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One common process in wastewater treatment is phase separation, such as sedimentation. Biological and chemical processes such as oxidation are another example. Polishing is also an example. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge that is usually treated in the same or
1685:
Armbruster, Dominic; MĂĽller, Uwe; Happel, Oliver (2019). "Characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalants used in drinking water treatment plants by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry".
839:
Energy
Consumption: Water treatment plants can be significant consumers of energy. In California, more than 4% of the state's electricity consumption goes towards transporting moderate quality water over long distances, treating that water to a high standard. In areas with high quality water sources
673:
can improve the efficiency of activated carbon. Activated carbon was utilized by a number of studies to remove heavy metals and other types of contaminants from wastewater. The cost of activated carbon is rising due to a shortage of commercial activated carbon (AC). Because of its high surface area,
654:
Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which a substance is transported from the liquid phase to the surface of a solid/liquid (adsorbent) and becomes physically and chemically bonded (adsorbate). Adsorption can be classified into two forms based on the type of attraction between the adsorbate and
165:
enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal (including bird) faeces. Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria,
213:
Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is therefore common practice to keep residual disinfectants in the treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution and to keep the
347:
In many cases, effluent water from one process can be suitable for reuse in another process if given suitable treatment. This can reduce costs by lowering charges for water consumption, reduce the costs of effluent disposal because of reduced volume, and lower energy costs due to the recovery of
763:
Where drinking water quality standards do exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and very few water standards have any legal basis or, are subject to enforcement. Two exceptions are the
European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the
840:
which flow by gravity to the point of consumption, costs will be much lower. Much of the energy requirements are in pumping. Processes that avoid the need for pumping tend to have overall low energy demands. Those water treatment technologies that have very low energy requirements including
344:
can be the fatal consequence. Water treatment is also used to improve the quality of water contacting the manufactured product (e.g., semiconductors) and/or can be part of the product (e.g., beverages, pharmaceuticals). In these instances, poor water treatment can cause defective products.
331:
Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with the surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam
666:(ACs) or biological-activated carbon (BAC) are effective adsorbents for a wide variety of contaminants. The adsorptive removal of color, aroma, taste, and other harmful organics and inorganics from drinking water and wastewater is one of their industrial applications.
311:. The main purpose of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater.
279:. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater the treatment plant is called a
757:
835:
must be sustainable by the citizens of those countries. This can ensure the efficiency of such programs after the departure of the research team, as monitoring is difficult because of the remoteness of many locations.
863:
Stainless steels, such as Type 304L and 316L, are used extensively in the fabrication of water treatment plants due to their corrosion resistance to water and to the corrosivity of chlorination used for disinfection.
75:
and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and
493:
removal from waste water permits water to be reused for a variety of purposes. The types of filters used in the procedure differ depending on the contaminants present in the water. Particle filtration and
419:
A combination selected from the following processes (depending on the season and contaminants and chemicals present in the raw water) is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide.
1586:
Chadha, Utkarsh; Selvaraj, Senthil
Kumaran; Vishak Thanu, S.; Cholapadath, Vishnu; Abraham, Ashesh Mathew; Zaiyan, Mohammed; Manikandan, M; Paramasivam, Velmurugan (6 January 2022).
2374:
547:. The addition of coagulants destabilizes colloidal suspensions by neutralizing their charges, resulting in the aggregation of smaller particles during the coagulation process.
561:, usually consist of either a positive or negative charge. The nature of the polyelectrolyte used is purely based on the source water characteristics of the treatment plant.
1087:"Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden"
2359:
114:
from various enterprises, which contains varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers or other water resources. The wastewater may have a high proportion of
630:) takes ions from an electrolytic solution and releases additional ions of the same charge in a chemically comparable amount without changing the resin's structure.
166:
viruses, protozoa and helminths. The removal or destruction of microbial pathogens is essential, and commonly involves the use of reactive chemical agents such as
2685:
2175:
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Membrane filtration can remove suspended solids and organic components, and inorganic pollutants such heavy metals. For heavy metal removal, several forms of
427:
377:
1085:
Takman, Maria; Svahn, Ola; Paul, Catherine; Cimbritz, Michael; Blomqvist, Stefan; Struckmann
Poulsen, Jan; Lund Nielsen, Jeppe; Davidsson, Ă…sa (2023-10-15).
797:
to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by the UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide
461:
Physical techniques of water/waste water treatment rely on physical phenomena to complete the removal process, rather than biological or chemical changes.
855:
A 2021 study found that a large-scale water chlorination program in urban areas of Mexico massively reduced childhood diarrheal disease mortality rates.
516:
states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportionate to the partial pressure of the gas. Degasification is a low-cost method of removing
2140:
1922:
Sirotkin, A.; Koshkina, L. Yu.; Ippolitov, K. G. (2001). "The BAC-process for treatment of waste water
Containing non-ionogenic synthetic surfactants".
1378:
Ahmad, Arslan; Rutten, Sam; de Waal, Luuk; Vollaard, Peter; van
Genuchten, Case; Bruning, Harry; Cornelissen, Emile; van der Wal, Albert (2020-06-15).
275:. Once back in the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment. It is also possible to reuse it. This process is called
2341:
210:. These substances continue to cause great harm to several less developed countries who do not have access to effective water purification systems.
2407:
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throughout the water treatment process, following which the particles settle by gravitational force. For solids separation that is the removal of
435:
Different chemical procedures for the conversion into final products or the removal of pollutants are used for the safe disposal of contaminants.
475:
is a method of separating particles from a fluid. The particle in suspension remains stable in quiescent conditions due to the decrease in water
161:
production involves the removal of contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes from raw water to produce water that is
579:
agent such as lime. In industrial applications stronger alkalis may be used to effect complete precipitation. In drinking water treatment, the
756:
publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved. China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by
2097:
1742:
1565:
1523:
1223:"Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development"
1161:
291:, or in a sewage treatment plant. In the latter case it usually follows pre-treatment. Further types of wastewater treatment plants include
71:, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes
702:, microorganisms can degrade organic materials in wastewater. Microorganisms involved in wastewater treatment produce end products such as
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can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and
288:
1380:"Mechanisms of arsenate removal and membrane fouling in ferric based coprecipitation–low pressure membrane filtration systems"
575:
concentrations in wastewater. The dissolved metal ions are transformed to an insoluble phase by a chemical interaction with a
2991:
1221:
Saravanan, A.; Senthil Kumar, P.; Jeevanantham, S.; Karishma, S.; Tajsabreen, B.; Yaashikaa, P. R.; Reshma, B. (2021-10-01).
2079:
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during the biological oxidation process. The minerals (products) remained in the wastewater and were discharged with the
889:
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or other uses, may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. Such treatments can include
2172:
1588:"A review of the function of using carbon nanomaterials in membrane filtration for contaminant removal from wastewater"
2595:
1544:
Wang, Lawrence K.; Fahey, Edward M.; Wu, Zucheng (2005), Wang, Lawrence K.; Hung, Yung-Tse; Shammas, Nazih K. (eds.),
782:
122:
at the initial discharge. Industries generate wastewater as a result of fabrication processes, processes dealing with
2191:
1333:"Effect of shape and size of filler particle on the aggregation and sedimentation behavior of the polymer composite"
564:
These will usually be used in conjunction with a primary coagulant such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, or alum.
2234:
Lindsten, Don C. (September 1984). "Technology transfer: Water purification, U.S. Army to the civilian community".
324:
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along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron when present with relatively small amounts of manganese.
3011:
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For waterborne disease reduction to last, water treatment programs that research and development groups start in
753:
568:
2293:
Bhalotra, Sonia R.; Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto; Miller, Grant; Miranda, Alfonso; Venkataramani, Atheendar S. (2021).
242:
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use organic materials in wastewater to generate new microbial cells with dense biomass that is eliminated by
452:
Disinfection for killing bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, using chlorine, ozone and ultra-violet light.
3324:
2823:
2025:"A review on cleaner strategies for chromium industrial wastewater: Present research and future perspective"
749:
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Many developed countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes the
501:
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can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water.
3314:
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1970:"Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: A short review on the versatile role of activated carbon"
778:
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Nyström, Fredrik; Nordqvist, Kerstin; Herrmann, Inga; Hedström, Annelie; Viklander, Maria (2020-09-01).
828:(ROWPU) are portable, self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for public use.
287:
are other names for domestic wastewater. For industrial wastewater, treatment takes place in a separate
2023:
GracePavithra, Kirubanandam; Jaikumar, V.; Kumar, P. Senthil; SundarRajan, PanneerSelvam (2019-08-10).
682:
This is the method by which dissolved and suspended organic chemical components are eliminated through
307:
can be another by-product if the process uses anaerobic treatment. Treated wastewater can be reused as
2793:
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1969:
1819:
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1981:
1968:
Mezohegyi, Gergo; van der Zee, Frank P.; Font, Josep; Fortuny, AgustĂ; Fabregat, Azael (2012-07-15).
1931:
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1831:
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1278:"Impact of recycling filter backwash water on organic removal in coagulation–sedimentation processes"
1234:
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the adsorbent: physical and chemical adsorption, commonly known as physisorption and chemisorptions.
509:
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Jothirani, R.; Kumar, P. Senthil; Saravanan, A.; Narayan, Abishek S.; Dutta, Abhishek (2016-07-25).
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1997:
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Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu; Ngo, Huu Hao; Chaudhary, Durgananda Singh; Hung, Yung-Tse (2005),
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Flotation uses bubble attachment to separate solids or dispersed liquids from a liquid phase.
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1989:
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Kurniawan, Tonni
Agustiono; Chan, Gilbert Y. S.; Lo, Wai-Hung; Babel, Sandhya (2006-05-01).
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porosity, and flexibility, activated carbon has a lot of potential in wastewater treatment.
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2194:. Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, Canada. March 2008. Archived from
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752:. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the
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1875:"A Research Study on Cr(VI) Removal from Contaminated Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite"
1439:"Removal of metals and hydrocarbons from stormwater using coagulation and flocculation"
798:
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The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes such as
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98:
64:
2165:
2130:
Guidelines for
Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition; World Health Organization; 2011
1943:
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is given to re-enact the same natural self-purification process. Through two distinct
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Safe and
Sustainable Water for Haiti web site hosted by Grand Valley State University
2375:"Guidelines for the use of Stainless Steel in Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants"
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This article is about treatment of various waters. For treatment of wastewater, see
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Ion exchange is a reversible ion exchange process in which an insoluble substance (
572:
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409:
405:
260:
199:
127:
110:
is primarily caused by the discharge of untreated wastewater from enterprises. The
102:
2048:
1993:
1179:"Ultrasonic modified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution"
1037:"wastewater treatment | Process, History, Importance, Systems, & Technologies"
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1640:"Physico–chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals"
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Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)
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options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale
527:
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2009:
1951:
1804:
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994:
2295:"Urban Water Disinfection and Mortality Decline in Lower-Income Countries"
2089:
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2195:
1502:
Wang, Lawrence K.; Vaccari, David A.; Li, Yan; Shammas, Nazih K. (2005),
821:
715:
670:
476:
446:
393:
313:
The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to mean "sewage treatment".
296:
268:
171:
111:
1276:
Gottfried, A.; Shepard, A. D.; Hardiman, K.; Walsh, M. E. (2008-11-01).
824:
are still frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style
530:
is used to reduce oxygen and nitrogen in boiler feed water applications.
162:
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3148:
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United States, which require legal compliance with specific standards.
711:
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558:
368:
is absorbed through the basins into the
Virttaankangas ridge formation.
187:
2797:
1765:"Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins"
1150:
Tchobanoglous, George; Burton, Franklin L.; Stensel, H. David (2003).
489:
is the technique of removing pollutants based on their particle size.
3178:
3133:
3021:
2936:
2901:
2881:
2167:
What is the purpose of drinking water quality guidelines/regulations?
995:"Linda Lawton – 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria"
813:
610:, can be used depending on the particle size that can be maintained.
333:
304:
284:
143:
1818:
Singh, N. B.; Nagpal, Garima; Agrawal, Sonal; Rachna (2018-08-01).
939:
Singh, N. B.; Nagpal, Garima; Agrawal, Sonal; Rachna (2018-08-01).
471:
is one of the most important main wastewater treatment procedures.
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to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be
60:
43:
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3071:
3066:
2926:
2217:"Sand as a low-cost support for titanium dioxide photocatalysts"
1763:
Rengaraj, S; Yeon, Kyeong-Ho; Moon, Seung-Hyeon (October 2001).
385:
For the elimination of hazardous chemicals from the water, many
191:
2812:
2422:
2513:
1153:
Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse
1062:
Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse
2808:
2487:
820:
technology, military surplus water treatment units like the
554:– to improve coagulation and for more robust floc formation.
521:
2418:
2395:
2401:
2342:"Stainless Steels for Potable Water Treatment Plants"
1723:"Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse"
1963:
1961:
508:) is the process of removing dissolved gases from a
3307:
3116:
3080:
2854:
2721:
2653:
2580:
2539:
2499:
2456:
2340:R.E. Avery, S. Lamb, C.A. Powell and A.H. Tuthill.
2141:"Environmental quality standards for surface water"
1873:BABEL, Sandhya; KURNIAWAN, Tonni Agustiono (2003).
1820:"Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review"
941:"Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review"
443:for algae control and arresting biological growth.
217:Water supplied to domestic properties such as for
48:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C.
498:are the two main forms of waste water filtration.
2404:– Independent non-profit standards organization
1183:Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
748:(EPA) establishes standards as required by the
557:Polyelectrolytes or also known in the field as
1729:, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 635–676,
1552:, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 431–500,
1510:, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 141–197,
206:, Aberdeen is working to improve detection of
2824:
2434:
1064:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2003.
746:United States Environmental Protection Agency
583:is often used to help reduce water hardness.
539:Also referred to as "Conventional" Treatment
8:
2358:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2120:. Brussels: European Commission. 2019-12-31.
2831:
2817:
2809:
2441:
2427:
2419:
2299:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
381:Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation
259:is a process which removes and eliminates
249:(a type of wastewater treatment plant) in
153:Typical drinking water treatment processes
27:Process that improves the quality of water
2170:. Canada: Safe Drinking Water Foundation.
1898:
1824:Environmental Technology & Innovation
1611:
1462:
1405:
1395:
1110:
945:Environmental Technology & Innovation
826:Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units
2982:Right to an adequate standard of living
931:
2351:
1633:
1631:
1384:Separation and Purification Technology
2270:"Energy Costs of Water in California"
2114:"Legislation: The Directive overview"
726:throughout the biosynthesis process.
669:Both a high surface area and a large
520:gas from waste water that raises the
464:Most common physical techniques are:
356:At Turun Seudun Vesi Oy's artificial
325:Industrial water treatment § Overview
7:
2782:
2398:Professional / research organization
1216:
1214:
1212:
758:Ministry of Environmental Protection
634:Electrochemical treatment techniques
303:another wastewater treatment plant.
2962:Human right to water and sanitation
2846:the philosophy of and activism for
1974:Journal of Environmental Management
1727:Physicochemical Treatment Processes
1550:Physicochemical Treatment Processes
1508:Physicochemical Treatment Processes
774:Self-supply of water and sanitation
618:properties to maintain filtration.
571:is a common process used to reduce
412:, and biological processes such as
138:, and from various streams such as
2236:The Journal of Technology Transfer
645:Electrochemical precipitation (EP)
25:
2192:"Household Water Treatment Guide"
2084:(3 ed.). London: CRC Press.
1247:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595
789:designs. Such designs may employ
742:European Drinking Water Directive
524:of the water by removing the gas.
293:Agricultural wastewater treatment
55:is any process that improves the
30:For medical water treatment, see
2792:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2759:
1091:Science of the Total Environment
736:Drinking water quality standards
686:, in which an optimal amount of
323:This section is an excerpt from
234:This section is an excerpt from
2396:International Water Association
1112:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165185
289:Industrial wastewater treatment
198:. Research including Professor
2992:Right to a healthy environment
1900:10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_289
1769:Journal of Hazardous Materials
550:Coagulant aids, also known as
389:procedures have been applied.
267:. It thus converts it into an
1:
2661:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2049:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.117
2029:Journal of Cleaner Production
1994:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.02.021
1944:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00029-x
1789:10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00291-6
1156:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
1017:. Drinking water inspectorate
744:and in the United States the
1700:10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.014
1644:Chemical Engineering Journal
1464:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115919
1397:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116644
1349:10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.054
1302:10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.011
890:Pulsed-power water treatment
816:phases. Despite progress in
348:heat in recycled wastewater.
271:that can be returned to the
1688:Journal of Chromatography A
1331:Samal, Sneha (2020-04-15).
886:(water supply & demand)
67:, industrial water supply,
3377:
3356:Waste treatment technology
2373:A.H. Tuthill and S. Lamb.
1592:Materials Research Express
1195:10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.024
874:Control of water pollution
771:
733:
642:Membrane electrolysis (ME)
322:
318:Industrial water treatment
283:. Municipal wastewater or
233:
92:
36:
29:
3012:Right to rest and leisure
2844:
2754:
2485:
2078:Gray, Nick (2017-01-31).
1844:10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006
1735:10.1385/1-59259-820-x:635
1664:10.1016/j.cej.2006.01.015
1558:10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431
1546:"Dissolved Air Flotation"
1516:10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141
965:10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006
754:World Health Organization
3062:Universal basic services
1613:10.1088/2053-1591/ac48b8
1504:"Chemical Precipitation"
895:Solar water disinfection
791:solar water disinfection
204:Robert Gordon University
89:Drinking water treatment
3325:Minnie Cumnock Blodgett
1885:(Supplement): 289–292.
1879:Journal of Ion Exchange
1041:Encyclopedia Britannica
750:Safe Drinking Water Act
502:Dissolved air flotation
146:, and production lines.
3315:Ellen Swallow Richards
3057:Universal basic income
2671:Planetary oceanography
2493:
801:, typically supported
779:Appropriate technology
569:Chemical precipitation
432:
382:
369:
360:plant, the pretreated
253:
247:Sewage treatment plant
154:
120:inorganic contaminants
49:
3037:Social responsibility
2491:
2090:10.1201/9781315276106
772:Further information:
430:
380:
355:
342:Legionnaires' disease
245:
152:
47:
3229:Industrial relations
2734:Ocean stratification
2567:Doubly labeled water
2311:10.1257/pol.20180764
833:developing countries
768:Developing countries
696:biological oxidation
639:Electrodialysis (ED)
483:trapped in the floc.
414:slow sand filtration
257:Wastewater treatment
251:La Crosse, Wisconsin
236:Wastewater treatment
229:Wastewater treatment
39:Wastewater treatment
32:Water cure (therapy)
2892:Consumer protection
2739:Lake stratification
2722:Physical parameters
2041:2019JCPro.228..580G
1986:2012JEnvM.102..148M
1936:2001WatRe..35.3265S
1891:2003JIEx...14S.289B
1836:2018EnvTI..11..187S
1781:2001JHzM...87..273R
1656:2006ChEnJ.118...83K
1604:2022MRE.....9a2003C
1455:2020WatRe.18215919N
1294:2008WatRe..42.4683G
1239:2021Chmsp.28030595S
1103:2023ScTEn.89565185T
957:2018EnvTI..11..187S
900:Raw water#Treatment
596:membrane filtration
590:Membrane filtration
496:Membrane filtration
108:Water contamination
3093:Consumer education
3052:Supportive housing
3042:Subsidized housing
3032:Security of person
2987:Right to education
2686:List of Candidates
2547:Deuterium-depleted
2494:
2274:large.stanford.edu
2248:10.1007/BF02189057
2178:2011-10-06 at the
1043:. October 29, 2020
905:Water purification
692:biological process
433:
402:chemical processes
383:
370:
299:treatment plants.
254:
225:or ion exchange.
155:
95:Water purification
50:
3338:
3337:
3144:Child development
3098:Consumer movement
3088:Consumer activism
3007:Right to property
2897:Critical thinking
2806:
2805:
2746:Ocean temperature
2402:NSF International
2099:978-1-315-27610-6
1930:(13): 3265–3271.
1744:978-1-58829-165-3
1567:978-1-58829-165-3
1525:978-1-58829-165-3
1337:Powder Technology
1288:(18): 4683–4691.
1163:978-0-07-112250-4
846:slow sand filters
842:trickling filters
795:solar irradiation
664:Activated carbons
614:can be added for
612:Aminophosphonates
581:common-ion effect
277:water reclamation
16:(Redirected from
3368:
3194:Health promotion
3184:Health education
3108:Social movements
3103:Environmentalism
3047:Supported living
3002:Right to housing
2942:Homeless shelter
2833:
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2666:Asteroidal water
2654:Extraterrestrial
2443:
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2410:, WHO Guidelines
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2379:Nickel Institute
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2346:Nickel Institute
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2143:. Archived from
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2081:Water Technology
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1775:(1–3): 273–287.
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659:Activated carbon
552:polyelectrolytes
543:Coagulation for
535:Physico-chemical
481:suspended solids
473:Gravity settling
281:Sewage Treatment
168:suspended solids
21:
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3361:Water pollution
3351:Water treatment
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3294:Water treatment
3284:Social sciences
3279:Social programs
3264:Quality of life
3204:Health sciences
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3117:Fields of study
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879:Clean Water Act
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600:ultrafiltration
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2390:External links
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506:Degasification
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366:Kokemäki River
338:Cooling towers
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159:drinking water
157:Treatment for
140:cooling towers
99:Drinking water
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1057:
1054:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1016:
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958:
954:
950:
946:
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932:
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921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:Water quality
908:
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903:
901:
898:
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893:
891:
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880:
877:
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871:
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851:
847:
843:
837:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
799:photocatalyst
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
767:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:
729:
727:
725:
724:sedimentation
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:microorganism
685:
677:
675:
672:
667:
665:
658:
656:
649:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
629:
621:
619:
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613:
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589:
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584:
582:
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563:
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541:
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523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
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497:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Sedimentation
467:
466:
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456:
451:
448:
445:
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438:
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436:
429:
422:
420:
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372:
367:
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346:
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278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
248:
244:
237:
228:
226:
224:
220:
215:
214:pipes clean.
211:
209:
208:cyanobacteria
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
160:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
88:
83:
81:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
40:
33:
19:
3330:Melvil Dewey
3293:
3174:Food science
3017:Right to sit
2952:Housekeeping
2611:Hydrobiology
2596:Distribution
2378:
2368:
2345:
2335:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2273:
2264:
2242:(1): 57–59.
2239:
2235:
2229:
2223:. Wiley VCH.
2220:
2211:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2186:
2166:
2160:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:the original
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2080:
2073:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1977:
1973:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1748:, retrieved
1726:
1716:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1650:(1): 83–98.
1647:
1643:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1571:, retrieved
1549:
1539:
1529:, retrieved
1507:
1497:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1230:
1226:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1152:
1145:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1061:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1040:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1009:
998:. Retrieved
989:
948:
944:
934:
920:Water supply
862:
854:
838:
830:
783:point-of-use
777:
762:
739:
700:biosynthesis
681:
668:
662:
653:
625:
622:Ion exchange
593:
585:
573:heavy metals
567:
545:flocculation
538:
463:
460:
441:chlorination
434:
418:
406:disinfection
391:
384:
330:
301:
261:contaminants
255:
216:
212:
202:'s group at
200:Linda Lawton
170:, to remove
156:
106:
103:water supply
73:contaminants
52:
51:
3308:Key players
3124:Air quality
2967:Life skills
2922:Food safety
2917:Environment
2887:Consumerism
2676:Ocean world
2601:Hydrosphere
2529:superheated
2118:Environment
2035:: 580–593.
1980:: 148–164.
1830:: 187–240.
1694:: 189–204.
1227:Chemosphere
1189:: 162–175.
951:: 187–240.
787:self-supply
616:antiscalant
577:precipitant
514:Henry's law
410:coagulation
358:groundwater
273:water cycle
3345:Categories
3299:Well-being
3269:Sanitation
3254:Psychology
3249:Prevention
3169:Employment
3027:Sanitation
2977:Preference
2798:Wiktionary
2633:management
2479:Properties
2279:2017-05-07
2202:2011-03-09
2151:2019-11-19
1750:2021-11-12
1573:2021-11-12
1531:2021-11-12
1449:: 115919.
1390:: 116644.
1233:: 130595.
1097:: 165185.
1047:2020-11-04
1015:"Chlorine"
1000:2021-06-25
926:References
884:Peak water
848:, gravity
694:, such as
678:Biological
650:Adsorption
598:, such as
487:Filtration
398:filtration
265:wastewater
190:including
78:irrigation
69:irrigation
3274:Self care
3244:Organisms
3239:Nutrition
3164:Education
3159:Economics
3139:Chemistry
3129:Bioethics
2947:Household
2932:Happiness
2912:Education
2848:Euthenics
2839:Euthenics
2711:Enceladus
2692:Specific
2628:Resources
2623:Pollution
2606:Hydrology
2572:Hydronium
2562:Tritiated
2552:Semiheavy
2457:Overviews
2327:236955246
2319:1945-7731
2256:154344107
2065:159345994
2057:0959-6526
2002:0301-4797
1909:1884-3360
1860:103693107
1852:2352-1864
1797:0304-3894
1672:1385-8947
1622:245810763
1489:219414366
1473:0043-1354
1424:214445348
1416:1383-5866
1365:213499533
1357:0032-5910
1343:: 43–51.
1310:0043-1354
1255:0045-6535
1203:1226-086X
1137:259296091
1121:0048-9697
981:103693107
973:2352-1864
859:Materials
850:aqueducts
785:(POU) or
760:in 2002.
730:Standards
671:pore size
528:Deaerator
491:Pollutant
387:treatment
373:Processes
364:from the
362:raw water
219:tap water
196:manganese
136:chemicals
3149:Cleaning
3081:Activism
2877:Autonomy
2855:Concepts
2776:Category
2354:cite web
2176:Archived
2010:22459012
1952:11487125
1805:11566415
1708:31130225
1481:32622122
1318:18789473
1263:33940449
1129:37385512
868:See also
822:ERDLator
716:effluent
704:minerals
559:polymers
510:solution
477:velocity
457:Physical
447:Aeration
423:Chemical
404:such as
394:settling
297:leachate
269:effluent
188:minerals
172:bacteria
132:textiles
112:effluent
65:drinking
3289:Society
3224:Hygiene
3219:Housing
3154:Ecology
2907:Ecology
2787:Commons
2464:Outline
2408:WHO.int
2037:Bibcode
1982:Bibcode
1932:Bibcode
1887:Bibcode
1832:Bibcode
1777:Bibcode
1652:Bibcode
1600:Bibcode
1451:Bibcode
1290:Bibcode
1235:Bibcode
1099:Bibcode
1021:2 March
953:Bibcode
810:anatase
808:in its
712:ammonia
334:boilers
180:viruses
144:boilers
116:organic
57:quality
3179:Health
3134:Botany
3022:Safety
2937:Health
2902:Desire
2882:Choice
2867:Agency
2791:
2780:
2769:
2765:Portal
2758:
2696:Europa
2645:Supply
2638:policy
2618:Origin
2509:Liquid
2501:States
2325:
2317:
2254:
2096:
2063:
2055:
2008:
2000:
1950:
1907:
1858:
1850:
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1479:
1471:
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1363:
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1316:
1308:
1261:
1253:
1201:
1160:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1068:
979:
971:
814:rutile
710:, and
606:, and
305:Biogas
285:sewage
186:, and
101:, and
2591:Cycle
2583:Earth
2557:Heavy
2540:Forms
2524:Steam
2519:Vapor
2474:Model
2450:Water
2323:S2CID
2252:S2CID
2061:S2CID
1856:S2CID
1618:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1420:S2CID
1361:S2CID
1133:S2CID
977:S2CID
818:SODIS
628:resin
263:from
184:fungi
176:algae
124:paper
84:Types
80:use.
61:water
3234:Life
3209:Home
3072:Wish
3067:Want
2927:Goal
2706:Moon
2701:Mars
2469:Data
2360:link
2315:ISSN
2173:Pdf.
2094:ISBN
2053:ISSN
2006:PMID
1998:ISSN
1948:PMID
1905:ISSN
1848:ISSN
1801:PMID
1793:ISSN
1739:ISBN
1704:PMID
1692:1601
1668:ISSN
1562:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1477:PMID
1469:ISSN
1412:ISSN
1353:ISSN
1314:PMID
1306:ISSN
1259:PMID
1251:ISSN
1199:ISSN
1158:ISBN
1125:PMID
1117:ISSN
1066:ISBN
1023:2023
969:ISSN
698:and
439:Pre-
408:and
396:and
295:and
194:and
192:iron
163:pure
128:pulp
126:and
118:and
2581:On
2514:Ice
2307:doi
2244:doi
2086:doi
2045:doi
2033:228
1990:doi
1978:102
1940:doi
1895:doi
1840:doi
1785:doi
1731:doi
1696:doi
1660:doi
1648:118
1608:doi
1554:doi
1512:doi
1459:doi
1447:182
1402:hdl
1392:doi
1388:241
1345:doi
1341:366
1298:doi
1243:doi
1231:280
1191:doi
1107:doi
1095:895
961:doi
812:or
803:TiO
400:,
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