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275:. These washing machines, which were very common especially in rural areas until the 1960s, comprised a wooden tub with a rotating cross built into the cover. This 'star handle' was rotated in regular, to and fro, movements by two pistons which were connected to the water mains. The washing effect was achieved by the constant movement of the washing in the washtub filled with soap suds (
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possessed several advantages: they were quiet, reliable, cheap to run, compact, safe, and could be relied on to operate reliably in damp or waterlogged conditions unsuited to electrical apparatus, such as powering water pumps in mines, where their ability to continue operating even while completely submerged was a major advantage.
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During the 19th century water engines were extensively used in the city of London, operating on high-pressure water supplied by the London
Hydraulic Power Company via its extensive network of pipes. Even when practical electric motors entered use, water engines remained popular for some years as they
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Because water is virtually incompressible, the valve gear of water engines is more complicated than that used in steam engines, and some water engines even had a small secondary engine solely to power the operation of their valves. Closing a valve too quickly can cause very large pressures to result,
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A prerequisite for the correct function of the water engine was sufficient pressure in the water pipes. In times of high water consumption (before or after work) the water pressure was often insufficient. In hard winters, in which the water pipes often froze, the water engine could not be used. For
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The large amount of water used was less important because plenty of used water was often available and was very cheap. In addition, in thrifty rural households the water used to drive it was often used for other purposes as well.
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the water being admitted is transported by another medium. The differently-sized pistons of the water-column engine run on a single axle; its control loosely resembles that of a
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It is unclear when or where water engines were invented, but it is possible that they were first used in the mines in central
Germany; certainly such a device was described by
122:, but today mentions of hydraulic motors, unless otherwise specified, usually refer more specifically to those that run on hydraulic fluid in the closed hydraulic circuits of
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With the invention of the modern washing machine these washtubs with their water engines disappeared from the market.
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often implied reference to any motor driven by liquid pressure, including water motors and water engines used in
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these reasons the washing machines still had a device that enable them to be rotated by 'muscle power'.
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376:, Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology at www.bookrags.com. Retrieved on 29 Oct 09
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The original diagram and description of Fludd's water-powered pump appears in: Robert Fludd,
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313:… (Oppenheim, (Germany): Johann-Theodore de Fry, 1618), part VII, book II, chapter X,
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A Descriptive and
Historical Account of Hydraulic and Other Machines for Raising Water
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A diagram and
English explanation of Fludd's pump is available in: Thomas Ewbank,
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69:, or a specialised high-pressure water supply such as that once provided by the
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Other applications included usage by the railway companies, where they powered
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73:. Water mains in the 19th century often operated at pressures of 30 to 40
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The largest possible design of a water engine is the directly acting
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Tractus secundus de
Naturae Simia Seu Technica Macrocosmi Historia
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105:), and mainly used for light loads, for example sewing machines.
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is a positive-displacement engine, often closely resembling a
226:. Water-column engines were used in the transportation of
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57:with similar pistons and valves, that is driven by
101:type turbines driven from a mains water tap (e.g.
135:and pipework to explode (a phenomenon similar to
355:(5th ed.). Wiesbaden: Oscar Brandstetter, 1989.
179:, cranes, hoists, etc., revolving stages at the
267:The water engine was also successfully used in
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163:after he had visited Germany around 1600.
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61:. The supply of water is derived from a
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254:Reichenbach water-column engine in the
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271:, e. g. from 1914 by the firm of
400:The workings of a water-column engine
108:In the nineteenth century, the terms
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353:Wörterbuch der Industriellen Technik
242:Freiberg water-column engine (1900)
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263:Water engines in washing machines
374:Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von
351:Ernst, Dr.-Ing. Richard (1989).
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213:Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach
218:Similar to the function of a
71:London Hydraulic Power Company
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32:Water engine (disambiguation)
153:Lexikon der gesamten Technik
151:Detailed cross-section from
43:Lexikon der gesamten Technik
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63:natural head of water
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209:Wassersäulenmaschine
205:water column machine
195:Water-column engines
41:Animation, based on
30:For other uses, see
423:Hydraulic actuators
342:at douglas-self.com
201:water-column engine
124:hydraulic machinery
103:Whitney Water Motor
18:Water-column engine
177:railway turntables
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256:Klaushäusl Museum
16:(Redirected from
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167:Applications
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99:Pelton wheel
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55:steam engine
51:water engine
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428:Water power
408:(in German)
404:java applet
189:pipe organs
130:Description
95:Wassermotor
82:water motor
67:water mains
417:Categories
294:References
120:hydropower
207:(German:
87:‹See Tfd›
80:The term
143:History
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155:(1904)
91:German
65:, the
45:(1904)
306:See:
277:Lauge
273:Miele
228:brine
357:ISBN
183:and
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