213:
379:, when the majority of its speakers were either killed or expelled and resettled in other parts of the world, the dialect became separated from its geographical roots and its users dispersed. After the war only a small number of pre-war Varsavians returned there while the vast majority of the inhabitants of the city came from other parts of Poland. Because of that, the language spoken in Warsaw became heavily influenced by other dialects of the Polish language. The only boroughs of Warsaw where the dialect was preserved to some extent were
302:
The dialect was composed of a variety of different class dialects: the language of the suburbs differed from the language of the city centre and each professional group used its own version of the dialect, slightly different from the others. It is therefore difficult to state the exact
335:
was enriched with many borrowed words from the
Masovian dialect. The mixture was then heavily influenced by the languages spoken by the burghers of Warsaw and the royal court of Poland. These included the
323:
or resettled in other parts of Poland. Currently it is almost completely extinct as a primary language and is mostly used by authors and artists for stylisation in literature, poetry and songwriting.
2116:
268:
of 1944 the subdialect has been in decline. It is estimated that in modern times it is almost extinct as the native language and is preserved mostly in literary works.
2001:
264:. It evolved as late as the 18th century, under notable influence of several languages spoken in the city. After the destruction of Warsaw in the aftermath of the
1155:
821:
375:
the language spoken by different classes and professions of Warsaw evolved independently, although were eventually mixed and interlinked. After the
212:
1996:
2121:
2086:
1856:
1874:
777:
769:
1229:
1172:
952:
932:
551:
390:
Since the 1960s the uniformisation of the language spoken throughout Poland under the influence of the mass media (such as the
185:
1148:
947:
942:
937:
2091:
922:
880:
814:
2096:
1991:
902:
514:
All of the above sub-dialects were constantly mixing with each other and the lexical basis of most of them was similar.
1986:
1614:
1181:
1041:
1026:
2021:
1459:
2101:
602:
331:
The Warsaw dialect became a separate dialect of the Polish language some time in the 18th century, when the Polish
2106:
1778:
1141:
2111:
1818:
807:
195:
442:
1879:
1796:
1724:
1515:
1472:
1188:
912:
332:
280:
95:
1716:
1649:
1644:
1609:
1568:
1371:
1339:
1071:
1066:
1061:
959:
664:
100:
1909:
1863:
1788:
1766:
1681:
1670:
1478:
1450:
1429:
1240:
1195:
994:
110:
1031:
522:
Due to the large number of prisons in Warsaw, the influence of the Warsaw dialect on the evolution of
461:
As mentioned above, the Warsaw dialect was further divided onto several sub-dialects. Those included:
430:
1925:
1419:
1389:
1348:
1268:
1014:
999:
526:
was immense and to some extent the shape of the latter language is a distant relative of the former.
426:
357:
2026:
1935:
1734:
1701:
1602:
1592:
1561:
1361:
1248:
1211:
1200:
1096:
1076:
438:
398:) lead to a rapid decline in speakers of all the dialects of Polish, the Warsaw dialect included.
1597:
1534:
1509:
1356:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1277:
897:
875:
541:
The most important differences between literary Polish and the Warsaw dialect are the following:
410:
115:
2011:
984:
969:
474:
319:. After 1944 it became dispersed as most of the inhabitants of Warsaw were either killed in the
2046:
2036:
1897:
1813:
1751:
1654:
1636:
1619:
1576:
1550:
1496:
1491:
1414:
1379:
1298:
1221:
1101:
1009:
989:
979:
892:
841:
773:
692:
422:
418:
2031:
1967:
1771:
1485:
1436:
1424:
1409:
1288:
1283:
1164:
907:
858:
504:
434:
406:
365:
353:
341:
337:
296:
288:
253:
125:
105:
691:
The Warsaw dialect did not develop a literary form. It has been used by several authors in
1849:
1808:
1801:
1555:
1545:
1520:
1503:
1293:
1261:
1216:
1206:
1111:
1091:
1056:
1036:
863:
830:
696:
622:
606:
535:
508:
401:
Among the notable artists who used the Warsaw dialect in their books, songs and poems are
376:
361:
345:
320:
292:
277:
265:
257:
245:
236:
228:
120:
87:
51:
2051:
1081:
2066:
2041:
1834:
1756:
1746:
1689:
1467:
1404:
1307:
1051:
1046:
1004:
974:
964:
927:
917:
887:
868:
488:
414:
402:
2080:
2016:
2006:
1706:
1582:
1327:
1253:
1116:
1106:
1086:
851:
1624:
1398:
372:
217:
719:
Bronisław
Wieczorkiewicz (1960). "Charakterystyka gwary warszawskiej XIX wieku".
683:
The Warsaw dialect has much of its lexicon borrowed from a variety of languages.
17:
1953:
1940:
580:
1890:
1869:
1761:
846:
484:
391:
1915:
1741:
1729:
170:
158:
759:(in Polish). Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego. p. 120.
1960:
1884:
1842:
584:
523:
498:
480:
203:
191:
1947:
1903:
794:
441:. The most extensive studies of the Warsaw dialect were carried out by
284:
199:
1694:
492:
316:
312:
261:
1133:
757:
Twoja mowa cię zdradza; regionalizmy i dialektyzmy języka polskiego
534:
The basic phonology of the Warsaw dialect was that of the standard
799:
466:
465:
Sub-dialects of different boroughs – for instance the language of
395:
380:
349:
766:
Miasto; przestrzeń zróżnicowana językowo, kulturowo i społecznie
741:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 487.
732:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 371.
714:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.
470:
384:
1137:
803:
360:
the dialect incorporated a great number of borrowed words from
543:
202:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
479:
Professional sub-dialects – for instance the language of
746:
Stanisław Dubisz; Halina Karaś; Nijola Kolis (1995).
750:(in Polish). Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna. p. 175.
283:, with notable (mostly lexical) influences from the
1977:
1924:
1833:
1787:
1715:
1680:
1669:
1635:
1533:
1458:
1449:
1388:
1370:
1347:
1338:
1239:
1171:
168:
156:
151:
84:
74:
66:
58:
46:
32:
497:Sub-dialects of criminals – a regional version of
699:with different sounds denoted by approximation.
311:The dialect was originally spoken in and around
503:Jewish sub-dialect – a regional version of the
216:A street band playing Warsaw folk music during
2117:Cultural history of Poland during World War II
1149:
815:
770:Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego
276:The Warsaw dialect is composed mostly of the
8:
609:before and , especially in ending syllable
38:
1677:
1455:
1344:
1156:
1142:
1134:
822:
808:
800:
632:replacement of the vowel cluster by or
29:
211:
196:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1997:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
730:Z badań nad gwarą warszawską XIX wieku
451:The Warsaw Dialect Yesterday and Today
235:
50:
7:
739:Słownik gwary warszawskiej XIX wieku
651:replacement of the vowel with or
538:, with several notable differences.
252:), is a regional subdialect of the
764:Małgorzata Święcicka, ed. (2006).
27:Variety of Polish spoken in Warsaw
25:
737:Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1966).
728:Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1963).
710:Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968).
356:. In the 19th century during the
953:Southern Greater Polish dialect
933:Northern Greater Polish dialect
712:Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś
447:Gwara warszawska wczoraj i dziś
1857:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
948:Eastern Greater Polish dialect
943:Central Greater Polish dialect
938:Western Greater Polish dialect
287:dialect of Polish, as well as
1:
1992:Slavic second palatalization
903:Greater Poland dialect group
695:and written with a standard
507:, largely influenced by the
2122:Endangered Slavic languages
1987:Slavic first palatalization
1042:Masovian Borderland dialect
1027:Lesser Poland dialect group
583:, especially in word-final
2138:
2087:Cultural history of Warsaw
570:
260:, centered on the city of
237:[ˈɡvaravarˈʂafska]
52:[ˈɡvaravarˈʂafska]
2060:
1779:Slavic dialects of Greece
837:
182:
37:
795:Polish-Warsaw dictionary
768:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz:
748:Dialekty i gwary polskie
443:Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz
923:Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect
913:Bory Tucholskie dialect
723:(in Polish) (6): 61–82.
307:Geographic distribution
1072:Eastern Lublin dialect
1067:Western Lublin dialect
1062:Eastern Krakow dialect
960:Masovian dialect group
755:Marian Kucała (1994).
721:Przegląd Humanistyczny
249:
232:
220:
184:This article contains
39:
1910:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
995:Near Mazovian dialect
697:set of Polish letters
579:disappearance of the
299:and other languages.
215:
2092:Dialects by location
1000:Far Mazovian dialect
563:English translation
427:Stanisław Staszewski
358:Partitions of Poland
2097:Languages of Poland
1936:Pan-Slavic language
1735:Burgenland Croatian
1615:Marcho-Magdeburgian
1212:Old Church Slavonic
1097:Podegrodzie dialect
2022:Illič-Svityč's law
2002:Monophthongization
1510:Camaldolese Slovak
1323:Canadian Ukrainian
1189:Up to Proto-Slavic
1182:Proto-Balto-Slavic
411:Stanisław Grzesiuk
250:dialekt warszawski
221:
2102:Culture in Warsaw
2074:
2073:
2067:extinct languages
1898:Solombala English
1829:
1828:
1752:Prekmurje Slovene
1665:
1664:
1445:
1444:
1299:Doukhobor Russian
1222:Glagolitic script
1131:
1130:
1015:Białystok dialect
1010:Podlachia dialect
980:Masurian dialects
693:Polish literature
676:
675:
423:Zygmunt Staszczyk
419:Irena Kwiatkowska
225:Warsaw subdialect
210:
209:
192:rendering support
188:phonetic symbols.
131:Warsaw subdialect
33:Warsaw subdialect
18:Warsaw subdialect
16:(Redirected from
2129:
2107:City colloquials
1968:Slavonic-Serbian
1819:Cieszyn Silesian
1690:Carpathian Rusyn
1678:
1456:
1345:
1230:Modern languages
1165:Slavic languages
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1077:Przemyśl dialect
908:Kociewie dialect
824:
817:
810:
801:
783:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
666:
607:velar consonants
550:Sound affected (
544:
518:Derived dialects
505:Yiddish language
439:Stasiek Wielanek
435:Stefan Wiechecki
431:Jarema Stępowski
407:Wiktor Gomulicki
303:classification.
254:Masovian dialect
239:
233:gwara warszawska
161:
90:
54:
42:
40:gwara warszawska
30:
21:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2112:Polish dialects
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2056:
1979:
1973:
1927:
1920:
1850:Bohemian Romani
1835:Mixed languages
1825:
1802:Pannonian Rusyn
1783:
1725:Banat Bulgarian
1711:
1673:
1661:
1631:
1529:
1521:Pannonian Rusyn
1441:
1384:
1366:
1334:
1294:Alaskan Russian
1269:Old Novgorodian
1262:Old East Slavic
1235:
1217:Cyrillic script
1207:Church Slavonic
1167:
1162:
1132:
1127:
1112:Podhale dialect
1092:Goral ethnolect
1057:Lasovia dialect
1037:Sieradz dialect
1032:Łęczyca dialect
985:Suwałki dialect
970:Ostróda dialect
833:
831:Polish language
828:
791:
786:
780:
772:. p. 434.
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
705:
689:
681:
662:
657:
641:zawualowany ()
638:zawoalowany ()
560:Warsaw dialect
557:Polish example
536:Polish language
532:
520:
509:Polish language
459:
377:Warsaw Uprising
329:
321:Warsaw Uprising
309:
278:Polish language
274:
266:Warsaw Uprising
258:Polish language
190:Without proper
157:
147:
91:
88:Language family
86:
77:
76:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:Van Wijk's law
2044:
2042:Ruki sound law
2039:
2037:Pedersen's law
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1880:Romano-Serbian
1877:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1797:Eastern Slovak
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1671:Microlanguages
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1542:East Lechitic
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1516:Eastern Slovak
1513:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:White Croatian
1494:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1473:Biblical Czech
1464:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1405:Serbo-Croatian
1402:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:Żywiec dialect
1099:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1052:Krakow dialect
1049:
1047:Kielce dialect
1044:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:Warsaw dialect
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Kurpie dialect
1002:
997:
992:
990:Łowicz dialect
987:
982:
977:
975:Warmia dialect
972:
967:
965:Lubawa dialect
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
928:Kujawy dialect
925:
920:
918:Krajna dialect
915:
910:
895:
890:
885:
884:
883:
873:
872:
871:
861:
856:
855:
854:
849:
838:
835:
834:
829:
827:
826:
819:
812:
804:
798:
797:
790:
789:External links
787:
785:
784:
778:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
706:
704:
701:
688:
687:Writing system
685:
680:
677:
674:
673:
671:
668:
659:
654:
652:
648:
647:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
626:
621:hand or palm (
619:
616:
613:
610:
603:palatalisation
599:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
587:
576:
575:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
548:
531:
528:
519:
516:
512:
511:
501:
495:
477:
458:
455:
415:Alina Janowska
403:Hanka Bielicka
328:
325:
308:
305:
273:
272:Classification
270:
242:Warsaw dialect
208:
207:
194:, you may see
180:
179:
174:
166:
165:
162:
154:
153:
152:Language codes
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
94:
92:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
59:Native to
56:
55:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Meillet's law
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1848:20th century
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Slavomolisano
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1707:West Polesian
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:Lower Sorbian
1648:
1646:
1645:Upper Sorbian
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:West Lechitic
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1569:Middle Polish
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:Slavomolisano
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1399:Alpine Slavic
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1328:Simple speech
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Simple speech
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1118:
1117:Spisz dialect
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Orawa dialect
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Biecz dialect
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
853:
852:Middle Polish
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
832:
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
806:
805:
802:
796:
793:
792:
788:
781:
779:83-7096-607-1
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
707:
702:
700:
698:
694:
686:
684:
678:
672:
669:
660:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
600:
597:
595:
593:
591:
588:
586:
582:
578:
577:
574:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
537:
529:
527:
525:
517:
515:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
462:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:
214:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
181:
178:
175:
173:
172:
167:
163:
160:
155:
150:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:Indo-European
93:
89:
83:
79:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
47:Pronunciation
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2062:
2052:Winter's law
2012:Havlík's law
1966:
1959:
1952:
1908:
1896:
1889:
1864:Mednyj Aleut
1862:
1855:
1847:
1717:South Slavic
1674:and dialects
1581:
1567:
1560:
1508:
1484:
1479:Czechoslovak
1477:
1460:Czech-Slovak
1397:
1372:Transitional
1340:South Slavic
1276:
1267:
1260:
1228:
1196:Proto-Slavic
1194:
1187:
1180:
1082:Lwów dialect
1019:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
690:
682:
581:nasal vowels
572:
571:
540:
533:
521:
513:
460:
457:Sub-dialects
450:
446:
445:in his book
400:
389:
373:World War II
370:
330:
310:
301:
275:
241:
224:
222:
218:World War II
183:
176:
169:
130:
101:Balto-Slavic
2027:Ivšić's law
1954:Army Slavic
1941:Interslavic
1926:Constructed
1789:West Slavic
1682:East Slavic
1451:West Slavic
1420:Montenegrin
1241:East Slavic
615:rękę ( or
547:Difference
485:shopkeepers
198:instead of
111:West Slavic
2081:Categories
2017:Hirt's law
2007:Dybo's law
1978:Historical
1891:Russenorsk
1870:Ponaschemu
1762:Shtokavian
1702:Podlachian
1603:Slovincian
1593:Pomeranian
1562:Old Polish
1362:Macedonian
1249:Belarusian
893:Morphology
847:Old Polish
703:References
679:Vocabulary
623:Accusative
392:television
333:substratum
281:substratum
2065:indicate
1980:phonology
1928:languages
1916:Trasianka
1742:Kajkavian
1730:Chakavian
1655:Schleifer
1598:Kashubian
1380:Torlakian
1357:Bulgarian
1313:Ukrainian
1278:Ruthenian
859:Phonology
618:rękie ()
585:syllables
530:Phonology
493:policemen
364:and then
171:Glottolog
159:ISO 639-3
1961:Iazychie
1885:Runglish
1843:Balachka
1814:Silesian
1772:Bunjevac
1620:Polabian
1577:Silesian
1556:dialects
1551:Masurian
1535:Lechitic
1492:Moravian
1415:Croatian
1318:dialects
1289:dialects
898:Dialects
876:Spelling
864:Alphabet
670:beloved
661:kochany
656:kochany
566:Remarks
524:grypsera
499:grypsera
489:printers
285:Masovian
204:Help:IPA
126:Masovian
116:Lechitic
2063:Italics
1948:Lydnevi
1904:Surzhyk
1637:Sorbian
1486:Knaanic
1437:Slovene
1425:Serbian
1410:Bosnian
1390:Western
1349:Eastern
1284:Russian
1173:History
888:Grammar
881:History
869:Braille
842:History
644:veiled
475:Powiśle
366:Russian
354:English
342:Yiddish
338:Italian
327:History
297:Yiddish
289:Russian
256:of the
200:Unicode
1875:Quelia
1757:Resian
1546:Polish
1504:Slovak
1201:Accent
776:
573:Vowels
481:cabmen
371:Until
362:German
346:French
317:Poland
313:Warsaw
293:German
262:Warsaw
246:Polish
240:), or
229:Polish
121:Polish
106:Slavic
70:Warsaw
67:Region
62:Poland
1809:Goral
1747:Pomak
1695:Lemko
1468:Czech
1308:Rusyn
467:Praga
396:radio
381:Praga
350:Latin
1625:Rani
1583:Lach
774:ISBN
471:Wola
437:and
394:and
385:Wola
383:and
352:and
223:The
177:None
658:()
612:,
605:of
589:,
552:IPA
491:or
453:).
186:IPA
80:few
2083::
667:)
665:or
635:,
625:)
554:)
487:,
483:,
473:,
469:,
433:,
429:,
425:,
421:,
417:,
413:,
409:,
405:,
387:.
368:.
348:,
344:,
340:,
315:,
295:,
291:,
248::
231::
2069:.
1203:)
1199:(
1157:e
1150:t
1143:v
823:e
816:t
809:v
782:.
663:(
449:(
244:(
227:(
206:.
164:–
20:)
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