556:
595:
520:
53:
319:
544:
532:
429:
421:
402:
into the systemic circulation. Under normal circumstances in healthy individuals, megakaryocytes that arise from the bone marrow are trapped in the pulmonary capillary bed and broken down before they enter the systemic circulation. It is thought that in disorders where there is right-to-left shunting
353:
Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is HPOA without signs of pulmonary disease. This form has a hereditary component, although subtle cardiac abnormalities can occasionally be found. It is known eponymously as the
Touraine–Solente–Golé syndrome. This condition has been linked to mutations in the
1237:
1222:
513:(place fingernails of same finger on opposite hands against each other, nail to nail), a small diamond-shaped "window" is normally apparent between the nailbeds. If this window is obliterated, the test is positive and clubbing is present.
403:
or lung malignancy, the megakaryocytes can bypass the breakdown within the pulmonary circulation and enter the systemic circulation. They are then trapped within the capillary beds within the extremities, such as the digits, and release
304:(COPD). Therefore, in patients with COPD and significant degrees of clubbing, a search for signs of bronchogenic carcinoma (or other causes of clubbing) might still be indicated. A congenital form has also been recognized.
1035:
Shah K, Ferrara TM, Jan A, Umair M, Irfanullah, Khan S, Ahmad W, Spritz RA (August 2017). "Homozygous SLCO2A1 translation initiation codon mutation in a
Pakistani family with recessive isolated congenital nail clubbing".
579:. Of these, 40%, or 6 patients, turned out to have significant underlying disease of various causes, while 60%, or 9 patients, had no medical problems on further investigations and remained well over the subsequent year.
2661:
1280:
469:- Loss of the normal <165° angle (Lovibond angle) between the nailbed and the fold (cuticula). Schamroth's window (see image) is obliterated. Clubbing is not obvious at a glance.
3147:
2654:
2300:
1404:
2647:
2310:
571:
The exact frequency of clubbing in the population is not known. A 2008 study found clubbing in 1%, or 15 patients, of 1511 patients admitted to a department of
355:
3142:
1273:
1082:
Uppal S, Diggle CP, Carr IM, et al. (June 2008). "Mutations in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase cause primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
436:
When clubbing is observed, pseudoclubbing should be excluded before making the diagnosis. Associated conditions may be identified by taking a detailed
2325:
2305:
1725:
330:
2285:
3023:
1826:
1266:
809:
Vandemergel X, Renneboog B (July 2008). "Prevalence, aetiologies and significance of clubbing in a department of general internal medicine".
649:
301:
2262:
2143:
1831:
1811:
1780:
2003:
1750:
408:
2267:
2026:
1816:
1806:
714:
2427:
2138:
333:(HPOA), known in continental Europe as Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome. This is the combination of clubbing and thickening of
1449:
404:
385:
2865:
2417:
887:"Prospective study of periostitis and finger clubbing in primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of chronic liver disease"
2075:
489:
411:(VEGF). PDGF and VEGF have growth promoting properties and cause connective tissue hypertrophy and capillary permeability.
159:
106:
3029:
2330:
2233:
482:
287:
Familial and hereditary clubbing and "pseudoclubbing" (people of
African descent often have what appears to be clubbing)
3048:
2100:
259:
2564:
2532:
2360:
1843:
1775:
1584:
1444:
1439:
555:
1474:
1125:
Dickinson CJ, Martin JF (19 December 1987). "Megakaryocytes and platelet clumps as the cause of finger clubbing".
2965:
2554:
2245:
1544:
155:
117:
2459:
2443:
2257:
2115:
389:
264:
2606:
291:
3043:
2559:
2437:
2370:
2203:
1887:
1836:
1632:
1554:
444:, which may disclose associated features relevant to the underlying diagnosis. Additional studies such as a
591:, clubbing has been recognized as a sign of disease. The phenomenon has been called "Hippocratic fingers".
519:
2960:
2765:
2454:
2148:
2065:
1983:
1973:
1760:
1755:
1509:
214:
125:
2755:
2639:
2624:
2539:
2402:
2355:
2295:
2198:
2085:
1848:
1720:
1599:
1454:
463:- Fluctuation (increased ballotability) and softening of the nail bed only. No visible changes of nails.
440:—particular attention is paid to lung, heart, and gastrointestinal conditions—and conducting a thorough
2860:
2925:
2891:
2802:
2730:
2507:
2448:
2210:
1715:
1697:
1692:
1652:
1325:
1000:
Myers KA, Farquhar DR (2001). "The rational clinical examination: does this patient have clubbing?".
441:
93:
associated with a number of diseases, anomalies and defects, some congenital. This is mostly of the
2809:
2489:
2478:
2391:
2345:
2320:
2238:
2021:
1770:
1687:
1666:
1574:
1569:
1469:
1241:
1195:
501:
Schamroth's sign or
Schamroth's window test (originally demonstrated by South African cardiologist
313:
231:
3084:
2896:
2875:
2870:
2855:
2695:
2674:
2670:
2527:
2517:
2407:
2105:
1916:
1869:
1858:
1735:
1589:
1414:
1392:
1150:
1107:
1061:
781:
250:
275:
246:
2544:
2512:
2464:
2350:
2340:
2188:
2080:
2033:
1963:
1745:
1730:
1707:
1682:
1677:
1534:
1177:
1142:
1099:
1053:
1017:
957:
916:
867:
826:
762:
732:
710:
688:
645:
572:
208:
65:
3116:
2814:
2422:
2386:
2120:
1702:
1647:
1594:
1549:
1387:
1356:
1134:
1091:
1045:
1009:
976:
947:
906:
898:
857:
818:
678:
3103:
3095:
3012:
3007:
2930:
2819:
2616:
2183:
2090:
1968:
1906:
1882:
1642:
1579:
1539:
1494:
1307:
437:
183:
121:
1320:
543:
531:
128:. Clubbing may also run in families, and occur unassociated with other medical problems.
606:
had nail clubbing as is seen from his paintings. He had an underlying disease, probably
594:
2725:
2522:
2502:
2381:
2290:
2177:
2153:
2095:
2070:
1993:
1978:
1958:
1911:
1897:
1790:
1740:
1459:
1290:
911:
886:
509:(bones nearest the fingertips) of corresponding fingers of opposite hands are directly
179:
102:
90:
1246:
1138:
683:
666:
3136:
3121:
2601:
2549:
2376:
2043:
1901:
1892:
1877:
1672:
1519:
1514:
1499:
1489:
1479:
619:
502:
399:
381:
241:
225:
94:
46:
Drumstick fingers/toes, Hippocratic fingers/toes, digital clubbing, watch-glass nails
1154:
1111:
1065:
370:
The exact cause for sporadic clubbing is unknown. Theories as to its cause include:
52:
3109:
3090:
2760:
2745:
2740:
2682:
2571:
2432:
2335:
2252:
2228:
2220:
1926:
1920:
1609:
1559:
1504:
1464:
1434:
1424:
1399:
1369:
1361:
1298:
607:
374:
220:
188:
171:
165:
98:
17:
3070:
2690:
2365:
2048:
1988:
1564:
1529:
1524:
1484:
1409:
1343:
1330:
588:
445:
197:
150:
132:
113:
70:
1258:
822:
448:
and a chest CT-scan may reveal otherwise asymptomatic cardiopulmonary disease.
318:
3076:
3062:
3056:
2997:
2955:
2915:
2576:
2396:
2315:
2038:
1936:
1382:
1335:
1312:
1231:
981:
494:
334:
862:
845:
424:
Clubbing of the fingernail: The red line shows the outline of a clubbed nail.
3002:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2782:
2596:
2053:
1998:
1941:
1931:
1798:
1637:
1618:
1429:
1374:
506:
342:
322:
281:
255:
1103:
1057:
1021:
1013:
961:
952:
935:
830:
766:
736:
692:
1181:
1146:
920:
871:
510:
2982:
2970:
2920:
2834:
2770:
2735:
2710:
2588:
2497:
2412:
2058:
1953:
1948:
1657:
1623:
1419:
902:
603:
475:- Increased convexity of the nail fold. Clubbing is apparent at a glance.
338:
1214:
2935:
2720:
2715:
2700:
2013:
576:
428:
175:
1049:
3037:
3017:
2992:
2705:
1226:
420:
131:
Clubbing has been recognized as a sign of disease since the time of
1095:
2987:
2797:
593:
427:
419:
317:
640:
Rapini, Ronald P., Bolognia, Jean L., Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
2168:
359:
105:, joint pains, and abnormal skin and bone growth it is known as
2643:
1262:
354:
gene on the fourth chromosome (4q33-q34) coding for the enzyme
1198:
W.H.D. de Haas, Nederlands
Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 1984
505:
on himself) is a popular test for clubbing. When the distal
278:(autoimmune hyperthyroidism) – in this case it is known as
936:"Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension"
341:(lining of joints), and is often initially diagnosed as
432:
Schamroths window test, done to identify nail clubbing
1204:
1168:
Schamroth L (February 1976). "Personal experience".
395:
Overproduction of prostaglandin E2 by other tissues.
2948:
2884:
2848:
2790:
2781:
2681:
2615:
2587:
2488:
2477:
2278:
2219:
2166:
2131:
2012:
1868:
1857:
1789:
1617:
1608:
1297:
1208:
64:
42:
37:
975:
290:Vascular anomalies of the affected arm such as an
2301:Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
485:(end part of the) finger (resembling a drumstick)
598:Self-portrait by Dick Ket showing nail clubbing.
1405:Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers
345:. It is commonly associated with lung cancer.
2655:
2311:Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
1274:
804:
802:
707:Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine
358:(HPGD); this leads to decreased breakdown of
8:
337:(connective tissue lining of the bones) and
456:Clubbing is present in one of five stages:
3148:Symptoms and signs: musculoskeletal system
2787:
2662:
2648:
2640:
2485:
1865:
1614:
1281:
1267:
1259:
1205:
752:
750:
748:
746:
51:
34:
951:
910:
861:
682:
2306:Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp
1726:Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
1077:
1075:
995:
993:
991:
757:Burcovschii S, Aboeed A (January 2019).
844:Sridhar KS, Lobo CF, Altman RD (1998).
632:
515:
362:and elevated levels of this substance.
331:hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
308:Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
2286:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
885:Epstein O, Dick R, Sherlock S (1981).
89:, is a deformity of the finger or toe
1196:Dick Ket, een schilder en zijn ziekte
356:15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
349:Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
302:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
194:Arteriovenous fistula or malformation
7:
2326:Intermittent hair–follicle dystrophy
238:Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary:
27:Deformity of the finger or toe nails
2263:Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis
2144:Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma
1781:Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis
727:Krugh M, Vaidya PN (January 2019).
2004:Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
1751:Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
846:"Digital clubbing and lung cancer"
409:vascular endothelial growth factor
25:
3143:Conditions of the skin appendages
2268:Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
2027:Granulomatous perioral dermatitis
684:10.1161/circulationaha.112.000163
300:Nail clubbing is not specific to
622:(unrelated congenital deformity)
554:
542:
530:
518:
377:(i.e., distended blood vessels).
2428:Traumatic anserine folliculosis
2139:Granulomatous facial dermatitis
221:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
101:. When it occurs together with
1450:Malalignment of the nail plate
405:platelet-derived growth factor
386:platelet-derived growth factor
329:A special form of clubbing is
207:Any disease featuring chronic
1:
2076:Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea
1139:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91132-9
729:Osteoarthropathy Hypertrophic
665:Rutherford JD (14 May 2013).
490:Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
267:, a complication of cirrhosis
160:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
107:hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
2331:Keratosis pilaris atropicans
2234:Folliculitis nares perforans
143:Clubbing is associated with
112:Clubbing is associated with
2101:Persistent edema of rosacea
587:At least since the time of
260:primary biliary cholangitis
217:(most common cardiac cause)
3164:
2533:Postmiliarial hypohidrosis
2361:Menkes kinky hair syndrome
1776:Frontal fibrosing alopecia
1585:Staining of the nail plate
1445:Longitudinal erythronychia
1440:Lichen planus of the nails
823:10.1016/j.ejim.2007.05.015
709:. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
705:Freedberg, et al. (2003).
481:- Thickening of the whole
311:
170:Suppurative lung disease:
2966:Precordial catch syndrome
2866:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
2418:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
2246:Pseudofolliculitis barbae
1545:Pterygium inversum unguis
761:. StatPearls Publishing.
731:. StatPearls Publishing.
642:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
156:Interstitial lung disease
118:interstitial lung disease
59:
50:
2460:Uncombable hair syndrome
2444:Trichorrhexis invaginata
2258:Hidradenitis suppurativa
2116:Periorificial dermatitis
863:10.1378/chest.114.6.1535
390:hepatocyte growth factor
294:(in unilateral clubbing)
292:axillary artery aneurysm
265:Hepatopulmonary syndrome
3049:Charcot–Leyden crystals
2438:Trichomycosis axillaris
2371:Parakeratosis pustulosa
1888:Acne miliaris necrotica
1669:(male-pattern baldness)
1633:noncicatricial alopecia
1555:Purpura of the nail bed
934:Naeije R (March 2003).
782:"Clubbing of the Nails"
2766:Whispered pectoriloquy
2455:Trichostasis spinulosa
2149:Periorbital dermatitis
2066:Papulopustular rosacea
1984:Acne with facial edema
1974:Acne keloidalis nuchae
1761:Folliculitis decalvans
1756:Graham-Little syndrome
1510:Onychoptosis defluvium
1014:10.1001/jama.286.3.341
953:10.4414/smw.2003.10016
599:
433:
425:
326:
325:of a patient with HPOA
215:cyanotic heart disease
126:cardiovascular disease
2625:Sebaceous hyperplasia
2540:Granulosis rubra nasi
2403:Pityriasis amiantacea
2356:Loose anagen syndrome
2296:Bubble hair deformity
2086:Gram-negative rosacea
1849:Nevoid hypertrichosis
1721:Pseudopelade of Brocq
1600:Twenty-nail dystrophy
1475:Nail–patella syndrome
1455:Median nail dystrophy
597:
431:
423:
321:
3044:Curschmann's spirals
2892:Respiratory distress
2731:Pleural friction rub
2508:Miliaria crystalline
2449:Trichorrhexis nodosa
1716:cicatricial alopecia
1698:Alopecia neoplastica
1693:Trichorrhexis nodosa
1326:Yellow nail syndrome
903:10.1136/gut.22.3.203
644:. St. Louis: Mosby.
497:of the nail and skin
442:clinical examination
2607:Fox–Fordyce disease
2392:Pili pseudoannulati
2346:Lichen planopilaris
2321:Hair follicle nevus
2239:Tufted folliculitis
2022:Perioral dermatitis
1771:Triangular alopecia
1688:Lichen planopilaris
1667:Androgenic alopecia
1575:Splinter hemorrhage
1570:Shell nail syndrome
1415:Half and half nails
811:Eur. J. Intern. Med
493:- Shiny aspect and
461:No visible clubbing
398:Increased entry of
314:Periosteal reaction
232:Tetralogy of Fallot
116:, lung infections,
3085:pulmonary embolism
3057:chronic bronchitis
2897:Respiratory arrest
2876:Ataxic respiration
2871:Kussmaul breathing
2861:Biot's respiration
2856:Agonal respiration
2752:Elicited findings
2696:Respiratory sounds
2675:respiratory system
2671:Signs and symptoms
2528:Occlusion miliaria
2518:Miliaria pustulosa
2408:Plica neuropathica
2106:Rosacea conglobata
1917:Acne medicamentosa
1736:Traumatic alopecia
1590:Subungual hematoma
667:"Digital clubbing"
602:The Dutch painter
600:
561:Cyanotic nail beds
434:
426:
327:
251:ulcerative colitis
3130:
3129:
2944:
2943:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2513:Miliaria profunda
2473:
2472:
2465:Woolly hair nevus
2351:Lichen spinulosus
2189:Trichilemmal cyst
2162:
2161:
2081:Glandular rosacea
2034:Phymatous rosacea
1964:Occupational acne
1746:Hot comb alopecia
1731:Pressure alopecia
1708:Alopecia mucinosa
1683:Traction alopecia
1678:Telogen effluvium
1256:
1255:
1050:10.1111/bjd.15094
651:978-1-4160-2999-1
573:internal medicine
473:Moderate clubbing
392:) from the lungs.
76:
75:
32:Medical condition
18:Watch-glass nails
16:(Redirected from
3155:
2815:Hyperventilation
2788:
2673:relating to the
2664:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2486:
2423:Setleis syndrome
2387:Pili multigemini
2121:Pyoderma faciale
1866:
1703:Anagen effluvium
1615:
1550:Pterygium unguis
1470:Muehrcke's lines
1357:Onychotillomania
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1133:(8573): 1434–5.
1122:
1116:
1115:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1032:
1026:
1025:
997:
986:
985:
979:
972:
966:
965:
955:
946:(11–12): 163–9.
931:
925:
924:
914:
882:
876:
875:
865:
841:
835:
834:
806:
797:
796:
794:
792:
777:
771:
770:
754:
741:
740:
724:
718:
703:
697:
696:
686:
662:
656:
655:
637:
558:
546:
534:
522:
360:prostaglandin E2
258:, especially in
83:digital clubbing
81:, also known as
55:
35:
21:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3104:pulmonary edema
3096:Westermark sign
3013:Post-nasal drip
3008:Silhouette sign
2940:
2931:Mouth breathing
2880:
2844:
2820:Hypoventilation
2777:
2677:
2668:
2638:
2629:
2611:
2583:
2480:
2469:
2442:Trichorrhexis (
2274:
2215:
2184:Epidermoid cyst
2158:
2127:
2091:Steroid rosacea
2008:
1969:Acne aestivalis
1907:Excoriated acne
1883:Acne conglobata
1860:
1853:
1785:
1622:
1604:
1580:Spotted lunulae
1540:Psoriatic nails
1495:Onychomatricoma
1308:Onychogryphosis
1293:
1291:skin appendages
1287:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1038:Br. J. Dermatol
1034:
1033:
1029:
999:
998:
989:
974:
973:
969:
933:
932:
928:
884:
883:
879:
843:
842:
838:
808:
807:
800:
790:
788:
779:
778:
774:
756:
755:
744:
726:
725:
721:
704:
700:
664:
663:
659:
652:
639:
638:
634:
629:
616:
585:
569:
562:
559:
550:
547:
538:
535:
526:
525:Severe clubbing
523:
454:
438:medical history
418:
368:
351:
316:
310:
276:Graves' disease
247:Crohn's disease
204:Heart disease:
184:cystic fibrosis
141:
122:cystic fibrosis
103:joint effusions
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Breath holding
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2794:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2545:Ross' syndrome
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Miliaria rubra
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Colloid milium
2494:
2492:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Pili bifurcati
2379:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Koenen's tumor
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Acroosteolysis
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2195:Steatocystoma
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2178:Sebaceous cyst
2173:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2154:SAPHO syndrome
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Ocular rosacea
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Lupoid rosacea
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Acne necrotica
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Acne mechanica
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Acne cosmetica
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1912:Acne fulminans
1909:
1904:
1898:Infantile acne
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1791:Hypertrichosis
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:Tumor alopecia
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1628:
1626:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Plummer's nail
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:Classification
1201:
1200:
1187:
1176:(9): 297–300.
1170:S. Afr. Med. J
1160:
1117:
1096:10.1038/ng.153
1071:
1044:(2): 546–548.
1027:
987:
967:
940:Swiss Med Wkly
926:
877:
856:(6): 1535–37.
836:
798:
772:
742:
719:
698:
677:(19): 1997–9.
657:
650:
631:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
615:
612:
584:
581:
568:
565:
564:
563:
560:
553:
551:
548:
541:
539:
536:
529:
527:
524:
517:
499:
498:
486:
479:Gross clubbing
476:
470:
464:
453:
450:
417:
414:
413:
412:
400:megakaryocytes
396:
393:
382:growth factors
378:
367:
364:
350:
347:
312:Main article:
309:
306:
298:
297:
296:
295:
288:
285:
270:
269:
268:
262:
253:
244:
236:
235:
234:
229:
228:(benign tumor)
223:
218:
211:
202:
201:
200:
195:
192:
186:
180:bronchiectasis
168:
162:
158:most commonly
153:
147:Lung disease:
140:
137:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3160:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3122:Golden S sign
3120:
3118:
3117:Hamman's sign
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:Hoover's sign
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Nail clubbing
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Chromhidrosis
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:Hyperhidrosis
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Pili annulati
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:Blepharophyma
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Neonatal acne
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Tropical acne
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Acne vulgaris
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Hypotrichosis
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Terry's nails
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Onychoschizia
1518:
1516:
1515:Onychorrhexis
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Onychomycosis
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Onychomadesis
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Onychoatrophy
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:Nail clubbing
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:Disorders of
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:(6): 789–93.
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
988:
983:
978:
971:
968:
963:
959:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
878:
873:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
799:
787:
783:
776:
773:
768:
764:
760:
759:Nail Clubbing
753:
751:
749:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
723:
720:
716:
715:0-07-138076-0
712:
708:
702:
699:
694:
690:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
653:
647:
643:
636:
633:
626:
621:
620:Clubbed thumb
618:
617:
613:
611:
609:
605:
596:
592:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
566:
557:
552:
545:
540:
533:
528:
521:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
503:Leo Schamroth
496:
492:
491:
487:
484:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:Mild clubbing
465:
462:
459:
458:
457:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
430:
422:
415:
410:
406:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
383:
380:Secretion of
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
365:
363:
361:
357:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
320:
315:
307:
305:
303:
293:
289:
286:
284:
283:
277:
274:
273:
271:
266:
263:
261:
257:
254:
252:
248:
245:
243:
242:Malabsorption
240:
239:
237:
233:
230:
227:
226:Atrial myxoma
224:
222:
219:
216:
212:
210:
206:
205:
203:
199:
196:
193:
191:of the pleura
190:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
161:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
138:
136:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Nail clubbing
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3110:Kerley lines
3102:
3091:Hampton hump
3083:
3069:
3055:
3036:
3022:
2977:
2761:Pectoriloquy
2746:Death rattle
2741:Bronchophony
2683:Auscultation
2572:Hypohidrosis
2565:Palmoplantar
2433:Trichomegaly
2336:Kinking hair
2253:Hidradenitis
2229:Folliculitis
2221:Inflammation
2110:
1927:Halogen acne
1921:steroid acne
1767:
1714:
1631:
1560:Racquet nail
1530:Pincer nails
1505:Onychophosis
1465:Melanonychia
1435:Ingrown nail
1425:Hapalonychia
1400:Chevron nail
1370:Ingrown nail
1362:Onychophagia
1348:
1336:Azure lunula
1321:Beau's lines
1236:
1221:
1190:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1087:
1083:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1008:(3): 341–7.
1005:
1001:
970:
943:
939:
929:
897:(3): 203–6.
894:
890:
880:
853:
849:
839:
817:(5): 325–9.
814:
810:
789:. Retrieved
785:
780:Schwatz RA.
775:
758:
728:
722:
706:
701:
674:
670:
660:
641:
635:
608:dextrocardia
601:
586:
570:
567:Epidemiology
500:
488:
478:
472:
466:
460:
455:
435:
375:Vasodilation
369:
366:Pathogenesis
352:
328:
299:
279:
189:Mesothelioma
172:lung abscess
166:tuberculosis
164:Complicated
142:
130:
111:
86:
82:
78:
77:
29:
3071:sarcoidosis
2961:In children
2803:Prematurity
2691:Stethoscope
2555:Generalized
2366:Monilethrix
2167:Follicular
2049:Gnathophyma
1989:Pomade acne
1844:Prepubertal
1827:generalised
1823:Congenital
1812:generalised
1653:universalis
1565:Red lunulae
1525:Platonychia
1485:Onycholysis
1460:Mees' lines
1410:Green nails
1381:ungrouped:
1344:Koilonychia
1331:Leukonychia
1306:thickness:
1194:(in Dutch)
977:"acropachy"
671:Circulation
589:Hippocrates
446:chest X-ray
407:(PDGF) and
213:Congenital
198:Sarcoidosis
151:Lung cancer
133:Hippocrates
114:lung cancer
71:Pulmonology
43:Other names
3137:Categories
3077:Kveim test
3063:Reid index
2998:Hemoptysis
2956:Chest pain
2916:Aerophagia
2756:Percussion
2577:Anhidrosis
2397:Pili torti
2316:Hair casts
2039:Rhinophyma
1937:Bromoderma
1768:ungrouped:
1383:Paronychia
1355:behavior:
1313:Onychauxis
1084:Nat. Genet
982:GPnotebook
627:References
549:Side views
537:Front view
335:periosteum
3003:Epistaxis
2911:Trepopnea
2906:Platypnea
2902:Orthopnea
2840:Bradypnea
2830:Tachypnea
2825:Hyperpnea
2783:Breathing
2617:Sebaceous
2597:Body odor
2560:Gustatory
2279:Ungrouped
2204:multiplex
2132:Ungrouped
2054:Metophyma
1999:Blackhead
1942:Chloracne
1932:Iododerma
1859:Acneiform
1832:localised
1817:patterned
1807:localised
1803:Acquired
1799:Hirsutism
1619:Hair loss
1430:Hook nail
1375:Anonychia
791:14 August
507:phalanges
495:striation
416:Diagnosis
343:arthritis
323:Bone scan
282:acropachy
256:Cirrhosis
66:Specialty
2983:Cyanosis
2971:Pleurisy
2921:Asphyxia
2835:Hypopnea
2771:Egophony
2736:Fremitus
2711:Crackles
2589:Apocrine
2498:Miliaria
2413:Poliosis
2111:variants
2059:Otophyma
1954:Tar acne
1949:Oil acne
1861:eruption
1837:X-linked
1658:Ophiasis
1638:Alopecia
1624:Baldness
1420:Hangnail
1155:43847925
1112:23484059
1104:18500342
1066:28251025
1058:27681482
1022:11466101
962:12715285
831:18549933
786:Medscape
767:30969535
737:31082012
693:23671180
614:See also
604:Dick Ket
339:synovium
280:thyroid
272:Others:
87:clubbing
60:Clubbing
38:Clubbing
2936:Snoring
2849:Pattern
2810:Dyspnea
2721:Stertor
2716:Rhonchi
2701:Stridor
2490:Eccrine
2199:simplex
2014:Rosacea
1919:(e.g.,
1648:totalis
1393:Chronic
1368:other:
1342:shape:
1319:color:
1182:1265563
1147:2891996
921:7227854
912:1419499
872:9872183
583:History
577:Belgium
511:opposed
384:(e.g.,
209:hypoxia
176:empyema
3038:asthma
3018:Hiccup
2993:Sputum
2726:Squawk
2706:Wheeze
2481:glands
2375:Pili (
1643:areata
1180:
1153:
1145:
1127:Lancet
1110:
1102:
1064:
1056:
1020:
960:
919:
909:
870:
829:
765:
735:
713:
691:
648:
483:distal
452:Stages
139:Causes
2988:Cough
2949:Other
2885:Other
2798:Apnea
2479:Sweat
2211:Milia
2169:cysts
1388:Acute
1247:781.5
1232:R68.3
1151:S2CID
1108:S2CID
1062:S2CID
850:Chest
124:, or
99:lungs
95:heart
91:nails
3024:COPD
2791:Rate
1870:Acne
1610:Hair
1299:Nail
1242:9-CM
1178:PMID
1143:PMID
1100:PMID
1054:PMID
1018:PMID
1002:JAMA
958:PMID
917:PMID
868:PMID
827:PMID
793:2014
763:PMID
733:PMID
711:ISBN
689:PMID
646:ISBN
388:and
249:and
97:and
1238:ICD
1223:ICD
1135:doi
1092:doi
1046:doi
1042:177
1010:doi
1006:286
948:doi
944:133
907:PMC
899:doi
891:Gut
858:doi
854:114
819:doi
679:doi
675:127
575:in
85:or
3139::
2180:"
1245::
1230::
1227:10
1174:50
1172:.
1149:.
1141:.
1129:.
1106:.
1098:.
1088:40
1086:.
1074:^
1060:.
1052:.
1040:.
1016:.
1004:.
990:^
980:.
956:.
942:.
938:.
915:.
905:.
895:22
893:.
889:.
866:.
852:.
848:.
825:.
815:19
813:.
801:^
784:.
745:^
717:.
687:.
673:.
669:.
610:.
182:,
178:,
174:,
135:.
120:,
109:.
2904:/
2663:e
2656:t
2649:v
2451:)
2399:)
2176:"
1923:)
1900:/
1718::
1635::
1621:/
1282:e
1275:t
1268:v
1240:-
1225:-
1215:D
1184:.
1157:.
1137::
1131:2
1114:.
1094::
1068:.
1048::
1024:.
1012::
984:.
964:.
950::
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901::
874:.
860::
833:.
821::
795:.
769:.
739:.
695:.
681::
654:.
20:)
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