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437:Żelazna Street near the intersection with ”Solidarności” Avenue (on the wall of the prewar building of public schools no 10, 17, 56 and 119, currently the seat of the Wola District Office at 90 “Solidarności” Avenue”) – here was one of the main gates to the ghetto, opposite the building of the “Collegium” Society at 84 Leszno Street (non-existent now), which housed the Labor and Statistics Departments of the
783:
415:, the Evangelical Hospital and a few buildings in Mylna Street. It was surrounded on all sides by the ghetto and the only connection with the Aryan part of the city was through the estate at 5 Przejazd which had been demolished in September 1939. This location enabled the Calvinist clergy and parishioners to provide assistance to the Jews in the ghetto.
337:
41 Chłodna Street – here, from 16 November 1940 to
December 1941, the western boundary of the ghetto ran along the eastern edges of the premises marked by Wronia Street; also one of the original 22 ghetto gates (in operation till November 1941) closed Chłodna Street from the west. In December 1941,
329:
Chłodna Street at the intersection with Żelazna Street – the marker commemorates exclusion from the ghetto in
December 1941 the area west of Żelazna Street, as a result of which the Jewish district was divided into two parts called the large and the small ghettos. In order to ease heavy pedestrian
221:
By order of the German occupation authorities, the ghetto was cut off from the rest of the city on
November 16, 1940. The ghetto area, surrounded by a wall, was initially 307 hectares (759 acres); with time, it was reduced. Starting in January 1942, it was divided in two parts called the small and
325:
Chłodna Street corner of
Elektoralna Street – commemorates the City Court building on Leszno Street (currently “Solidarności” Avenue) that was not included into the ghetto and became a meeting place for people from both sides of the wall and a key point for Jews endeavoring to escape to the Aryan
198:
and the City
Monument Protection office took the initiative to feature in the public space of the Polish capital its most characteristic points on its former boundaries. The markers were designed by Eleonora Bergman and Tomasz Lec in cooperation with Ewa Pustoła-Kozłowska and Jan Jagielski. Each
395:
49/51 Okopowa Street (on the wall of the Jewish
Cemetery on Anielewicza Street side) – the second marker commemorating Warsaw’s largest Jewish necropolis and the adjacent Skra sports field. The latter was the only large undeveloped plot in the ghetto. In time it became a burial site with both
403:
53 Sienna Street (in the courtyard of Henryk
Sienkiewicz High School) - a part of the southern boundary of the ghetto made from the existing wall between Sienna 53 and Sienna 55 estates. On 5 October 1941, the border of this part of the Jewish quarter was moved to the middle of Sienna
321:
near Międzyparkowa Street – this point, at the former intersection of
Bonifraterska and Żoliborska Streets, was the northeastern corner of the ghetto. Over the northern part of Przebieg Street there was a wooden footbridge – one of four such structures built in the Warsaw
356:– from this point westwards a narrow strip of land was excluded from the ghetto due to the role of Chłodna Street as an important east-west transport corridor. It included Mirowskie Market Halls, Mirowskie Barracks, and St. Charles Borromeo church up to Żelazna Street.
265:
The dates 1940-1943 have symbolic meaning as the years when the Warsaw Ghetto existed. Therefore, they should not be treated literally because most of the commemorated places were excluded in 1941-1942, one site was included into the ghetto in 1941, and two – in 1942.
222:
large ghettos. Approximately 360,000 Warsaw Jews and 90,000 from other towns were herded into the ghetto. Nearly 100,000 died of hunger. During the summer of 1942, the
Germans deported and murdered close to 300,000 people in the gas chambers of
203:
a bronze plaque 60 cm by 70 cm (24 inches by 28 inches) with the map representing the ghetto’s farthest borders and the pre-war street network featured on the map of Warsaw, and a pin indicating the exact location of the marked
185:
The markers were erected in 2008 and 2010 on 22 sites along the borders of the Jewish quarter, where from 1940–1943 stood the gates to the ghetto, wooden footbridges over Aryan streets, and the buildings important to the ghetto inmates.
359:
Drzewiecki Avenue near John Paul II Avenue (southern wall of “Hale
Mirowskie” shopping precinct) – this was the northern boundary of the small ghetto that ran from here westwards along the existing walls that divided the
427:
in Bolesław Kontrym “Żmudzin” square – the eastern boundary of the southern part of the ghetto ran here along the existing walls that divided the premises. In March 1941, the ghetto border was moved to the west to Bagno
230:
broke out in the ghetto. Until mid-May, fighters and civilians perished in combat or in the systematically burned ghetto buildings. The remaining population was murdered by Germans in November 1943 in the
269:
Most plaques were placed on the 2.3 m (7.6 ft) tall cement posts that were specially designed on sett pavement; the rest were placed directly on the walls of the buildings and structures.
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Twarda Street near the intersection with Złota Street – this was the southwest corner of the ghetto. One of its original 22 gates stood here and operated from 16 November 1940 till 20 January 1941.
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261:
cement strips 25 cm (10 inches) wide with the cast iron bilingual sign MUR GETTA 1940/GHETTO WALL 1943 placed in sidewalks and lawns showing the exact location of the ghetto walls.
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individual and mass graves, as well as a place of executions, victims of which are honored by the nearby Monument of Jews and Poles Common Martyrdom. Many of those killed during the
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traffic on Żelazna Street (the only street that connected the two ghettos) on 26 January 1942 a wooden footbridge was erected over Chłodna Street, becoming one of the symbols of
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63 Żelazna Street on the wall of the former Duschik & Szolce metal works factory building (on Grzybowska Street side) – here stood one of the major gates to the small ghetto.
441:. In September 1941 that building, being a Jewish island on the Aryan side, was connected to the ghetto by a wooden footbridge at the second floor level over Żelazna Street.
418:
Stawki Street near Okopowa Street – here the boundary of the Jewish quarter ran along the southern wall of Temler & Szwede tannery, which was not included in the ghetto.
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with the Studio Theater) – the southeast boundary of the ghetto ran along the premises here. On 5 October 1941 the ghetto border was moved to the middle of Sienna Street.
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stood one of the most important ghetto gates. Through this very gate at 5.30 am on 19 April 1943 the German, Latvian, and Ukrainian troops under the command of
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421:Świętojerska Street corner of Nowiniarska Street – the only remaining fragment of the wall surrounding the northern part of the ghetto is preserved here.
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was the northwestern boundary of the Jewish district from 16 November 1940 to December 1941 (the date the Jewish Cemetery was excluded from the ghetto).
363:
Dzika Street near John Paul II Avenue – after the minor expansion of the ghetto in January 1942, this became the northwest corner of the Jewish quarter.
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and English about the place, its role in the history of the ghetto and one or two historical photos, proceeded by a brief history of the Warsaw Ghetto:
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Ghetto walls lining both sides of Chłodna Street and the wooden footbridge which from January to August 1942 connected the small and big ghettos
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side of Warsaw. In 1950, Biała Street, which led to the Court from the south, was rebuilt approximately 200 meters to the west.
92:
Plaques on the wall of the former "Duschik & Szolce" metal working factory at 63 Żelazna Street (on Grzybowska Street side)
1619:
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338:
this part of the Wola district was excluded from the Jewish quarter and its border was moved to the middle of Żelazna Street.
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Władysław Anders Street (pl:General Władysław Andersa) corner of Świętojerska Street – here, on the site of the former
272:
The markers were built between April and November 2008 and were inaugurated on 19 November 2008 by the mayor of Warsaw
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in Tłomackie Street and Central Judaic Library. This area was excluded from the Jewish district on 20 March 1942.
100:
Close-up of the ghetto map with a pin marking the exact location of the commemorated place (Świętojerska Street)
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parish house (no 76a) – this so-called "evangelical enclave" included the Calvinist church, the parish house,
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near its border with the Muslim Cemetery) - this brick wall along Młynarska Street and the
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280:, the 22nd marker was unveiled on site of the preserved ghetto wall in Sienna Street.
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side) – this was the eastern edge of the northern part of the Jewish quarter. The
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407:“Solidarności” Avenue between the Warsaw Chamber Opera building (no 76b) and the
1467:
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entered the ghetto. They were met with Jewish resistance, which sparked off the
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are memorial plaques and boundary lines that mark the maximum perimeter of the
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Bielańska Street corner of Corazziego Street - here the ghetto included the
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Dzika Street near the intersection with Stawki Street – here, opposite the
1284:
438:
1462:
297:
584:
Adama Czerniakowa dziennik getta warszawskiego 6.IX.1939 - 23.VII.1942
561:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Neriton i Instytut Historii PAN. p. 26.
211:
36 cm by 50 cm (12 inches by 20 inches) with information in
787:
194:
In order to preserve the memory of the perished Jewish quarter, the
179:
175:
72:
68:
50:
611:(in Polish). Parafia Ewangelicko-Reformowana w Warszawie. p. 3.
546:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. p. 257.
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719:(in Polish). "Kurier Wolski”, Urząd Dzielnicy Wola m.st. Warszawy
753:
475:"Inauguracja projektu Upamiętnienia Granic Getta Warszawskiego"
283:
The project was financed by the City of Warsaw and the Polish
626:(in Polish). Łódź: Dom Wydawniczy Księży Młyn. p. 124.
651:(in Polish). Warszawa: Dom Spotkań z Historią. p. 20.
559:
Strategie przetrwania. Żydzi po aryjskiej stronie Warszawy
586:(in Polish). Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 243.
609:
Parafia Ewangelicko-Reformowana w Warszawie (Informator)
248:
To the memory of those who suffered, fought and perished
735:(in Polish). Urząd Dzielnicy Śródmieście m.st. Warszawy
135:
Wooden footbridge over Przebieg Street commemorated in
108:
Plaque with historical information (Bielańska Street)
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1199:
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1065:
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370:, a ghetto gate was in operation from January 1942.
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64:
56:
46:
1625:SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
1275:Building of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister
682:The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City
381:was excluded from the ghetto in December 1941.
41:Ghetto boundary marker in Bonifraterska Street
765:
345:(eastern wall of the northeast corner of the
8:
24:
16:
1203:
1062:
802:
772:
758:
750:
700:Ghetto Wall 1940-1943. Remembrance project
498:"Uciekła z getta, teraz odsłoniła tablicę"
35:
15:
285:Ministry of Culture and National Heritage
243:concentration camps. Only a few survived.
1354:Orthodox Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene
149:
141:
130:
122:
111:
103:
95:
87:
649:Spojrzenia na warszawskie getto. Leszno
451:
278:International Holocaust Remembrance Day
127:Ghetto boundary marker in Twarda Street
1565:Kościuszko Infantry Division Memorial
384:Młynarska Street (on the wall of the
7:
1600:Children's Memorial Health Institute
1595:Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University
158:commemorated on Drzewieckiego Avenue
544:Walka i zagłada warszawskiego getta
199:marker consists of three elements:
557:Nalewajko-Kulikov, Joanna (2004).
26:Pomniki granic warszawskiego getta
14:
877:Bombing of Warsaw in World War II
1646:
1645:
1047:
781:
463:(in Polish) (4): 23. April 2008.
302:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1635:Warsaw University of Technology
523:(in Polish). warszawa.gazeta.pl
116:Ghetto boundary lines near the
60:Eleonora Bergman and Tomasz Lec
1620:SGH Warsaw School of Economics
1550:Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers
400:of 1944 were also buried here.
164:Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers
17:Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers
1:
1680:2008 establishments in Poland
1675:Holocaust memorials in Warsaw
1260:Palace of Culture and Science
733:"Pomniki - Miejsca żydowskie"
702:. City of Warsaw. April 2008.
500:(in Polish). zyciewarszawy.pl
347:Palace of Culture and Science
276:. On 27 January 2010 on the
118:Palace of Culture and Science
1530:Nicolaus Copernicus Monument
1493:University of Warsaw Library
978:Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg
711:(in Polish): 23. April 2008.
1535:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
622:Mączewski, Ryszard (2009).
477:(in Polish). City of Warsaw
196:Jewish Historical Institute
1696:
1605:Chopin University of Music
1003:Jewish Combat Organization
717:"Oznakowanie granic getta"
607:Stahlowa, Barbara (2009).
1643:
1206:
1045:
943:Sigismund Augustus Bridge
887:Warsaw concentration camp
684:. Yale University Press.
190:Description and unveiling
34:
21:
1555:Warsaw Uprising Monument
1545:Adam Mickiewicz Monument
1412:10th-Anniversary Stadium
1364:Palace of the Four Winds
1322:St. John's Archcathedral
291:Locations of the markers
254:The City of Warsaw, 2008
226:. On April 19, 1943, an
1473:Cosmopolitan Twarda 2/4
1453:InterContinental Warsaw
1310:St. Florian's Cathedral
1280:Sejm and Senate Complex
1176:Śląsko-Dąbrowski Bridge
1083:Krakowskie Przedmieście
647:Leociak, Jacek (2001).
624:Warszawa między wojnami
352:Drzewiecki Avenue near
274:Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz
1588:Education and research
1023:Coat of arms of Warsaw
902:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
815:Warsaw Uprising (1794)
542:Mark, Bernard (1959).
306:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
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147:
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120:
109:
101:
93:
25:
912:Destruction of Warsaw
842:Warsaw-Vienna Railway
582:Fuks, Marian (1983).
521:"Tutaj był mur getta"
375:Franciszkańska Street
373:55 Freta Street (on
153:
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126:
115:
107:
99:
91:
1630:University of Warsaw
1498:Praga Koneser Center
1339:Visitationist Church
1305:Warsaw Water Filters
1191:Siekierkowski Bridge
1186:Świętokrzyski Bridge
993:Mordechai Anielewicz
676:Engelking, Barbara;
519:Urzykowski, Tomasz.
425:Świętokrzyska Street
319:Bonifraterska Street
174:in 1940 in occupied
137:Bonifraterska Street
79:Completion date
1270:Presidential Palace
1125:Plac Żelaznej Bramy
973:Stanisław Moniuszko
496:Rybarczyk, Robert.
154:Ghetto wall in the
18:
1295:Jabłonowski Palace
1171:Poniatowski Bridge
807:Timeline of Warsaw
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1610:College of Europe
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1525:Mermaid of Warsaw
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1402:Kazanowski Palace
1250:Holy Cross Church
1181:Średnicowy Bridge
1105:Grzybowski Square
1043:
1042:
953:Krasiński Library
847:November Uprising
797:History of Warsaw
707:"Linia pamięci".
658:978-83-62020-26-3
633:978-83-61253-51-8
459:"Linia pamięci".
413:Działyński Palace
207:a plaque made of
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1520:Zygmunt's Column
1433:Chałubińskiego 8
1300:Krasiński Palace
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1120:Krasiński Square
1110:Piłsudski Square
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1233:Warsaw New Town
1211:Warsaw Old Town
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958:Frédéric Chopin
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933:Duke of Masovia
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1670:Warsaw Ghetto
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1488:Supreme Court
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1090:Marszałkowska
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678:Jacek Leociak
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368:Umschlagplatz
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27:
20:
1549:
1478:Warsaw Spire
1421:Contemporary
1397:Brühl Palace
1385:Saxon Palace
1238:Royal Castle
1216:Market Place
1200:Architecture
1130:Plac Bankowy
1095:Plac Defilad
1013:Warsaw Metro
835:Constitution
747:
737:. Retrieved
721:. Retrieved
708:
699:
681:
670:Bibliography
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583:
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525:. Retrieved
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502:. Retrieved
491:
479:. Retrieved
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220:
193:
184:
172:Nazi Germany
163:
161:
1428:Centrum LIM
1327:Archdiocese
1073:Royal Route
1008:Warsaw Pact
968:Marie Curie
1664:Categories
1390:Saxon Axis
1378:Historical
1221:City walls
1145:Grochowska
1078:Nowy Świat
1066:Topography
1018:Warsaw Zoo
739:14 January
723:14 January
527:27 January
504:27 January
481:27 January
446:References
82:2008, 2010
1575:Palm tree
1512:Monuments
1448:Intraco I
1150:Ząbkowska
1058:Landmarks
409:Calvinist
360:premises.
332:Holocaust
237:Poniatowa
224:Treblinka
1651:Category
1468:Złota 44
1443:Spektrum
1285:Belweder
1226:Barbican
867:May Coup
790:articles
680:(2009).
379:New Town
241:Trawniki
233:Majdanek
228:uprising
65:Material
57:Designer
47:Location
1463:Rondo 1
1438:Rotunda
1359:Zachęta
1315:Diocese
1159:Bridges
709:Stolica
461:Stolica
428:Street.
404:Street.
322:Ghetto.
788:Warsaw
688:
655:
630:
590:
565:
213:Polish
204:place;
180:Poland
176:Warsaw
73:cement
69:Bronze
51:Warsaw
1570:Tęcza
1483:Varso
1369:PAST
741:2013
725:2013
686:ISBN
653:ISBN
628:ISBN
588:ISBN
563:ISBN
529:2013
506:2013
483:2013
239:and
162:The
1458:Q22
1666::
341:1
287:.
235:,
182:.
178:,
71:,
773:e
766:t
759:v
743:.
727:.
694:.
661:.
636:.
596:.
571:.
531:.
508:.
485:.
308:.
256:.
250:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
