin
3187:Ngarrga
3136:Mangala
3123:Marrngu
3088:Nhuwala
3068:Kurrama
3063:Jurruru
3040:Kanyara
3017:Wajarri
3007:Malgana
2979:Western
2956:Nyungar
2941:Galaagu
2933:Nyungic
2918:Mirning
2910:Mirniny
2900:Wirangu
2832:Yaralde
2822:Keramin
2715:Kulinic
2580:Ngarigo
2491:Turrbal
2486:Nunukul
2410:Kingkel
2400:Bidjara
2382:Wulguru
2367:Dyirbal
2344:Eastern
2265:Agwamin
2249:Thaypan
2244:Takalak
2229:Angkula
2224:Alungul
2217:Thaypan
2208:Kuthant
2203:Kurtjar
2072:Pakanha
2013:Mbiywom
2008:Luthigh
1203:mayga-n
1140:mayga-n
1129:warrngo
1092:clauses
1030:or for
1028:valency
869:adverbs
765:Voicing
683:lateral
455:Dyirbal
431:Marganj
423:Bidjara
342:Warungu
330:Gudjala
202:AIATSIS
166:Either:
141:Warungu
92:Extinct
3860:Waanyi
3850:Garrwa
3827:Minkin
3822:Lardil
3754:Ngandi
3714:Jawoyn
3595:Bindal
3564:Djinaŋ
3559:Djinba
3549:Dhuwal
3522:Other
3500:Yardli
3404:Diyari
3391:Karnic
3348:Wanman
3343:Ngardi
3297:Ngawun
3228:Wagaya
3093:Nyamal
3078:Ngarla
3012:Nhanda
2895:Nukunu
2875:Kuyani
2870:Kaurna
2654:Yidiny
2639:Anewan
2570:Dharug
2514:Yaygir
2481:Janday
2438:Dappil
2306:Gugadj
2196:Norman
2167:Kunjen
2044:Umpila
2028:Uradhi
2023:Ngkoth
1282:30 May
1132:woman.
1054:Syntax
977:proper
945:person
941:number
775:Vowels
648:rhotic
387:Cairns
385:, and
379:Ingham
334:Gudjal
231:Gudjal
85:Gudjal
62:Region
3773:Other
3724:Waray
3698:Yugul
3688:Marra
3678:Alawa
3583:Other
3574:Nhaŋu
3554:Djaŋu
3544:Dhaŋu
3536:Yolŋu
3466:Other
3424:Ngura
2994:Kartu
2782:Drual
2729:Kulin
2632:Other
2595:Wormi
2476:Guwar
2392:Maric
2289:Other
1976:North
1219:ANTIP
1217:cook-
1206:tell-
1195:wife.
1192:birgo
1143:tell-
1032:tense
959:Cases
925:focus
896:ngoni
890:ngani
873:verbs
861:nouns
763:or .
587:nasal
435:Gunja
419:Maric
415:Gujal
259:Maric
120:Maric
3335:Wati
3279:Mayi
2885:Nauo
2842:Yuyu
2405:Biri
1871:2020
1284:2019
1251:Y133
1223:PURP
1156:PURP
1121:man-
1072:head
1036:mood
982:The
949:case
883:and
875:and
843:and
823:and
787:and
526:stop
465:and
441:and
439:Biri
411:Hale
339:The
332:and
292:and
249:(or
214:Y128
208:Y133
2054:Wik
1197:ABS
1186:ERG
1154:go-
1134:ABS
1123:ERG
931:'.
845:/w/
841:/Ĺ‹/
837:/ɲ/
833:/Éź/
829:/i/
825:/j/
821:/m/
817:/b/
805:/u/
797:/a/
789:/u/
785:/i/
781:/a/
753:/É»/
349:to
223:ELP
177:gdc
170:wrg
3885::
1862:.
1858:.
1275:.
1262:^
1208:NF
1145:NF
1042:,
915:.
871:,
867:,
859::
839:ËŚ
835:ËŚ
819:,
803:.
783:,
610:)
604:nĚŞ
549:)
543:dĚŞ
461:,
457:,
437:,
433:,
429:,
425:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
353:.
336:.
328:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
306:.
277:,
273:,
83:,
79:,
1944:e
1937:t
1930:v
1873:.
1819:.
1801:.
1347:.
1286:.
1221:-
1034:/
734:w
724:j
693:l
668:É»
658:Éľ
637:Ĺ‹
627:ɲ
615:n
601:(
593:m
576:ɡ
566:Éź
554:d
540:(
532:b
34:.
20:)
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