882:
704:
493:, each array attached to the mast at 5 levels: 121.78 metres (399.5 ft), 256.78 metres (842.5 ft), 369.28 metres (1,211.5 ft), 481.78 metres (1,580.6 ft), and 594.28 metres (1,949.7 ft) above ground. Each guy was fixed on a separate anchor block at the ground and was 50 millimetres (2.0 in) in diameter. To prevent the guy wires from interfering with the radio transmissions, the guys were insulated at regular intervals. The weight of guys and insulators used to anchor the mast was 80 tonnes (180,000 lb). An elevator and separate protected ladders were installed in the interior of the mast to facilitate access to the various mast components, including the
582:, it consisted of the inner "hot" core of 24 copper wires connected to a small ring at each post, and each was connected by three insulated cables to the outer ring. The outer ring served as the support of another set of 24 wires, known as the "outer braid." The transmission line was monitored whenever the mast was in operation; at night the line was illuminated with street lights, to prevent trespassers from electrocuting themselves. The transmitter building had a volume of 17,000 cubic metres (600,000 cu ft) and was approximately 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the mast. The transmitter consisted of two 1,000 kW units built by
966:, as early as April 1992 the Polish government planned to rebuild the mast at Konstantynów. In September 1995 the Polish government was set to rebuild the mast. Although refurbishment of the old foundations, which could be reused, had already started, the rebuilding of the mast was cancelled due to protests by local residents, who claimed that radiation from the mast was a health hazard. While the accuracy of these claims has not been verified, a new site for the transmitter was sought. Several other locations were considered, but due to the continuing resistance of nearby inhabitants (backed by the
1111:
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473:. When it became evident that Raszyn could not provide coverage to the entire country, the station received an increase of power to 500 kW, but this too failed. In the late 1960s it was decided to construct a new central transmitter at the geographical centre of Poland (post-WWII borders). Gąbin was chosen not only due to its central position, but also its high
903:
construction log it was hard to determine the exact events that led to the catastrophe. The construction coordinator and the division chief of the company responsible for maintaining the mast were found liable for the collapse, and both were sentenced to 2.5 years in prison. The construction manager's sentence was eventually shortened to six months.
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703:
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because not enough paint was available. A lack of equipment and training of maintenance teams led to a severe degradation of the mast's condition by the late 1980s. An inspection in May 1989 found that 13 strands of the upper guys had been fractured and, by the time of the collapse of the mast in 1991, seven guy wire
591:
transmitters were capable of receiving remote input, but the devices needed to utilize this were not implemented in
Konstanynów. When high-voltage power was switched on, the transmitter was protected by two locked doors and crews were informed by way of illuminating a red lightbulb. This lightbulb was controlled by a
525:. Inspection crews travelled up it once per month to replace light bulbs, and watch for cracks in the steel. If a crack was found, the transmitters were turned off and the Raszyn radio mast took over the broadcast. Any cracks were then fixed by welders from Mostostal Zabrze by making patches out of sheet metal.
958:
had to be discontinued until either a second longwave broadcasting transmitting facility was built in Poland or a special frequency switch, which would allow transmissions on both frequencies, was installed at the Raszyn transmitter. The latter, simpler solution would have decreased the effectiveness
555:
voltage, to conduct static charge to ground without diminishing the radio energy. Static electrical charge can build up to high values, even at times of no thunderstorm activity, when such tall structures are insulated from ground. Use of this technique provides better lightning protection than using
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was chosen. There were once again protests in this location, but tensions were eased when Polish Radio donated PLN 3.5 million towards the development of the local community. There, a new longwave transmission facility was built in 1998–1999, with a transmitter of 1200 kW output power for
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led to the collapse of the mast. During replacement of frayed guy wires, one of the main cables had to be replaced by two temporary ones. After the main cable had been disconnected and before the temporary ones could be connected, a gust of wind twisted the temporarily unmoored tower, pulling loose
512:
company, and took 45 minutes to reach the top. The lift was nicknamed "Alimak", as a nod to the company that designed it. Safety was a priority, so "Alimak" had a safety procedure, where it could be stopped, but this precaution never had to be used. A maximum of 3 people could ride up the elevator,
347:
for the foundations on 5 July 1969, while construction of the tower itself began on 18 October 1972 with a ceremony, and was completed on 18 May 1974. Its transmitter, whose installation started in
October 1973, entered regular service on 22 July 1974. The opening of the mast was met with extensive
902:
and transmitter were not damaged. The transmission line was also unaffected, but it was dismantled shortly after the collapse of the tower, leaving only the sustaining poles in place. A mobile crane belonging to
Mostostal Zabrze was destroyed when the tower collapsed. As the foreman did not keep a
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due to the strategic importance of the station as Poland's central transmitter: although the power consumption of the transmitting station was large at an estimated 6,000 kW, the substation was capable of supplying much more. Six small towers were erected around the periphery of the station's
590:
was used to generate the transmission frequency in order to provide a very accurate, stable signal source which could be used as a frequency standard by anyone within signal range. The transmitters had the ability for each component to be turned on manually or all be started with one button. The
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and the guys. Repair work was considered to be expensive and difficult, so replacement of the mast by a stronger construction of the same height was considered; but this was not carried out due to Poland's worsening economic situation. Repainting was started in 1988, but could not be completed
488:
of 245 millimetres (10 in); the thickness of the walls of these tubes varied between 8–34 mm (0.31–1.33 in) depending on height. The mast consisted of 86 sections, each of which had a length of 7.5 metres (25 ft). The mast had 3 arrays of
411:, US. It was also designed to broadcast the "propaganda of the successes." Due to the mast's height, listeners from all over the world could tune in to Polish radio broadcasts, including those in remote places such as Antarctica.
1049:
that led to it, nearly all components of the facility remained in place, unused and slowly deteriorating. Some local people have visited the remains of the mast on anniversaries, such as the 20th anniversary in 2011.
477:. During storms, when the mast could not operate, the signal would be temporarily switched to Raszyn, a process that was eased thanks to direct phone lines from RCN Konstantynów to both Raszyn and the energy sector.
598:
The station, which had an area of 65 ha (160 acres), also had a 76 metres (249 ft) lattice tower of rectangular cross-section close to the transmitter building. This tower was used to provide a
1816:
532:. This tube was grounded at the bottom, and connected electrically to the mast structure by an adjustable metal bar at a height of 328.68 metres (1,078.3 ft) when the tower transmitted on 227
1837:
114:
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to accommodate the staff. More specialised staff were accommodated in the guest rooms of the transmission building. The facility also had a complement of guards, hired directly by the
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transmitters could be received across essentially the entire globe. The structure's weight was debated, with some Polish sources claiming it weighed 420 tonnes (930,000 lb).
2417:
1012:, commissioned in 1974, last used in 1998 and demolished in 2021. It was used as a radio relay link to receive Polskie Radio Program I programming from the microwave link at the
317:
2994:
559:
The mast was equipped in 16 levels with arrays of six air traffic warning lights with 200 W power. At the top there was a flashing beacon consisting of two lamps of 1,000 W.
858:
The manager of the radio station from 1974 to 1980 was
Zygmunt Duczmalewski (died 2016). His successor, Witold Czowgan (1947–2017), served as the manager from 1983 to 1986.
861:
The mast had a total of 30 engineers and technicians. It also had 15 administrative staff. Because a large portion of the staff was recruited from around Poland, a new
979:. This facility, which was inaugurated on 4 September 1999, uses one 330 metre (1083 ft) and one 289 metre (948 ft) grounded top-fed masts as
450:. A large amount of research was utilised to decide where to build the mast, which included factors such as soil resistance, ownership of property, and the quality of
1026:, the facility is now managed by the Orange Polska SA Real Estate Sales Office. The facility is protected against unauthorised access, as it is worth approximately
2371:
324:
propaganda around the world, including to the remotest areas such as
Antarctica. As of 2023, it was the third-tallest manmade structure ever built, after the
1835:
1388:"Evaluation of multiple ground flash charge structure from electric field measurements using the local lightning detection network in the region of Warsaw"
1110:
666:
Approximately ten years after completion of the mast, inspections revealed structural damage caused by wind-induced oscillations at the mast, the backstay
2570:
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of equilateral triangular cross section, with a face width of 4.8 metres (16 ft). The vertical steel tubes forming the structures of the mast had a
2099:
1940:
3039:
3004:
2044:
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at the focal point of the dish. Upon reaching the transmitters, a dehydrator ensured that no condensation occurred. The transmission building used a
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1517:
434:(unofficially referred to as "Jedynka"). The transmitter was so powerful that Program I could be received in parts of Canada and the United States.
400:
1022:
From 2001 to 2012, the facility was managed by the Real Estate department of
Telekomunikacja Polska S.A. (TP SA). Due to the 2012 merger of TP and
2968:
2938:
639:
1854:
1074:
1991:
1122:
3034:
3029:
2866:
1647:
320:
at 2,120 ft (646.30 m) from 1974 until its collapse on 8 August 1991. The mast was designed for extreme height in order to broadcast
2179:
1911:
1788:
1709:
1621:
604:
1551:
1471:
1680:
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that
Mostostal should have prepared a technical report before starting construction on the risks faced during repair of a strained mast.
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971:
2872:
2700:
1139:
571:
1492:
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2227:
95:
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on 1 February 1988. This technique allowed adjusting the impedance of the mast for the transmitter and worked by applying a
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2540:
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to
Konstantynów. In front of the entrance to the mast, a cross was erected by local residents associated with the now defunct
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After the inauguration of the transmitter at Solec
Kujawski, the transmitter at Raszyn was again used for transmitting on the
1232:
1057:
2 piece radio transmitter (Brown Boveri SL 61 B3) was donated by Orange Polska, a Polish telecommunications provider, to the
1834:
Now Gąbin | Equipment from the Radio Center in
Konstantynów will get a new life. Will any exhibit go to Gąbin? - Now Gąbin,
1009:
633:
2900:
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1013:
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agency) fixed-line telephone network to be run off the station but the full possibilities of this system were never used.
540:
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951:
107:
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628:
2812:
919:
862:
2520:
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Since the collapse of the 640-metre (2,100 ft) Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in Poland has been the
679:
exerted on structures of such a great height. Additionally, on 23 March 1992, Adam Brzeziński, managing director of
2958:
2720:
1194:
970:), planned mast height and transmitter range were both greatly reduced, and an old military site just southeast of
514:
528:
In the lower half of the mast, there was a vertical steel tube, attached to the mast's outer structure with large
2920:
2800:
2725:
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2560:
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2908:
2660:
1150:
927:
462:
344:
3014:
2794:
995:
2914:
2780:
2645:
2615:
2450:
672:
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655:
600:
579:
529:
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408:
373:
1767:
465:, which had been constructed in 1931 and rebuilt in 1949. The Raszyn transmitter was designed to cover the
3019:
2482:
2052:
1179:
1054:
776:
583:
494:
481:
352:. The tower was used by Warsaw Radio-Television (Centrum Radiowo-Telewizyjne) for radio broadcasting on a
305:
249:
85:
1749:"The Battle For Brown Boveri. Salvaging And Restoration Conception Of The SL 61 B3 Long-Wave Transmitter"
1525:
211:
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646:
470:
349:
2124:
1965:
1000:
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radio set and the TN60 multiple telephony system. This allowed for 60 telephone lines connected to the
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1387:
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with a power of 500 kW. It is not possible to transmit from Raszyn on AM-LW (long wave) 198
556:
just a spark gap at the mast base, as it is standard at most mast radiators insulated against ground.
474:
443:
276:
2823:
2715:
2665:
2625:
1399:
1031:
899:
890:
369:
329:
216:
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had been damaged. Another cause of the structure's deterioration was insufficient knowledge of the
321:
1919:
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1717:
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the other guys. The unsupported mast first bent, and then snapped at roughly half its height. The
52:
2831:
2635:
2585:
2565:
2510:
2443:
1559:
1423:
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that would additionally flash the lightbulb if a short-circuit in the transmitter was detected.
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368:(1332m) afterwards. Its base was 115.2 metres (378 ft) above sea level. Because there was a
1335:
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233:
2347:
1688:
2740:
1415:
1154:
1068:
At the end of September 2021, the Konstantynów relay tower was decommissioned and demolished.
1046:
885:
On 8 August 1991 at 4pm UTC the mast collapsed. It is pictured here in January 1992.
684:
616:
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2926:
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2745:
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for renovation. There are plans to restore the transmitter for active usage in a museum.
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1403:
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was used to transfer the signal from the transmitter building to the mast. Featuring an
517:. An area for maintenance supplies was present, in order to transport materials such as
442:
The mast's location, which was finalised to be in Gąbin, was chosen because of its high
2788:
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895:
612:
548:
451:
1591:
2983:
2837:
2806:
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2620:
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1267:. Adam Mickiewicz Institute; Polish Ministry of Culture, National Heritage and Sport.
1023:
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377:
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of 120 kV between the mast and ground, it stood on a 2-metre (6.6 ft)-high
267:
2100:"25 years ago today, the tallest structure on earth you've never heard of collapsed"
1941:"25 years ago today, the tallest structure on earth you've never heard of collapsed"
1427:
1233:"Unheard Of: The Catastrophic Collapse of the World's Tallest Tower - 99% Invisible"
2760:
2675:
2535:
2530:
2515:
2495:
2490:
2427:
2408:
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2072:
PAP News Wire, April 7, 1992, NEWS, 106 words, RADIO MAST IN GABIN TO OPERATE AGAIN
1411:
1189:
1143:
954:, so the transmissions on the second longwave frequency AM-LW (long wave) 198
620:
587:
404:
325:
2366:
2362:
2358:
1622:"Marian Siedlarek o windzie na maszcie w Konstantynowie / Maszt w Konstantynowie"
17:
2710:
2610:
2605:
2600:
1386:
Baranski, Piotr; Loboda, Marek; Wiszniowski, Jan; Morawski, Marek (2012-11-01).
562:
333:
284:
253:
1336:"Maszt Radiowy w Konstantynowie (Gąbin, Polska) - najwyższa budowla na świecie"
1142:; the record was given for the mast's height, which was later surpassed by the
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2545:
2352:
1360:
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592:
396:
385:
200:
1419:
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238:
130:
116:
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Konstantynów radio relay tower used for radio relay link to studio in Warsaw
680:
431:
222:
196:
1992:"Maszt radiowy w Konstantynowie. Najwyższy obiekt na świecie stał w Polsce"
1018:
Association for the Protection of Human Life at the Highest Mast of Europe.
513:
although sources claim it would be crowded. The elevator was powered by an
2276:"35 złotych 1949 - Radio station in Raszyn, Misc - Poland - Stamp - 11216"
1446:
1287:
Polish Film Chronicles nr 39 1991 on Warsaw Radio Mast w/English Subtitles
1261:"The Sky is the Limit: Poland's Highest Mountains & Tallest Buildings"
2889:
2525:
2319:
2201:
1493:"Marian Siedlarek o Konstantynowie podczas burz / Maszt w Konstantynowie"
1170:
typically shown in cinemas before a movie, showed the Warsaw Radio Mast.
1167:
841:
536:
490:
485:
389:
357:
337:
309:
244:
99:
2016:
1886:
2435:
1795:(in Polish). Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie. Archived from
2301:"Radiostacja Centralna w Gąbinie w filatelistyce - Forum RadioPolska"
1104:
Tower used for marking the northern end of span field of the guylines
1062:
923:
608:
509:
447:
313:
280:
The Warsaw Radio Mast (centre) from a distance (as pictured in 1989)
1747:
Miś, T. A.; Orda-Sztark, S.; Ostafin, Ł; Płachta, P. (March 2019).
991:
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947:
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561:
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2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)
959:
and reliability of both transmitters and was therefore rejected.
926:, which had been used since 1978 for daytime transmissions of a
455:
2439:
624:
575:
469:, and so Polish authorities did not consider reception in the
422:(Radio Transmission Centre Konstantynów; RCN Konstantynów) or
399:, mainly because of the height of the mast, which made it the
2125:"Maszt radiowy w Konstantynowie - historia polskiego sukcesu"
1312:"Marian Siedlarek about the lift on the mast in Konstantynów"
962:
Because of the importance of Polish longwave transmitters to
1648:"The tallest structure in the world which collapsed in 1991"
1185:
List of catastrophic collapses of broadcast masts and towers
1059:
Babice Transatlantic Radio Station Culture Park Association
539:
and at a height of 334.18 metres (1,096.4 ft) when it
288:
Warsaw Radio Mast compared with some other tall structures
2017:"RadioPolska • Obiekt nadawczy | RTCN Olsztyn *Pieczewo*"
2087:
Warsaw Radio Mast: Tallest Man Made Structure until 2010
1447:"RadioPolska • Obiekt nadawczy | RTCN Warszawa *Raszyn*"
603:
for programme feeds from the studio, which ran from the
1472:"Filomena Grodzicka on reconciling the long-term Gąbin"
1149:
The Warsaw Radio mast's successor and predecessor, the
1592:"Konstantynow Radio Mast, Gabin - SkyscraperPage.com"
908:
FM radio and TV transmission mast at Olsztyn-Pieczewo
343:
Designed by Jan Polak, its construction started with
873:, mainly from the local population of Konstantynów.
384:), so its height was half of its 1332m broadcasting
2899:
2882:
2853:
2822:
2779:
2481:
2320:"Historia o historii, czyli Polska Kronika Filmowa"
426:(Warsaw Central Radio Station Gąbin). It broadcast
262:
229:
207:
191:
186:
178:
170:
162:
154:
106:
91:
81:
71:
66:
32:
2299:
461:The mast was initially constructed to replace the
1487:
1485:
1362:Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie cz. 2/5
3025:Buildings and structures in Masovian Voivodeship
950:/1333 metres simultaneously due to risk of
424:Warszawska Radiostacja Centralna (WRC) w Gąbinie
418:(Radiophonic Transmission Centre Konstantynów),
2892:Gicon Wind Turbine (under construction) (363 m)
2252:"Poland A09 MLH-MNG 1949 1v Radio tower Raszyn"
1153:, was depicted on several stamps issued by the
918:After the collapse, Polskie Radio used the old
416:Radiofoniczny Ośrodek Nadawczy w Konstantynowie
57:The Warsaw radio mast before topping out (1974)
922:with its 335 metres (1,099 ft) mast near
645:To supply power to the station, a 110 kV
3000:Demolished buildings and structures in Poland
2451:
2372:Pictures showing current state of former site
1334:Andruszkiewicz, Wojciech (January 21, 2006).
446:and the need for a position in the centre of
8:
928:second Polish broadcasting service programme
142:Warsaw Radio Mast ( Konstantynow Radio Mast)
2995:Buildings and structures demolished in 1991
2228:"8 Burj Khalifa records for Skyscraper Day"
2045:"Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie"
1912:"Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie"
1887:"Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie"
1855:"Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie"
1710:"Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie"
1681:"Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie"
1552:"Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie"
2571:Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower
2458:
2444:
2436:
2376:
889:At 16:00 UTC on 8 August 1991 a
816:Overhead Radio Frequency Transmission Line
707:View of the mast from one of the guy wires
572:overhead radio frequency transmission line
570:A 600 metres (2,000 ft) long special
29:
1005:until it ended LW transmissions in 2009.
975:the frequency AM-LW (long wave) 225
420:Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie
364:before 1 February 1988 and 225
2150:"RadioPolska • Obiekty nadawcze aktywne"
2200:Żółtowska-Tomaszewska, Urszula (2018).
1206:
1070:
2867:Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie
2476:indicate structures under construction
1829:
1827:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
938:, for transmissions on AM-LW 225
414:The official name of the facility was
2202:"Co dalej z masztem z Konstantynowa?"
2039:
2037:
1881:
1879:
1783:
1781:
1768:"Lost Wonders: The Warsaw Radio Mast"
1742:
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605:Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw
7:
2861:Jintang-Cezi Overhead Powerline Link
2418:World's tallest structure ever built
2363:Directional Radio Tower Konstantynow
1755:. IEEE: 1–5 – via IEEE Xplore.
1441:
1439:
1437:
1342:(in Polish). Wojciech Andruszkiewicz
1329:
1327:
1325:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
619:at 30 dB and was captured in a
27:Former radio mast near Gąbin, Poland
1646:Interesting, Unusual (2018-01-08).
1138:The Warsaw radio mast was added to
910:, 385 metres (1,263 ft) tall.
348:celebration and was covered by the
86:Mast radiator insulated from ground
2873:Yangtze River power line crossings
2701:Tianjin Radio and Television Tower
2521:China Central Radio & TV Tower
2367:Marking Towers of RCN Konstantynow
1231:Kohlstedt, Kurt (April 18, 2016).
1140:The Guinness Book of World Records
658:where the guy ropes were located.
611:. At Konstantynów, the signal was
566:A map of the facility and location
25:
629:Polska Poczta, Telegraf i Telefon
580:asymmetrical coaxial power supply
3040:1991 disestablishments in Poland
3005:Radio masts and towers in Poland
2964:Tallest buildings and structures
1966:"Maszt radiowy w Konstantynowie"
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1014:RTCN Warszawa (PKiN) transmitter
814:Method of signal transportation:
726:646.38 metres (2,120.67 ft)
182:646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)
51:
2969:Tallest freestanding structures
2591:Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower
2541:Emley Moor transmitting station
2348:Radio Warsaw Transmission Tower
2182:from the original on 2016-06-24
1369:from the original on 2021-12-21
1294:from the original on 2021-12-21
1030:3,650,000 (approx. $ 1 million
946:/1515 metres and 225
497:. The elevator was designed by
169:
161:
1412:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.011
683:Zabrze at the time, stated to
649:was built. The substation was
401:tallest structure in the world
388:. The signals from its 2
302:Maszt radiowy w Konstantynowie
1:
3035:1974 establishments in Poland
3030:Former radio masts and towers
2696:Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower
2176:"Nieruchomości Orange Polska"
1061:. It was then transferred to
930:in the longwave range on the
865:was built 30 km away in
266:Polish Broadcasting Company (
2174:Afrykański, Dariusz (2016).
1791:[Mast catastrophe].
1518:"[Guy-wire diagram]"
1116:Guard tower at southern limb
1042:Except for the mast and the
747:(before February 1988), 225
720:420 tonnes (930,000 lb)
654:grounds in order to support
480:The Warsaw radio mast was a
403:at the time, surpassing the
2813:Sutong Yangtze River Bridge
2359:Diagrams of the Warsaw mast
2226:Janela, Mike (2014-09-03).
2051:(in Polish). Archived from
1972:(in Polish). AVT-Korporacja
1918:(in Polish). Archived from
1861:(in Polish). Archived from
1716:(in Polish). Archived from
1687:(in Polish). Archived from
1558:(in Polish). Archived from
1008:At Gąbin, there was also a
990:AM-LW (long wave) 198
607:via a radio relay tower at
3056:
2721:Tortoise Mountain TV Tower
1990:Breczko, Bolesław (2017).
1195:List of tallest structures
849:Internal combustion engine
810:600 metres (2,000 ft)
515:internal combustion engine
395:The mast was designed for
2954:
2801:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
2726:Turner Broadcasting tower
2651:Saint Petersburg TV Tower
2561:Indosiar Television Tower
2471:
2424:
2415:
2405:
2395:World's tallest structure
2392:
2384:
2379:
2156:(in Polish). Radio Polska
2023:(in Polish). Radio Polska
1598:. Skyscraper Source Media
1080:Foundation of former mast
734:52 22 3.74 N 19 48 8.73 E
551:ground at a point of low
318:world's tallest structure
131:52.3677056°N 19.8024250°E
62:
50:
44:Nadawczy w Konstantynowie
37:
2990:Towers completed in 1974
2661:Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower
2402:646.38 m (2,120 ft 8 in)
1522:forum.rcnkonstantynow.pl
757:Guyed steel lattice mast
482:guyed steel lattice mast
463:Raszyn radio transmitter
258:Several Polish companies
2646:Riga Radio and TV Tower
2616:Mumbai Television Tower
1766:Meier, Allison (2013).
1055:Brown, Boveri & Cie
996:Polskie Radio Parlament
827:Model and Manufacturer:
779:, Brown Boveri SL 61 B3
777:Brown, Boveri & Cie
774:Model and Manufacturer:
712:General characteristics
584:Brown, Boveri & Cie
523:aircraft warning lights
409:Blanchard, North Dakota
250:Brown, Boveri & Cie
199: M-1 Zabrze (
187:Design and construction
2232:Guinness World Records
2049:www.rcnkonstantynow.pl
1916:www.rcnkonstantynow.pl
1891:www.rcnkonstantynow.pl
1859:www.rcnkonstantynow.pl
1793:www.rcnkonstantynow.pl
1714:www.rcnkonstantynow.pl
1685:www.rcnkonstantynow.pl
1556:www.rcnkonstantynow.pl
1180:Radio masts and towers
1010:radio link relay tower
968:Solidarity trade union
886:
708:
700:
656:aircraft warning lamps
567:
495:aircraft warning lamps
301:
289:
281:
136:52.3677056; 19.8024250
2795:1915 Çanakkale Bridge
1998:(in Polish). Group HR
1430:– via Elsevier.
1163:Polish Film Chronicle
1092:Former helix building
884:
751:(after February 1988)
706:
698:
565:
471:Recovered Territories
350:Polish Film Chronicle
287:
279:
225: M-4 Zabrze
40:Radiofoniczny Ośrodek
2716:Torreta de Guardamar
2626:Oriental Pearl Tower
2511:Berliner Fernsehturm
2466:Supertall structures
2306:forum.radiopolska.pl
1392:Atmospheric Research
1259:Kępa, Marek (2021).
964:Polish people abroad
900:transmitter building
891:catastrophic failure
871:Ministry of Interior
796:Transmitter building
791:2,000 kW (2 MW)
785:1,000 kW (1 MW)
370:potential difference
330:United Arab Emirates
155:Construction started
2641:Rameswaram TV Tower
2123:Stankiewicz, Adam.
1789:"Katastrofa masztu"
1652:Unusual Interesting
1404:2012AtmRe.117...99B
1053:In 2018, the Swiss
808:Distance from mast:
467:Eastern Borderlands
376:. It operated as a
212:Andrzej Szepczyński
126: /
67:General information
2959:Tallest structures
2854:Electricity pylons
2832:Shuangjiangkou Dam
2636:Pitampura TV Tower
2586:Kuala Lumpur Tower
2566:Jaisalmer TV Tower
2081:Djakovski, Peter,
1840:2018-08-06 at the
1596:skyscraperpage.com
1134:In popular culture
920:Raszyn transmitter
887:
709:
701:
568:
382:half-wave radiator
290:
282:
252:from Switzerland (
195:Jan Polak at
2977:
2976:
2915:Baldpate Platform
2741:Vinnytsia TV Mast
2434:
2433:
2425:Succeeded by
2406:Succeeded by
2403:
2129:wspieramrozwoj.pl
1818:Warsaw Radio Mast
1628:(in Polish). 2014
1155:Polish government
1128:Radio relay tower
1047:transmission line
842:Climbing elevator
833:Maximum Capacity:
685:Dziennik Zachodni
475:soil conductivity
444:soil conductivity
294:Warsaw Radio Mast
274:
273:
33:Warsaw Radio Mast
18:Warsaw Radio Mast
16:(Redirected from
3047:
2933:Troll A platform
2766:Yerevan TV Tower
2746:West Pearl Tower
2736:Vilnius TV Tower
2686:Tallinn TV Tower
2656:Samatra TV Tower
2596:Liberation Tower
2551:Fazilka TV Tower
2501:Bailong Elevator
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1237:99% Invisible
1234:
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1024:Orange Polska
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428:Polskie Radio
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:mast radiator
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
341:
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335:
332:in 2009, and
331:
328:tower in the
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:located near
307:
303:
299:
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286:
278:
269:
268:Polskie Radio
265:
261:
255:
251:
246:
243:from Sweden (
240:
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174:8 August 1991
173:
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148:
111:
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97:
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74:
70:
65:
61:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3015:Płock County
2761:WSB-TV tower
2676:Sydney Tower
2536:Eiffel Tower
2531:Dragon Tower
2516:Canton Tower
2496:Aspire Tower
2491:Almaty Tower
2473:
2428:Burj Khalifa
2416:
2409:KVLY-TV mast
2393:
2388:KVLY-TV mast
2351:
2328:. Retrieved
2323:
2314:
2308:(in Polish).
2305:
2294:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2210:. Retrieved
2205:
2195:
2184:. Retrieved
2169:
2158:. Retrieved
2153:
2144:
2133:. Retrieved
2128:
2118:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:the original
2048:
2025:. Retrieved
2020:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1995:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:newstalk.com
1944:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1915:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1890:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1858:
1849:
1833:
1817:
1812:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:
1771:
1761:
1752:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1713:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1684:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1625:
1600:. Retrieved
1595:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:the original
1555:
1526:the original
1521:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1496:
1478:(in Polish).
1475:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1450:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1371:, retrieved
1361:
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1339:
1318:(in Polish).
1315:
1306:
1296:, retrieved
1286:
1264:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:
1190:KVLY-TV mast
1161:
1159:
1148:
1144:Burj Khalifa
1137:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1041:
1021:
1017:
1007:
985:
961:
952:interference
917:
905:
888:
860:
857:
846:
838:
832:
826:
813:
807:
801:
789:Total Power:
788:
782:
773:
760:
754:
737:
732:Coordinates:
731:
727:
723:
717:
665:
644:
621:horn antenna
597:
588:atomic clock
569:
558:
527:
479:
460:
454:(especially
441:
438:Construction
423:
419:
415:
413:
405:KVLY-TV mast
394:
342:
326:Burj Khalifa
293:
291:
254:transmitters
192:Architect(s)
121:19°48′8.73″E
118:52°22′3.74″N
96:Konstantynów
43:
39:
2711:Tokyo Tower
2671:Strat Tower
2611:Milad Tower
2606:Macau Tower
2601:Lotus Tower
2208:(in Polish)
2131:(in Polish)
1893:(in Polish)
1626:RadioPolska
1550:O, Łukasz.
1499:(in Polish)
1497:RadioPolska
1453:(in Polish)
1166:, a Polish
1151:Raszyn Mast
999: [
914:Replacement
768:Transmitter
632: [
541:switched to
502: [
360:) 227
334:Merdeka 118
237: [
215: [
166:18 May 1974
158:5 July 1969
134: /
108:Coordinates
2984:Categories
2945:Gullfaks C
2921:Bullwinkle
2731:TVRI Tower
2681:Taipei 101
2576:KCTV Tower
2546:Europaturm
2422:1974–2008
2353:Structurae
2330:2021-05-26
2285:2021-04-13
2261:2021-04-13
2237:2021-04-13
2212:2021-04-14
2186:2021-04-12
2160:2021-04-12
2135:2021-04-14
2109:2021-04-12
2098:Newstalk.
2059:2021-04-12
2027:2021-05-24
2002:2021-04-13
1996:tech.wp.pl
1976:2021-04-13
1951:2020-12-07
1926:2021-04-12
1897:2021-04-12
1869:2021-04-13
1803:2021-04-13
1724:2021-04-13
1695:2021-04-12
1657:2021-04-12
1632:2021-04-14
1602:2021-04-12
1566:2021-04-12
1503:2021-04-14
1457:2021-04-12
1398:: 99–110.
1373:2021-04-12
1346:2021-04-12
1340:Budowle.pl
1298:2021-04-12
1265:culture.pl
1242:2018-05-26
1201:References
673:insulators
668:insulators
647:substation
601:radio link
593:photodiode
530:insulators
519:lightbulbs
499:Alimak Hek
386:wavelength
356:of AM-LW (
345:earthworks
306:radio mast
234:Alimak Het
140: (
2923:(529.1 m)
2917:(579.7 m)
2909:Petronius
2875:(346.5 m)
2844:Nurek Dam
2666:Sky Tower
2399:1974–1991
1420:0169-8095
988:frequency
932:frequency
867:Sochaczew
763:Jan Polak
761:Designer:
739:Frequency
681:Mostostal
543:225
491:guy wires
374:insulator
354:frequency
340:in 2022.
336:tower in
322:Communist
223:Mostostal
197:Mostostal
171:Destroyed
163:Completed
76:Collapsed
2890:Schipkau
2526:CN Tower
2380:Records
2180:Archived
2104:Newstalk
1838:Archived
1428:27536503
1367:archived
1292:archived
1174:See also
1168:newsreel
898:and the
877:Collapse
835:3 people
821:Elevator
804:17,000 m
662:Problems
638:(Polish
537:longwave
521:for the
486:diameter
358:longwave
338:Malaysia
304:) was a
245:elevator
102:, Poland
92:Location
2947:(380 m)
2935:(472 m)
2929:(477 m)
2927:Pompano
2911:(640 m)
2869:(370 m)
2863:(380 m)
2846:(300 m)
2840:(305 m)
2834:(312 m)
2815:(306 m)
2809:(321 m)
2803:(322 m)
2797:(334 m)
2791:(343 m)
2781:Bridges
2474:Italics
1400:Bibcode
981:aerials
802:Volume:
724:Height:
718:Weight:
677:strains
613:focused
574:of 120
510:Swedish
2941:(512m)
2483:Towers
2326:. 2013
1947:. 2016
1426:
1418:
1063:Warsaw
924:Warsaw
829:Alimak
783:Power:
609:Wiejca
448:Poland
314:Poland
298:Polish
179:Height
72:Status
1424:S2CID
1003:]
854:Staff
839:Type:
755:Type:
636:]
615:on a
586:. An
506:]
456:roads
310:Gąbin
241:]
219:]
100:Gąbin
2939:BBLT
2824:Dams
2365:and
2256:eBay
1416:ISSN
1160:The
994:for
743:227
576:ohms
508:, a
292:The
82:Type
2350:at
1408:doi
1396:117
1034:).
1032:USD
1028:PLN
992:kHz
977:kHz
956:kHz
948:kHz
944:kHz
940:kHz
936:kHz
749:kHz
745:kHz
640:PTT
625:NEC
545:kHz
534:kHz
458:).
430:'s
407:in
366:kHz
362:kHz
221:at
2986::
2361:,
2322:.
2304:.
2278:.
2254:.
2230:.
2204:.
2152:.
2127:.
2102:.
2085:,
2047:.
2036:^
2019:.
1994:.
1968:.
1943:.
1914:.
1889:.
1878:^
1857:.
1826:^
1780:^
1770:.
1751:.
1733:^
1712:.
1683:.
1666:^
1650:.
1624:.
1611:^
1594:.
1575:^
1554:.
1534:^
1520:.
1495:.
1484:^
1474:.
1449:.
1436:^
1422:.
1414:.
1406:.
1394:.
1390:.
1365:,
1338:.
1324:^
1314:.
1290:,
1273:^
1263:.
1251:^
1235:.
1209:^
1157:.
1146:.
1001:pl
983:.
634:pl
504:sv
390:MW
312:,
300::
239:sv
217:pl
98:,
2459:e
2452:t
2445:v
2333:.
2288:.
2264:.
2240:.
2215:.
2189:.
2163:.
2138:.
2112:.
2062:.
2030:.
2005:.
1979:.
1954:.
1929:.
1900:.
1872:.
1806:.
1774:.
1727:.
1698:.
1660:.
1635:.
1605:.
1569:.
1506:.
1460:.
1410::
1402::
1349:.
1245:.
741::
380:(
296:(
270:)
256:)
247:)
203:)
144:)
20:)
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